Impilo eTundra ebandayo idinga amakhono athile okusinda nokuzivumelanisa nawo azo zonke izinhlobo, kungekudala nezizinze kulezi zingxenye.
Zonke izilwane zeTundra zihlanganiswe yizici ezithile zangaphandle, ngokwesibonelo, umbala okhanyayo ebusika, isimbozo soboya obukhulu noma izimpaphe, amehlo amancane nezindlebe, umzimba we-squat.
Izinhlobo eziningi zifudukela ebusika ziye ehlathini-tundra, taiga, noma ezindaweni eziseningizimu, ngoba akukho kudla okusalile ngenxa yobusika obunamandla beqhwa.
Ake sihlolisise lezi zilwane ezinesibindi, izakhamuzi zaseTundras zase-Eurasia naseMelika.
ICaribou
Enye yezilwane ezidume kakhulu esifundeni esibandayo yiReindeer.
Ama-Tundra deer ajwayelekile ngosayizi, ama-squat amaningi. Kukhona i-Reindeer ehlukahlukene, ephila kuphela kuyi-taiga, inkulu kakhulu kune-tundra. Indlela enzima yempilo yabenza balahlekelwa ngumusa we-deer kanye ne-gait, i-gait yabo ikhumbuza kakhulu i-elk, lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze weqe iqhwa elivulekile.
Umbala ungahlukahluka kakhulu - ehlobo kusuka ekhofi-onsundu kuya ku-ashen, ebusika kunombala, kwesinye isikhathi kucishe kube mhlophe ngokuphelele.
Ama-Reindeers anokuhlukahluka okumbalwa okuvela komunye umndeni:
- Uboya obude.
"Izimpondo zinkulu, kepha azinzima." Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi ku-reindeer zinciphile.
- Izinsikazi zalezi zilwane zinezimpondo ezinamandla ezifanayo nezamaduna. Kepha kukhona abesifazane abangenazimpondo, babizwa njengabangenazimpondo.
- Izindlebe namehlo amancane, ngenxa yendawo ebandayo.
- Ukwakhiwa kwezinkomo ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzala.
I-Reindeer yizinhlobo ezifuywayo futhi ezisetshenziswa epulazini. Abantu abanjalo bahlukaniswa ngosayizi wabo omncane nokukhononda.
Umhlaba wezilwane we-tundra
Umhlaba onokhahlo we-tundra muhle, ucebile futhi uyakhanga. E-Russia, le ndawo yemvelo ihlanganisa insimu ukusuka eNhlonhlo yeKola ifinyelele naseChukotka. Ngaphandle kwezwe lethu, itholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika.
Impilo kuleli hlane elibandayo elingenamahlathi, enomhlaba owakhiwe yiqhwa, imimoya enamandla ibonakala ingenakwenzeka. Kepha nalapha emhlabeni umi futhi uhlukahlukene ngokuyisimangaliso. Amagama Ezilwane zaseTundra baba izimpawu zamandla, ukwesaba, ukuqonda, amandla, ubuhle: impisi, i-walrus, i-peregrine falcon, isikhova, i-swan.
Inqama yeqhwa
Enye inyamazana eyaziwayo yasenyakatho, inqama, ihlukaniswa ngumzimba omnyama we-squat, izindlebe ezincane namehlo acwebile. Kusenezimpikiswano, okuthi imvu ibulawa obhejane njenge-subspecies noma ukugqamisa njengohlobo oluhlukile.
Izimvu zeqhwa zigwema izindawo ezineembozo seqhwa.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kuqukethe amakhambi namakhowe, kufaka phakathi ezindala, lapho izilonda zezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene zilinyazwa khona. Ngakho-ke, izilwane zinxephezela ukuntuleka kwamaprotheni emzimbeni.
Izimvu eziqhamukayo ziyizinhlobo zasendulo ezincelisayo. Izinsalela zakudala ezitholakele zalezi zilwane zingabalelwa eminyakeni eyikhulu.
Omama
I-Arctic fox
p, blockquote 2.0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 3,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Imvamisa lesi silwane sibizwa ngokuthi i-fox fox. Lesi isilwane esidla ubhedu esihlala emndenini isikhathi sokuzala, bese sisodwa. Ijazi elimhlophe lesilwane liyisitha esihle emazweni anamaqhwa e-tundra. I-Arctic fox yisilwane esimangalisa esidla ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane.
p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 5,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 6.0,0,0,0,0 ->
Isilwane esinamandla esivumelaniswa nokuphila ebusika elibandayo. Inejazi eliminyene nezimpondo ezinkulu ezigqinsiwe, izinyamazane ezishintsha njalo ngonyaka. Zihlala emihlambi futhi ziyazulazula i-tundra. Ebusika, ukudla kwenyathi kuvame ukuqukatha ama-reindeer moss, ukudla okuncane kangako kwenza isilwane sibheke amanzi olwandle ukuze siphinde sigcine imithombo yezimbiwa. UDerver uthanda utshani, amajikijolo namakhowe.
p, blockquote 7,0,0,0,0 ->
I-Lemming
p, blockquote 8,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 9,0,0,0,0 ->
Izinduku ezincane ezidumile ze-tundra ezidla izilwane ezizingela kakhulu. I-rodent ithanda amaqabunga, imbewu nezimpande zezihlahla. Lesi silwane asifihli ubusika, ngakho-ke sifihla ngokukhethekile izinto zokudla ehlobo, futhi sizimbele ebusika. Uma kunokudla kungenele, izinduku kufanele zihlele ukuthunyelwa okukhulu kwenye insimu. Izilima ziyanda kakhulu.
p, blockquote 10,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 11,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 12,0,1,0,0 ->
Isilwane esiyingqayizivele esifana nokubonakala kwezinkunzi zombili nezezimvu. E-Russia, lezi zilwane zihlala ezindaweni ezivikelwe futhi zivikelwe. Isilwane sinejazi elide futhi eliwugqinsi. Izinkabi zeMusk zibonakala kahle ebusuku futhi zingakuthola ukudla kujule eqhweni. Bahlala emhlambini wezinkomo, izitha eziphambili zesilwane ziyimpisi nebhere elipholile.
p, blockquote 13,0,0,0,0 ->
UGopher
p, blockquote 14,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 15,0,0,0,0 ->
Isilwane esincane esincanyana esinemilenze emifushane yangaphambili, enziwe ngemikhono ebukhali. Iningi lama-gopher ligcina ukudla. Kulokhu, izikhwama izihlathi zibasiza kahle. Ungambona umthondo ngokukhwela okuthile ngosizo lokuthi yiziphi izilwane ezixhumana.
p, blockquote 16,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 17,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 18,0,0,0,0 ->
I-subspecies yempisi ejwayelekile, ebonakala ngezinwele ezimhlophe noma ezicishe zibe mhlophe. Bahlala emaphaketheni, abakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade beyofuna ukudla. Izimpisi zePolar zingalandela inyamazane ngesivinini kuze kufike ku-60 km ngehora. Imvama yokuzingela inkawu yama-musk nama hares.
p, blockquote 19,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 20,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 21,0,0,0,0 ->
Kungokwalabo abahlaseli, yize ekuqaleni ubona isilwane esihle kakhulu futhi sinomusa. Inomzimba omude nemilenze emifushane, ebusika ithola umbala omhlophe qhwa. U-Ermine udla izinduku futhi angadla amaqanda, inhlanzi kanye nama hares. Lesi silwane sisohlwini lweNcwadi ebomvu, njengoba bekulokhu lubalulekile kubazingeli boboya.
p, blockquote 22,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 23,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 24,0,0,0,0 ->
Omkhulu phakathi kwabafowabo. Ebusika, umhlanga we-polar unombala omhlophe futhi udla amagatsha namagxolo ezihlahla; ehlobo, uthanda utshani namaqhubu. Ehlobo elilodwa, insikazi ingaletha amalitha ama-2-3.
p, blockquote 25,1,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 26,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 27,0,0,0,0 ->
Impilo ntofontofo e-Arctic yebhele elinamakhaza iqinisekiswa ngoboya bayo, obufakwe ngaphansi kwesikhuhlu esingaphansi esingagcina ukushisa isikhathi eside, futhi kuvikele nemisebe yelanga. Ngenxa yamafutha ayo omzimba ayi-11 cm, ingonga amandla amaningi.
p, blockquote 28,0,0,0,0 ->
Reindeer
Lesi silwane esiqinile singabizwa ngokuphepha ngokuthi singesinye sezakhamuzi eziphambili ze-tundra. Ngaphandle kwawo, bekuzoba nzima kakhulu kubantu bendawo. I-Reindeer ingezilwane ezincelisayo ze-artiodactyl.
Kusukela ekubukekeni kwesilwane, kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa umzimba wayo ophakeme nentamo kanye nemilenze emifushane engafani nomzimba onjalo. Lesi sakhiwo senza ukuthi lesi silwane singabi sibi, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi sihluke kakhulu. Mikhulu futhi incane kancane. Abokuqala bahlala eNyakatho Ekude. Eyesibili ingabonakala eTaiga Siberia.
Isici esivelele kuzo yilezi zimpondo, ezihlangene kuzo zombili insikazi kanye nowesifazane. Lesi silwane esiyimizulane sifuduka kulo lonke i-tundra kuya ngesimo sezulu nesikhathi sonyaka.
Abaningi babo baba yizilwane ezifuywayo futhi bangubuciko obubalulekile kubantu bendawo. I-Deer inezitha ebusweni bempisi, ama-wolverines, izimpungushe ze-arctic namabhere. UDerer uphila iminyaka engaba ngu-28.
Polar Wolf
Le ndlela emhlophe ebukeka ngayo ayifani nabafowabo, ngaphandle kombala wejazi okhanyayo ngokungezwa okubomvu okukhanyayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impisi enamakhaza inomsila omfushane ofana nezimpungushe.
Ngosizo lwalesi umbala, impisi iyazifihla eqhweni futhi ingasondela izisulu zayo. Le mpisi ihlaba umxhwele ngosayizi, kanti izinsikazi zivame ukuba zincane kunabesilisa.
Impisi esezingeni eliphakeme inamazinyo anamandla angama-42 akhuthaza ukwesaba ngisho nakumzingeli onesibindi kakhulu. Ngala mazinyo, lesi silwane singageza ngisho namathambo amakhulu kunawo ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Njengabanye izilwane ze-tundra, impisi ebusayo yafunda ukusinda kulezo zimo ezinzima.
Isisho sokuthi izinyawo zempisi zondliwe zilungile kuleli cala. Ukuba nemilenze eqinile, isilwane singamboza amabanga amade uma sifuna ukudla noma ukuphishekela inyamazane yaso.
Izimpisi zikhetha ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangakwenza ngaphandle kwezinsuku eziyi-14. Lesi silwane somhlambi sisaduma kakhulu kubo bonke abahlala eTundra. Akahlali isikhathi eside, ingabi ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-7.
I-Fox Fox
I-Polar fox (i-arctic fox) - isatshalaliswa esifundeni sase-Arctic. Ukudla kuqukethe izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, kubandakanya ama-voles kanye nama-lemmings, kanye nezinyoni namaqanda awo. Izimpungushe ze-Arctic zingamathuba futhi kwesinye isikhathi zidla ngezidumbu zezilwane ezifile. Imvamisa ilandela amabhere asemakhondeni ukuze ondle izinsalela zabazingeli. Izimpungushe zePolar zidla nokudla kwezitshalo, njengamajikijolo.
Njengezinye izimpungushe eziningi, izimpungushe zase-Arctic zakha izimbobo. Zingatholakala emagqumeni noma emfuleni imifula, futhi, njengomthetho, zinokufakwa okuningana okuningana kanye nokuphuma. Izimpungushe zePolar zingatholakala kwi-Arctic noma i-Alpine tundra.
Izimpungushe ze-Arctic zisetshenziselwa impilo ezimeni ezibandayo kakhulu zesimo sezulu. Zinezinduna ezinyaweni zazo, zizigcina zifudumele, ungqimba loboya obukhulu futhi obukhulu buzungeze umzimba, izindlebe ezimfishane, usayizi omncane womzimba, nomsila omkhulu, omfushane ozindilinga uzisongela wona.
I-Arctic fox
Lesi silwane esihle sizizwa sisekhaya e-tundra. Izimpungushe ze-Arctic azihlali zilula ukuthola ukudla kwazo, kwesinye isikhathi zibanda endaweni ebandayo. Kodwa noma kunjalo bazizwa bekhululekile ekuhambeni kwe-tundra.
Isilwane singummeleli omncane kunabo bonke emndenini we-canine. Izimpungushe ze-Arctic kufanele zichithe iningi lempilo yazo emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwe-zero. Kepha banekhono elihle kakhulu lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinjalo zokuphila. Kwedatha yangaphandle, impungushe inokufana okuningi ne-fox.
Uboya besilwane bufudumele kangangokuba izimpungushe ze-Arctic azesabi amaqhwa angama--50 degrees. Ukuze ondle izilwane, kwesinye isikhathi zinqoba amabanga amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha. Umbala wesilwane uhluka kuye ngezikhathi ezihlukile zonyaka. Ebusika, impungushe yase-Arctic imhlophe, lapho kufika intwasahlobo, kancane kancane ithola izithunzi ezingwevu.
Ekhaya, izilwane zingahlela ngqo ekujuleni kweqhwa. Kwezilwane, izimpungushe ezingama-arctic zesaba izimpisi, izinja ze-raccoon, izimpungushe, ne-wolverines. Iningi lazo labhujiswa ngumuntu njengoba isikhumba sempungushe sinokubaluleka okukhulu kwezentengiselwano. Izilwane aziphili iminyaka eyi-10.
Killer whale
I-Killer whale iyisidalwa sasolwandle kanye nesimele esikhulu kunazo zonke emndenini wehlengethwa, uvumelane ngokuphelele nokuhlala esimweni sezulu esishisayo se-tundra. Lesi isilwane esihlakaniphe kakhulu futhi esivumelana nezimo. Ama-killer whales ahlala kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba. Babonwa ukusuka enyakatho ye-Arctic Ocean kuya eningizimu yoLwandle Oluseningizimu. Bancamela amanzi abandayo. Uma ukudla kuba yindlala, imikhomo yokubulala ibhukuda iya kwezinye izindawo ngokudla okwanele. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe: izimpawu zasolwandle, amabhubesi asolwandle, imikhomo emincane, amahlengethwa, inhlanzi, oshaka, ama-squid, ama-octopus, amafudu olwandle, izinyoni zolwandle, ama-otter olwandle, ama-beavers asemfuleni kanye nezinye izilwane. Ukudla okunama-kilojoule aphezulu kusiza ekwakheni ungqimba lwamafutha afakayo, olunikeza amandla okusinda emanzini abandayo ogwini lwe-tundra.
Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba wesidoda esidala ngamamitha ayi-8, nabesifazane - amamitha ayi-7. Isisindo sabesilisa cishe singama-7200 kg, kanti izinsikazi zincane.
Ama-killer whales ayizilwane ezenhlalo kakhulu, amaqembu abo anabantu abafinyelela kwabangu-50. Babelana ngokudla bodwa futhi bashiya ipakethe labo isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora ambalwa.
I-Arctic hare
Le ndondo eyi-polar ibhekwa njengekhulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwabafowabo. Kukhona umehluko phakathi kwamahashe. Ubude bezindlebe ze-arctic bufushane kakhulu kunobabo bonke abanye, lokhu kusiza umzimba wakhe ukuba ugcine ukushisa okuningi.
Izinduna zazo zangaphambili zifakelwe imiphetho ebukhali futhi egobile, abambe ngayo iqhwa. Ngaphansi kweqhwa, lesi silwane sithola ukudla, noma ngabe sijule ngokwanele ngenxa yokuhogela okuhle. Izitha eziphambili zesilwane ama-ermines, izimpisi, izimpungushe ezingama-arctic, ama-lynxes, izikhova ezimhlophe. Abelungu be-Arctic abaphili iminyaka engaphezulu kwemi-5.
Izinyoni
I-Partridge
p, blockquote 29,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 30,0,0,0,0 ->
Ngaphandle, kufana nenkukhu nejuba. Phakathi nonyaka, insikazi ithatha indawo yamapulangwe kathathu, kuthi owesilisa amane. Lokhu kufaka isandla ekufihlakalweni okusebenzayo. I-Partridge indiza kabi, ithela ikakhulukazi ekudleni kwezitshalo. Ngaphambi kobusika, inyoni izama ukudla izibungu nezinambuzane ukuze iqoqe ngamafutha ebusika.
p, blockquote 31,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 32,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 33,0,0,0,0 ->
Endle, isikhathi sokuphila kwezikhova ezi-polar zifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-9, futhi ekudingisweni, abanye abantu baphula amarekhodi futhi baphile iminyaka engama-28. Isikhathi eside bekukholelwa ukuthi isibalo salezi zinyoni sikhulu impela, kepha kamuva nje kuvela ukuthi isibalo sazo sincane kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelwe. Njengamanje, izikhova ezimhlophe zifakiwe ohlwini lwezilwane ezivikelwe.
p, blockquote 34,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 35,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 36,0,0,0,0 ->
Amahansi abamba ubomvu ayakwazi ukufezekisa isivinini esikhulu ngenkathi indiza, ngenxa yokushayeka kaningi kwamaphiko awo. Njengoba beyinyoni ehambahamba kakhulu futhi enomsindo omkhulu, bakha imihlambi eyonakele, edonsela emgqeni owodwa, noma iduke ndawonye inqwaba. Endle, lezi zinyoni zibonakala kalula yizimpawu nezimpawu zazo zesimilo.
p, blockquote 37,0,0,1,0 ->
Umbala opinki
p, blockquote 38,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 39,0,0,0,0 ->
Lesi simeleli se-gulls siphawuleka ngombala waso ophaphathekile wezimpaphe, ohlanganiswe nentambo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yezimpaphe zekhanda. Naphezu kosayizi wazo omncane, lezi zinyoni ziphila kahle kwi-tundra. Isikhathi sokuphila sifinyelela iminyaka eyi-12. Kubhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu.
p, blockquote 40,0,0,0,0 ->
I-Gyrfalcon
p, blockquote 41,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 42,0,0,0,0 ->
Inegama eliphakathi nendawo - i-falcon emhlophe. Ngobukhulu bayo, ifana ne-peregrine falcon. I-plumage imvamisa imhlophe nge-tint grey. Kuyaphawuleka ngekhono layo lokuthola isivinini esifinyelela kumamitha ayi-100 ngomzuzwana, futhi futhi linombono obukhali kakhulu. Okwamanje, lolu hlobo lubhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu, njengoba ludinga usizo nokunakwa.
p, blockquote 43,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 44,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 45,0,0,0,0 ->
Ummeleli onobukhulu obuhle, onobude bomzimba ofinyelela kumasentimitha angama-91 nesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-6. Ihluke kwezinye izindebe zomlomo wayo wendlovu. Inani lale nyoni liphansi kakhulu kuyo yonke indawo yokuhlala. Kubhalwe ku-Red Book of the Russian Federation, kanti futhi kuvikelwe ezindaweni eziningi ezigcina i-Arctic.
p, blockquote 46,0,0,0,0 ->
I-Yellowfoot
p, blockquote 47,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 48,0,0,0,0 ->
Iphindisela umndeni we-reel. Inyoni encane enobude bomzimba ofinyelela kumasentimitha angama-20. Ihlukaniswa ngamabala awo esihlabathi ahlukahlukene. Njengommeleli kuphela wohlobo lwama-sandboxes aseCanada uyisidalwa esingandile. Yasakazekela e-tundra yaseNyakatho Melika. Ichitha ubusika e-Argentina noma e-Uruguay.
p, blockquote 49,0,0,0,0 ->
Ulwandle ibhubesi
Ingonyama yasolwandle isilwane sasolwandle esinezindlebe ezincane, amabambo amade futhi abanzi ngaphambili, amandla okuhamba ngezinyawo ezine, nezinwele ezimfishane, ezinde. Amaphethelo angaphambili - imoto eyinhloko emanzini. Uhla lwazo lusukela kumazwana amancane ahlala emanzini ashisayo olwandle, ezindaweni ezisenyakatho naseningizimu, ngaphandle kwengxenye engasenyakatho yoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. Isilinganiso sokuphila esijwayelekile siyiminyaka engama-20-30. Ibhubesi lolwandle lowesilisa linesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-300 nobude bomzimba ngamamitha angama-2.4, kanti owesimame unesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-100 futhi ubude bomzimba buba amamitha ayi-1,8. Amabhubesi olwandle adla ukudla okukhulu, cishe ama-5-8% esisindo somzimba wawo ngokondliwa ngakunye.Ukudla kuqukethe: inhlanzi (isb. Capelin, i-cod, i-herring, i-mackerel, i-pollock, i-bass yolwandle, i-salmon, i-gerbil, njll.), Ama-bivalves, ama-cephalopods (isb. Squid ne-octopus) nama-gastropods. Ngaphansi kwesikhumba sesilwane ungqimba olunamafutha, futhi kanye nozinwele obukhulu, kuvikela isilwane ezimeni zezulu ezishisayo ze-tundra.
Lezi zilwane ziyakwazi ukucwiliswa ngokujulile ngaphansi kwamanzi (kuze kufinyelele kumamitha angama-400), futhi ngenxa yezinqubo eziningi zokuphila ngokomzimba (ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukushintshanisa kwegesi, izinga lokugaywa kokudla kanye nokugeleza kwegazi), umzimba wesilwane ubhekana nengcindezi ephezulu ebangelwa ukucwiliswa.
Indlela esekwe emhlabeni isetshenziselwa ukuphumula, ukuncibilikisa nokukhiqiza kabusha. Amabhubesi olwandle angakwazi ukuhamba emhlabathini ukuze ashiye ilanga.
Weasel
Leli gama alihambelani neze nalesi silwane. I-Weasel ingumhlaseli omncane kodwa oyisidlakudla, ihlukaniswa ubuqili bayo nokuqina. Ijazi lesilwane libomvu ngombala.
Ebusika, i-weasel igqoke ijazi elimhlophe qhwa elineqhwa elinomphimbo omude. Emilenzeni emifushane yesilwane, kungabonakala izindlawu ezibukhali, ngosizo lwaso isilwane sihamba phakathi kwezihlahla ngaphandle kwezinkinga bese sikhipha imbobo yegundane. Ukuze unyakaze, i-weasel isebenzisa ukugxuma. Uhlolwa emhlabathini, akhuphuke aze afike emilenzeni emibili yangemuva.
Ezothando, kubalulekile ukuthi kube nokudla okuningi okukhona kuye. Ngeke ihlale endaweni lapho kungekho muntu wokuzingela. Inesifiso esihle sokudla futhi ngezinsuku ezimbalwa ingabhubhisa kakhulu inani labantu abangamagundane.
Ebusika, isilwane sihamba emhubheni weqhwa. Futhi esimweni samaqhwa amakhulu, kungahle kungabonakali ebusweni isikhathi eside. I-Weasels akufanele ihlangane nezimpisi, izimpungushe, amabhulukwe, amabele nezinyoni zezinyamazane. Isilwane siphila cishe iminyaka eyi-8.
Isiphetho
Izilwane zaseTundra zingabameleli bezinhlobo zazo ezihlukile. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imvelo ye-tundra inesihluku esikhulu, izinhlobo zezilwane ezanele zihlala kuyo. Ngayinye yazo ivumelane nendlela yayo yokubandayo nokuhlala isikhathi eside. Kulolu hlobo, ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuncane, kepha kubonakaliswa inani elikhulu.
Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwa
Lesi silwane sithathwa njengesikhulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwabafowabo. Umzimba wakhe umubi futhi ungama-angular. Kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka, lesi silwane sinombala ofanayo omhlophe. Isikhumba siqukethe uboya ne-undercoat, esisindisa amabhele emafrijini aqine, siphinde futhi senze ukuthi kube nesikhathi eside ukuba semanzini eqhwa.
Kungabonakala okokuqala nje ukuthi ibhere elinamakhaza aluhlaza futhi libumbekile. Kepha ukuqonda kuza lapho ubona ukuthi lesi sikhulu sibhukuda ngobunono futhi sishone.
Ukunqoba amabanga amakhulu lapho kufuna ukudla, ibhele liyazingela. Kuyingozi kakhulu ebantwini. Ukuhlangana nebhere elinamakhaza kuthembisa inkathazo enkulu.
Ubutha obunjalo besilwane mhlawumbe buvela ekuqapheleni kwakhe. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ngabantu ababangela ukwehla okukhulu kwesibalo samabhere ngenxa yokudutshulwa kokuzingela. Phakathi kwezinye izakhamuzi ze-tundra, ibhere alinazitha. Isikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane ngokwemvelo sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-30. Ekudingisweni, ingakhula ibe yiminyaka eyi-15.
Musk inkabi
Lesi silwane saziwa eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-10 edlule. Ekuqaleni, babebonakala e-Asia. Kepha ushintsho ezimweni zezulu lwabangela ukuhamba kwezilwane eduze naseNyakatho.
Emvelweni, baya ngokuya bancipha ngoba bayisihloko sokuzingela kwabahlali bendawo. Kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba we-musk ox, abantu bathole futhi bathola ukusetshenziswa okufanele.
Njengezinye izilwane eziningi ze-tundra, zinejazi elinamandla elizisiza ukuba ziphunyuke eziqandeni ezinzima. Isici esivelelayo yizihlakala, ngosizo lwazo izinkabi zemiski zihamba kalula kumanothi eqhwa namadwala.
Le herbivore akulula ukuyofaka i-tundra. Bazivumelanisa nezimo ukuze badle amajikijolo, amakhowe, amalangabi. Izinkabi zoMusk ziyizilwane zomhlambi. Abesifazane nabesilisa abambalwa bahlasela emikhayeni yabo. Isitha se-musk ox sibhekwa njenge-Wolverine, ibhere, impisi. Izilwane ziphila iminyaka engaba ngu-14, kodwa futhi ziphila phakathi kweminyaka yobudala engama-25.
Wolverine
Kunesilwane esidliwayo emndenini we-marten, okuyisidumo sezilwane eziningi ze-tundra. Lokhu akusho ukuthi lesi silwane sinezici ezihehayo. Isisindo saso asidluli kuma-30 kg, futhi ubude bomzimba onomsila ngokuvamile abudluli imitha.
Uma usibheka usuka kude, lesi silwane sifana kakhulu ne-teddy bear noma ibheji elinama-squat nemilenze eshisayo. Isisulu sinamazinyo abukhali angajwayelekile amsiza ukuba ahlukumeze ngesihluku esinyameni sakhe.
it isilwane se-tundra yase Russia uncamela ukuhlala yedwa impilo yakhe yonke. Abesilisa bahlangana nabesifazane kuphela ngenkathi yokuzala.
Ama-Wolverines anoboya obuyigugu impela, ngakho-ke, ayisihloko sokuzingela abantu bendawo. Kwakunezikhathi lapho abantu bethambisa izilwane bese bezenza isilwanyana.
Kodwa abaningi baphikisa ukuthi ngisho nangemva kwezizukulwane eziningana, amaWolverines ahlala engabizwa izilwane futhi zithanda inkululeko. Iminyaka yokuphila kwabo endle ifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-10. Ekudingisweni, angaphila iminyaka engu-7 ngaphezulu.
I-Lemming
Lesi silwane singamagundane amancane. Kukhona izinganekwane eziningi ngalezi zigundane ezincane phakathi kwabantu bendawo. Kunamahlebezi wokuthi banenqwaba yokuzibulala kwabantu abaningi.
Izingxoxo ezinjalo bekungukufuduka kwalezi zilwane zifuna ukudla. Lezi zinqubo ziqala ngamanani amakhulu futhi kunzima kuzo ukuthi ziyeke. Imifula emikhulu esendleleni, lapho izilwane eziningi zizofa, ayibe isithiyo samagundane. Labo abasindile bazama ukubuyisa ngokushesha inani labantu.
Kukhona abantu abathi imfihlakalo kumalimu ngenxa yemichilo yabo ngendlela yamasondo nombala wejazi elimhlophe. Basho ukuthi, okuthiwa ngesikhathi sesigcwele inyanga, baphenduka izinqama ze-werewolf futhi baphuza igazi lezimpisi.
Kubantu abanezinkolelo-ze, ukukhala kwemisindo kuzwakala njengesexwayiso sobubi obukhulu. Lezi yizilwane ezisebenzayo impela. Babonisa umsebenzi wabo imini nobusuku. Ama-rodents adla ukudla kwezitshalo. Ama-lemmings adla izimpungushe ezingama-arctic nezinye izilwane nezinyoni ze-tundra. Abaphili isikhathi eside - ingabi ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-2.
Izinja ezihlanjululwe
Abantu bomdabu be-tundra babesebenzisa ama-huskies aseSiberia nase-Eskimo njengezinja ezihlanjululwe. Izimpande zalezi zinja zivela kuzimpisi. Izinja zinesihluku futhi aziphili. Kepha banekhwalithi eyodwa enhle - bahlala bethembekile enkosini yabo.
Izinja ezihlotshisiwe zikwazi ukuhamba kahle emkhathini, ngisho noma kuneqhwa elinamandla leqhwa. Ngokwezinye zezimpawu zabo zokuzazisa, bangathola kalula indlela eya endlini.
Ukubekezela nokungakhathali egazini labo. Abesabi amakhaza nenani elanele lokudla. Kuze kube namuhla, ama-huskies angabasizi abalulekile babantu.
Gopher waseMelika
Lolu hlobo lungelamagundane avela kuhlobo lwe squirrel. Lesi silwane siyisibonelo esisodwa indlela izilwane ze tundra ezivumelana ngayo ukuhlala esimweni sezulu esibuhlungu. Ehlobo, bahola indlela yokuphila ejwayelekile.
Ebusika, ukuze ungakhathazeki ngokudla futhi ungabi yiqhwa, ama-gopher avele azichithe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-squirrel emhlabathini enjalo ingathathwa ngokungaziwa njengefile ngoba izinga lokushisa lomzimba wayo iba minus negazi empeleni alijikele
Kuyiqiniso, izilwane zihlala ngokukhulu ukucophelela ngesikhathi hibernation, kodwa ihlala iphila. Okuyingozi kuma-gophers kuhlangana nama-skuas, izikhova ezinamakhaza, izimpisi nezinye izilwane ezihlaselayo ze-tundra. Ama-Rodents aphila iminyaka engekho ngaphezulu kwe-3.
Seal
Lesi sidalwa esine-physiognomy enhle singesophawu. Ukudla kwakhe kubandakanya izinhlanzi kanye nama-crustaceans. Sekuyisikhathi eside kuthathwa njengento ebalulekile yokudoba, ngakho-ke iya ngokuya incipha njalo ngonyaka. Njengamanje, uphawu lukhona umhlali wase-tundra, obhalwe ku-Red Book.
Le pinniped ingenye yabamele amakhulu ezinhlobo zayo. Lesi silwane esikhulu solwandle sinesikhumba esinyene kakhulu kanye nama-fangs akhule kahle, amadevu, osebenza njengesici sawo esahlukanisa kwabanye abahlala emachibini ase-tundra. Banamehlo amancane.
Ngokuqondene nezingalo, zenzelwe ngendlela yokuthi kube lula ngawo ukuhambisa ebusweni kunokubhukuda. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi kabaduni, njengabafowethu abaningi, kodwa bahambe ngezinyawo emhlabeni.
Ngosizo lwe-husks, izipikili zilula ukuphuma emanzini ngeqhwa. Njengo-seal, ama-walruse abhekwa njengento ebaluleke kakhulu yokudoba, ngakho-ke, isiphetho esinjalo sehlela. Lesi silwane somhlambi sinomqondo owakhiwe kahle wephunga, uzwa ukusondela komuntu kusenesikhathi futhi angahle asiguqule nesikejana.
Bonke abakhileyo emhlanjini banomuzwa wokuthi awunikezwa ngisho nabantu abathile - ama-walrus ahlala emi ngemuva komunye nomunye futhi, uma omunye wabo engena enkingeni, bonke abanye basheshe basiza. Akuyena kuphela umuntu omesabayo. Izitha zabo yibhere elisemaceleni kanye nomkhomo obulala. Isikhathi sokuphila seWalrus siyiminyaka engama-45.
Seal
Izimpawu zokubopha ezinamaMammal ziyi-walrus. Bachitha iningi lezimpilo zabo eqhweni. Lapho baphumula, bazalanisa futhi bachitha isikhathi sokuncibilika. Lapho beyofuna ukudla, bangahamba amakhulukhulu amakhilomitha ukusuka endaweni abahlala kuyo.
Abantu benze ukutholakala kokuthi izimpawu ziyakhala, kuphela lokhu kwenzeka kubo ngaphandle kwezinyembezi. Kuze kube muva nje, ubuchopho bezinsimbi bebubhekwa njengobuhle obukhulu phakathi kwabantu bendawo. Manje izilwane ezincelisayo zithathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa komuntu ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu kwenani labantu bakhona.
Izimpawu azinazo neze izitha. Ngaphandle kwemikhomo yokubulala ne-foctic fox, kwesinye isikhathi ehlasela izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zalezi zilwane ezincelisayo. Izimpawu ziphila iminyaka engaba ngu-30. Abesilisa bavame ukungaphili kuze kufike kule minyaka engu-5.
Izinhlanzi ezivela emndenini we-salmon zithathwa njengemikhiqizo ebalulekile yezentengiselwano, ngakho-ke, njengoba kunjalo kaningi ezimweni ezinjalo, inani le-whitefish lehlile kakhulu muva nje.
Enyameni yakhe inani nje elikhulu lezakhamzimba nezinto zomkhondo. Ukudla kwezinhlanzi kufaka i-plankton, izinhlanzi ezincane, izibungu kanye nama-crustaceans amancane. Isikhathi sokuphila kwale nhlanzi ebalulekile siyiminyaka eyi-10.
Uhlobo lwenhlanzi
Le salmon yase-Atlantic, kanye nezakhamizi eziningi zamanzi e-tundra, iyigugu elikhulu. Inyama yakhe inambitheka kakhulu futhi iphilile. Izinhlanzi zingakhula zibe osayizi abahehayo.
Ubude bomzimba wakhe kwesinye isikhathi bukhula bube yi-1.5 m, kuthi umuntu omdala abe nesisindo okungenani esingu-45 kg. Ubungako obuhlaba umxhwele kanjalo nokunambitheka kwenyama kudonsela ukunaka kwabadobi abakhuthele.
Izinhlanzi zidla amagobolondo, ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi ezincane. Lapho kuphela iminyaka engu-5-6 ubudala izinhlanzi ziba ngukuvuthwa ngokocansi. Kwezinye izimo, izinhlanzi zitshalwa ngokwezifiso. Uhlala cishe iminyaka eyi-15.
I-Partridge
Naphezu kwesisa sayo nobuhle bayo, le nyoni inamandla amangalisayo. Ubude bawo abudluli ku-40 cm, inyoni ayinasisindo esingaphezu kwekhilogremu. Entanyeni emfushane yenyoni, ikhanda elincane elinamehlo amancane afanayo lihlukile emzimbeni.
Ngaphandle kokuthi imilenze yenyoni imfushane, ifakwe izigqoko ezibukhali ezizisiza zikwazi ukubamba futhi zibambe kahle amanothi eqhwa, kanye nokungcwaba iqhwa ukuphumula okufushane.
I-plumage yenyoni iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesikhathi sonyaka. Ebusika, kumhlophe qhwa. Kuwo wonke unyaka, le nyoni ithola izithunzi ezinsundu ngokungcola kwezimbambo ezimhlophe nezimnyama. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-partridge iyinyoni, ithanda ukuhola indlela yokuphila esekwe ezweni, iqala ngokoqobo isikhathi esifushane ngoba kunzima kuye.
Isidalwa esinokuthula sihlala emhlambini, sidla izimbungulu, izicabucabu, izibungu, izimpukane, izibungu zezinambuzane. Ngesikhathi lapho ukudla okunjalo kunganele ngenxa yezimo zezulu, amajikijolo avela ekudleni kwepalishi.
Izitha eziphambili zabanezinwele ngabazingeli. Kufanele futhi aqaphele izimpungushe ze-arctic, ama-gyrfalcons, ama-skuas. Isikhathi sokuphila kwezinyoni emvelweni asikho ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-4. Ekudingisweni, kepha, bekunamacala lapho baphila iminyaka eyi-20.
Tundra swan
I-bird emangalisayo iyincane kunazo zonke uma uyiqhathanisa nabo bonke abanye ozakwabo. I-tundra swan iyisilinganiso esilingana nabo, kodwa yona imhlophe efanayo, ibuthakathaka futhi inomusa. Izinyoni ziya ngokuya zincanyana ngokwemvelo ngenxa yezokudoba evulekile kuzo.
Abantu bakhona bayayithanda inyama ebabayo ye-swan kanye ne-fluff yabo enhle. Ukuhweba okunamdlandla okunjalo kungaphenduka kube lusizi enyoni. Mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze inyoni izothatha indawo ohlwini lwezinyoni ezisengozini yokubhuka eNcwadi Ebomvu.
Loon
I-Waterfowl iyaphawuleka phakathi kwabo bonke abanye ozakwabo. Ubungako bawo bucishe bulingane nobukhulu be-goose eliphakathi noma duck omkhulu. Amabhande endiza esibhakabhakeni ahlukile kuzo zonke izihlobo zawo ngamaphiko namancanyana amancanyana, njengomsila, ophakeme emuva.
Ukundiza kwabo kubonakaliswa yikhanda lekhanda ngentamo phansi, okubuye kuphawuleke ngalezi zinyoni kuphela. Abesilisa nabesifazane abanakho umehluko omkhulu. Izinyoni zikhululekile kakhulu ukuhlala emanzini kunokuhlala emhlabathini, ngakho-ke ungazibona ogwini, kodwa kuyaqabukela.
Banenkosi ethokozisayo kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye. Amalogi kubonakala ngathi akahambi, kepha akhasa esiswini sawo. Amanzi ezinyoni aze abe nesikhathi sokulala. Emhlabeni kuphela isidleke.
Lesi sidalwa esinomsindo singabubula futhi sikhale kakhulu, okungeyona into eyejwayelekile yezinyoni. Amalogi anesithembu, agcina ukuthembeka kumlingani wawo empilweni yawo yonke, okuthi, ngasendleleni, agcine izingane ezingaba ngu-20.
Isikhova esingu-Polar
Enobuhle obungabonakali ngobuhlakani obuvela ekuzaleni isikhova esikhulu, esinekhanda eliyindilinga kanye nensimbi emhlophe. Lokhu kugcwala kusiza inyoni ukuba ifihle kalula eqhweni. Emaphethelweni ayo, isikhova esinamandla angamaphiko siyisisulu esisebenzayo. Ukudla kwakhe kubandakanya amagundane kanye nama-lemmings, ama hares, izinyoni, namagundane amancane. Kwesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa u-carrion nezinhlanzi.
Inyoni enezinyosi iyazingela, kwesinye isikhathi ingabamba izinyoni ezindizayo. Isikhova siginya izisulu ezincane singaguquki, sidonsa inyamazane sibe sikhulu ngokwaso futhi siyidabula ibe yizicucu ezincane ngosizo lwezandla.
Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, izikhova ezinama-polar zingahlukaniswa ngokukhamuluka okukhulu nangokuphangayo. Kwesinye isikhathi, lapho inyoni ijabule kakhulu, ingenza umgudu wokugcoba. Isikhathi sonke lesi nyoni enezinwele sithande ukungathuli eminye. Izikhova ze-polar zezimpungushe ezingama-arctic, izimpungushe kanye ne-skuas ziyesatshwa. Baphila cishe iminyaka eyi-9.
Skuas
Ama-Skuas angama-charadriiformes. Abanye bathi yizitha. Izinyoni zinomlomo omkhulu ombozwe esikhunjeni. Isihloko saso sithambile, futhi isisekelo siyindilinga. Phezulu, uqhwaku luguqa phansi. Izimpiko zinobude obukhulu ngokwanele nemikhawulo ebukhali.
Umsila uyindilinga, uqukethe izimpaphe eziyi-12. Izinyoni zingabhukudi abanamakhono, okungeke kushiwo ngekhono lazo lokuntywila, ngakho-ke zikhetha ukuzingela ukubhukuda kwezinhlanzi eduze kobuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathanda namagundane amancane nama-mollusks. Lezi zinyoni azinazitha ngokwemvelo. Baphila cishe iminyaka engama-20.
I-Gyrfalcon
Le nyoni iyi-falcon futhi ibhekwa njengenye enkulu kunale ndlela. Isisindo sabantu besifazane singafinyelela ku-2 kg. Abesilisa bavame ukuba kabili izikhathi. Ama-gyrfalcons aphuzi ngombala onsundu ngokungcola okumhlophe. Abathandi ukukhuphuka emoyeni. Ndiza ngokushesha, amaphiko ngokushesha.
Le nyoni ifana kakhulu ne-peregrine falcons. Isici esingahlukile umsila, i-gyrfalcon yinde. Ngentwasahlobo, kuzwakala isigingilili esithule se-gyrfalcon enamanothi aphezulu. Izinyoni ezizondlayo yizilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni ezincane.
Indlela yokubulala umuntu ohlukunyeziwe inonya. IGyrfalcon iphula imisipha yomlomo wesibeletho noma ilume intamo yakhe. Izici zokuzingela ama-gyrfalcons sekuyisikhathi eside zaziswa ngabantu, ngakho-ke abazingeli abaningi bayithambisa le nyoni futhi bayenza umsizi obalulekile ngesikhathi sokuzingela. Ababekhona baphile cishe iminyaka engama-20.
I-Peregrine Falcon
Omunye ummeleli wama-falcons ungumhlali we-tundra. Amanga ayingxenye yesigaba sezinyoni ezisheshayo nezisheshayo emhlabeni. Okuwukuphela kwenyoni i-falcon engavuna ngayo ukundiza okuvundlile kuyashesha.
Izinyoni ezinezinwele zithanda ukuzingela amajuba, izinkanyezi, amadada, izilwane ezincelisayo.Izinyoni zalezi zinyoni njengamanje zithathwa njengezindathane. Ukwehliswa kwenani labo kwaqala ngemuva kweMpi Yomhlaba Yesibili.
Izinyoni ziqinile, ziyasebenza, zinesifuba esibanzi. Umbala wezimpaphe ze-falcon ulawulwa ngwempunga ngemivimbo emnyama. Izimpaphe ezimnyama zibonakala ngokucacile kumathiphu ezimpiko.
Lezi zilwane zidla izinyoni ezincane ezinhlobonhlobo, ama-squirrels, amalulwane, amahashe, ama-squirrels, ama-lemmings nama-voles asensimini. Ama-Falcons angabizwa ngokuphepha emndenini wamakhulu eminyaka, aphila iminyaka eyi-100 noma ngaphezulu.
Izici zesimo sezulu saseTundra
I-tundra zone ihambelana nendawo yesimo sezulu esise-subarctic. Lapha, izinga lokushisa likaJanuwari elijwayelekile lihlehlela ku-40º, futhi amazinga okushisa aphansi aphansi kakhulu. Kepha lokhu akunjalo ndawo zonke. Isibonelo, ogwini lwenhlonhlo yaseScandinavia, lapho kudlula khona imfudumalo yamanje yaseNorway, okushisa okunguJanuwari kuyaqabukela kwehle ngezansi -20º. Kepha ubusika kuyo yonke i-tundra ihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Ihlobo lapha liqhathaniswa nekwindla yethu. Ngenyanga eshisa kakhulu, okushisa akuvamile ukuba kweqe + 10º. Ngisho ngoJulayi, amazinga okushisa eqhwa neqhwa ayabonakala. Futhi ihlobo elinjalo lihlala ngamandla inyanga nengxenye.
Isici esiyinhloko sezulu se-tundra umswakama ngokweqile. Kodwa hhayi ngoba kunokuningi kwezulu, kodwa ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuhwamuka okungasho lutho. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunamawa amaningi namachibi amaningi. Kukhona futhi nemimoya enamandla, ikakhulukazi ogwini lwe-Arctic Ocean.
Ebusika, ngaphesheya kwe-Arctic Circle, ilanga alidluleli ngalé kwezinsuku izinsuku eziningana zilandelana. Ehlobo, isikhathi sosuku lwe-polar luqala. Futhi eningizimu ilanga likhanya isikhathi eside kangangokuba kusa kokuhlwa kuthathelwe indawo ekuseni futhi abukho ubumnyama bangempela. Le nto ibizwa ngokuthi "ubusuku obumhlophe."
I-Fauna nezimbali ze-tundra
Uhlaza lwe-tundra luyingqayizivele kakhulu. Eningizimu yendawo efudumele, kusekhona izihlahla ezincanyana: polar willow, birch emfushane. Kunzima ukuzenza ngephutha izihlahla, ngoba ubukhulu bezindebe zazo azifinyeleli kubukhulu bepensela, futhi ekuphakameni kukhuphuka ngo-20-30 cm kuphela.
Izitshalo eziphambili ze-tundra ama-mosses nama-lichens. Banquma ukubukeka komhlaba we-tundra. Kukhona umswakama owenele ngabo, futhi abazikhathazi ngokushisa. Kuliqiniso, zikhula kancane.
Isitshalo esaziwa kakhulu se-tundra yi-reindeer moss, noma i-deer moss, empeleni esingeyona inkawu, kodwa ilayisi. Lokhu kungumthombo wokudla kwama-reindeer, yingakho lathola igama elidumile.
Kukhona izihlahlana eziningi ku-tundra ngalobo busika ngaphansi kweqhwa ngaphandle kokuphonsa amaqabunga awo amnyama ansundu. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi baqale ukutshala izimbali ngokushesha ngemuva kokuncipha ukuphuma ngaphansi kweqhwa. Okokuqala, yi-cranberries, cranberries, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye namafu.
Ezitshalweni ezi-herbaceous zingabizwa ngokuthi yi-sedge, utshani bekotini kanye ne-polpy poppy. Ehlobo elifushane le-Arctic, bayakwazi ukuhamba ngomjikelezo ophelele wezitshalo.
Izitshalo zemifino lapha zivame ukwenza amafomu ezinwabuzelayo nezinjengomqamelo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi usebenzise kangcono ukushisa komhlaba bese uyakusindisa, zivikele emimoyeni enamandla egqekeza iziqu.
Umhlaba wezilwane we-tundra awunothile ngezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kepha mkhulu ngokwanele. Yiziphi izilwane ezihlala ku-tundra njalo? Izakhamizi zendabuko ze-tundra zifaka ama-reindeer, ama-lemmings, izimpungushe ezingama-arctic, izimpisi, nezinyoni - isikhova esine-polar ne-parridge emhlophe. Izilwane ezingandile kakhulu ziyi-musk ox.
Izinyoni zaseTundra
Izilwane ze-tundra nazo zimelelwa yizinyoni. I-eider eyaziwa kakhulu idada elikhulu lolwandle. Udume ngombala wakhe ofudumele okhethekile, obeka isidleke futhi amboze amaqanda. Le grey fluff iyaziswa kakhulu, ngakho-ke iqoqwe. Esidlekeni esisodwa, lapho amachwane esevele ashiye khona, ungathola amagremu ayi-15-20 we-fluff emsulwa.
IGaga ayindiza ebusika, kepha intanta kude nolwandle - lapho ulwandle lungakabi iqhwa.
I-partridge futhi iyisakhamuzi saphakade se-tundra. Leli gama lisikisela ukuthi ebusika iplamu yayo iba mhlophe, okuvumela inyoni ukuba ingabonakali ngokumelene nesizinda seqhwa. Udla ukudla kwezitshalo, futhi namachwane nawo awavikelekile.
Isikhova esine-polar sisebenza ikakhulukazi kulamula. Futhi ehlobo, kubeka engcupheni izinyoni, ngoba amachwane ayengezo ezinhle ekudleni kwakhe.
I-Waterfowl Summer Paradise
Ehlobo, izikhala ezingapheli ze-tundra zigcwaliswa ngokoqobo ngamanzi. Lawa ancibilikisa amanzi eqhwa, namachibi amaningi nezibhuku, nemifula. Ngakho-ke, umhlaba wezilwane we-tundra uyenziwa kabusha ngenani elikhulu lama-waterfowl. Zithola izibungu zemvelo zasendle kanye nezinambuzane emanzini, futhi azizenqabeli izinambuzane ngokwazo.
Amahansi, amadada, amalogi, izinyoni zasolwandle, lolu shuthi - lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele lwezinyoni ezidla kanye nezihudula enyakatho kude. Futhi ekwindla bathatha amantshontsho abo eningizimu, baya emazweni afudumele.
I-Tundra Animal Welfare
Umhlaba wezilwane nowokutshala we-tundra uthambile kakhulu, ngoba ukubuyiselwa kwawo ezimweni ezinzima awuthathi amashumi eminyaka, kepha amashumi eminyaka. Ngakho-ke, udinga ukuvikelwa.
Incwadi Ebomvu yaseRussia ibeka njengomgomo wayo ukuvikelwa kwezimbali nezilwane. Izilwane ze-tundra ezifakwe kuhlu kuyo:
- I-Putorana iqhwa lesinqe,
- Izimvu zeqhwa zeChukchi,
- Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwa,
- ihansi elimhlophe
- i-loon emhlophe,
- ihansi elimhlophe
- ihansi elincanyana
- goose-cheeked white
- Goose Goose,
- Black Pacific Goose,
- i-swan encane
- I-American Swan
- pink gull
- I-Siberian Crane, noma i-White Crane.
Kudalwe izindawo zokugcina ukuvikela izilwane zasendle ze-tundra: iKandalaksha, iLapland, Taimyr nezinye.
Beluga whale
Beluga whale - ummeli omhlophe womndeni we-toothed whale (I-Monodontidae). Lesi silwane sivumelaniswe kahle impilo emanzini abandayo ngenxa yezici eziningi ze-anatomical nezomzimba. Phakathi kwazo - umbala omhlophe nokungatholakali kwe-dorsal fin. I-Beluga whale inenhlamvu eyingqayizivele ngaphambili kwekhanda, lapho kunesitho esikhulu futhi esingenakonakala se-echolocation. Abesilisa bayakhula babe ngamamitha angama-5,5 ubude futhi banesisindo esingama-1600 kg. I-Belugas inomzimba wesitoko kanye nezindlebe ezakhiwe kahle.
Lezi yizilwane zenhlalo ezakha amaqembu abantu abangafika kwabayi-10 ngokwesilinganiso, kepha ehlobo zingahlangana ngamaqembu ezinkulungwane noma ezinkulungwane zamabhola. Bangabhukuda kancane, kepha ngiyakwazi ukungena ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-700. Ukudla kuncike endaweni yabo nasesikhathini sabo. AmaBelugas ayizilwane ezifudukayo futhi iningi lamaqembu achitha ubusika eduze ne-Arctic cap, lapho iqhwa lincibilika ehlobo, athuthela ezifundeni ezifudumele nasezindaweni ezisogwini. Amanye amaqembu ahlala phansi futhi awahambi amabanga amade unyaka wonke.
U-Elk noReindeer
I-Elk ne-reindeer - abamele umndeni wezinyamazane (Cervidae). Ama-moose amaduna anezimpondo ezigqinsiwe, kanti ama-reindeer antlers atholakala kubo bobabili ubulili. Lezi zinhlobo zombili zigcwele ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zezulu, kufaka phakathi i-tundra. Zidla imifino (amagxolo, amaqabunga, utshani, ama-buds, amahlumela, ama-moss, amakhowe).
Ngenxa yokwakheka kwezinwele nezinwele eziwugqinsi, kanye nongqimba obukhulu bamafutha angaphansi, lezi zinyamazane zishintshwa ukuze zihlale esimweni sezulu esibandayo se-tundra. Bayakwazi ukuhamba eqhweni elixegayo futhi baphakamise imilenze yabo lapho behamba. Lapho uhamba, sebenzisa isinyathelo noma i-trot (galloping akuvamile kakhulu).
Njengoba iqhwa lingaphezulu kwama-70 cm, lidlula ezindaweni ezineqhwa.
I-Arctic hare
I-Arctic hare noma i-polar hare, luhlobo lwama-hares avumelaniswa nokuphila ezindaweni ezihlala ezintabeni nasezintabeni. Inezindlebe nezitho ezitshaliwe, ikhala elincane, imali enamafutha engama-20% enesisindo somzimba, nobubanzi bohlanga. Ukuze ulondoloze ukufudumala nokulala, hares polar igaya izimbobo emhlabathini noma ngaphansi kweqhwa. Babukeka njengonogwaja, kepha banezindlebe ezimfishane, ukuma okuphezulu, futhi, ngokungafani nonogwaja, bayakwazi ukuhlala emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Bangakwazi ukuhamba namanye ama-hares; kwesinye isikhathi bahlangana ngamaqembu abantu abayishumi noma ngaphezulu, kepha bavame ukwenzeka bodwa, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzala. I-Arctic hare ingafinyelela isivinini esingamakhilomitha angama-60 ngehora.
UBelyak ungomunye wabamele abakhulu kunabo bonke onogwaja. Ngokwesilinganiso, abantu ngamunye anesisindo esisukela ku-2.2 kuye ku-5.5 kg (yize kutholakala amahashe amakhulu anesisindo esingama-7 kg), futhi abe nobude bomzimba obungu-43-70 cm, angabali ubude bomsila ongu-4.5-10 cm.
Abamhlophe be-Arctic badla imifino, ama-95% ekudleni kwabo aqukethe umoyowane, bonke abanye bafaka i-moss, i-lichens, i-sedge, i-bark, i-algae. Kwesinye isikhathi badla inyama nenhlanzi.
Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwa
Ibhere elinama-polar noma polar ngesinye sezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Abesilisa banesisindo esingama-370-700 kg, ukuphakama lapho kubuna kusuka ku-240 kuya ku-300 cm.Izinsikazi zingaphansi kwabesilisa, zinesisindo esilinganayo esingu-160-320 kg. Kubukeka sengathi amabhere amnyama anezinwele ezimhlophe, noma kunjalo izinwele zawo zisobala nesikhumba sazo simnyama. Uboya nesikhumba kuguqulwa ukuze kudonsa ukukhanya kwelanga futhi kulondoloze izinga lokushisa lomzimba eliphakeme. Njengezinye izilwane eziningi ze-Arctic ne-tundra, amabhere amnyama anezindlebe ezimfishane, ezinciphisa ukulahleka kokushisa.
Amabhere we-polar ajwayele ukutholakala eduze kwamanzi neqhwa, lapho ukudla akuthandayo kuyizimpawu. Amabhere anezimbobo alala kuzo nalapho izinsikazi zizala khona amawundlu. Lezi zidlova azingena ekubandakanyeni, ngoba lesi yisikhathi sokuzingela, noma kunjalo, abantu abathile kanye nabesifazane abakhulelwe, ikakhulukazi, baye ekulaleni okukhulu kobusika, lapho isilinganiso senhliziyo sincipha kakhulu.
IMelville Island Wolf neTundra Wolf
Izimpisi zaseMelville Island nezimpisi ze-tundra ziyizinkomba zezimpisi ezimpunga ezihlala ku-tundra. Ijazi lezimpisi ze-tundra limnyama kune-polar. Kuzo zombili izingosi ezingaphansi, i-hairline yinde, iqinile futhi ithambile. Ama-tundra subspecies atholakala ezweni elikhulu, kanti izimpisi zase-Arctic zihlala eqhweni uqobo, ngoba ziyakwazi ukuzifihla ngokwazo ekuxhaseni izinyamazane, ngenxa yejazi elimhlophe qhwa. Lezi zimpisi zizingela emaphaketheni abantu abangama-5-10. Izimpisi ze-Arctic zidla umhluzi kumaskki, caribou nakuma-arctic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, badla ama-lemmings, izinyoni kanye nama-gopher. Izimpisi zePolar zikhulu kancane kunezimpisi ze-tundra futhi zinamadlebe amancane, ezibavumela ukuba bakwazi ukugcina ukushisa.
Ukwakheka kwama-paws, okuwukuthi ukuba khona kolwelwesi oluncane phakathi kweminwe, kuvumela ukuba bakwazi ukuhambahamba kalula eqhweni elijulile. Zinjengomunwe, ngakho-ke isisindo somzimba silinganiselwe. Izikhafu ezithambile zisiza ukugcina ibhalansi endaweni eshelelayo, futhi uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi luvikela izitho kusuka ku-hypothermia. Uboya balezi zimpisi bunokukhanya okuphansi okushisa, okusiza ukusinda esimeni sezulu esibi se-tundra.
U-Ermine
I-ermine ingumhlaseli omncane, omele umndeni wokufela ukholo. Ubude bomzimba, kucatshangelwa ikhanda yi-16-31 cm, futhi isisindo singama-90-445 amagremu. I-dimorphism yezocansi kuthiwa, abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane. Banomzimba omude, omncane, opholayo, imilenze emifushane nomsila omude. Kumuntu ngamunye ohlala e-tundra, uboya bukhulu futhi bukhanya kunezihlobo ezivela kwezinye izindawo zezulu.
Zinamehlo amahle kakhulu, ukuhogela nokuzwa, ezisetshenziswa ekuzingeleni. Ama-Ermines ayizimfihlo futhi akhuphuka izihlahla kahle. Futhi zingabhukuda ezinhle kakhulu, ezikwazi ukuwela imifula ebanzi. Eqhweni baqhubekeka besebenzisa amaqaqa emilenzeni yabo yangemuva kuze kufike ku-50 cm ubude.
Lawa ama-carnivores, ukudla kwawo kuqukethe: onogwaja, amagundane amancane (ngokwesibonelo, amagundane asensimini), ama-hares, izinyoni, izinambuzane, inhlanzi, izirhubuluzi, ama-amphibians nama-invertebrates. Lapho ukudla kunqabile, badla i-carrion (izidumbu zezilwane).
Isikhova esimhlophe noma esimnyama
Isikhova esimnyama inyoni enhle emhlophe evela emndenini wesikhova. Amapayipi amhlophe awasiza ukuba afihle endaweni ebandayo. Abesilisa kuphela abamhlophe ngokuphelele, abanamabala amnyama kwabesifazane namazinyane abo asemzimbeni namaphiko. Umbala wezimpaphe zabesilisa uvele ube mhlophe ngeminyaka. Abesifazane abakaze babe mhlophe ngokuphelele, kepha abesilisa abavuthiwe bavame ukuba mhlophe nge-100%. Izimpaphe zazo zinde futhi zinde (ngisho namacembe embozwe izimpaphe), futhi zilungele kahle isimo sezulu esibandayo.
Izikhova ezimhlophe zingenye yezikhova ezinkulu ezinobude bomzimba obungu-71 cm nesisindo esingama-3 kg. Bahola indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezikhova, okusho ukuthi iningi lomsebenzi wabo liwa ngesikhathi sasemini.
Izikhova zePolar ziyamangaza, zinamehlo amnandi nokuzwa okuwavumela ukuba athole inyamazane efihlwe emathangeni noma ngaphansi kweqhwa eliwugqinsi. Izinyamazane abazithandayo yi-lemmings, abayidla ngenani elikhulu. Isikhova esidala sidla ama-lemmings angaphezu kuka-1,500 ngonyaka, futhi singeza lokhu kudla ngezinhlanzi, namagundane, onogwaja nezinyoni.
Isikhova esimhlophe sithanda ukuhlala endaweni yaso ebandayo unyaka wonke, kodwa njengoba wazi, singafuduka.
Grasshopper
Utshani yisinambuzane esingagxuma, sihambe futhi sibhabhe. Ama-Grasshopper asatshalaliswa cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba, ukusuka ezindaweni ezishisayo nezindawo eziwugwadule kuya kuma-tundra nama-alpine meadows. Abahlali emigodini, kepha bakhetha ukuhlala ezitshalweni ezivulekile. E-tundra, zidla ngokubola imifino engayithola. Ama-Grasshopper adla nezinambuzane ezincane ezihlala kulesi sifunda esinamandla seplanethi.
Omiyane
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-3,000 zezinhlobo zomiyane ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Ensimini ye-tundra, ungathola izinhlobo eziyishumi nambili zalezi zegazi, ezisebenza kakhulu ehlobo.
Ezimweni sezulu ezibandayo, ahlala esebenzayo amasonto ambalwa phakathi nonyaka, ngenxa yentuthuko ye-thermokarst, amachibi efomu lamanzi. Ngalesi sikhathi, zizalela inani elikhulu futhi zidla ngegazi le-reindeer. Omiyane bangakwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa aqandayo neqhwa.
Tundra wolf
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, izimpisi ze-tundra zibonakalise ukukhuthazela okumangalisayo ngempilo yabo. Isonto abangakwenza ngaphandle kokudla, banqobe kuze kufike ku-20 km ngosuku. Bangadla inyamazane efinyelela ku-10-15 kg ngasikhathi, ndawonye nesikhumba, uboya kanye namathambo.
Abazingeli be-Universal bafuna inyamazane emhlambini omkhulu, lapho kusatshalaliswa zonke izindima zabashayi nabahlaseli. Ukuhogela okuhle, umbono nokuzwa kuyabavumela ukuba bazingele amadada, ama-goose, ukuqothula izidleke zezinyoni, ukubamba izimpungushe nezinsikazi.
Kepha lesi isisulu esincane. Izimpisi zizodla uma zinqoba inyamazane encane noma umuntu obuthakathaka. Ukuqapha kwemvelo, amandla nobuqili kuyahlaba umxhwele: umhlambi udlula umkhondo weqhwa uye ethreyini, sengathi yisilwane esinomzwangedwa kuphela eshiye ukubekwa kwaso.
Izithombe zesondo se-tundra
Umvundla
Ummeleli omkhulu we-unogwaja - ubude bomzimba bufinyelela kumasentimitha ayisithupha, atholakala kwi-tundra ye-Western Siberia. Bahlukaniswa ngokuhlukaniswa ngezindlebe ezifushane namawashi abanzi, kanye nokushintsha kombala okubonakalayo ngokuya ngesikhathi sonyaka.
Abamhlophe bayizilwane ezihlala zodwa ezivame ukungena endaweni ethile futhi zivikeleke. Kepha imihlambi yezikhathi ezithile yokufuduka nayo ihlala ngaphakathi kuyo.
Isisekelo sokondleka kwemvelo siyindidane, kanye namakhowe namajikijolo. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamaminerali emzimbeni, kuba nezigcawu ezivame lapho i-hare ihlasela khona ngokulangazelela emathanjeni noma ezimpondweni ezilahliwe zamakhambi amakhulu.
Punochka
I-snowflake noma i-snowainainain inyoni encane ye-tundra, ayidluli amasentimitha ayishumi nesithupha ubude. Umbala wezinsikazi nowowesilisa uhlukile, owokugcina unesikhathi esiningi esihlukile, esishintsha ngokuqala kobusika. Ngisho noqhwaku, esikhundleni somnyama, luphenduka ophuzi.
Ukudla kwalezi zinyoni kuya nangesikhathi sonyaka: ehlobo ziyizinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, ebusika - okusanhlamvu nembewu.
Njengezikhova, izidleke zesidleke phansi, ngokwesilinganiso kunamachwane amahlanu esihlanjini esisodwa.
Vele, iziloba zeTundra ezingapheli azikhawulwanga kubamele okungenhla. Futhi, izilwane ezivela e-Arctic strip ebusika eTundra, nezilwane ezivela ezindaweni eziseningizimu zizulazula ehlobo.
Futhi ezinye izinhlobo kungenzeka ukuthi azange zitholwe ososayensi ..
Luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (mhlophe) i-Arctic fox
Uboya obuhle futhi obunobubanzi obuningi, obufika ku-30 cm ubude, busindisa izilwane ku-frostbite. Amehlo akhiqiza umbala obalulekile wokuvikela ekukhanyiseni ukukhanya esikhaleni esimhlophe qhwa.
Izimpungushe ze-Arctic zihlala zizula zifuna ukudla. Adonswa ezindaweni zawo zokuzalwa kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ukuhlomisa umgodi wakho ku-tundra kuwumsebenzi wesimo sezulu esinzima. Ngakho-ke, izizukulwane eziningi ze-fox fox zisebenzisa izimbotshana ezimbiwe emagqumeni anomhlabathi othambile.Bondla konke okunikezwa yi-tundra: inhlanzi, u-carrion, izinsalela zezinyamazane nezamabhere.
Izimpungushe ze-Arctic zibamba ngamaqembu futhi zisizane. Nakekela amawundlu uma abazali befa. Izitha zabo zemvelo izikhova ezinamakhaza, izinkozi zegolide, ama-wolverines namabhere.
Luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (mhlophe) i-Arctic fox
I-White Owl
Le nyoni ingeyabantu abahlala unomphela kwe-tundra. Muhle kakhulu: iplamu elimhlophe libushelelezi futhi lithambile uma lithintwa. Amehlo aphuzi okwehla ngamehlo abukhali ahlala ebuka inyamazane. Le nyoni ayizithandi izihlahla, ihlala ematsheni aphakeme, emaphethelweni, emajumbeni ukuze kubuyekezwe amathafa eqhwa.
Ubuntu besikhova esimhlophe ekudleni kuphela izimfamona zesisulu. Ukuphumula kuya kubazingeli abanenhlanhla encane. Uma kungekho kudla, kungabulawa yindlala isikhathi eside. Ukuzenzela owl kuncike ekutholakaleni kokudla. Ukuchichima kuthinta inzalo enkulu. Okungenangqondo kushiya izinyoni zingazalanga.
Amalogo
Izinyoni ezindala ezasinda kuze kube manje. Izindawo zezethembiso zazo zihlala zincane, futhi izinyoni azikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezinguquko. Bakhumbula izindawo zabo iminyaka.
Impilo yabo ixhumene nemizimba yamanzi; ngokuhamba komhlaba bunzima. Uqhwaku olukhombe, umzimba ophakeme namaphiko amafushane ahlukanisa loon kusuka kumadada. Izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlanzi futhi uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi.
ILoon bird
I-oatmeal yengane
Umfuduki. Ihlala emathangeni esihlahla se-tundra, ibirch emfushane, ehlala izihlabo zomhlaba. Iyabonakala ngomucu obomvu onomngcele omnyama eduze komqhele wekhanda. Ukuhlabelela i-Oatmeal kuphakeme futhi kunomusa. Amasayithi wokukhulisa aguquka minyaka yonke. Zindizela eChina ebusika.
Esithombeni, inyoni ye-oatmeal
I-Sterkh (crane emhlophe)
Inyoni enkulu enomlomo omude obomvu nemilenze ephakeme. Izidleke zomqhele zingabonakala ezindaweni eziwugwadule. Ukulondolozwa kwezinyoni kuwumsebenzi onzima ngenxa yokuqonda kwazo izimo ezithile: indawo yasemanzini enenhlabathi ebonakalayo. Izwi lomkhumbi omhlophe lide futhi lindodana.
I-Peregrine Falcon
I-falcon enkulu ithanda izindawo ezivulekile, ngakho-ke ezindaweni ezivulekile ze-tundra zinezindawo ezibanzi zokuthola izidleke, okufika kumakhilomitha ayi-10 kuya komakhelwane. Ama-peregrine falcons awazingeli ezindaweni zawo, ngakho-ke, ezinye izinyoni zihlala eduze kwazo, zithola isivikelo kwizinyoni ezidla inyama, ezixosha ama-peregrine falcons. Amabili okukhwelana kokuhlangana kwamanga ahlala impilo yonke.
Izinyoni zinezitayela zazo zokuzingela. Bantshonela inyamazane babambe amathe abo. Iqedwe ngomlomo kuphela uma kunesidingo. Badla inyamazane ematsheni, emakhethini, kwiziqu, kepha hhayi emhlabathini.
I-Peregrine falcon
Flatfish
Ihlala ezindaweni eziphansi ze-tundra, lapho amachibi nezimbumbulu eziningi ziqongelela khona. Zidla ezinambuzaneni, ama-mollusks, izibungu nezilwane ezincane. Njengamathoyizi wewashi, ubungako bondlunkulu, obuhlungwa ngokuqhubekayo ngama-paws. Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni, azinamahloni futhi zivunyelwe ukusondela kakhulu.
Ukunakekelwa kwenzalo ngokufakwa ekufukweni kuphumula ngowesilisa. Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda, insikazi iyandiza ihambe. Owesilisa, esefeze umsebenzi wakhe wokuba ngumzali, ushiya i-tundra neqembu labafowethu. Ukukhula izimpukane ezincane ezindlini zazo zobusika zizodwa.
Flatfish
Kamenushka
Enye yalezo zinyoni ezikwaziyo ubusika ehlane elingaphili tundra. Amadada akhanyayo agcinwa emaphethelweni olwandle, emanzini angajulile, emhlolweni. Ehlobo, athuthela esidlekeni emifuleni esheshayo ye-tundra yentaba.
Izinyoni ezincane
UTundra Horned Lark
Phakathi kokuqala ukundiza kuyi-tundra. Ngenxa yomdwebo wokuqala nezimpondo ezimbili ezimnyama, i-lark kulula ukuyibona phakathi kwezinyoni. Ubukhulu bondlunkulu obukhulu obukhulu. Bayakuthanda ukubhukuda. Fly ngababili noma imihlambi emincane. Izilonda e-tundra ezintabeni. Ukucula kuyamangalisa futhi kuyindidane.
UTundra Horned Lark
Izilwane ezihlala ku-tundra, eziningi, kepha phakathi kwazo azikho izidalwa eziphindwayo. Kepha inqwaba yezinambuzane eziphuza igazi. Omiyane kuphela abanezinhlobo eziyi-12.
Ngaphezu kwazo, izilwane zihlushwa imichilo, midges, izimpukane ezimnyama. Impilo yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo incike komunye nomunye, ukugcina ibhalansi emangalisayo endaweni yemvelo ye-tundra.