Nguyen:

1. Isilwane esinezinyosi ezihlanjululwe sabantu basenyakatho. 1. Izinyamazane.

2. I-rodent encane ye-tundra. 2. I-Lemming.

3. Inyoni yasendle ye-tundra. 3. I-Partridge.

4. Isilwane esikhiqiza ubisi esibalulekile. 4. I-Arctic fox.

5. I-Waterfowl ifika e-tundra entwasahlobo. 5. Izinyoni zasolwandle.

6.7. Izilwane ezihlaselayo ze-tundra. 6. I-Wolverine. 7. Impisi.

8. I-Waterfowl. 8. Amadada.

9. Inyoni encane enomlomo omude ehlala eduze kwamanzi. 9. ISandpiper.

10. Amanzi amakhulu wamanzi anentamo ende. 10. IGeese.

11. Izinyoni zasendaweni enamakhaza 11. Owl.

12. Isilwane esibonakalayo se-tundra yaseNyakatho Melika. 12. Musk inkabi

uma usesha, ungathola konke okufunayo.

Khrustan

Khrustan
Owesilisa ngubo ebusika
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi

• I-Eudromias morinellus

Izidleke kuphelaImizila yokufuduka

Khrustan , noma oyindilinga oyisiphukuphuku , noma silly nibble (lat. Charadrius morinellus) - sandpiper encane, inyoni yomndeni wakwaCharadriiformes. Izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-tundra ezisempumalanga yeNorway, ezindaweni ezisezintabeni ezinezindawo ezinamadwala. Ubusika emaphethelweni amancanyana eNyakatho Afrika naseMiddle East ukusuka eMorocco kuya e-Iraq. Idla izinambuzane namanye ama-invertebrates, ikakhulukazi izimbungulu, izimpukane, izibungu kanye neminenke. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinsimbi, akwesabi kakhulu futhi kuvumela umuntu ukuthi afike kude, lapho abantu bendawo bathola khona isibongo esithi "plover oyisiphukuphuku" noma "isiphukuphuku esiyisiwula."

Ukubukeka

Incane kakhulu kune-plover yegolide, uma uyiqhathanisa inomzimba omncane, intamo emfushane nomlomo omfushane. Ubude 20-25 cm, amaphiko angama-57-64 cm, isisindo 75-150 g. Le nyoni ingahlonzwa kalula ngemininingwane ye-plumage engatholakali kwezinye izidalwa zasolwandle, ngokuyinhloko ngemidwebo emhlophe ebanzi eguqukela emuva ekhanda ngesimo sencwadi yesiLatini V futhi emhlophe enomucu omnyama esifubeni, futhi indize ngokungabikho kwamabala akhanyayo (“izibuko”) iphiko. Umehluko wobulili awuncane - ngokwesilinganiso, abesilisa abancanyana ngosayizi futhi badwetshwe ngemibala engagugi.

Izingubo zasehlobo zasentwasahlobo zicacile futhi zihlukile. Ngalesi sikhathi, phezulu kwekhanda kunombala onsundu ngombala omhlophe, umphimbo umhlophe, isifuba, emuva kanye nengxenye ephezulu yephiko bumomotheka onsundu ngephethini efihlekile yomphetho we-apex, ingaphandle lephiko likhanya, isisu sibomvu nebala elikhulu elimnyama phakathi, umsila ngaphansi mhlophe. Ekwindla nasebusika, umbala uthambile kakhudlwana ngethoni evikela amathoni ansundu-grey - umbala obomvu okhanyayo naphansi omnyama, okuyisici sesikhathi sokudalwa kwendlala, uba mpunga ongaphenduki, ugcine isicwebezelisi esikhanyayo emaceleni, umucu esifubeni ulahlekelwe uhlaka olucacile, isigaxa samehlo sithola umbala ophuzi. Ngokuya ngesimo se-plumage ejwayelekile, i-crust iba ngaphezulu kophawu lwegolide noma olunsundu, kodwa-ke luhluke kunhlobo lwamapheshana akhanyayo ekhanda nasesifubeni. Izinyoni ezincane ziyafana nabantu abadala ezimpaphe zasebusika, kepha zibuna kakhulu - ingaphezulu elinombala onsundu elinemiphetho ebomvu yezimpaphe ezihlanganiswe naphansi elingcolile, elinombala onsundu.

Izwi

Imvamisa inyoni ethule. Endizeni, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuthatha ikhefu, ikhipha i-trill ethambile, ethambile enokwehla kwezwi. Ingoma yowesifazane iyimpempe emfishane ephindaphindwayo ethi "pit-pit-pit", imvamisa ekhishwa ngejubane lesibili ngomzuzwana futhi ifana nemisindo yesiginali yomsakazo. Uma exoxa, ukhipha impempe ezimfishane, into efana ne- “quipquip”.

Indawo

Uhla lokuzalela luhlukaniswe futhi luqukethe izigaba eziningana ze-arctic ne-tundra esezintabeni ezikude kakhulu komunye nomunye. Enyakatho yeYurophu, idle eScotland, ezintabeni zasenyakatho yeScandinavia, eNhlonhlo yeKola (ugu lweLwandle lwaseBarents ukusuka emngceleni wombuso kuya emlonyeni wePonoy, iMonchetundra, iKhibiny, mhlawumbe iLapland Nature Reserve) nasengxenyeni eseningizimu yeNovaya Zemlya. Esifundeni esiphezulu se-Urals, ihlala enyakatho yamabanga e-Iremel neYamantau, lapho ezindaweni kuvame khona. Emgqeni we-tundra ngesikhathi sokuphumula phakathi kwezigodi zase-Ob ne-Lena, kungenzeka ukuthi akekho noma ungatholakali kakhulu - idatha kumasayithi esidlekayo kulezi zindawo ayibalulekile futhi ivame ukuphikisana.

Enye indawo yokusatshalaliswa iqala empumalanga yoMfula i-Lena futhi ihlanganisa indawo enkulu empumalanga iye e-Anadyr, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeVerkhoyansk Range kanye nenkambo ephakathi yeKolyma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasayithi angawodwa ayatholakala kwiChukchi Peninsula, Taimyr futhi mhlawumbe nezinye zeziqhingi zaseNovosibirsk. Ngaseningizimu, indawo ebanzi yokwakha izidleke itholakala e-Altai nezintaba eziseduze kwayo ngasempumalanga yayo - Izintaba zaseWesternanan, Tannu-Ola, Hamar-Daban, Tunkinsky Goltsy, iMongolia Altai, iHangai, Tarbagatai, Saur kanye nethafa lase Saylyugem.

Izindawo zikaMose ziyaziwa nakwezinye izinhlelo zezintaba zeCentral Europe, isibonelo ezintabeni ze-Alps. Imibiko ivela ngezikhathi ezithile maqondana nokuqashelwa kwamaqhude e-cros eVosges, High Tatras naseKrkonoše massif, kodwa akwaziwa ukuthi zihlala njalo yini noma cha. Isimo sokudlekwa kwezindlu sisalokhu singacaci kahle kumaPyrenees naseCarpathians, nakwezinye izindawo ezisenyakatho neGrisi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kusukela ngonyaka we-1961 kuya kowe-1969, ama-crustaceans ahlala endaweni engenakumbono kubo - esigabeni sechibi eliyinyumba i-IJsselmeer eNetherlands. Le ndawo ayitholakali kuphela endaweni enabantu abaningi, kodwa futhi isetshenziswa kwezolimo.

Habitat

Kwi-tundra eyisicaba, ihlala emagqumeni amile anamatshe agqunywe udaka olungandile, umhlwa notshani obhula kancane. Ezindaweni ezinezintaba, ithanda izindawo ezinendawo ebushelelezi yamatshe amatshe namatshe amatshe amancane ngaphezulu komngcele wehlathi, futhi nezimila eziqhekekile. Kukuthathwa kokunye nokusakazeka kwezimo ezinjalo zokuhlala ezichaza ukwahlukaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwebanga. Ezintabeni zase-Asia Ephakathi, ihlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-3500 ngaphezu kolwandle, eYurophu eSwitzerland Alps ifinyelela ku-2600 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, e-Austrian Alps kuze kube cishe amamitha angama-2200 ngaphezu kolwandle.

Ukufuduka

Imvamisa inyoni efudukayo. Naphezu kwebanga elikhulu kakhulu futhi elihlukanisiwe lokuzalela, izingosi zobusika zinendawo encane yezintethe ezinamaqabunga eNyakatho Afrika naseMesopotamia. Iningi lezinyoni ezivela kubantu baseYurophu ebusika enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika - ezintabeni zase-Atlas, ezintabeni nasezindaweni ezisogwini zase-Algeria naseTunisia, eCyrenaica. Abantu base-Asia bathuthela eNhlonhlo yeSinayi, e-Iraq nase-Iran.

Zindiza ngaphambili ebanzi, imvamisa ngamaqembu amancane ezinyoni ezi-3-6 (okuvamisile ukuthi zingama-20-30), zisebenzisa izindlela ezingapheli nezingapheli isikhathi sokuncibilika. Isibonelo, indawo yendabuko yezinyoni ezindizayo I-Cassonsgrat e-Swiss Alps, dlula Chasseral ebangeni lezintaba laseJura nakwezinye izindawo ezisezansi kweCaspian. Izindawo zokungcebeleka zihlala zihlanganiswa nomhlaba ongadalulwanga zihlanganiswa nezitshalo ezingekho ngaphansi ezikhula kancane: izingxenye zobumba eziyinyumba ze-steppe, ama-moorlands, umhlaba olimekayo nomhlaba ongaphansi komusi. Ezinye izinyoni, ikakhulukazi ezivela kubantu baseYurophu, azimisi. Ama-Khrustans ahlala eMpumalanga Ekude ngesikhathi sokufuduka anqoba amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi ezindaweni zobusika nasezindaweni eziphikisayo.

Ukuhamba kwe-Autumn ngo-Agasti - Septhemba. Lokhu kuvame ukwandulelwa ukufuduka kwezinyoni e-tundra ngaphandle kwebanga lokuzalela, ukuqala ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi. Abokuqala ukushiya izidleke zensikazi, kuthi emva kwesonto nesigamu, abesilisa nabancane. Ukufuduka kwentwasahlobo ngaphambili kunakwezinye izidalwa zamanzi kuqala kusukela maphakathi noFebhuwari kuya maphakathi no-Mashi, futhi kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, izinyoni zamanje zinezindawo zokuhlala izidleke. Enyakatho yeSiberia, kuvela izinyoni kungekudala: ngokwesibonelo, endaweni yamachibi amaPurinsky entshonalanga yeTaimyr, izinyoni zifika engxenyeni yokuqala kaJuni. Endizeni, imihlambi yezikhuhla ingatholakala eRussia cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo efanelekile, kubandakanya nezindawo zezolimo.

Ukuzala

Izinyoni zifika imihlambi emincane ezindaweni zezidleke lapho kuqala intwasahlobo e-tundra futhi iningi lomhlaba limbozwe yiqhwa. Esikhathini esiningi, ukwakheka kwamabili kwenzeka kakade enkanjini ngemuva nje kokufika, yize ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zasenyakatho zingakha ngisho nasekufudukeni. Lapho kufikelwa izithandani, ukushintshana kwezindima kuwuphawu - indima esebenzayo kakhulu, yamanje ayidlalwa owesilisa, njengakwezinyoni eziningi, kodwa ngowesifazane. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, uzama ukuheha ukunakwa kowesilisa ngokuziphatha kwakhe okubonisayo - wenza izindiza ezinde endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-100 ukuya kwangama-200, amakhwela, ngezikhathi ezithile egoba ikhanda lakhe phansi bese eshaya amaphiko akhe. Uma owesilisa engaphenduli, insikazi ibuyela eqenjini eliyinhloko. Imvamisa, owesilisa oyedwa uhambisana nabesifazane abaningi abagijimayo ngasikhathi sinye, phakathi kokungqubuzana okuncane kungenzeka. Umhlambi uvame ukusuka endaweni uya kwenye, futhi ukwakheka kwawo kuyashintsha njalo. Phakathi kwama-crunters kunezimo zokuqabukela lapho kuhlangatshezwana nazo kakhulu ngokulandelana kwemvelo kwama-polyandry, lapho owesifazana ehlangana nabesilisa abaningana isizini eyodwa.

Lo mbhangqwana owakhiwe uhlukaniswa eqenjini eliyinhloko bese ukhetha indawo yawo yodlwana ngayinye, evikela kamuva kwezinye izinyoni. Ezindaweni lapho izimo zilinganiselwe khona, zingahlala emaqenjini amancane ababili 2-5. Isidleke sivame ukutholakala egqumeni elithe qaba, elomile futhi kungukucindezelwa okuncane emhlabathini, okuyi-sparse ebekwe ngezinto zezitshalo eziseduze - amabala otshani noma izingcezu zenjengane. Ibanga phakathi kwezidleke ezimbili eziseduze lihlala lisuka kumamitha angama-200 liya kumakhilomitha ambalwa.

Ku-clutch kukhona amaqanda ukusuka ku-2 kuye ku-4 (ngokuvamile abe ngu-3) amaqabunga amakhulu, umumo wawo oyindilinga ufana kakhulu namaqanda amnyama kunabahambeli basolwandle. Isizinda esijwayelekile samaqanda siwumnqumo kukhanya ubumba noma luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amabala makhulu, ansundu noma amnyama. Ubukhulu bamaqanda (36-47) x (26-31-31) mm. Njengomthetho, kungakapheli amahora angama-36 ngemuva kokubeka iqanda lokugcina, iduna elilodwa lihlala esidlekeni, eliqinisekisa ngokugcwele umthwalo wokukhulisa inzalo. Owesifazane uvame ukutholakala eduzane, aqaphe insimu, kepha angashiya isidleke futhi enze umbhangqwana omusha nomunye wesilisa. Isikhathi sokufakwelwa yizinsuku ezingama-23- 29, iduna lihlala ngokuqinile futhi lingashiyi esidlekeni, noma ngabe ungasondela kude. Amachwane azalwa ngokushesha ashiya isidleke unomphela futhi ashiye owesilisa. Kibo, lo ngumsebenzi onzima kunalokho, ikakhulukazi kulabo ababoshwe ekugcineni futhi abangakabi nesikhathi sokusikhipha. Ngenxa yalokho, imvamisa ingxenye yenzalo iyafa. Ngosuku lokuqala, izinyane lezingane likwazi ukunqoba cishe ngamamitha angama-50, kuthi kuthi emva kwezintathu lisuswe liba kude lize lifike kumamitha angama-700, ngenkathi lihamba endaweni embi kakhulu. Amandla okundiza avela amachwane eneminyaka eyi-4 amasonto.

Umsoco

Idla ikakhulu izinambuzane (kepha hhayi kuphela), ngesikhathi esifanayo ikhetha inyamazane yobukhulu bomiyane nekhilikithi kanye nezinhlobo ezinkulu ze-bumblebees. Kukhethwa ngokukhethekile amabhungane amadala ngesembozo esilukhuni, njengama-weevil namabhungane omhlabathi, kanye nezibungu ze-nutcrackers. Ama-Grasshopper, izimvemvane kanye nezibungu zakha ingxenye enkulu yokudla. Ukubamba izintuthwane, izicabucabu kanye namawashi endlebe. Ebusika, kwesinye isikhathi udla izinhlobo ezahlukene zeminonjana. Ngobuncane obuncane, ithela kokuphakelayo okwenziwe isitshalo - amajikijolo, imbewu, amaqabunga nezimbali, ikakhulukazi imifino yama-saxifrage noma amajikijolo amanzi.

Izingela ebusweni bomhlaba, ibheka inyamazane ikude futhi iyibambe ngemuva kwendiza emfushane. Amatshe amatshe amancane avame ukutholakala esiswini sezinyoni, izinyoni ezigwinya ngokuqondile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugaya ukudla.

Izimpawu zangaphandle zokuqunjelwa

I-Khrustan iyinyoni encane. Ubude bomzimba 21.5 - 24,7 cm kwabesilisa. Abesifazane bakhulu, amasentimitha angama-24.0 - 27,5 ubude.

Izimpiko zinobude obungamasentimitha ayi-12,5 kuya ku-16. Owesilisa ngokuphephezelwa kweplamu enekhanda elimnyama phezulu, lokhu kugqama kombala wesembozo kunikeze elinye igama i-sandpiper - i-plover emnyama-emnyama. Ebunzini elinamamaki amhlophe. Imivimbo emhlophe ebanzi idlula ngaphezu kwamehlo ezinhlangothini zomqhele ekhanda.

Chrustan (Charadrius morinellus).

Ingaphezulu lomzimba linsundu - liyabhema. Izimpaphe ezimbozayo zasemahlombe nasezimpabeni zaphezulu zinemingcele ebomvu ngaphezulu. Izimpaphe eziseduzane nezimbobo zezindlebe zimpunga onsundu, zonke izinsalela ezisezinhlangothini zekhanda zimhlophe ngamabala ansundu ashubile, umphimbo nawo unombala. I-brown goiter enephunga elincanyana elishisayo, iphethini eshintshashintshayo. Kwesinye isikhathi umgexo omnyama umi ngezansi kwegogo, uphenduke ube iribhoni elimhlophe elincanyana.

Isisu esiswini ezinhlangothini zensimu e-brown-rusty hue. Phansi komzimba kumnyama. Izimbobo zephiko elingaphansi zimhlophe nge-ocher hue encane. Izimpaphe zezimpaphe ziba nsundu. Amapayipi omsila anombala onsundu, omude ngentambo emhlophe emaphethelweni, futhi phambi kwawo kudlula umucu onamandla onsundu.

Iris imnyama nsundu. Uqhwaku lufushane, ingxenye engaphandle yomhlathi ongenhla i-convex. Imilenze emifushane eneminwe emi-3, ngombala onsundu ngombala nge-ocher-yellow hue.

Le nyoni ayesabi kakhulu futhi ivumela umuntu ukuba asondele kude, okuyilapho ethola khona igama lesidlaliso "plover oyisiphukuphuku."

I-plumage yensikazi i-Khrustan igcwele kakhulu kunowesilisa. inhloko emnyama ekhanda igqamile, iphethini le-streaky ku-goiter ayibonakali kakhulu.

Izinyoni ezindala ezinamapulangwe asebusika zinombala omnyama onsundu ekhanda.

Izimpaphe ezinemiphetho ebomvu ephuziwe. Amapulangwe asele anombala onsundu ngombala omfushane obomvu ezimpapheni. Umsila ulula, umucu ongaphezulu kweso uvulekile.

Imicibisholo emisha inomhlane omnyama onsundu onemikhawulo ebomvu yezimpaphe. Isifuba, izinhlangothi, phansi kukhona i-ocher engcolile noma i-brownish-brown.

Ukusabalala kwe-crustan

I-Khrustan ihlala i-Arctic kanye ne-tundra yase-Asia naseYurophu. Kubhekiselwa ezinhlotsheni ezinobubanzi obudwenguliwe. Ihlala kuyo yonke i-West Siberian tundra, kepha yonke indawo kuyinyoni engandile. Kwenzeka ezintabeni nasezintabeni ze-Polar Urals; kusuka e-Ural Range, indawo yokuhlala ifinyelela kude eningizimu. Ezintabeni inyuka ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2000. ICrustan isatshalaliswa eNgilandi, eScotland, eNorway, enyakatho yeSweden.

Ihlala eLapland kanye naseNhlonhlo yeKola. Itholakala eziqhingini zaseVaigach naseKolguyev.

Ezintabeni, ama-crustans ahlala ezindaweni ezinamatshe omgoqo kanye namatshe.

Izindawo zokuhlala zeHrustan

Izindawo ezomile zikhethwa ku-tundra. Emathafeni, izinyoni zihlala osebeni lomfula olude, emagqumeni anezihlahla ezinotshani.

Ama-Hrustans ahlala ku-shrub tundra kanye ne-tundra yehlathi.

AbakwaHrustan bathanda izindawo ezibucayi noma ezhebela imithambeka; ezintabeni bahlala ezindaweni ezingaphezulu komngcele wehlathi, nezingxenye zezintaba eziphakemeyo, nezimila impela. Izinyoni
banamathela ezindaweni ezinophahla oluyisicaba, imigwaqo, indawo yokuhlala yezintaba, kepha bakhetha eyomile futhi inamadwala, embozwe nge-moss.

Izinyoni zidla ngisho nasezinhlathini ze-alpine birch emihlanjini emincane. Ama-Hrustans awahlali ezindaweni ezingenazimila.

Lalela izwi likaKhrustan

Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, amaphuphu aba namaphiko. Owesilisa uyondla futhi ahole inzalo. Abesifazane bashiya iziza zabo ngaphambi kwesikhathi bese bethuthela eningizimu.

Izingela ebusweni bomhlaba, ibheka inyamazane ikude futhi iyibambe ngemuva kwendiza emfushane.