Esikhathini esedlule, i-steppe floorhog yayisakazeke esigxotsheni futhi ngokwengxenye yendawo yamahlathi ukusuka eHungary kuya e-Irtysh, nokho, ngemuva kokuthonywa yindawo yokulima izintombi, yanyamalala cishe yonke indawo, yasinda kuphela ezindaweni zomhlaba ongafundwanga. Njengamanje, ububanzi baso bufaka amasayithi ambalwa ahlukanisiwe ohlelweni lwezigodi zaseKharkov naseLugansk e-Ukraine, eningizimu yeRussia kanye nesifunda esiphakathi neVolga, izifunda ezisezindaweni eziphansi zesifunda saseVolga, kanye ne-Urals eseNyakatho Kazakhstan. I-Bayibak ingumuntu ongokwemvelo ohlala emathafeni axutshaniswe nengca. Endabeni yokulima isitebhisi, imigodi ngokushesha iya enhlabathini esezintombini eseduzane noma, ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu, ukuya “ekuphazamiseni”: amadiphozithi, imithambeka engenamfutho yezifufula, izigodi, izigodi zemifula, imingcele yomhlaba, amadlelo, ngisho ohlangothini lwemigwaqo yezwe. Izindawo ezilungele ukuhlalwa manje seziyindawo engabalulekile yomhlaba olimekayo. Ukuphila ezitshalweni zokusanhlamvu nemifino akunakuzenzakalela kuye, ezindaweni ezinjalo i-baibak ihlala ngokungakhethi nangesikhashana.
Izici ezihlukanisayo
Ibhayibheli Marmota bobak ungomunye wabamele abakhulu bomndeni we-squirrel: ubude bawo bomzimba bu-50-70 cm, isisindo sabesilisa sifinyelela ku-10 kg. Umzimba we-baibak awugqinsi, unemilenze emifushane, eqinile ehlome ngezihlakala ezinkulu, nekhanda lakhe likhulu, licwebile, lihleli entanyeni emfishane. Ingahlukaniseka kalula kwamanye amarobhothi ngomsila omfishane (ongadluli ku-15 cm) nombala ocacile wesihlabathi ophuzi.
Habitat, indlela yokuphila kanye nemikhuba
AmaBaybaks ahlala emikhakheni emikhulu yaphakade, ahlela imisele ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene nobunzima bezindlu. Imisele yabo yesikhashana incane, imfushane, inendawo eyodwa, ngaphandle kwegumbi lokudlela, kuzo izimbotshana zifihla ingozi, kwesinye isikhathi zichitha ubusuku. Kukhona izimbotshana ezingafika kweziyi-10 ku-floorhog ngaphakathi kwendawo yokudla. Imisele engapheli iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ingobusika nehlobo. Imisele (ehlobo) yehlobo (ihlobo) ifanekisela uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuhamba, zixhunywe ebusweni izitolo eziningana (kuze kufike ku-6-16). Ukusuka endaweni enkulu yomgodi, kuphuma izimbungulu eziningi noma izikhala ezifile, lapho marmot ahlela khona imigodi yokubeletha. Ekujuleni okungama-2-3 m, kunegumbi lokudlela elinomthamo ongafika ku-0,5-0.8 m³, lapho umgobolondo udonsa khona utshani obomile nezimpande. Imisele ebusika (ebusika) ingahleleka kalula, kepha amakamelo okudlela kuwo atholakala ekujuleni kwenhlabathi engafinyeleleki - kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-5-7 ukusuka ebusweni. Ubude bendawo yonke yokudlula kanye nezigxobo zomqando ongapheliyo kufinyelela kumamitha angama-57-63. Emabhulethini ayinkimbinkimbi ikakhulukazi, kunamagumbi ambalwa osayizi abehlukene, futhi izindinyana zakha izitezi eziningana. Lapho kudalwa umgodi ohlala njalo, kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-cubic kwenhlabathi aphonswe phezulu, akha indunduma. Imvamisa, imarmot isivelelene ngqo ngemuva kwesizinda se-chernozem ngombala olula, inhlabathi yomile, igcwele izinto ze-nitrogen namaminerali kudoti we-marmot. Ukuphakama kwegquma kufinyelela ku-40-100 cm ngamasentimitha ayi-3 ukuya ku-10 .mameleni eduze komgodi owakhiwe kukhona indawo enyathelwe lapho kusuka lapho izimbuzi zihlola indawo ezungezile. Zonke ezinye zemamot zimbozwa kancane kancane yizimila, ezihluke kakhulu kwizimbali ezizungezile: umhlonyane, ukolweni kanye ne-kermek kukhula lapha. Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, kuze kube yi-10% ingaphezulu yembozwe izimbaza, yingakho i-landscape ithola umlingiswa ongajwayelekile we-wavy.
Zidlani izimbaza?
Ama-steppe marmot adla ukudla kwesitshalo okunoshukela futhi okuthambile, kanti izitshalo ezizithandayo ngama-oats asendle, utshani bukakolweni, i-chicory, i-clover ne-field bindweed. Ngezinkathi ezahlukile zonyaka, bakhetha izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zesitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ama-floorhogs adliwa ikakhulukazi ngama-rhizomes aqothulayo kanye nama-bulbs, ehlobo - amahlumela amasha ezinkozo namakhambi, kanye nezimbali. Engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo, lapho utshani be-steppe buqhuma, ama-baqaki ahambela kude nemisele yawo eyofuna izindawo ezinomswakama ngotshani obuluhlaza. Izithelo ezivuthiwe kanye nembewu esiswini sazo azigaywa, zisakazeka kanye namaconsi. Ngesikhathi sosuku lokudla, i-baibak idla kuze kufike ku-1-1,5 kg yesisindo sesitshalo. Isisekelo se-steppeg sidla nokudla kwezilwane - izinkumbi, imollusks, amacimbi, imidlwane, kuvame ukuzidla ngotshani. Isitoko sasebusika asenzi amasheya ebusika. Imvamisa ayiphuzi amanzi, igcwele umswakama oqukethwe ezitshalweni, noma amazolo ekuseni.
Izikhathi zokulala ebusuku "zilala njengethanga"
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, ama-groundhogs aqongelela ukuya kuma-800-1200 g wamafutha, aze afike ku-20-25% wesisindo sawo. Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti - Septhemba, izilwane zihlangana emiseleni ebusika ngamaqembu abantu abangu-2-5 kuya ku-20-24. Baxhuma konke ukungena emgodini ngama-jams traffic aminyene kusuka kungxube yezindunduma, umhlaba namatshe bese bewela ekujuleni kolwandle okujulile, okuthatha izinyanga ezingama-6-8. Izinga lokushisa lasemoyeni emiseleni yemiselensi ngisho nakwaqhwa abukhali ayiweli ngaphansi kwe-0 ° C. Ngesikhathi hibernation, izinqubo zokuphila marmot cishe acishe iqhwa: izinga lokushisa lomzimba lehla lisuka ku-36-38 liye ku-4.6-7.6 ° C, ukuphefumula kwehla kuze kube yimiphefumulo eyi-2-3 ngomzuzu esikhundleni se-20-24 evamile, nokushaya kwenhliziyo kuya ku-3-15 ukushaya ngomzuzu esikhundleni se-88-140. Ebusika, ama-marmot awondli futhi acishe angahambi, akhona ngenxa yokubekelwa phansi kwamafutha. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngesikhathi se-hibernation kuphansi, ama-marmot entwasahlobo avame ukuvuka enempilo, enenqwaba yamafutha ayi-100-200 g.
ISteppe groundhog yokuziphatha kusengozini
Ama-Marmots aqhamuka ekushwabeni ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari - ekuqaleni kukaMashi. Ukuba nokukhuluphala okuncane, sebeqala ukulungisa noma ukugaya izimbobo ezintsha zokuzivikela, kamuva - ukulungisa nokwandisa izimbobo zokuhlala. Umsebenzi wabo uqala ngokuphuma kwelanga, lapho izilwane zivuka zihambe ziyokondla. Phezu kwephahla lomhlabathi, zigcina ukuxhumana okubonakalayo (ukuma kwakholamu) nomsindo (ucingo oluqhutshwa, isignali eyingozi) ukuxhumana. Imvamisa izisekelo ezimbili koloni zidlala indima yabalindi ngenkathi abanye bezondla. Ukulalelwa kwe-floorhog akuthuthukisiwe kancane kunombono, ngakho-ke isibonakaliso esiyingozi esiyingozi asisiyona ikhwela kangako njengohlobo lwe-congener egijimela emgodini. Ukubona lokhu, ezinye izimamgobho nazo zigijimela emigodini, noma ngabe bekungakhali. Emini, amabibi ngokuvamile aphumula imisele, futhi kusihlwa aphume futhi ayokondla. Phezu komhlaba bachitha amahora angama-12-16. Imbozi iyahamba ngamatshe agqamile, kwesinye isikhathi ime futhi iqhwa endaweni yayo. Ebalekela lokho okuphishekelayo, ugijima ngokushesha okukhulu, afike ku-12-15 km / h kwizigaba ezisezingeni, futhi uzama ukucasha emgodini oseduze.
Ukuzala
NgoMashi - Ephreli, inkathi yokuzalela iyaqala. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-30- 35, imvamisa kungama-3-6 cubs ku-brood. Ama-marmots asanda kuzalwa ahamba-ze futhi awaboni, anobude obuyi-9-11 cm no-30-40 g kwesisindo (lokhu kucishe kube yi-1% yesisindo sikamama). Amehlo abo avuleka kuphela ngosuku lwe-23. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuncelisa, owesilisa udlulela komunye umgodi. Owesifazane udla ubisi kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezingama-50, yize eneminyaka engu-40, ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi kanye nokuqala kukaJuni, marmots kakade aqala ukudla otshanini. Phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi imindeni yama-marmot inabazali nezingane ezimbili zezingane zesimo sezulu. Kepha ukubonwa kwezilwane ezifakwe ilebula kukhombisile ukuthi ingxenye yezingane ezisuka emndenini ishiya imindeni yazo izohlala kweminye imindeni njengezingane ezikhulayo, nabazali bazo bona bamukela amawundlu angaphandle. USurchati uhlala nabazali babo kuze kube yihlobo elilandelayo, ngemuva kwalokho bazakhela imigodi yabo. Kepha bachitha ubusika besibili kanye nabazali babo. Izimbaza ezisencane zifinyelela eminyakeni yokuthomba iminyaka emithathu kuphela yokuphila.
Uhlala kuphi
Kwakukhona inani elikhulu kulezi zifunda ezingenhla, kodwa ukutshala kwamazwe amasha, ukuzingela okuhlala njalo kuthola i-baibak yethu futhi kunciphise isibalo.
Manje isitholakala esifundeni esenyakatho yeKazakhstan, ihlala kahle ezindaweni ezinkulu ukusuka e-Urals kuya e-Irtysh edumile, sekuyisikhathi eside ifinyelela ezweni osebeni lweDon.
Ngabe i-baibak iphila kanjani?
Ulala isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu sonyaka, isikhathi sonke asilungiselela i-hibernation ezayo. Wenzani? Iqembu lezilwane lakha uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemibhobho. Isilwane esinobuhlakani obumangalisa kanjani esakha ikhaya lasebusika futhi elihlukile ehlobo.
Basebenza iminyaka, bakha ikhaya, ubude bawo bungafinyelela amamitha angaphezu kweshumi nambili, bakhipha inani elikhulu lomhlaba. Uhlobo lwedeski lokubuka lakhiwa eduze komgodi ukuze libukezwe yonke indawo eseduze.
Lapho imisele isimi ngomumo, i-baibak iqala ukulungiselela umzimba ukuthi ubambe isikhathi eside, ukuze idle kakhulu ukuhamba ungqimba olunamafutha.
Kwenzekani lapho i-baibak ilala? Zonke izinqubo emzimbeni ziyeka. Izinga lokuphefumula kwesilwane, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, kanye nezinga lokushisa lomzimba liyancipha ukuze i-baibak ibe nethuba lokulonda impilo ngenxa yamafutha omzimba.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala entwasahlobo. Izilwane ezifayo kancane ziba nothando. Cubs kuvela ngokushesha. Owesifazane unenyanga eyodwa kuphela yokuzala amagremu angamashumi amane we-baybachat engaboni.
Izinsuku ezingamashumi amane, amawundlu adla ubisi lukamama kuphela, khona-ke aqala ukudonsa amakhambi bese elungela impilo yokuzimela.
Incazelo ejwayelekile
I-Groundhog iyi-rodent enkulu kunazo zonke. Ifinyelela ku-60 cm ubude. Isisindo seziduna ezinkulu ngaphambi kobusika zingafinyelela ku-8 kg. AmaMarmot achitha ingxenye enkulu yezimpilo zawo emiseleni.
Imisele yaseMarmot itholakala ikakhulu emithambekeni yezigodi ze-steppe. Futhi kuvame ukubonakala kusuka kude emaphethweni omhlabathi - amamaki. Imisele isuka kumamitha ayi-2 kuye kwayi-4 ukujula, enamafindo ambalwa.
Ngaphambi kobusika, ama-marmot aqoqana kuze kufike ku-kilogramu yamafutha. Futhi ulungiselele kancane hibernation. Zilinganisa utshani obomile negumbi lobusika emgodini. Vala konke okuphuma emgodini bese umndeni wonke ungene ekuzinyangeni.
Kukhona futhi izinketho ezenziwe lula zemibrown, zesikhashana, ngokufaka okukodwa. Kuzo baphephela kuzo ingozi. Lesi sithombe sikhombisa enye yalezi zimbobo.
Bengingeke ngicabange ukuthi ngumgodi womgodi, ukube angizange ngibone imigodi emithathu ecashile kuyo.
E-Russia yase-Yurobhu, ama-steppe marmot, ama-subspecies aseYurophu, ayahlala. Indawo yokuhlala yindawo eyisigodi kanye nezindawo ezisehlathini.
Ama-Marmots asebenza kakhulu phakathi nesikhathi semini. Ekuphumeni kwelanga, bagibela phezulu. Bayondla, balungisa futhi bambe imigodi emisha. Ngesikhathi semisebenzi yasemini, umugqa owodwa noma ngaphezulu ovela koloni bayohlola indawo ezungezile. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, bakhipha isiginali ekhwela bese begibela emgodini. Ukubona umgodi wokugijima, wonke umuntu omunye nomunye futhi uyaphephela emigodini.
Bafuna ama-marmots - ama-baibaks, ngaphandle kwabantu, izimpungushe nezinja ezidukayo.
Ama-Marmots adla ngokudla kwezitshalo. Entwasahlobo, ama kanye ama-rhizomes wezitshalo aya ekudleni. Njengoba utshani bukhula, kudliwa izithombo notshani obabayo obunejusi. Bathanda i-clover, okusanhlamvu. Emini, isilwane esisodwa singadla kuze kufike ku-1.5 kg wokudla okuhlukahlukene. Abazakhi amasheya ebusika.
AmaMarmot ahlala emakoloni. Amakoloni akhiwa yimindeni. Umndeni uvame ukuba nabazali kanye nabantu abasha, ama-broods eminyaka emibili edlule. Umndeni ngamunye unesakhiwo sawo abawudlayo futhi ungabavumeli abantu bangaphandle. Eminyakeni emithathu ubudala, ama-marmot afinyelela ebusheni futhi ashiye umgodi wokuzala.
Entwasahlobo, isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala. NgoMeyi, kuvela amarobhothi amancane ayi-4. Cishe izinsuku ezingama-40 zidla ubisi lwebele kuphela. Izingane zikhula ngokushesha. Ngemuva kwenyanga bangabonakala ebusweni.
I-Groundhog Hunt
IMarmot ine-fur enhle, inyama edliwayo, futhi namafutha abalulekile. Ngakho-ke, uyindondo yokuzingela eyanele yomzingeli esikhathini esedlule.
Imvamisa, izimvume zokumbiwa phansi komhlaba zikhishwa ngenyanga kaJulayi-Agasti.
Ama-Marmots awakubekezeleli ukushisa, futhi esimeni sezulu esibi awashiyi umgodi nhlobo. Ngakho-ke, bazizingela ekuseni kakhulu noma kusihlwa.
Kude kude nezimabuli udinga indawo yokukhosela. Ekuseni ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga kuyadingeka ukuhlala endaweni yokukhosela ubukele. Kuyadingeka ukulinda kuze kube yilapho i-baibak iphuma ngaphandle komgodi. Udinga ukudubula kuphela lapho esuka emgodini. Isilwane esibulewe singawela emgodini, kepha asisakwazi ukukhishwa emgodini.
Izikhali zokuzingela zilungele kahle izibhamu, futhi zingcono kakhulu ngokubona okuhle. Ungasebenzisa isibhamu esincane. Udinga ukudubula ngokuqinisekile. Isilwane esilimele sizongena emgodini size sife.
Kepha ngezikhali ezithambile, ukuzingela kunzima ngandlela thile. Kulokhu, kuyadingeka ukufihla kude kuze kufinyelele kumamitha angama-50 ukusuka kumamoti. Noma usondele ezilwaneni ezalusa. Ama-Cartridges kufanele akhethwe ngengxenyana kusuka ku-00 kuye ku-0000.
Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-bakak?
Ngaphandle, i-baibak inkulu impela - ihlukaniswa ngumboko obukhulu onemilenze emifushane nezikhafu emilenzeni yayo. Kwezinye izimo, isisindo sethanga lifinyelela ku-10 kg.
Ubude bomzimba benduku buyi-55-70 cm, kanti umsila ungama-12-16 cm. Ikhanda elilinganiswe ngobubanzi libonakala likhulu maqondana nomzimba.
Ijazi layo elithambile nelifushane libomvu ngokuphuzi futhi linesihlabathi. Kodwa-ke, iziphetho zezinwele ezisele zimnyama mnyama, okwenza umhlane we-floorhog ubonakale umbozwe ngemvalo emnyama noma emnyama. Okubomvu okukhanyayo ku-rodent kuphela kwengxenye engezansi yesibungu. Amehlo ahlanganiswe nemibala emnyama, esondelene nomgwaqo omnyama. Umbala ofile noboya ngaphezulu kwekhanda lesilwane.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, ama-baibaks abe yi-fluffy ikakhulukazi ne -umpump.
Phezulu, umzimba we-baibak ulula kunengxenye engezansi, kanti isihloko somsila sinsundu onsundu. Ehlobo, ama-rodent molts.
Indlela yokuphila ye-Bayibak
Ama-Steppe marmots ahlala emiseleni ejulile emakholoni. Izindawo zabo zivezwa ukuphuma okuningana kanye nohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuhamba, ubude obugcwele obuye bufinyelelwe ngamashumi ngamamitha ambalwa. Ngaphansi kwegumbi lezidleke kufakwe ngotshani obomile futhi kwenziwa ngokujula okungamamitha ayi-2. Ngenxa yomhlaba okhishwe inyongo, kwakhiwa intaba ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-0.5 - 1 ngaphezu komgodi - izilwane zivame ukuzisebenzisa njengezikhala “zokubheka”.
Ukucwatshwa kobusika bamammot kuqala ngoSepthemba futhi kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-6-8. Ngaphambi kokuwela kuwo, lezi zimila zivuselela imfucuza yotshani bese imboza iziqongo ngomhlaba nangamatshe. Ngalesi sikhathi, abaningi sebevele behamba cishe ikhilogremu elilodwa lamafutha. Ebusika, isidleke asilokothi sibanda kune-0 degrees Celsius. IHibernation ihlala kuze kube uMashi.
Uma kwenzeka ingozi, isilwane siqala ukukhala kakhulu.
Njengoba sezishonile, izilwane ziyazondla bese ziqala ukugaya imigodi emisha. Ukuzondla nge-rodent kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukubukwa. Ngenkathi izihlobo zabo zidla, igceke elilodwa noma amabili abukela okukuzungezile, emi ngezinyawo zawo ezingemuva. Lapho kuvela ingozi, baxwayisa abafowethu bese becasha ngembobo. IBabeleaki ifinyelela isivinini esingamakhilomitha ayi-15 / h bese ihamba ngamadeshi.
Okudla i-baibak
I-baibak idla izitshalo. Ukudla kwaso kufaka phakathi i-oats yasendle, i-clover, amahlumela amasha, okusanhlamvu namakhambi. Kepha izitshalo zivame ukungafakwanga kulolu hlu, ngakho-ke i-rodent ayiyona ingozi kubantu.
I-Bayibak isilwane esifuywayo.
Ngosuku, lesi silwane sikwazi ukudla ukudla okufika ku-1 kilos. Ngasikhathi sinye, ucishe angasebenzisi amanzi, eneliswa ngumswakama oqukethwe ezitshalweni. Kwesinye isikhathi baibaki badla izinambuzane kanye notshani. Akuyona into evamile ukuthi la magundane aqoqe ubusika.
Izitha ze-baibak
Izitha eziphambili ze-baibak yizinyoni ezidla inyama, amaKorsaks nezimpisi. Ngenxa yoboya obufudumele nobusebenzayo, umuntu uyabaxhaphaza.
EMongolia, izilwane ezinenyama enekhalori eningi zidliwe nhlobo, futhi umuthi wendabuko usebenzisa amafutha awo njengomuthi. Amafutha e-Bayibaka angelapha ngisho nezifo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuphefumula zemithi ezingakwazi ukubhekana nazo.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Incazelo nendlela yokuphila
Ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo se-steppeg kuminyene kakhulu. Unemizimba eminyene emilenzeni emifushane eqinile enozipho ezinkulu. Ikhanda likhulu futhi, lithambile ngesimo. Izimbaza ziyehluka kwezinye izimila ngomsila omfushane - ngombala oyi-13-18 cm ubude nesibhakabhaka esi-monophonic. Emhlane wakhe, kunamachashaza amnyama ekhanda lakhe. Izindlebe zincanyana.
Ukuhlanza kwenzeka kuma-baibacs kanye ngonyaka. Kuqala ngoMeyi futhi ezilwaneni ezindala zingahudula kuze kube ngu-Agasti noma kuze kube uSepthemba.
Imarmot marmot ihlala emaphethelweni asezintabeni nasentabeni, ithanda izindawo ezinomswakama owanele kanye nohlaza olomile.Phambilini, i-baibak yayibhebhetheka ezifundeni zase-Asia nase-Europe, kepha ukuzingela nokulima komhlaba okwande kakhulu kunciphisa inani lalezi zinhlobo. Njengamanje, i-groundhog ingatholakala eNyakatho Kazakhstan isuka eMfuleni i-Ural iye e-Irtysh naseRussia emazweni angafinyelelwanga eMiddle Volga, Southern Urals kanye neDon.
I-bibaki empeleni ayondli ezitshalweni ezitshaliwe, ikhetha i-clover, i-chicory, utshani bukakolweni, i-oats yasendle nenkundla eboshelwe kuyo. Kuhlanganiswe ekudleni kwabo kukhona izinambuzane - isikhonyane, amacimbi, umdlwane wezintuthwane nezimfene. Imvamisa, i-baibak idla lokhu kudla kwesilwane, ikugwinye kanye notshani.
Usuku esisekelweni se-steppeg luqala ukuphuma kwelanga. Entwasahlobo, ngemuva kokuphuma ku-hibernation, izilwane ezikhathele zondla cishe usuku lonke. Ekuqaleni kwehlobo, umbuso wabo usuzokalwa kakhulu. Ekuseni bayaphuma bayodla, balinde ukushisa kwasemini kuma-mink. Kusihlwa, phuma futhi uyokondla.
Imvamisa, abalindi ababili basebenza ngesikhathi sokudla. Lapho kunobungozi, izingcingo ezikhipha umsindo zizwakala - ikhwela. Kodwa-ke, ukuzwa kwabo kuthuthukisiwe kunokubuka, ngakho-ke, imvamisa kakhulu isinali main ayizwakali, kepha isihlobo sigijimela emgodini. Yize ihamba kancane, ibaleka, i-baibak ingakhula ngesivinini esiphezulu se-10-15 km / h.
Izilwane zihlala emakoloni amakhulu, ngalinye linomqubo walo wemibhede. Imisele emincane kakhulu futhi engajulile isebenza njengendawo yokukhosela uma kwenzeka ingozi. Ziyi -locklocks ezingekho ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-1-2. Imisele engapheli lapho zimila khona izinkimbinkimbi iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Bahlukaniswe ubusika nehlobo. Umgodi wehlobo unezindlela eziningana zokuphuma kanye nohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokudlula komhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba. Ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-2-3 kunegumbi lokufunda izingane lapho umanzana womhlaba udonsa khona utshani obomile bokulala. Kungaba khona amakhamera amaningi anjalo. Eduze kokuphuma okuyinhloko kunemiphetho emincane efile. Ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, imigodi yokulahla phansi imfucumfucu nemfucumfucu lapho, ihlela izindlu zangasese. Imisele ebusika ilula, kepha amakamelo okudlela kuwo ajule kakhulu, ngobukhulu bomhlaba obungenqandayo. Imvamisa ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-5-7.
Ubude bebonke bazo izimbobo bungafinyelela amashumi amaningana amamitha. Sekuyisikhathi eside ama-Marmot esebenza iminyaka ehlela ikhaya lawo, lapho umhlaba omkhulu uphonswa khona lapho. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka intaba enobude obungafika ku-100 cm nobubanzi obufika kumamitha ayi-10 eduze komnyango wokuya emgodini. Le ndunduma isebenza njenge-baibak yokubuka le ndawo. Futhi imifino ekhula phezu kwayo ihlukile kwezimbali eziseduze. Imvamisa umhlonyane, ukolweni kanye ne-kermek kukhula ezigodini zezimbaza.
Ezinyangeni ezimbili kuya kwezintathu ngaphambi kokushiswa, i-baibak iqala ukudla kakhulu, iphinda isisindo sayo. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, ukhuphuka kusuka kuma-800 kuya kuma-1200 amagremu wamafutha. Ukulungiselela i-hibernation, i-baibaki incane futhi iphuma emgodini, idonsa utshani kuyo. Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti - ngoSepthemba babuthana ngemisele ngemizimba bese bexhuma ama-corks ngamatshe, ngomhlaba nangodoti. IHibernation ihlala izinyanga ezingama-6-8. Ngalesi sikhathi, zonke izinqubo emzimbeni wezilwane zicishe ziqine. Izinga lokuphefumula, ama-palpitations ancishisiwe, izinga lokushisa lomzimba lehlela ku-5-7 ° C. Konke lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi wehlise izindleko zamandla futhi ugcine imisebenzi ebalulekile ngenxa yamafutha aqoqiwe.
Entwasahlobo, isikhathi sokukhwelana kuqala emabeleni. Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuhlala cishe inyanga, kuthi ngemuva kwalokho kuzalwe amawundlu angama-3-6. Banqunu, abayizimpumputhe futhi abasizi ngalutho ngokuphelele, futhi isisindo sabo singama-gramu angama-30- 40 kuphela ubude bomzimba ongu-9-11 cm. Amehlo e-baybachat avulwa kuphela ngosuku lwe-23. Kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-50, amawundlu anikezwa ubisi lukamama, yize eseneminyaka engama-40 eqala ukudla utshani. Ukuthomba kwe-bibak kwenzeka ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila.
Okunye ukunikezwa:
Izitolo zamaketanga zemishini nemishini iBlockPOST
Isitolo Sokudoba Marlin
Thenga "Mayak" - konke okudoba, ukuzingela kanye nezokuvakasha
Isitolo sokudoba "umhlanga"
I-federal chain yezitolo "Berloga"
Isitolo seZikhali "Volzhsky Zori"
Thenga "Boat House"
Isitolo sezingubo ezikhethekile "Yard"
"Predator" - isitolo sempahla yokudoba nezokuvakasha
Isitolo se-Arms "Izibhamu ze-Tula"
Isitolo sokudoba "Iminn amabili
Izilwane zesifunda Saratov
I-bibak, noma i-Babak, noma eyejwayelekile (i-steppe) i-groundhog (isiLatini Marmota bobak) iyi-rodent yohlobo lwama-floorhogs, umhlali wezintombi ezinyaweni zesifunda saseVolga. Igama laseRussia - "steppe groundhog", igama lesiLatini - "Marmota bobak" negama lesiNgisi - "uBobak marmot" aqhamuka eTurkic - "baibak" - "groundhog". I-baibak ingenye yama-squirrels amakhulu: ubude bomzimba wayo buyi-50-70 cm, isisindo sabesilisa abondliwe sifinyelela ku-10 kg. Umzimba ubushelelezi, imilenze imfushane, kepha ngeminwe emide ehlome ngemikhono eqinile - ithuluzi lokumba izimbobo. Ngamafuphi, intamo engacishe ibonakale ihlala ikhanda elincane, elithobekile kancane elinamehlo amakhulu nama-auricles avele kancane kusuka kuboya. Umsila ungabi ngaphezu kwengxenye yomzimba ubude. Uboya bukhulu kakhulu, bukhulu, futhi bungaphansi kaphansi. Umbala wazo zonke izisekelo zomhlaba uvame ukuba mpunga nge-monophonic brownish-grey, ngaphandle kwamabala nemivimbo kuphela njengama squirrels omhlaba, kepha izinhlobo eziningi zine "cap" emnyama emakhanda azo. Futhi iyisilwane esibaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiso; Isikhumba salezi zilwane silingisa ukubukeka kwamakhavu abizayo kahle, ngakho-ke siyadingeka kakhulu.
Ingahlukaniseka kalula kwamanye amarobhothi ngomsila omfishane (ongadluli ku-15 cm) nombala ocacile wesihlabathi ophuzi. Ngenxa yemikhawulo emnyama yezinwele zangaphandle, ingemuva lakhe limbozwe ngemvalo emnyama noma emnyama, ukuqina emuva kwekhanda naphezulu kwekhanda. Ushizi ungobomvu obomvu, umdaka onsundu noma omnyama ngaphansi kwamehlo. Isisu simnyama ngokusobala futhi sibomvu ukwedlula izinhlangothi, isiphelo somsila simsundu. Kukhona ama-marmots ama-albino. Ukucwilisa ama-baibaks kanye ngonyaka, kuqala ngoMeyi bese kuyaphela (kumamamaki amadala) ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti, kwesinye isikhathi kuhudulwa kuze kube uSepthemba.
Njengama-squirrels, imigodi eyisisekelo iyizilwane zomhlaba ezingakwazi ukugibela izihlahla. Izitebhisi ezinotshani ezahlukahlukene nezindawo ezinesigcawu sezimbali zemithi ezihlala kuleyo bakak. Endabeni yokulima isitebhisi, imigodi ngokushesha iya enhlabathini esezintombini eseduzane noma, ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu, ukuya “ekuphazamiseni”: amadiphozithi, imithambeka engenamfutho yezifufula, izigodi, izigodi zemifula, imingcele yomhlaba, amadlelo, ngisho ohlangothini lwemigwaqo yezwe. Izindawo ezilungele ukuhlalwa manje seziyindawo engabalulekile yomhlaba olimekayo. Ukuphila ezitshalweni zokusanhlamvu nemifino akunakuzenzakalela kuye, ezindaweni ezinjalo i-baibak ihlala ngokungakhethi nangesikhashana. Isikhathi eside iyabambezeleka ezitshalweni zotshani zisetshenziswa. Ukondliwa okulinganiselwe nokusondela komuntu akumthinti.
IBabaki idla ngokudla kwezitshalo. Izitshalo zabo abazithandayo ngama-oats asendle (i-Avena sativa), i-wheatgrass (i-Agropyrum cristatum), i-chicory (i-Cichorium intybus), i-clover (repitoli yaseTrifolium) ne-field bindweed (i-Convolvulus arvensis), imifino nezilimo akuvamile ukulinyazwa. Ukuphakelwa kokudla kwesizini ukukhetha kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zesitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ama-floorhogs adliwa ikakhulukazi ngama-rhizomes aqothulayo kanye nama-bulbs, ehlobo - amahlumela amasha ezinkozo namakhambi, kanye nezimbali. Engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo, lapho utshani be-steppe buqhuma, ama-baqaki ahambela kude nemisele yawo eyofuna izindawo ezinomswakama ngotshani obuluhlaza. Izithelo ezivuthiwe kanye nembewu esiswini sazo azigaywa, zisakazeka kanye namaconsi. Ngesikhathi sosuku lokudla, i-baibak idla kuze kufike ku-1-1,5 kg yesisindo sesitshalo. Imvamisa akaphuzi amanzi, aneliswa umswakama oqukethwe ezitshalweni, noma amazolo ekuseni. Isebenzisa ukudla kwezilwane - isikhonyane, ama-mollusks, amacimbi, izintuthwane, kuvame ukuzidla ngotshani. Isitoko sasebusika asenzi amasheya ebusika.
Ukucwilisa ama-baibaks kanye ngonyaka, kuqala ngoMeyi bese kuyaphela (kumamamaki amadala) ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti, kwesinye isikhathi kuhudulwa kuze kube uSepthemba.
Ngenkathi efudumele, ama-marmot ayasebenza phakathi nosuku, isimo sezulu esibi kuphela sibaqhubela ezindlini zokugcina ezingaphansi komhlaba. Uklaba, i-baibak ihamba kancane isuka kwesinye isihlahla sotshani iye kwesinye, idonsela isisu emhlabathini, ihlikihle umsila wayo bese wehla ngokunamandla. Lokhu kuwuphawu lwawo wonke squirrel wasemhlabeni jikelele futhi kusho ukuthi isilwane sihlala siqaphile. Ngezikhathi ezithile, i-floorhog iyama, isukume "ikholamu" bese ibheka ngokucophelela. Umkhuba onjalo usegazini lezilwane kangangokuba ngisho nemarmot elambile, lapho idla izindwani, iphakamisa ikhanda layo njalo ibheke ngakuyo. Lapho konke sekuthule futhi kungashisi kakhulu, izimbuzane zithanda ukufudumeza ilanga. Isilwane sihlala emameleni, siwele esiswini saso, sinwebise izinyawo zaso, siphakamise amehlo aso, sigcina ikhanda laso liqondile.
Ama-Marmots azisa ngokubonakala kwengozi, ikakhulukazi umhlaseli omkhulu, onemisindo ebukhali, ephezulu yama-syllable efanayo nethi “hag-hag”. Nangu omunye wemigwaqo edla izindwani ekhala aze ayongena emgodini, ukubona lo muntu ngomsila kuphakanyiswe ngokushesha abanye besaba bonke futhi wonke umuntu ugijimela ezihosheni. Uma umgodi wokugibela ukhubeka kude nendawo yokukhosela, uzicindezela phansi aze afihle buthule - ungacishe usondele kuye. Futhi uma isilwane kuphela sibona ukuthi siyatholakala, siyaphuka bese sibalekela umsila siphakanyisiwe. Kepha ama-baibaks awagxibeki masinyane emigodini, kodwa aqandeke “kukholamu” kumammot, ngokunamathisela umsila wawo ngokwesaba ukuze ahlole isimo.
Yize ebukeka kabi, i-baibak ethukile igijima ngokushesha impela, akukho lula ukubhekana nayo. Isilwane esihluliwe sihlala emilenzeni yaso yangemuva sibheke isitha, sigquma ngokuxhaxha, sichofoza amazinyo, sinamathele kwinduku eyeluliwe ngentambo efile.
Uma ubamba imarmot ezinsukwini zokuqala zokushiya umgodi, ibajwayela ngokushesha lowo muntu futhi iba yincwadi ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kobusika bokuqala, lesi silwane sibuye siba yindle.
AmaBaybaks ahlala emikhakheni emikhulu yaphakade, ahlela imisele ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene nobunzima bezindlu. Imisele evikelekile (yesikhashana) mincane, imfishane, enomnyango owodwa, ngaphandle kwegumbi lokudlela, kuzo izimbotshana zemoto zicasha engozini, kwesinye isikhathi zichitha ubusuku. Kukhona izimbotshana ezingafika kweziyi-10 ku-floorhog ngaphakathi kwendawo yokudla. Imisele engapheli iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ingobusika nehlobo. Imisele (i-brood) yasehlobo (Summod) imelela uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwama-passwords; axhunyiwe ebusweni yizitolo eziningana (kuze kube ngu-6-16). Ukusuka endaweni enkulu yomgodi, kuphuma izimbungulu eziningi noma izikhala ezifile, lapho marmot ahlela khona imigodi yokubeletha. Ekujuleni okungama-2-3 m, kunegumbi lokudlela elinomthamo ongafika ku-0,5-0.8 m³, lapho umgobolondo udonsa khona utshani obomile nezimpande. Imisele ebusika (ebusika) ingahlelelwa kalula, kepha amakamelo okudlela kuwo atholakala ekujuleni kwenhlabathi engafinyeleleki - kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-5-7 ukusuka ebusweni. Kunemibhede yasehlobo-ebusika. Ubude bendawo yonke yokudlula kanye nezigxobo zomqando ongapheli kufinyelela kumamitha angama-57-63. Ekumbekeni okuyinkimbinkimbi ikakhulukazi, kunamakamelo ambalwa osayizi abahlukahlukene, futhi izindinyana zakha izitezi eziningana. Lapho kudalwa umgodi ohlala njalo, kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-cubic kwenhlabathi aphonswe phezulu, akha indunduma.
Emndenini owodwa onjalo, izilwane zihlanganyela imisele, zimaka indawo evamile (kuze kufinyelele kuma-2,5 ha) futhi zihlale zinaka iso noma ukubonana ngezwi - ikhwela lazo elikhulu elizwakalayo lizwa ngokucacile eduze kwekholoni.
I-Baikoes ivela ekubandakanyeni ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari - ekuqaleni kukaMashi. Ukuba nokukhuluphala okuncane, sebeqala ukulungisa noma ukugaya izimbobo ezintsha zokuzivikela, kamuva - ukulungisa nokwandisa izimbobo zokuhlala. Umsebenzi uqala ekuphumeni kwelanga, lapho izilwane zivuka bese ziyondla. Phezu kwephahla lomhlabathi, zigcina ukuxhumana okubonakalayo (ukuma kwakholamu) nomsindo (ucingo oluqhutshwa, isignali eyingozi) ukuxhumana. Imvamisa izisekelo ezimbili koloni zidlala indima yabalindi ngenkathi abanye bezondla.
Ama-marmots ebusheni avela eneminyaka emi-3 ubudala, kumuntu ngamunye eneminyaka eyi-4 yobudala. Ama-marmots okwazi ukuletha izingane eneminyaka engu-2 yobudala akuvamile. AmaMarmot azala aze afike eminyakeni engama-6 ukuya kwengama-60. Ukugibela emabhawini kuqala ngemuva kokuphaphama ebusika futhi kuqubuke ebusweni ngoMashi - Ephreli, kulezo zindawo lapho ukuhlala khona isikhathi eside, izilwane zilokhu zithandana ngisho nasebusika. Futhi ezinye izinsikazi, uma izinqolobane zamafutha asele ngemuva kobusika ziyavumela, zizale ngisho nangaphambi kokubukeka kokuqala kusuka emgodini. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-30- 35, imvamisa kuma-brood ama-3-6 cubs. Ama-marmots asanda kuzalwa ahamba-ze futhi awaboni, anobude obuyi-9-11 cm no-30-40 g kwesisindo (lokhu kucishe kube yi-1% yesisindo sikamama). Amehlo abo avuleka kuphela ngosuku lwe-23. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuncelisa, owesilisa udlulela komunye umgodi. Owesifazane udla ubisi kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezingama-50, yize eneminyaka engu-40, ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi kanye nokuqala kukaJuni, marmots kakade aqala ukudla otshanini. Izintethe zikhula ngokushesha, ngenyanga zivele ebusweni. Bayadlala, badlala ngokunganaki kuma-marmot, kepha ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-2-3 wonke amakhono okuqapha abantu abadala athuthukisa - ngezikhathi ezithile baba "ikholamu", bagobe umsila wabo, bashaye ikhwela abasengozini. AmaMarmot afinyelela eminyakeni yokuthomba eneminyaka emithathu.
Phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi imindeni yama-marmot inabazali nezingane ezimbili zezingane zesimo sezulu. Kepha ukubonwa kwezilwane ezifakwe ilebula kukhombisile ukuthi ingxenye yezingane ezisuka emndenini ishiya imindeni yazo izohlala kweminye imindeni njengezingane ezikhulayo, nabazali bazo bona bamukela amawundlu angaphandle. USurchati uhlala nabazali babo kuze kube yihlobo elilandelayo, ngemuva kwalokho bazakhela imigodi yabo. Kepha bachitha ubusika besibili kanye nabazali babo. Sekukonke, lezi zibungu zinokuthula ngokwemvelo, kuyaqabukela zilwe futhi zixosha kuphela izilwane ezingaziwa.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, i-landhog iqongelela ukuya kuma-800-1200 g wamafutha, okwenza kube ngama-20 - 25% wesisindo sawo. Izilwane zishiya izimbobo ezingekho ngaphansi, zivuselela izidleke, zidonsa utshani obomile kuzo. Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti - Septhemba (kungakadluli usuku lwama-20) izimbuthane zihlangana emiseleni ebusika ngamaqembu abantu abangu-2-5 kuya ku-20-24. Baxhuma konke ukungena emgodini ngama-jams traffic aminyene kusuka kungxube yezindunduma, umhlaba namatshe bese bewela ekujuleni kolwandle okujulile, okuthatha izinyanga ezingama-6-8. Amazinga okushisa komoya emgodini, ngisho nakwaqhwa kanzima, awawi ngaphansi kuka-0 ° C. Ngesikhathi hibernation, izinqubo zokuphila marmots acishe iqhwa: izinga lokushisa lomzimba lehla lisuka ku-36-38 liye ku-4.6-7.6 ° C, ukuphefumula kwehla kuze kube yimiphefumulo eyi-2-3 ngomzuzu esikhundleni se-20-24 evamile, kanti ukushaya kwenhliziyo kwehla ku-3-15 ukushaya ngomzuzu esikhundleni se-88-140. Ebusika, ama-marmot awondli futhi acishe angahambi, akhona ngenxa yokubekelwa phansi kwamafutha. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngesikhathi se-hibernation kuphansi, ama-marmot entwasahlobo avame ukuvuka enempilo, enenqwaba yamafutha ayi-100-200 g.
I-baibak, kuya ngobusika nobude besikhathi sebusika, ilala izinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi bangena ezimobhweni noma ngabe kwenzeka izinhlekelele zemvelo ezinkulu - ngokwesibonelo, ngemuva kwemililo ebhubhisa yonke imifino. Onke amalungu omndeni alala emgodini owodwa wobusika, kwesinye isikhathi afinyelela ku-10-15 marmot kuqoqwa egumbini lokudlela, ngenxa yokuthi kwakhiwa umbuso omuhle we-microclimatic. Esidlekeni, izinga lokushisa lomoya lingu-5-7 °, izinga lokushisa lomzimba lezilwane liphakeme kancane nje.
I-Earthhog inezitha ezimbalwa njengamanje, ikakhulukazi izinja ezidukelayo nezimpungushe. Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwabo, ngokuwa, izimbuzane ezingaphezu kuka-3 kuyaqabukela zihlala esiqwini. Bazingelwa yizimpisi nezinyoni zezinyamazane, kanye namabhulukwe, izikebhe, amaKorsaks. Kepha isitha sakhe esikhulu ngumuntu. Njengomphumela wokulima izixathu nokuzingela kweziningi zezimbaza, esikhathini esedlule esedlule, okuhlala indawo yonke yama-steppe kanye ne-steppe steppe, kunyamalale ngaphezulu kobubanzi. Manje, sibonga ngokwengxenye yemicimbi ekhethekile, i-baibak ibuye yavela.