UMartes pennanti, owaziwa nangokuthi umdobi wekati, ungumuntu ophakathi nendawo ophakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo eNyakatho Melika. Ixhumeke kakhulu ne-marten yaseMelika, kepha idlula ngosayizi.
I-Ilka ihlakazeke maphakathi nezwekazi, isuka ehlathini le-boral enyakatho neCanada emngceleni osenyakatho we-United States.. Ububanzi bawo bokuqala babungaseningizimu impela, kepha esikhathini esidlule lezi izilwane zazizingelwa, ngakho-ke ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka zazisondele. Imikhawulo yokudubula nokudonsa iholele ekuvuseleleni kwalezi zinhlobo zezilwane kangangokuba zaze zaba njengezinambuzane emadolobheni athile eNew England.
U-Ilka uyisisulu esihambisayo esinomzimba omncane, omncane. Lokhu kumvumela ukuba aphishekele inyamazana ezihlahleni zezihlahla noma agibeke emhlabathini. Uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi umdobi. Naphezu kwegama lawo, lesi silwane akuvamile ukuthi sidle izinhlanzi. Iphuzu liphela ukudideka kwamagama ngezilimi ezahlukahlukene. Igama laso lesiFulentshi lichuma, okusho ukuthi u -retret. Ngenxa yalokhu "ukuhumusha" okuguquliwe kwahunyushelwa esiNgisini, kwavela okumnandi, okusho ukuthi "umdobi", yize befane kakhulu nabadobi.
Ukubukeka
Izilwane ezincelisayo ezingamaduna, ngokwesilinganiso, zikhulu kunezinsikazi. Ubude bomzimba besilisa sowesilisa buqala kusuka ku-900 kuye ku-1200 mm. Isisindo somzimba asidluli kumagremu angama-3500-5000. Umzimba wowesifazane usuka ku-750 kuya ku-950 mm ubude no-2000 kuya ku-2500 amagremu ngesisindo. Ubude bomsila wabesilisa buhluka phakathi kuka-370 no-410 mm, nobude bomsila besifazane buqhamuka ku-310 buye kuma-360 mm.
Umbala woboya be-ilka uhluka kusuka kokuphakathi kuya kofiphele. Kungenzeka futhi kube nemithunzi yegolide nesiliva etholakala ekhanda nasehlombe sesilwane. Umsila nemilenze zimbozwe ngoboya obumnyama. Futhi esifubeni somphangi kungaba indawo elula yokukhanya. Umbala woboya nephethini kuyehlukahluka phakathi kwabantu, kuya ngobulili nangesikhathi sonyaka. U-Ilka unezinzwane ezinhlanu, izindlawu zazo azinwebeki.
Ilka
Ilka Kungokungezilwane ezincelisayo ezivela emndenini we-marten. U-Ilka ungummeleli omkhulu we-genus marten. Ngenye indlela, ibizwa nge- pecan noma i-marten-angler. Ngaphandle kwaleli gama, lesi silwane asizidli izinhlanzi. Umsuka wegama elithi "umdobi" uhlotshaniswa nomdobi waseNgilandi, isithunzi esiguquliwe saseFrance, okusho ukuthi i-ferret.
Habitat
Lolu hlobo lwe marten luhlala emahlathini aseNyakatho Melika, aqala eCalifornia, Mount Sierra Nevada, futhi luphela ne West Virginia, isifunda se Appalachian. Indawo ehlala kuyo ngamahlathi aphansi avuthiwe nasemahlathini asezingeni eliphakeme, abonakala ngomqhele oshubile omnyama. Ingaxutshwa, ihlathile noma amahlathi ahlukanayo.
Uhlobo olukhethiweyo lwehlathi ngoba iyihlathi le-coniferous elinenqwaba yezihlahla ezinezimbobo, indawo engaphansi yomdweshu, ukhuni olufile nezifo ezinomoya. Imvamisa, i-ilka ihlala ezinhlotsheni zezihlahla ezinjengefir, i-spruce, i-thuja, kwesinye isikhathi kwezinye izinto ezinqumayo. Ihlala kude nendawo yokuhlala komuntu.
Lezi zilwane zihola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo phakathi nosuku. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-ilka igibela izihlahla kahle, kungcono kuye ukuthi aqhubekele phansi. Ebusika, lo mmeleli we-marten uvame ukuhlala emiseleni, okuvame ukubekwa kuyo imigudu emide, emba iqhwa.
Umsoco
Isisekelo sokudla salokhu kudla okukhona ama-raccoon, ama-hares, ama-muskrats, ama-beavers, ama-squirrels, amagundane, izikebhe nezinyoni. U-Ilka ubulala inyamazane ngenxa yokuluma endaweni engemuva kwekhanda noma intamo. Lapho izingela, ibheka izindawo eziyimfihlo ezinjengamaphara kadoti noma izihlahla eziyize. Ukuphanga inyamazane akuvamile ukwenzeka amabanga amade. Udla futhi amajikijolo nezithelo, njengama-apula, amantongomane, ama-moss nama-fern. I-Ilka kungenzeka ingayideleli i-carrion, njengezilwane zoboya obuvuthiwe kanye nezinyamazane.
Kodwa-ke, ukudla okuthandwa kakhulu kwalesi siminyaminya kungama-porcupines okhuni. Ukuhlasela, i-ilka ihlose ebusweni be-porcupine, engenakho ukuvikeleka ngendlela yezinaliti ezinzima. Wenza gxuma eliphezulu futhi enze isisulu sakhe sishukunyiswe njalo. Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlasela okunjalo, i-porcupine iwela emgidini bese iwela ngaphandle kohlangothi uhlangothi lwayo, futhi inyamazane ibambe isisu sayo ngamazinyo ayo. I-Marten ye-porcupine eyodwa njengomthombo wokudla kwanele izinsuku eziningana. Kodwa-ke, u-Ilka akahlali enqoba njalo; abanye abantu bangalimala kakhulu noma babulawe.
U-Ilka nomunye omelele umndeni wama-marten (i-American marten) baphakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye ezidonsela kalula izinyamazane emabeleni nasezihlahleni. Uyazingela nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku, kokubili ebusuku naphakathi nosuku. Angaphumula endaweni ecashile, njengesihlahla esiyize, ukuqhekeka edwaleni noma ngaphansi komgibe.
Ukuzala
U-Ilka ubonakala ngendlela yokuphila eyedwa. Ngokuya ngobuningi bokukhiqiza, amasayithi ngamanye anosayizi abahlukile futhi ahlukahluka kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-50 sq. Km, inani elijwayelekile lingama-25 km. Abesilisa banezindawo ezinkulu kunezinsikazi.
Ukuhlangana kuhlangana kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala, okugcina kusukela ebusika kuze kube sekupheleni kwentwasahlobo. Kuyo yonke inkathi yokuzalelwa kwezilwane, izilwane zenza imisindo ekhethekile efana nokukhala kwezingane. Uma owesilisa oyedwa engena endaweni yomunye, khona-ke kungabakhona ukulwa phakathi kwabo. Ukuze kutholakale imingcele yendawo yabo, basebenzisa umchamo nezimfihlo zezindlala ezisezindongeni zama-paws.
Kwowesifazane, ukukhulelwa kuyaqhubeka unyaka wonke. Ngokushesha ngokwanele ngemuva kokuzalwa kwengane, futhi isilungele ukuvuthwa. Amakhebuli azalwa enqunu futhi eyimpumputhe. Kwisibalo esisodwa kungafinyelela ku-5. Ziba nokuzimela ngenyanga yesi-5 yempilo. Isikhathi sonke sokuphila se-ilka singafinyelela eminyakeni eyi-10.
Inani lomuntu
Indoda idlala kulokhu kubulawa kwezulu, yize inobuhle bayo. Ngezinye izikhathi i-Ilka ingena ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwedolobha futhi ingene ekuchithekeni komhlaba. Angakwazi nokuzingela izinja namakati amancanyana amphayo. I-Ilka ingaba yizinambuzane eziningi kanye nomphathi wesifo se-canine, brucellosis, isifo samarabi nezinye izifo.
U-Ilka ubandakanyeka emithethweni yesibalo sabantu abadla izimbungulu ezilimaza izihlahla ezincane nezitshalo.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
U-Ilka umgibeli okhuni futhi osheshayo okhuni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kaningi lezi zilwane zihamba emhlabathini. Babodwa ngokuphelele. Akunabufakazi bokuthi i-ilki yake yahamba ngababili noma ngamaqembu, ngaphandle kwezikhathi zokuziphatha kokuzalela. Ukubonakaliswa kobudlova kuvame ukubonwa phakathi kwabesilisa, okuqinisekisa kuphela impilo yabo ye-lonveterate loners. Lezi zidleke zisebenza emini nasebusuku. Bangaba ababhukudi beshesha.
Lezi izilwane ezincelisayo zisebenzisa izindawo zokudlulisela ukuzilibazisa, njengezimbobo zezihlahla, iziqu, imigodi, ukuphuma kwamagatsha nezidleke ezivela emagatsheni, ngaso sonke isikhathi sonyaka. Ebusika, izindawo abahlala kuzo ziyimibumba yobumba. Ama-Ilka angahlala ezidlekeni unyaka wonke, kepha isikhathi esiningi uhlala kuwo entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Ukuze uthole i-hibernation, bakha izindlu zokugcwala zeqhwa ezibukeka njengemisele ngaphansi kweqhwa, ezenziwe ngemigudu eminingi emincane.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Awukwazi ukuhlangana nabo kaningi, ngoba banesimo esifihlakele.
Ubukhulu bendawo evikelwe buyahlukahluka ukusuka kumakhilomitha-skwele ayi-15 kuya kwama-35, isilinganiso samakhilomitha ayi-25. Izingxenye ngazinye zabesilisa zikhulu kunezinsikazi futhi zingahlangana nazo, kepha zona, njengomthetho, azihambelani nebanga lezinye abesilisa. Abantu abangama-Ilka banomqondo omuhle wokuhogela, ukuzwa kanye nombono. Baxhumana bodwa ngokuhogela.
Yize eminyakeni yamuva nje isibalo salaba bantu abahlukumezanayo kwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi eningizimu ye-Ontario naseNew York, sesiyalulama. Kulezi zindawo, zivumelaniswa kakhulu nokuba khona komuntu kangangokuba zajula ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Kulezi zindawo, kubikwe imibiko eminingi yokuhlaselwa kwe-ilka ngokumelene nezilwane ezifuywayo kanye nezingane.
Kubalulekile ukwamukela ukuthi laba abadla izambane likapondo bezama ukuthola ukudla futhi bazivikele, kepha kunzima kakhulu ukukubiza ngokuthi kuyinto enhle. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabo, izakhamizi zakule ndawo zacelwa ukuba zivimbele ukufinyelela kukadoti, okunye ukudla kwezilwane zasekhaya nezinkukhu. Esimweni esicindezelayo, ama-ilki ayakwazi ukusabela ngokhahlo esongelweni esaziwayo. Abamele abagulayo balezinhlobo bangaziphatha ngokukhethekile ngokungalindeleki.
Indlela yokuphila
Naphezu kwegama lakhona, umkhukhamba wephayini akuvamile ukuba abambe izinhlanzi. Ukudla kwalo okuyinhloko ama hares namagundane, njengamagundane, ama-squirrels, ama-beaver nama-muskrats. Kodwa ngaphezu kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, ama-pecans nawo azingela ama-raccoon, ezihuquzelayo, ama-amphibians nezinyoni. Uma kunokwenzeka, udla amaqanda enyoni. Mhlawumbe umfeli akakuhlazisi ukugcwala, uma kulamba kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-pecans adla amajikijolo nezithelo.
Lesi sidlakudla sibamba izisulu zazo emhlabathini nasezihlahleni, siphinde singene nasemijelweni. Lesi isilwane esisebenza kakhulu, kubonakala sengathi imini nobusuku, nganoma isiphi isikhathi sonyaka, ama-pecans athungatha inyamazane. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi, kunjalo, usethatha ikhefu ekuzingeleni. Lapho-ke umfelokazi ugibela emgodini, emgodini noma emseleni, lapho alala khona, aphumule - abuyisele amandla.
Eqhweni elijulile, ama-pecans kwesinye isikhathi ahlasela izilwane ezinkulu - izinyamazane ezincane.
Uma isizini iphenduke indlala ikakhulukazi, ama-pecans angavela ezindaweni ezinqenqemeni zasemadolobheni bese engena emaphethelweni amadolobha. Kube nezigameko zokuhlaselwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo nezingane.
Ama-pecans ngokwawo kufanele aqaphele izisulu ezinkulu. Izitha zemvelo zalesi silwane izimpungushe, izindunduma, amabhubesi asezintabeni. Kuzingelwa ama-Marten angler nezinyoni zezinyamazane: izikhova, izikhova, izinkozi. Kumuntu, i-marten-angler iyathakazelisa ngenxa yoboya bayo obukhulu. Kodwa-ke, lobu buhle abumuhle futhi abumnandi ngokuthinta, ngakho abazingeli bezilwane zoboya babonisa ingozi enkulu kuma-pecans.
Uma lesi silwane sidinga ukuphumula, khona-ke sinikeza ukukhetha ezindaweni ezicashile.
Ama-Marten angler ayizilwane ezingashadile. Azungeza indawo azingela ngayo nendawo engamakhilomitha angama-25 futhi, lapho esebonile ukuthi endaweni yawo omunye umuntu wohlobo olufanayo, unolaka. Ama-pecans amaka imingcele yezindawo zokuzingela komuntu siqu ngomchamo kanye nemfihlo yezindlala zezitshalo.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
IPecan inekhono elilodwa elihehayo: lesi silwane kwesinye isikhathi siyakwazi ukubulala i-porcupine. Amasu we-duel anjengokulandelayo: umchachane uzama ukuluma ingulube esiswini sayo ingavikelekile ngezinaliti, i-porcupine ihlala igeleza, izama ukusuka nokuhlaselwa, ikhale ivele, iwele ngasohlangothini lwayo, futhi ipecan inamathele esiswini sayo. Kepha, kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi umphumela womdlalo awuhlali njalo ungathandeki.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Ijazi lokuloba - kuyini?
Uma uthatha isinqumo sokuthenga ijazi kumdobi, khona-ke lesi yisinqumo esihle. Ngenxa yoboya obude futhi obukhazimulayo, kuzofudumala futhi kukhululeke emakhazeni, ngenkathi kubukeka kungokwangempela.
UFisher uyanconywa kulabo abangagculisekile ngoboya obujwayelekile obufana nama-mink, kepha bafuna okwangempela. Ngempumelelo, idonsela ukunaka, izakhiwo zokusebenziseka endaweni ephakeme - yini enye edingekayo kusuka kwengubo yoboya?
Uboya be-pecan bunesici esisodwa. Inobuhlanga obukhanyayo futhi obufushane entanyeni, futhi ngezansi iba mnyama futhi ibe yinde. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukwakheka kwezikhumba emkhiqizweni ophelile kunzima - akulula ukushaya ukushintshwa ukuze kubukeke sengathi kuhamba njengokuklama futhi kubukeka muhle.
Ukwakheka okuhle kakhulu kungukuhamba kwentamo phezulu bese ukhuphuka phansi, ngokude. Lezi amajazi zoboya zibukeka zangempela kakhulu.
Ngenxa yezimpawu zoboya, obuqondile, obufakwe kwesinye isikhathi, amajazi oboya buvame ukuthungwa. Izitayela zilula ngangokunokwenzeka - amajazi woboya anqoba ngokuchithwa koboya uqobo. Akujwayelekile ukuthi umkhiqizo unyakaziswe. Ubude buhlala buphakathi nendawo futhi bufushane.
Imikhiqizo yabesifazane nabesilisa ithungwe ku-phisher. Kubukeka kukuhle kuwo womabili amacala. AmaJakeke kuwo, ama-fur vests ayimpumelelo enkulu. Imvamisa isetshenziswa ukuhlobisa ama-collar, hoods.
Umbala wemvelo woboya ubusuka kumdaka onsundu, ucishe umnyama ube nsundu. Imvamisa, amajazi ka-Fisher-Pecan fur apendwa ngaphansi kwesable, ngakho-ke le fur fur ifana nayo. Kepha ezimweni eziningi asetshenziswa ngomusa.
Fisher fur: yini?
Abaningi banesifiso soboya bezokudoba - hlobo luni lwesilwane? Futhi akukho lutho olumangazayo kulokhu. Iqiniso ngukuthi kunokudideka okukhulu abathengisi abangavumelekile bakukhuthalele ukuqinisa ezitolo zoboya. Sizoyithola futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ungaphinde udidanise lo bovu nabanye.
Kepha okokuqala, mayelana nezakhiwo zawo: ukugqoka kwefischer kuqhathaniswa nokubulawa, kepha udinga ukubheka ukuphakama komgogodla woboya. UFisher une-topography yesikhumba esiyingqayizivele: entanyeni, uboya bunzima, bugudluzwe futhi buphansi, kancane kancane buthuthela phezu kwenqwaba bangene ebusheni obumnyama futhi obujwayelekile bokukholwa. Lesi sici sihluke kuPecan. Lesi silo sitholakala eNyakatho Melika kuphela!
Ngaphandle, uboya “bukhululekile”, bunomphumela ongathandeki - uma usuyibona, ngeke uyixube nento. Lesi yisilwane esikhulu esifinyelela kumitha ubude, ukusuka emndenini we-marten.
Ukuthinta, uboya budebuduze nembumbulu. Kepha uma sikhulu isikhumba, siba nokuqina ngokwengeziwe futhi kungamisi.
Abantu abaningi baqhathanisa i-phisher ne-sable, futhi ezitolo uvame ukuzwa ngaleli fur, bathi. Njengoba intengo yayo iphansi kakhulu kunaleyo esetshenziswa eRussia, kwabaningi, i-phisher ibonakala iyindlela ehlukile ethandekayo.
Ukucabanga okunjalo kusondele kangakanani eqinisweni, sizokuhlola ngezansi.
Uyakwazi Ukufa noma ukubulawa?
Lapha kuqala ukudideka okukhulu, okuthengiswa ngabathengisi, okudala ukudida nezilwane. Ijazi loboya noma i-pecan vest inhle ngokwayo futhi lo boya abubhekwa njengoshibhile, kepha abucashunwa ngokuqhathaniswa nesable.
I-Sable iyithinta ethambile futhi eyisilika; ihluke ngokuphelele. UFisher usinda futhi unamandla. Amanani ahluka kakhulu!
UFisher - Lena pine marten-angler. Ukusebenza kweCanada - Le marten yaseCanada (Sable). Lezi yizilwane ezihlukile, ezivame ukudidaniswa. Futhi okubizwa ngokuthi yi-sable yaseMelika kuyizinhlobo ezifanayo zaseCanada.
Uma ubona kuthengiswa ngempela, awusoze wakudidanisa nomdobi.
Labo ababekholwe ngabathengisi ukuthi le yinto efanayo, okuthengiswayo kuphela kubiza kakhulu futhi kufinyeleleki kancane, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lawa ama-furs ahlukile ngokuphelele. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-ilka-pitcha -fish iyinhle yoboya, ukumqhathanisa nokwenziwe ngomshini nokunikeza okunye okumangazayo kuyamangaza.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
U-Ilka utholakala eNyakatho Melika kuphela, ukusuka eSierra Nevada eCalifornia kuya ezintabeni ze-Appalachian, eWest Virginia naseVirginia. Amapulangwe abo anwebeka kanye naseSierra Nevada naseningizimu uhla lwe-Appalachian. Azitholakali ezindaweni ezifundisayo noma esifundeni eseningizimu ye-United States. Njengamanje, inani labo lehlile engxenyeni eseningizimu yebanga labo.
Lezi zilwane zithanda amahlathi acwebile ngokuphila, kepha zitholakala nezindawo ezixubile neziyinqaba.. Bakhetha izindawo zokuhlala ezinamaphakeji aphezulu we-nesting. Bakhangwa nezindawo zokuhlala ezinenqwaba yezihlahla eziyize. Lokhu kuvame ukufaka amathikithi lapho kukhona i-spruce, fir, thuja kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezidalwa ezinempilo. Njengoba kulindeleke, ukuthanda kwabo indawo kukhombisa izinhlobo zezilwane abazithandayo.
Ukudla ilki
I-Ilka - izinyamazane. Yize iningi labamele lingabalandeli bokudla okuxubile. Amunca ukudla kwezilwane nemifino. Ukudla okuthandwa kakhulu yizimba zasensimini, izingulule, ama-squirrels, ama hares, izinyoni ezincane nama-shrews. Kwesinye isikhathi i-ilk ehlakaniphile yenza ngokweqile ukubamba esinye isilwanyana esidla inyama njengesidlo sasemini. Bangadla nezithelo namajikijolo. Ama-Ilki ajabule ngokujabulela ama-apula noma zonke izinhlobo zamantongomane.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Isisekelo sokudla kuseyimikhiqizo yenyama, ngesimo sezinhlobo zezilwane eziphila emhlabeni.
Lolu hlobo, njengama-martens aseMelika, luwonke umhlaba, oludoba lwamadabu. Bayakwazi ukuzitholela ukudla phakathi kwamagatsha ezihlahla, nasezitsheni zobumba, emigodini yezihlahla nakwezinye izindawo ezinomkhawulo endaweni. Bangabazingeli bodwa, ngakho-ke bafuna isisulu esingesikhulu kunabo ngosayizi. Yize ama-ilki ekwazi ukunqoba inyamazane inkulu kakhulu kunawo.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
U-Ilki ubamba iqhaza elibalulekile labazingeli emvelweni yezemvelo. Zivame ukuncintisana ekufuneni ukudla ngezimpungushe, izindunduma, amasoyimba, izingwe, ama-martens aseMelika kanye nama-ermines. Banempilo enhle kakhulu futhi abathinteki kunoma yisiphi isifo. Kaningi, ama-ilki aba izisulu zezandla zabantu ngenxa yenani loboya bawo. Ukudonswa umoya phansi esikhathini esidlule, kanye nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi ahlukanisayo nokuxubile, kwaba nomthelela omkhulu enanini labantu balezi zilwane.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ezingxenyeni ezithile zeNyakatho Melika, ezinjengeMichigan, Ontario, New York, kanye nezingxenye zaseNew England, inani labantu libuye landa kakhulu muva nje. Inani labantu eningizimu yeSierra Nevada lihlongozwe njengophakanyiselwe ukuvikeleka ngaphansi kwe-Endangered Species Act
Ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo abazithandayo kushiya kungakhethi kwabazidlayo abangama-furry. IZoos ibhekane nesikhathi esinzima sokuthumba nokuveza okwedlulele kulezi zilwane, kepha impumelelo ethile yathuthuka. Ngempela, okwamanje kunabantu abaningi abaphumelelayo nabanempilo ye-ilka. Kwakhiwa nohlelo olukhethekile lokuzalela nokugcina amandla alezi zilwane ekudingisweni.
