Amalogi mhlawumbe angenye yamaqembu amadala phakathi kwezinyoni zesimanje. Ingubo endala kakhulu etholakala ku-Upper Oligocene yaseNyakatho Melika - inyoni encane yohlobo lweColymboides. Uhlobo lweGavia luvela eLower Miocene. Ngokuziphatha nangendlela ehlobene, ama-loons asondelene ne-penguin-ne-tubular-nosed. Amawoloni ahlangana kakhulu namatoyi. Le miyalo emibili yezinyoni ayinalutho olufana noma ngabe i-morphology noma i-ecology.
Ubude bezinyoni ezimise okwezilo bufika ku-1 m, isisindo sisuka ku-1 kuye ku-6.4 kg. Zivumelaniswe kahle nemvelo yasemanzini. Isimo somzimba wabo sibushelelezi, amaplamu awugqinsi futhi awugqinsi, avikela umzimba ngokuthembekile ekupholiseni emanzini. Imilenze isemuva kakhulu, isimilo sababhukudi abahle kakhulu futhi abahlukahlukene. Iminwe emide yangaphambili ixhunywe yi-membrane yokubhukuda, umunwe wangemuva awakhiwa kahle. Ama-loons anama-molts amabili ngonyaka: ekwindla, lapho kwakhiwa isembatho sasebusika, nentwasahlobo, ngenxa yalokho kwakheka iplamu yokuzalela.
Ama-loons esidlekeni samachibi anamanzi ahlanzekile (ikakhulukazi e-tundra nasehlathini-tundra) yaseYurophu, North Asia naseNyakatho Melika. Ensimini yaseRussia, zonke izinhlobo ezinhlanu zamawonso zidla isidleke. Lezi zinyoni ubusika ezinqenqemeni ezishisayo. Amawashi abhukuda kahle futhi angena emanzini ngokumangalisayo. Bachitha impilo yabo yonke emanzini, bashiya umhlaba kuphela ngesikhathi sokudalwa. Ngaphambi kokujikijela, ama-loons afafaza umoya ngaphansi kwezimpaphe, okwandisa ubulukhuni bawo. Izinyoni zinyamalala ngaphansi kwamanzi ngejubane elimangalisayo, ngaphandle komzamo obonakalayo futhi ngaphandle komsindo omncane. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, basebenza ngemilenze yabo futhi ngxenye ngamaphiko, ngomcibisholo ogijimisa ngapha nangapha, bejaha izinhlanzi eziba yisisulu sazo ngokushesha. Amalambu ayizinyoni zasolwandle ikakhulukazi. Bahambela izindawo ezigcina amanzi amhlophe kuphela ngenkathi yokuzala nangesikhathi sokufuduka, nesikhathi esisele bahlala bahlala olwandle.
Emhlabeni, lezi zinyoni azisizi ngalutho, zihamba ngobunzima, zikhasa njalo, zihamba ngezinyawo zazo.
Ama-loon adla kuphela izinhlanzi ezincane. Ama-mollusk, ama-crustaceans, izibungu kanye nezinambuzane nazo zitholakala esiswini sazo; la maqembu ezilwane adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekunakekelweni kwam amaphuphu. Kwesinye isikhathi izitshalo ziyadliwa. Amalogi ahlala ngababili, ngokunokwenzeka unomphela. Izinhlungu zenziwa emaphethelweni amanzi asogwini lolwandle. Isisekelo esigoqiwe sisuka esidlekeni singene emanzini, lapho amathole evele athule khona bese ehla engcupheni. Imiphetho yamaqanda amabili, angavamile ukuvama amaqanda owodwa noma amathathu anombala onsundu ngombala omnyama naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Bobabili abazali bafaka amaqanda izinsuku ezingama-24 kuya kwezi-29. Amachaphaza wohlobo oluhlafunayo, aqandusela emaqanda, ashiya isidleke ngokushesha.
Inani elincane le-loons, kanye nezinye izinyoni zomdlalo, abomdabu baseFar North babanjwa besebenzisa inyama ekudleni. Ukudoba kwangaphambilini kwezikhumba lapho uboya bezinkukhu okwenziwe khona manje sekuyekisiwe. Ukudla ngokuyinhloko abagulayo nababuthakathaka, ama-loons adlala indima yesinye sezici zokukhethwa kwemvelo, okuthinta kahle isimo esijwayelekile somhlambi wezinhlanzi ezentengiso.
Ukubukeka
I-Loon enomqala omnyama (IGavia arctica) - inyoni ye-genus loon (IGavia) Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zamaloons.
Usayizi osezingeni eliphakathi nendawo (obukhulu kune-red-paint, kodwa okuphawuleka okuncane okumhlophe futhi kukhokhiswa mnyama). Ubude bungu-58-75 cm, ngamaphiko angama-110-140 cm. Isisindo sabesilisa singama-2400-3349 g, abesifazane 1800-2354. I-tarsus imnyama, iminwe impunga, ulwelwesi limpunga noma lupinki. I-iris yamehlo ezinyoni ezincane in nsundu, kubantu abadala ibomvu mnyama. Umbala, ofana nowamanye amazoni, unethoni ezimbili: phezulu kumnyama, phansi kumhlophe.
Owesilisa nowesifazane abagqoke izingubo zokuhlobisa banekhanda nomphimbo onsundu, ibunzi libonakala limnyama kakhulu, umphimbo kanye phambi kwentamo kumnyama ngombala wensimbi onsomi noma onsomi. Engxenyeni engezansi yomphimbo kukhona isigaba esiguqukayo esinephethini emhlophe ende. Izitho ezingemuva kwentamo zimhlophe ngephethini yomugqa omnyama omude, zidlulela ezinhlangothini zesifuba. Ingaphezulu lomzimba licwebezela ngombala omnyama, onsundu emaceleni. Imigqa ejwayelekile yezindawo ezimhlophe zama-quadrangular ezimhlophe ezakha iphethini yokuhlola ziyabonakala ngaphambili komhlane nasesifundeni samahlombe, amabala amancanyana amhlophe ayindilinga asondelene nomsila. Ngaphansi kunombala omhlophe ogqamile, onomugqa omnyama odlulayo endaweni ethengisa izinto ezingaphansi. Ingxenye yephiko imhlophe ngephethini emnyama engajwayelekile. Izimpaphe ezindizayo nezomsila zimnyama ngombala onsundu.
Ekugqokeni ubusika, insikazi kanye nowesilisa banombala ompunga omnyama ekhanda nasemuva kwentamo, futhi indawo engemuva nehlombe inombala onsundu, kwesinye isikhathi iba namabala amancane amhlophe. Ingaphambili lentamo, izinhlangothi zekhanda, isifuba nesisu zimhlophe. Umngcele wensimu emnyama ekhanda nasentabeni uhlanganisiwe, kukhona amabala ansundu emqaleni. Umugqa ogqamile omnyama endaweni yesitolo sangaphansi uvame ukuvula.
Ingubo yokuqala yenkukhu inombala onsundu, icwebezela ohlangothini olungaphakathi, isisu simpunga. Eduze kwamehlo kukhona indandatho emhlophe engabonakali. I-fluff imfushane futhi iminyene. Isambatho sesibili: esifana nesambatho sokuqala, kepha esikhanyayo, simhlophe. Isambatho sasesidlekeni sifana nengubo yasebusika yezinyoni ezindala, kepha uhlangothi olungaphezulu lunezivunguvungu, izimpaphe ziphethini ebomvana, ibala elinsundu emqaleni naphambi kwentamo.
Vota
Izwi leon emnyama yomphimbo lihlukene kakhulu futhi kunzima ukulidlulisa ngamazwi. Endizeni, kaningi ungezwa ukubhuqa, ngokushesha kusheshisa "ha ... ha ... ha ... ha ... ha" garrraaa "noma" ihabhu "elilodwa elijerky, emanzini - omkhulu kakhulu, kepha ophindayo ophindaphindwayo we-melodic esidlekeni esidlekayo nenkundla yemfoloko. Ezikhathini zangaphambi kokudlekwa nezidleke, izinyoni zivame ukwenza “indandatho enobunye” ehlanganisa uchungechunge lwezikhalo zokubhoboza umoya okwakhelwe okhiye abahlukahlukene. Kwesinye isikhathi le duet yenziwa yiqembu lama-loons, okuyinto ebonakala kakhulu esikhathini sangaphambi kokudlela isidleke. Inyoni eyethusayo, lapho ihudula, imvamisa ikhipha ukukhala okufishane okuthi "oo". Ngaphezu kwezikhalo ezishiwo, ama-loons anekhanda elimnyama enza inani leminye imisindo, imvamisa ekhumbuza ukukhonkotha nokukhonkotha izinja, izwi elenzelayo noma izwi lomuntu. Ngokuvamile, ukwenziwa kwama-loon-paint abamnyama kucebile kakhulu futhi akuqondwa kahle. Ehlobo futhi ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo, amalobhu anomqala omnyama anomsindo omkhulu, ngenkathi kuthuthelwa nasebusika athule kakhulu.
Habitat
Uhla lokufuya luhlanganisa izindawo ezingama-arctic nezingaphansi kwe-Eurasia futhi indawo encane ingena entshonalanga ngokwedlulele kwe-Alaska eNyakatho Melika. EYurophu, izidleke e: Norway, Sweden, Finland kanye nenyakatho yeScotland, eNyakatho Melika - ezitholakala eCape of the Prince of Wales. E-Russian Federation ihlala kulezi ziqhingi: isiqhingi eseningizimu yeNovaya Zemlya, iKalguyev, iVaigach (engekho esiqhingini saseNovosibirsk kanye nesiqhingi saseWevangel), ihlala ezweni elingumhlaba ukusuka eNhlonhlo yeKola naseKarelia empumalanga kuya e-Anadyr Lowland, eChukchi Peninsula, Koryak Upland, Kamchatka, Okhotsk ugu nokufinyelela okuncane kwe-Amur. Ayisekho ogwini olusenyakatho olude lwaseTaimyr nasentabeni ye-tundra yasogwini ukusuka ezindaweni eziphansi eziseYana empumalanga kuya ePeninsula yaseChukchi. Umngcele oseningizimu wohlu ubamba iLatvia, i-Estonia neLithuania, iMinsk Polesie eBelarus. Kwenzeka eKazakhstan ezindaweni ezisenyakatho nezisempumalanga yeRepublic (iTobol basin, amachibi aseNaurzum, indawo ephezulu ye-Irgiz neTurayi, amachibi esifundeni saseNyakatho Kazakhstan, iKokchetav, iPavlodar kanye neSemipalatinsk izifunda, ichibi laseKurgaldzhin, iNura ephansi neBeltar) Ichibi laseMark-Kul, iLake Zaysan .. E-Russia, kutholakala nase-Altai, emaphethelweni eziNtaba zase-Sayan, Tuva (nesting isungulwa kumachibi ase-Ubsu-Nur kanye ne-Tere-Khol). Izindawo ezinamachibi amaningi echibini laseMongolia. Ukusatshalaliswa engxenyeni eseningizimu yendawo edonsa izidleke kuvela umlingiswa obonwe ngokusobala.Ngokwedlule kweminyaka engama-40-70, umngcele oseningizimu webanga ngaphakathi eYurophu usuguqukele enyakatho ngamakhilomitha angama-200 ukuya kwangama-300, isifunda esinezimpondo ezimnyama sinyamalale esifundeni saseRyazan, eMoscow, naseYaroslavl ngalesi sikhathi, okungenzeka silondoloze inani elingaqondakali kuVolga ephezulu , ezigodini zaseShekna naseMologa.
ENtshonalanga Yurophu, kugudla ubusika ogwini lwe-Atlantic kanye nolwandle oluseNyakatho nogu lweNorway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, England, Netherlands, Belgium kanye neFrance, ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Bay of Biscay, enyakatho yoLwandle iMedithera, oLwandle Olumnyama. E-Asia, ubusika obunemibala emnyama ebusika ogwini lweCaspian e-Iran, ogwini lwePacific kusuka eKamchatka naseSakhalin kuya eSoutheast Asia.
Esikhathini sokudlekwa, i-Loon enomqala omnyama ihlotshaniswa namachibi amakhulu naphakathi. Ukuba khona kwamachibi anjalo kuvumela ukuba izidleke ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, ukusuka e-tundra enyakatho kuya ezinhlangothini ezingamagwadule nasezindaweni ezigudle ugwadule (Issyk-Kul) eningizimu. Ezintabeni kuhlala izidalwa zamachibi kuze kufinyelele kumamitha angama-2100 kuya ku-2300 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle (i-Altai, iziNtaba zase-Sayan). Kodwa-ke, izimo ezifanele zamalogi omphimbo amnyama zikwi-tundra eyisicaba enethiwekhi ecebile yamachibi ahlukahlukene, kanye nehlathi-tundra ne-lake bush-steppe. Ekufudukeni kwenzeka ezigodini zemifula, emachibini amakhulu nasolwandle, ngesikhathi sasebusika - cishe ezindaweni ezisogwini lolwandle. Izinyoni ezingagugi nazo zihlala olwandle ehlobo.
Ku-tundra zone, njengomthetho, kunedlula loon ebunjiwe obomvu. E-Yamal ngonyaka we-1978, ubuningi bezindawo babungama-40 ngazimbili nge-100 km², e-Indigirka engezansi (isigodi saseBerelyakh) - ukuya kuma-44 ngababili nge-100 km². E-tundra, ihlathi-i-tundra kanye ne-taiga yasenyakatho nentshonalanga yeTaimyr, kuwo wonke amachibi ayi-10, kukhona izimbotshana ezimbili kuya kwezihlanu zokuzalela. Ehlathini, ihlathi-i-steppe ne-steppe zone akuvamile. Ngesikhathi sasebusika, kwesinye isikhathi amakhulukhulu ezinyoni aqoqana ngamaqoqo, kodwa njengomthetho, izinyoni ezi-2-2 zigcinwa ku-1 km ogwini lolwandle.
Indlela yokuphila
Emanzini asesimweni esizolile, igcina iphakeme kakhulu, kepha, njengoba ithukile, icwila ngokujulile, kuze kube yilapho kuphela umucu omfishane wangemuva nekhanda elinentamo. Ekundizeni, kufana nedada elikhulu, kepha ngenxa yemilenze eyeluliwe emuva kubonakala kukude futhi kunamaphiko amafushane. Indiza iyashesha, ngokushaywa kwamaphiko njalo, iqonde, iphansi kalula. Isigaxa esimnyama onomkhawulo asikwazi ukuguqula i-arc ebanzi noma ukujika okubukhali okubukhali. Izinyoni zivame ukundiza zodwa - ngisho nangombhangqwana wokuphelisa, amalobolo anombala omnyama awalokothi andize asondele komunye nomunye, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ebangeni elithile futhi ngokuvamile ezindaweni eziphakeme ezahlukene. Ekufudukeni ayakhi imihlambi emoyeni, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela amaqembu angahlakazeka angabhekwa, noma ngabe idla emanzini ezindaweni ezinkulu (kuze kufinyelele kwizinyoni ezimbili kuya kwezintathu). Ikhuphuka kakhulu emanzini, ihlala ibaleka isikhathi eside (ngenxa yalokho ihlala kuphela kumachibi amakhulu) futhi, njengomthetho, ngokumelene nomoya, ayikwazi ukundiza ibuye phansi emhlabathini. Njengazo zonke izingodo, ibhukuda futhi ishone kamnandi. Lapho ugxuma, kwesinye isikhathi ungene emanzini buthule, kwesinye isikhathi ugobhoza ngesikhala esikhulu sibonisa (“umsindo ongenantambo”). Ingahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi kuze kufike ku-135 s, imvamisa i-40-50 s. Ukujula kokucwiliswa kungaba ngamamitha angama-45- 46, kepha kuvame okuncane kakhulu. Lapho esemhlabeni, uhamba ngobunzima, ekhasa esiswini sakhe, edonsa ngezinyawo zakhe futhi esiza amaphiko akhe.
Izinwele ezinamakhanda amnyama, njengalezo ezibunjiwe obomvu, zisebenza ubusuku nemini, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni zobubanzi obulele ngaphesheya kwe-Arctic Circle. Thuthela ikakhulukazi phakathi nosuku, kaningi kusihlwa, kepha ebusuku. E-tundra, "amakhonsathi" wezingodo eziboshwe ngamehlo amnyama, lapho ngababili noma abathathu bebambela emachibini angomakhelwane, ngasikhathi sinye baqala ukwenza idlalade elilodwa. “Ukukhamuluka kwabo” kuvame kakhulu ukuzwakala kusihlwa nasengxenyeni yesibili yobusuku.
Esikhathini sokudlekwa zigcinwa ngababili, ekuhambeni kanye nasebusika - ngokubodwa nangamabili, kuvame ukwakha amaqembu amancane, ikakhulukazi ngemuva nje kokufika kwentwasahlobo esifundeni sezidleke, lapho kuvela khona izikhala namachibi okuqala emachibini nasemifuleni, futhi indawo efanelekile yokuthola ukudla ibucayi. kunqunyelwe Ngalesi sikhathi, umuntu angabona kaningi imihlambi eminyene yezinyoni eziyi-10-15 idla ndawonye. Kodwa-ke, ngokukhathazeka, amaqembu anjalo, akhuphukela emoyeni, asakazeka ngezindlela ezihlukile. Uma izidleke ezingaphezulu kwelilodwa zinezidleke zechibi echibini, khona-ke lapho kuba nengozi, izinyoni ezashiya izidleke nazo ziduka zibe mhlambi oqinile bese zihlala ndawonye phakathi kwedamu. Amalobolo anombala omnyama alala, njengalawo abhalwe umphimbo obomvu, emanzini, abuyele emuva aphumule amakhanda nezintamo zawo emhlane. Ukulala kufushane, kepha phakathi nosuku izinyoni ziphumula kaningana, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamabili naphakathi nosuku (kusuka emahoreni ayi-13 kuye kwayi-16).
Izici zokuncelisa
Ukulandelana kokushintsha kwezingubo ze-loon emnyama kuvame ukufana nezinye izinhlobo zamalogi. Ukushintshwa kwezingubo ezokwehlayo nokwenziwa kwesembatho esidlekayo, njengensimbi ebomvu ebomvu, izimpaphe zezingubo zokuqala ezisezansi zitholakala eziqongweni zezimpaphe zesibili, zona zibekwa eziqongweni ze-hemp of feather futhi ziphele njengoba izimpaphe zikhula. Ukwenziwa kwezingubo zokugcina izidleke kuyaphela maphakathi no-Agasti - Septhemba. Ukungena phakathi, bese ingubo yokuqala yomshado ayiqondakali kahle. Yelulwa kakhulu futhi iphela ngokuphelele ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila. I-plumage yomzimba iyashintsha kancane phakathi nesikhathi kusuka ngoDisemba - uJanuwari kuye ehlobo, futhi leli pheshana lithathelwa indawo yinsipho yokugqoka kwasebusika kwezinyoni ezindala, kumnyama nge-sheen emhlane, kodwa ngaphandle kwamabala amhlophe ezivikelweni zephiko elingaphezulu (ingubo ephakathi nendawo). Izimpiko eziyizimpukane eziyinhloko kule ngubo zishintshwa ngoJulayi - Agasti. Kungenzeka ukuthi ekwindla izimpaphe zemvelo zomzimba ziphinde zishintshe, ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele, ku-plumage, efana naleyo yokugqoka ebusika yabantu abadala, kodwa ngaphandle kwamabala amhlophe kokumbozwa kwephiko elingaphezulu. NgoFebhuwari - Meyi wonyaka wesithathu, kwenzeka i-pre-molt molt yokuqala, eye yabambezeleka uma iqhathaniswa nezinyoni ezindala. Ushintsho kanyekanye ku-swing eyinhloko lwenzeka ngo-Ephreli - Meyi.
Ukushunqulwa kwangaphambi kokuqala kwezinyoni ezindala kuqala maphakathi nenyanga kaJanuwari kuya ekuqaleni kukaMeyi futhi, ngokungafani nese-red-loon, nakho kuphelele. Izimpukane zokuqala ziyashintsha ngoFebhuwari - Ephreli, ziphume kanyekanye, nezinyoni okwesikhashana zilahlekelwe amandla okundiza. Ukufakwa kwe-post-nest molting akuphelele futhi kuthatha maphakathi no-Agasti kuze kube sekupheleni kukaDisemba (izimpaphe zomzimba, izimpaphe zomsila nengxenye yezimbobo eziphakeme zephiko zishintshiwe). Ukushintshwa kweplamu kuqala ebunzini bese kusakazekela ekhanda nasemzimbeni. Kwesinye isikhathi ukufakwa kwe-post-nest molting akwenzeki nhlobo, kanti izimpaphe ezigqokile zengubo yomshado, eziqala ngoJanuwari, zithathelwa indawo ingubo entsha yomshado.
Ukufuduka
Ukufuduka okwesikhashana kwamalokhethi anombala omnyama kufundwa ngokuphelele kubantu baseNyakatho ye-Gavia arctica arctica, kusukela enyakatho yeScandinavia kuya emfuleni iLena. Ukuhamba kwalaba bantu kuqala eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kaSepthemba futhi kudlule ngendlela oLwandle Olumhlophe - Vyborg Bay - Estonia - Ukraine, Moldova, Romania Bulgaria - ugu loLwandle i-Azov kanye nolwandle olumnyama. Ukufuduka kwentwasahlobo kuya ngaphesheya, ikakhulukazi ngo-Ephreli.
Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngokufuduka kwesizini kwamaloksi anombala omnyama esidlekelwa eningizimu kuka-60-63 ° C. w. Ezinye zazo ziphela ebusika olwandle lweCaspian nase-Aral, futhi mhlawumbe eLwandle Olumnyama. Cishe bathuthela ngqo, ekufufuseni kwentwasahlobo ngo-Ephreli - Meyi kuya enyakatho ngezifunda eziphakathi nengxenye yeYurophu neKazakhstan, ekufudukeni kwasekwindla oqonde empumalanga.
Ekufudukeni, ama-loon awakhi imihlambi yangempela, ahamba yedwa noma ngababili emoyeni endaweni ephakeme ngo-300-500 m, futhi ahlangane ngamaqoqo kuphela emanzini.
Umsoco
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwamalogo omnyama obomvu yizinhlanzi ezincane nezincane, abamba ngazo zombili kumachibi esidlekeni futhi ezindiza ngemuva kwawo ziye emifuleni noma kumachibi amakhulu agcwele inhlanzi, okuvame kakhulu ukuya olwandle. Ama-crustaceans, ikakhulukazi ama-amphipods, kuvame ukudliwa, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokondla amachwane, lapho izinyoni zidla isikhathi eside emachibini adlekayo. Ngokungeziwe kuma-crustaceans, ekudleni kwama-loons anekhanda elimnyama, izibungu, izimbaza nezinambuzane zasemanzini (amabhungane amanzi, izibungu zamadrako), kanye namaxoxo ngezikhathi ezithile. Kwesinye isikhathi, ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo, kudliwa izitshalo zasemanzini nembewu yazo. Ekufudukeni, futhi adla ikakhulu emachibini nasemifuleni, futhi ebusika kuphela olwandle.Ekudleni, njengoba kushiwo, bavame ukwakha imihlambi yezinhlanzi nezinhlanzi ndawonye, bahlanganisa umugqa. Ngokungafani namalogo abomvu obomvu, awakaze adobi emithanjeni yomfula. Ukudla kutholakala ngokuntywila ngaphansi kwamanzi bese kukuthwebula ngomlomo wawo, kanti nezinhlanzi zibulawa ukucindezelwa okunamandla komobe. Amathoyizi Downy anikezwa ngama-invertebrates asemanzini, ikakhulukazi ama-crustaceans, futhi kamuva nezinhlanzi ezincane.
Ukuzala
Izinwele ezinomqala omnyama zifinyelela esikhathini sokuthomba kungaphambi konyaka wesithathu wokuphila. Imibhangqwana emi-monogamous ihlala njalo. Ukuqala kokudlekwa kwemvelo kuhlangana nokukhululwa kwezingxenye ezibalulekile zamanzi eqhweni.
Amachibi abakhethelwe izidleke ahlukahlukene kakhulu. Isici esibalulekile sokukhawulela ubude bekhebula elanele ukuthatha-off nokukhipha (ngokuvamile okungekho ngaphansi kuka-15- 20 m). Kwesinye isikhathi amalobolo anombala omnyama edlekeni amachibi amancanyana, kepha ahlala exhunywe ngamashaneli anawo amakhulu, lapho inyoni ibhukuda uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi. Njengoba izingodo ezinomqala omnyama zivame ukundiza ukuzondla ezindaweni zokugcina ezingomakhelwane, ukuba khona kwezinhlanzi nokunye ukudla emachibini okuhlala esidlekeni akudingekile, kepha, njengomthetho, bona, ngokungafani namachibi abomvana obomvu, bakhetha isidleke kumachibi okudla. Njengomthetho, umbhangqwana owodwa udla echibini, kepha ongafika ku-3-4 ngazimbili ungathola amachibi amachibi amakhulu, ikakhulukazi ogwini olunezimpawu ezijulile. Kumachibi amakhulu, izindawo ezinikeza izidleke zingama-50-5050 wamahektha, futhi ibanga phakathi kwezidleke ezisogwini lolwandle aluvamile ukuba ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-200 ukuya kwangama-300. Uma kudalwa izakhi zamachibi amancanyana, ibanga phakathi kwezidleke alibalulekile, futhi amachibi okudla izidleke angahlukaniswa kuphela ngo-50-100 m. Amabhuthi wokukhulisa izingane anakekela kakhulu futhi izidleke unyaka nonyaka kwizindawo ezifanayo, kaningi (kodwa hhayi ngempela) esebenzisa isidleke esingapheli.
I-loon enomqala omnyama yakha izinhlobo eziningana zezidleke. Uhlobo lokuqala, oluvame kakhulu, luphawu lwazo zombili ezijulile ze-oligotrophic (imizimba yamanzi enezinga eliphansi lokukhiqizwa okuyisisekelo, okuqukethwe okuphansi kwezinto eziphilayo) amachibi anamachibi ahlukene futhi acishe omile, kanye nosayizi abahlukahlukene bamachibi e-tundra angenamanzi amancane angaphansi kogu olunamanzi ogwini. Isidleke sitholakala ogwini, sivulekile ngokuphelele emaphethelweni amanzi (njengomthetho, awudluleli ngaphezu kwama-30-50 cm), ukuze inyoni iphume kalula emhlabeni noma iphume esidlekeni emanzini uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi. Umgodi obhalwe kahle uholela esidlekeni, lapho inyoni ebambekayo ingena emanzini. Kwesinye isikhathi kunezimbambo ezimbili ezinjengalezi: enye yokungena esidlekeni, kanti enye, imfushane, eyehlela emanzini. Ukwakha isidleke, uzwane, isicubu esinezimbotshana ezingaphansi komhlaba, noma isiqhingi esincane kuvame ukukhethwa, kepha imvamisa isidleke sakhiwa ogwini olucwebe ngokuphelele. Womabili la malungu alo mbhangqwana abamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwesidleke, kepha indima enkulu ingeyeduna. Isidleke siyinqwaba eligcwele phama eligobekile le-sphagnum, sedge noma i-arctophile stalks (ngonyaka owedlule noma okusha), ngesinye isikhathi ngokufakwa kwe-algae, izinyoni ezizithola phansi ezansi kwedamu. Phezulu kukhona ugqoko ochazwe kahle. Njengomthetho, udoti wesidleke ugcwele amanzi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi womile ngokuphelele (osebeni oluphakeme lwe-sphagnum). Ubukhulu besokhethi (cm): ububanzi 30- 40, ububanzi betiyi 20-25, ukujula kwetreyi 3-4. Izidleke zohlobo lwesibili, uhlobo oluyivelakancane ezinye zitholakala emanzini angajulile ngokujula kuka-10-60 cm ezintanjeni zama-sedges nama-arctophiles. Isidleke esinjengalesi sifana ne-cone ehlanganisiwe eyenziwe ngeziqu, ama-rhizomes kanye namaqabunga ezitshalo ezingaphezulu kanye nesisekelo sawo sangena emanzini, lapho siphumula khona phansi noma sisekelwa esimeni esintantayo yisisekelo sezitshalo eziseduze. Ipulatifomu ephezulu yesigaxa, eyakha ugqoko wesidleke, ingamasentimitha angama-30 kuya kwengama-40 ububanzi futhi inomugqa weziqu zezitshalo ezintsha nezangonyaka odlule. I-lining isidleke ihlala igcwele amanzi. Izidleke zohlobo lwesithathu ziwuphawu lwamachibi amakhulu agqunywe ngomhlanga we-steppe steppe kanye nezindawo ezise-steppe futhi zitholakala ezindaweni ezindala, ezihlanganisiwe zomhlanga nezindawo zemifantu endaweni ejulile. Izidleke ezinjalo azihlukile ngokuyisisekelo ekwakhiweni kwezidleke zohlobo lokuqala, kodwa zindala kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi amadivaysi afana nezisekelo ezintantayo zangempela, kepha amacala anjalo awavamile kakhulu.
I-clutch ephelele ivame ukuqukatha amaqanda amabili, incane kaningi eyodwa futhi ibuye ibe ngaphansi kwamaqanda amathathu. Amaqanda, njengamanye ama-loons, anama-ellipsoid-elongated, ngegobolondo elintekenteke. Umbala uyinkimbinkimbi: isendlalelo esiyinhloko simnyama, sisuka ku-olive oluluhlaza kuya ku-olive-brown, iphethini elinezindawo ezicacile ezingenamabala ansundu ansundu kanye namachashaza asakazeka ngaphandle kweqanda. Kwesinye isikhathi ukufakwa kucishe kungabikho. Igobolondo line-sheen encane enamafutha, eqina ngokuqina njengoba ifakwa ngaphakathi. Ubukhulu bamaqanda bungama-75 × 45 mm, isisindo esingu-120 g. Ukufakwa ngaphakathi ezinkalweni ezinomphimbo omnyama kuqala ngeqanda lokuqala. Womabili la malungu alo mbhangqwana abamba iqhaza ekufukameni, noma kunjalo, insikazi isesidlekeni isikhathi eside. Lapho ingozi isondela, inyoni ebambekayo ivame ukungena emanzini futhi, ijoyine umlingani okhululekile, ibhukuda eduze kwesidleke. Ibuyela esidlekeni kuphela lapho ingozi isidlulile ngokuphelele. Esimweni esiyingozi, njengomthetho, inyoni ayinduki echibini elidlekayo. Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kuhlala izinsuku ezingama-28- 30. Isisindo sethumba elisanda kubanjwa lisondele ku-75 g ubude obu malunga ne-170 mm. Ngemuva kokuqhanyelwa, amaphuphu ahlala esidlekeni isikhathi eside kunezilo ezibomvu - zivame izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu. Izinyoni ziqala ukuzidla zodwa zinezinsuku ezingama-60-70, futhi cishe ngasikhathi sinye (phakathi nendawo - ekupheleni kukaSepthemba) ziqala ukundiza, zishiya ichibi lokudlela, ziqhubeke nempilo ezimele.
Umzimba onemikhonto emnyama uLoon noMuntu
I-loon enomqala omnyama ngokusemthethweni ingeyokwenombolo yokuzingela nokuhweba kwezinyoni, noma kunjalo, akukho ukuzingela okufanele okwenziwayo kuyo. Abantu bomdabu baseFar North basebenzisa inyama yomphimbo omnyama we-loon ekudleni, kepha bayithola ngengozi. Kuhlanganiswe neSithasiselo 2 seBerne Convention. Ivikelwe eDarwin, Lower Svir, Polistovsky naseRdeisky Reservation, emvelweni yemvelo eminingana ebaluleke kakhulu ezifundeni zaseLeningrad naseNovgorod. Kufakwe ezindizeni zezindiza yangasese eJalimane. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-loon enomqala omnyama yande kakhulu, isibalo sayo sincipha ngokuqinile.
Ukulandela okulandelayo
Kwi-loons enomqala omnyama, ama-subspecies amabili ahlukaniswa, ahlukaniswa ngezinga lokuthuthuka kombala grey ekhanda nasentanjeni, kanye nezithunzi zensimbi entanyeni nasemuva kwentamo:
- IGavia arctica arctica, ESweden. Ngaphezulu kwekhanda nangemuva kwentamo kungukukhanya okumpunga okukhanyayo, ukuqina kwensimbi umphimbo kanye nengaphambili lentamo kunobubende noma obomvu. Ama-subspecies asatshalaliswa engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezinhlobo ezisukela empumalanga esihlahleni i-Lena neBaikal.
- I-Gavia arctica viridigularis, engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yoLwandle i-Okhotsk. Ngaphezulu kwekhanda nangemuva kwentamo kumnyama, kucwebile grey, insimbi yensimbi yomphimbo ngaphambili nengaphambili lentamo kuluhlaza okotshani. Ama-subspecies asatshalaliswa engxenyeni esempumalanga yezinhlobo ezisukela entshonalanga kuya ezigodini zaseLena naseBaikal.
UMthandeni omhlophe
(IGavia pacifica). Ama-squad loons, ama-loons omndeni. Indawo yokuhlala - i-Eshiya, iMelika, iYurophu. Ubude 70 cm. Isisindo 4 kg.
Amalogi ayizinyoni zakudala. Okhokho bamalogi banamuhla, abangafani kangako nabokugcina ngokubukeka nemikhuba yabo, baphila eMhlabeni osuvele usizigidi ezingama-30 edlule. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukutholwa kwezidumbu zezinyoni eNyakatho Melika. Amalogi alungele ukuphila emizimbeni emikhulu yamanzi. Ukwakheka komzimba okuhambisanayo nolwelwesi lokubhukuda phakathi kweminwe kuvumela ukubhukuda nokuntywila ngokuphelele, nethafa eliminyene - isikhathi eside ukuba semanzini abandayo. Ukusuka kulo ama-loons ashiya kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalela. Ngasikhathi sinye, ashiya amanzi asolwandle asolwandle futhi andizela emizimbeni emikhulu yamanzi, emifuleni yawo. Ukudla kwe-loon kufaka izilwane ezahlukahlukene zasemanzini - inhlanzi, ama-invertebrates, ama-mollusks, kanye ne-algae. Ukukhala komshado kwe-loon kufana nokukhala kwesilo sasendle futhi kungamesabisa kakhulu umuntu ongaziwa. Ama-loon pairs ahlala unomphela futhi uma kwenzeka kuphela ukushona komlingani, izinyoni zingakha umbhangqwana omusha. Ekubekweni kwezipuni - kusuka emaqanda ayi-1 kuye kwayi-3, isizinda semibala yamaqanda sinsundu.
Isigaxa esimhlophe esimanzi okubhukuda sihluke kakhulu kwesimhlophe-esifakwe endaweni emhlophe engxenyeni engezansi yentamo, siyabonakala kakhulu kulolu hlobo. Akunabala lapho kubikwa khona ebusika. Amalogi amhlophe amile futhi amnyama omhlophe afana kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-loon emnyama yomphimbo, uqhwaku olunamachaphaza amhlophe mncane kakhulu. Ebusika, endaweni yaseRussia, izingodo ezibukeka kahle zimhlophe ziyabonakala ogwini oluseningizimu yeKamchatka naseziqhingini zaseKuril. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka zibuthana emihlambini futhi lokhu kwehluka kwezinye izinhlobo zamaloons.
Amalogi ayizinyoni ezinkulu. Phambilini, babeyizisulu zokuhaha kwabasenyakatho. Okwamanje, ukuzingela izinyoni akuvunyelwe, futhi amalobolo amhlophe omhlophe namabala abhalwe ngamehlo amnyama abhalwe ku-Red Book of Russia.
Amanye amagama e-loon enamakhanda amhlophe yi-loon enamakhanda amhlophe noma i-loon enekhanda elimhlophe. Le nyoni enkulu kakhulu. Esikhathini samaphiko, ifinyelela ku-1.5 m, futhi inesisindo esingaphezu kwama-6 kg. Ama-loons anamakhanda amhlophe ahlala kuzo zonke iziqhingi zase-Arctic zase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Bondla ikakhulu inhlanzi. Yize engeke alahlekelwe yithuba lokubamba izibungu zasolwandle, ama-mollusks, ama-crustaceans. I-Nest ogwini lwezidumbu ezinkulu zamanzi ahlanzekile. Izindlovu zakheka eduze namanzi avela ezilwaneni zasogwini.
Uhlobo luqale wachazwa yisazi sezilwane saseBrithani uGeorge Grey ngonyaka ka-1859 ngesisekelo samasampula aqoqwa e-Alaska. UGavia adamsii, inwele enamakhanda amhlophe, yathola igama lakhe ngokuhlonipha udokotela wezempi nomhloli wamazwe wase-Arctic u-Edward Adams. Ngokwesivumelwano esaphethwa ngonyaka we-1918 phakathi kwe-United States ne-Great Britain, kufakwa uhlu lwe-white-white loon ohlwini lwabamnyama abadinga ukuvikelwa.
Izidleke ezinamaphimbo amnyama ezinsundu emngceleni we-Arctic we-Asia, iYurophu neNyakatho Melika. Kwaqala ukuvela eCentral Russia - e-Yaroslavl, eMoscow, ezifundeni zaseRyazan, eKazakhstan. Ukudla okuyinhloko inhlanzi. Akunamahora akhethekile wokuzingela. Bangondla ekuseni, ntambama nakusihlwa. Amalobolo anombala omnyama abamba noma iyiphi inhlanzi angayigwinya. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinyoni zinganeliswa inyamazane encane kakhulu. Yidla ama-crustaceans, amasele. Ngokuntuleka kokudla, ama-loons acindezela amahlumela namaqabunga ezitshalo zasemanzini. Izindlovu zihlelwe emaphethelweni emachibi futhi ungazifihli nhlobo.
I-loon ebunjiwe obomvu ilunga elincane kunazo zonke kuhlobo. Isisindo sakhe sifinyelela ku-2,5 kg. Lezi zinyoni zidla enyakatho yeYurophu, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika. I-overwinter ezindaweni ezingenasolwandle eqhweni. Babhukuda futhi bangene ngokuphelele. Ukudla kungaqoqwa ekujuleni okungaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-9. Ukudla okuyinhloko izinhlanzi ezincane. Ukusuka kumasayithi wokudla izidleke, lawa makhonkco kwesinye isikhathi kufanele andize ayokondliwa, nsuku zonke amashumi ngamakhilomitha. Izindlovu zihlelwe emhlabeni nasemanzini. Sebenzisa izimila zonyaka odlule. Ukusuka ezidlekeni ezihlelwe osebeni, kubekwa ama-manholes akhethekile emanzini ukuze amaphuphu angene ngokushesha echibini uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi. Kuvame ukuba namaqanda amabili ku-clutch, kuyaqabukela amathathu. Bazali babo baguqukela ngokushintshana. Imikhaza izalwa esikhathini esingangenyanga.