Uhlobo lwenyamazane elihlala eNingizimu naseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia.

I-Muntzhaki ziyinyamazane elincane. Zihlukile ngesakhiwo sezimpondo ezilula: uphondo ngalunye lunegatsha elilodwa kuphela, amagatsha amabili aphezulu, lingabi ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-15. Cishe cishe zonke izinhlobo zezinyamazane, abesilisa kuphela abanezimpondo. Njengezinyamazane kanye nezinyamazane ezinamanzi, abesilisa abangama-muntjack emhlathini ongenhla banezinto ezifakwayo zokuhlwitha nokuphuma emlonyeni. Uboya bezilwane, kuya ngezinhlobo zezilwane, bunombala ohlukile - kusuka ophuzi kuya kompunga onsundu futhi onsundu, kwesinye isikhathi kube namabala akhanyayo. Ubude bomzimba nekhanda lalezi zinyamazane buyahlukahluka kusuka kumasentimitha angama-64 kuye kwangama-135, kulokhu kufanele kungezwe ubude bomsila kusuka kumasentimitha ayi-6 kuye kwangama-24. IMuntzhaki inesisindo esisuka kumakhilogremu ayi-12 kuye kwangama-33, kwezinye izinhlobo isisindo sifinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-50.

IMuntzhaki ihlala eMpumalanga naseNingizimu Asia, kusuka ePakistan, e-Iran, eNepal naseNdiya kuya eChina, eMalaysia naseVietnam, kanye naseziqhingini zaseJava, Kalimantan, eTaiwan. Imvamisa kuhlala emahlathini aminyene asehlathini. Esikhathini se-prehistoric (Isikhathi semfundo ephakeme), ama-mundjaks nawo ayehlala iYurophu.

Abesilisa baseMunzzhak bavikela izindawo zabo ekuhlaselweni ngamanye amadoda. Lapho behlangana, kuvame ukufika ezinkambisweni, ezisetshenziswa hhayi izimpondo ezimfushane kangako njengezici ezibukhali. Lapho ujabule noma ejabule, lezi zinyamazane zenza umsindo ofana nokukhonkotha izinja.

Ukukhulelwa kwabesifazane kuhlala izinyanga ezingaba ngu-7, kuthi ngemuva kwalokho kuvame ukuzalwa, kube yilapho umama efihla esikhondweni aze akwazi ukumlandela ngokuzimela. Lezi zinyamazane zidla ekudleni kwezitshalo: amaqabunga, utshani, amahlamvu, izithelo eziwile.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izinhlobo ezi-5 ezintsha ze-Mountzhaks zatholakala futhi zachazwa okokuqala ngonyaka we-1990s, lapho ukutholakala kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane ezincelisayo kubhekwe njengento engenakwenzeka kakhulu.

Emazweni ase-Asia, ama-muntzhaki ayazingelwa, inyama yawo ibhekwa njengezibiliboco. Ukubukwa:
I-Bornean muntzhak (i-Muntiacus atherode) inezimpondo kuphela amasentimitha angu-4 ubude, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo, ayihlali kabusha. Ngokuvamile kuphela esiqhingini saseKalimantan.
AmaChinese muntzhak (Muntiacus reevesi) ahlala eningizimu yeChina kanye nesiqhingi saseTaiwan. Ezwekazini, inani lalezi zinyamazane lilinganiselwa kumakhophi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-650. Lolu hlobo lwenyamvana lwalethwa eNgilandi naseWales, lapho luhlala khona ngokwemvelo.
IGongshan Muntzhak (Muntiacus gongshanensis) iyisilwane esivelakancane futhi esaziwa kakhulu esivela esifundazweni saseChina saseYunnan nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane zaseTibet. Kutholwe okokuqala ngo-1990.
I-Indian muntjak (Muntiacus muntjak) inendawo enkulu yokusabalalisa phakathi kwezinye i-mundjac - ihlala e-India, eningizimu ye China, iBanglandi, iSoutheast Asia, iziqhingi zaseCeylon, Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Bali kanye neHainan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Indian muntjack yalethwa nase-Andaman Islands, eLombok ngisho naseTexas. Umzamo wokuzalela lezi zilwane eNgilandi awuphumelelanga ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu.
IMuntzhak Pu-Hoa (iMuntiacus puhoatensis) yaqala ukutholwa eVietnam ngonyaka we-1998. Lezi yizilwane ezisezingeni eliphakathi ezinesisindo esisuka ku-8 kuye ku-15 kilos.
IMuntiac Putaoensis yatholakala okokuqala ngonyaka we-1997 eBurma, esiGodini saseMai Hka. Ibizwa ngegama ledolobha eliseduze lasePutao. Inyamazane encane kunazo zonke ye-genus muntzhakov (isisindo esilingana namakhilogremu ayi-12). Ngo-2002, inyamazane yalolu hlobo yatholakala ezweni laseNdiya i-Arunachal Pradesh.
I-muntack ekhonkotha, noma umdondoshiya (Muntiacus vuquangensis), ungummeleli omkhulu walolu hlobo lobuciko. Ukuphakama kwenyosi kufinyelela amasentimitha angama-70, isisindo - kuze kufike kumakhilogremu angama-50. Yatholakala futhi yachazwa ngonyaka we-1994 eWu-Kwang Nature Reserve enkabeni yeVietnam. Ngo-1996, abamele le nhlobo batholakala eLaos.
IMuntiac Roosevelt (iMuntiacus rooseveltorum) itholakala eLaos nasezindaweni ezisemngceleni neChina neVietnam.
I-muntzhak emnyama (i-Muntiacus crinifrons) ijwayelekile eningizimu mpumalanga ye China. Njengamanje etholakala ezifundazweni zaseGuangdong, eGuangxi naseYunnan. I-World Conservation Union iqoke lolu hlobo lwenyamazane njengoba lusengozini. Isibalo salezi zilwane singamakhophi angama-5,000. Ngo-1998, kwatholakala nentaba emnyama eBurma.
Isithaba sentaba noma iSumatran (iMuntiacus montanus) satholakala ngonyaka we-1914. Kuhlanganiswe neNcwadi Ebomvu.
I-Muntiacus feae ihlala empumalanga yeBurma, isifundazwe saseChina i-Yunnan kanye nezifunda ezisemngceleni weThailand.
UMuntjak Chyongshon (Muntiacus truongsonensis) watholakala eVietnam ngonyaka we-1997.

Ukuvela kweziqongo

Ubude bomzimba walezi zilwane buqhamuka kumasentimitha angama-89 kuya kwangama-150, ukuphakama kufinyelela amasentimitha angama-40-65, nesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-50.

Umzimba wale ntaba uyinqolobane, imilenze yakhona imfushane, intamo yayo imfushane, ingemuva layo liyindilinga. Esiqeshini sesifekethisi kunesikhumba esingenazinwele. Izindlebe namehlo aphakathi nendawo, amathiphu awo ayindilinga.

Muntzhak (Muntiacus).

Abesilisa banezimpondo ezilula, ukusuka kwamasentimitha amane kuya kwangama-25 ubude, ngezinye izikhathi abangaba nezinqubo ze-infraorbital noma zesifo esibulalayo. Iziqu ze-Hemp zide kakhulu, kuyilapho izimpondo ngokwazo zimfushane.

Imilenze yangaphambili imfushane kunemilenze yangemuva. I-hairline cishe ayinayo i-fluff. Izinwele zeTrop muntzhaki zine-sparse futhi ziphansi, futhi kubantu bengxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga likhulu futhi lide.

Umbala wengxenye yedorsal ungaba ophuzi-buffy, o-grey-buffy, onsundu noma onsundu. Uhlangothi lwe-ventral lube mhlophe. Abesifazane balula kunabesilisa. Kubantu abasha, umbala uyabala.

Abesilisa baseMunzzhak bavikela izindawo zabo ekuhlaselweni ngamanye amadoda.

Indlela yokuphila yaseMunzzhak

Lezi zilwane zihlala emahlathini aminyene asehlathini. Zama ukuhlala eduze kwamanzi. Ezintabeni kukhuphuka amamitha ayi-4, okungukuthi, ukuya emngceleni wehlathi ongaphezulu.

I-Muntzhaki iyasebenza ebumnyameni. Bahlala ngababili, imindeni futhi ngokuhlabelela. Ukudla kuqukethe izinhlobonhlobo zamakhambi, izithelo, amaqabunga, amakhowe nokunye.

Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma noma lapho i-muntzhak isengozini, isilwane senza umsindo omkhulu. Lapho isongelwa, i-muntzhaki ingakhonkotha kuze kuphele ihora.

I-Muntzhak - okuhlala kuyo izihlahlana zamahlathi aminyene.

Izitha eziphambili ze-muntzhak ngamahlosi nezingwe. Futhi, lezi zilwane zizingelwa ngabahlali bendawo, ngenxa yenyama nezikhumba. Abantu ababanjiwe bavela ezithunjweni kahle.

Siyini lesi silo

Ngaphandle, i-muntzhak ifana nomuntu omelele ama-canid - 40-60 cm ukuphakama, intamo nemilenze amafushane, amathiphu azindilinga endlebe, isizumbulu sibukeka njengempungushe. Imilenze yangaphambili imfushane kuneyasemuva kwemilenze, okwenza ukuthi i-rumate artiodactyl emuva inyangwe. Kepha umsila mude impela: kuze kube ngu-25 cm.

Amathambo, noma kunalokho ikhanda lowesilisa, liyesabisa - izimpondo eziyishumi nanhlanu ezilinganayo, ngokuhlanganiswa nama-fangs avela kakhulu, angafani ne-herbivores, akhuthaze imicabango ngemvelaphi ye-prehistoric yogebhezi.

Ukudla kwesilwane kucebile kangangokuba kungabizwa ngokuphephile ngokuthi ama-omnivorous: amaqabunga, utshani, amagxolo esihlahla - ukubhoboza okudingayo amazinyo anjalo, amakhowe, amaqanda enyoni, izinyamazane, izilwane ezincane kanye no-carrion.

UStronger nguyena ekhala kakhulu

UMunzzhak, ngokungafani nabafowabo abakhanyayo, uthanda ukutshona, aqhubeke “nokuzingela” ebumnyameni. Akasithandi isixuku - indlela yokuphila yomhlambi akuyona eyakhe. I-dwarf deer iyisizungu esizimisele ukubekezelela kuphela inkampani yomlingani. Kwesinye isikhathi - izingane zabo, zize zikhule - zize zibe unyaka.

Kuko konke ukwahlukaniswa kwayo, i-muntack iyisithandwa esikhulu sokuxoxa - konke ukushwabana okufanayo, ukuqhekeka kwezindlebe okucasulayo, okungahlala isikhashana. Abesilisa baveza ubudoda babo phambi komunye nomunye, ngokungathandeki ngokwanele, hhayi ngezimpondo noma namazinyo, kodwa izinyembezi: Bakhomba indawo yabo ngemfihlo evela kwizindlala ezi-lacrimal.

Izinyamazane ezibanjiwe

Kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu zama-mountjacks sezizonke. Elinye lazo yisidalwa esidlekayo esihlala eChina. Mude kakhulu kunezihlobo zakhe ngokubukeka: kufika kuma-70 cm lapho ibuna, ivaliwe nangaphezulu, futhi inezici ezimbili ezihlukile:

• Crest, sibonga lapho sathola igama laso. Ekhanda lakhe ukhula ibhulukwe elinombala onsundu lifinyelela ku-17 cm ukuphakama, kwesinye isikhathi lifihla ngokuphelele izimpondo.
• Amapheya amade kakhulu, akhombisa ngokuqinile, yingakho le inyathi kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa nge- "vampire."

Ngesikhathi sokulwa, izinyoni zaseChina zijabulela ukusebenzisa ubukhona bezikhali ezinhle kangaka emilonyeni yazo, ziluma imizimba yabaphikisi, ziqale phansi ukushaya izimpondo zazo ngokuqondile. Kepha ngayo yonke le mibono eyethusayo, izinyamazane ezinamahloni, njengawo wonke ama-muntzhak, ziyizinto ezinokuthula okukhulu, izidalwa ezolile, futhi amazwe amaningi, kubandakanya nalawo aseYurophu, azithenga ngamapaki awo.

Uyazi ukuthi kungani izingwenya zilila futhi kungani imvubu ziyingozi? Hlala nathi!

Ukusakazwa kwentaba

Isikhathi sokuzala asivezwanga. Esiqhingini saseSumatra naseJava, inani eliphakeme lokuzala lenzeka engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezi-6. 1 izalwa, ezimweni ezingavamile - izingane ezi-2. Ekuzalweni, inyamazane inesisindo esingu-550-650 amagremu.

Abantu abasha baqala ukuziphilela impilo yokuzimela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili emadodeni kwenzeka ngonyaka, nakwabesifazane ezinyangeni ezingama -8. AmaMunzzs aphile iminyaka engaba ngu-12-15.

Izinhlobo Zamanani

Kunezinhlobo ezi-5 kuhlobo:
U-M. muntjak Zimmermann uhlala eBurma, eSri Lanka, eMalacca, e-Indochina, eThailand, eSumatra, eKalimantan, eHainan naseJava,
• UM. Reevesi Ogilby uhlala eTaiwan nase-East China,
• UM. Rooseveltorum Osgood uhlala eNhlonhlo ye-Indochina,
• UM. Feae Thomas et Doria utholakala eThailand,
• UM. Crinifrons Sclater uhlala eMpumalanga China.

Izinhlobo zikaM. Crinifrons Sclater noM. Feae Thomas et Doria zisencwadini ebomvu, izinhlobo zokuqala zithathwa njengezincane, kepha isimo saso ngqo asaziwa, kanti esesibili sisengcupheni.

Uhlobo lweMvelo: Muntiacus Rafinesque, 1815 = Muntzhaki

I-Muntiacus Rafinesque, 1815 = MuntzhakiUbude bomzimba 89-135 cm, ubude bomsila 13-23 cm, ukuphakama lapho kubuna ama-40-65 cm, isisindo esingu-40-50 kg. Umzimba uzacile ngemilenze emfishane, emuva uyindilinga. Intamo imfushane. Iphrofayili ekhanda iqonde. Ekupheleni kwesihlahla sokuzungeza isihlakala sesikhumba esingenazinwele. Amehlo nezindlebe kukalwa phakathi. Izihloko zezindlebe ziyindilinga. Abesilisa banokulula (ngezinqubo ezimbalwa ze-infraorbital futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezibulalayo) izimpondo ezi-4-25 cm. Iziqu ze-Hemp zinde kakhulu futhi ziveliswa kude kakhulu kunqenqemeni lwangaphansi lwesigebhezi, kuyilapho izimpondo zimfushane ngezinqubo eziyi-1-3.

Izingalo ezisemuva zinde kunangaphambili. Izinselo ezisekuhambeni zincane. I-hairline icishe ibe ukungasebenzi, iphansi futhi iyivelakancane kubantu abahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi ephakeme futhi ibe mnene kubantu abavela ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho zobubanzi. Umbala wangemuva usuka ephuzi noma e-brownish-buffy kuya ku-brown and brown-brown, isisu simhlophe. Abesifazane balula kunabesilisa. Izilwane ezincane zinamabala. Izindlala zangaphambi kokubeletha zithuthukiswa kakhulu. Kukhona nezimbobo ezingaphambili, eziboshwe ngasesinqeni nasemilenzeni wasemuva - indlala ye-interdigital. Akukho gland metatarsal. Inombolo yediploid yama-chromosomes angama-46.

Sisatshalaliswa eSri Lanka, e-East India, eSoutheast Tibet, eBurma, e-Indochina naseMalacca Peninsulas, eChina (enyakatho kuze kube ngu-32 ° N), eziqhingini zaseTaiwan, Hainan, Kalimantan , ISumatra, iJava, i-Bali kanye neziqhingi ezincane eziseduzane. Kuhlala izihlaxana eziminyene emahlathini nasezindaweni eziphithizela i-anthropogenic ikakhulukazi eduze kwamanzi. Kukhuphuka ezintabeni kuze kufike emngceleni ophezulu wehlathi (kufinyelela kumamitha ayizinkulungwane ezine ngaphezulu kolwandle). Iyasebenza kusihlwa nasebusuku. Hlala wedwa futhi ngababili, kwesinye isikhathi imindeni. Idla ngamakhambi ahlukahlukene, izihlahlana, izithelo, amakhowe, njll. Ngesikhathi sokubeletha noma lapho bethukile benza imisindo ekhonkotha kakhulu. Uma ingozi ingashabalalanga, intaba leyo “ingahle ibambe” ihora noma ngaphezulu. Akunakunyuswa kokuzala. Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokuzalwa eJava naseSumatra senzeka engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha. Kwilitha elilodwa, kuyaqabukela amawundlu amabili. Isisindo sengulube lapho izalwa singama-550-650 g. Inyamazane esencane idlulela empilweni ezimele inezinyanga eziyi-6 ubudala. Ukuvuthwa kwenzeka kubantu besifazane ezinyangeni ezingama-7-8, nakowesilisa emadodeni anonyaka owodwa ubudala. Isifiso sempilo yiminyaka eyi-12-16.

Izitha eziyinhloko ihlosi nengwe. Abantu bendawo bazingela le ntaba ngenxa yenyama nesikhumba. Izinduna ezakhiwe zivumelana kahle nokugqilazwa.

Kunezinhlobo ezi-5 zezinto eziphilayo kuhlobo:M. muntjak Zimmermann, 1780 (Hindustan Peninsula, Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Indochina Peninsula, Malacca Peninsula, Hainan Islands, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java), M. rooseveltorum Osgood, 1932 (Indochina Peninsula), M. reevesi Ogilby, 1839 (East China naseTaiwan), M. crinifrons Sclater, 1885 (East China) kanye noM. Feae Thomas et Doria, 1889 (Thailand).

Ukulandela iHaltennorth (Haltennorth, 1963), kunembile ngokwengeziwe ukubahlanganisa kuhlobo olulodwa. Izinhlobo ezivela eTenasserim - M. feae Thomas et Doria, 1889, kanye naseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeChina - M. crinifrons Sclater, 1885, zifakiwe ku "Incwadi ebomvu": Owokuqala njengoba esongelwa ngokuqothulwa, kanti owesibili njengohlobo oluncane olungaziwa isimo salo.

IMuntzhak ingenye yezidalwa ezindala kakhulu eMhlabeni.

Yena, njengathi, uyindodana yesikhathi seCenozoic, kodwa mdala kakhulu kunathi. Eminyakeni engamatshumi amahlanu edlule, ku-Eocene, inkathi evundile, ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuvela kwempilo entsha", kwakukhona umuntu ongaphili, ngemuva kokuphela kweminyaka ekhonjisiwe kwathiwa yi-archimeriks. Kwakungenaphondo futhi kunamaphisi. Okufanayo njenge-musk deer kanye ne-Mountzhak.

Kuvela kulezi zilwane ezincane ezinhle izinyamazane ezingaba nemvelaphi yazo. Bakhula ngokushesha. Kakade emva kwamashumi ayisigidi ezigidi zeminyaka, maphakathi neQuaternary, lapho ama-anthropoids ahlukahlukene, afanayo kakhulu nabantu, ehamba emhlabeni, inyamazane yayiyinyamazane.

Kwakungathi balungiselela lo mbukiso wokuzalwa komuntu wokuqala futhi bathola impumelelo enkulu ngalolu suku olubalulekile: baba bakhulu, baba nomusa futhi babahle, kwaba sengathi babona ukuthi umuntu ekugcineni uzobazisa.

Futhi umuntu ocabangelayo wayezazisa.

Kepha mayelana nama-muntzhaks. Isiphetho sabo sasingesibi kangako. Ngaphambi kwe-Quaternary, babekhule cishe kuyo yonke indawo. Kepha base befa, beshiya inzalo, okusobala ukuthi, zonke izinhlobo zenyamazane yanamuhla. Bona uqobo basinda esifundeni sase-Indo-Malay kuphela. Lapha izimila nezulu bekulokhu zizinzile, futhi ngenxa yalokho i-muntzhaki ayikashintshi kakhulu. Uma ufuna ukudweba isimo esijabulisayo se, yisho isikhathi se-Tertiary, imvelo isesandleni sakho.

Kepha ungakhohlwa ngamabala! I-muntzhak yesimanje ibonwa ebusheni kuphela; kukholakala ukuthi ukhokho wayo wabonwa esemdala.

Imvelaphi yasendulo yamaMunz

Umuntu omncane ongaphili waphile iminyaka engama-50 ezigidi edlule, enkathini ebizwa ngokuthi “ukuqala kwempilo entsha,” ku-Eocene.

IMuntzhaki ingaba nesisindo esisuka kumakhilogremu ayi-12 kuye kwangama-33, kwezinye izinhlobo isisindo sifinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-50.

Lesi silwane sibizwa nge- Archiomerix. Yayingenazimpondo, kepha yayinezimpuphu, efanayo ne-muntzhak. Okungenzeka ukuthi ama-Muntzhaks aqhamuka kuma-databaseomeriks.

Lezi zilwane zasendulo zakhula ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi kakade esikhathini se-Quaternary, lapho abantu babehlala, kwakukhona izinyamazane. Babonakala bekakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukubonakala kwabantu: inyamazane iba nomusa, inkulu futhi yaba nomusa.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.