UBaikal om (lat. Coregonus migratorius) - - izinhlanzi ezihweba nge-genus whitefish zomndeni we-salmon. Kuthunyelwe emifuleni nasemachibini aseSiberia kusuka eBaikal kuya eTaimyr.

I-Baikal ejam imelelwa ngamaqembu amathathu we-morphological and ecological (pelagic, ugu, ezansi-phansi) ezine-biology ehlukile. U-Omul weqembu elisogwini ubonakala ngokuqala kokuthomba (lapho efinyelela ubude obungu-22 cm cm nobudala beminyaka engama-4-6). I-elis-deep-sea-wol iza ekuvuthweni ngobude obungu-32- 34 cm cm eneminyaka eyi-11 kuya kweli-15. I-Omul yeqembu le-pelagic ngokwemvelo yokuvuthwa inesikhundla esiphakathi, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Izitokwe zakwa-Omul zithola ukuguquguquka kwemijikelezo ehlukahlukene. Ukwehla okukhulu kokubanjwa kwezinkomo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-60 ngenxa yomthelela wezinto eziningi ezingezinhle (ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi samandla kagesi i-Irkutsk emfuleni wase-Angara, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo yasemanzini, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi endaweni evikela amanzi, ukudoba okungazinzile) kuholele ekwethulweni kokuvinjwa kwesikhashana kokudotshwa kwe-Eri. Ngenxa yezinyathelo ezithathiwe, kufaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo sokufuya izinhlanzi ezinamandla ukuze kwenziwe kabusha, izitoko ze-om zikhuphukile, okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwenza ukudoba okulinganiselwe kusukela ngo-1982 ngesisekelo sokuhlola isimo samasheya athuthukiswe yiVostsibrybtsentr. Ngeminyaka yama-90s. Okuningi kwe-om kanye ne-biomass kukhuphuke ngokuya ngezimo zemvelo. Ingqikithi ye-biomass ye-omul ifinyelele kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20- 26, kanye nokubanjwa okungaba khona phakathi kwamathani ayizinkulungwane ezi-2-3.

Incazelo

Ukuchazwa kokuqala kuka-Emm Baikal kwanikezwa i-IG. IGeorgi ngo-1775. Izici zezimpawu ze-omul zingumlomo wokugcina, ama-stamens amade, inani lazo lisukela ku-35 kuye ku-54, isikali esincane esibuthakathaka, amehlo amakhulu, asayizi omncane. Ngobude obungu-30-60 cm, ifinyelela isisindo esingama-200 g kuya ku-1.5 kg, abantu abafinyelela ku-2 kg abatholakali kakhulu.

Amaqembu e-Omul

Isiko le-Baikal lom liye lacatshangelwa ngokwesizinda se-Arctic OM (i-coregonus autumnalis) futhi waba negama lesiLatini Coregonus autumnalis migratorius. Lapho ufunda imvelaphi yeBaikal omul, bekukhona imiqondo emibili eyinhloko:

1. umsuka we-Arctic ej kanye nokungena kweLake Baikal kusuka oLwandle i-Arctic uhamba nemifula ngesikhathi sobudlelwano,
2. imvelaphi yokhokho bakhona ababehlala emizimbeni yamanzi afudumele e-Oligocene neMiocene 1.

Ucwaningo lofuzo lukhombisile ukuthi iBaikal anor isondelene ne-whitefish 2 eyejwayelekile futhi ebunjiwe njengamanje futhi manje seyimi ngendlela ezimele Coregonus migratorius 3 .

Njengamanje, amaqembu amathathu ama-omuli ahlukaniswa eBaikal, anomehluko wemvelo nawokuziphatha:

1. i-pelagic (selenginsky)
2. ugu (North Baikal neBarguzin)
3. ezansi-ekujuleni (enxusa, Chivyrkuy nezinye izelwe emifuleni emincane).

Isisekelo salowo nalowo siqukethe izinkumbi zabantu ezinqamula kubude obuhlukile beLake Baikal.

Ukudla Okunomsoco Nokuzala

Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-omul kungama-crustaceans amancane - i-epishura. Kusungulwe ukuthi i-ej idla nge-epishura uma ukugxila kwayo kungekho ngaphansi kwama-30-35 ezinkulungwane zama-crustaceans ku-cubic metres yamanzi. Ngokuntuleka kokudla okuyinhloko, kushintshela ekondleni kwe-pelagic amphipod kanye ne-young Baikal endemic - inhlanzi yegolomyanka.

I-Omul ingeyenhlanzi eyindla-ekwindla. Emifuleni yedoti yasePosolsky (iBolshaya, Kultuchnaya, Abramikha) yokuzalanisa kuza ezikoleni ezimbili - ngoSepthemba nango-Okthoba, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi liyi-10-13 ° C no-3-4 ° C, ngokulandelana. Ihlakazeka emhlabathini we-stony-pebble nge-yamanje esheshayo. Ukusabalalisa ikakhulukazi kwenzeka emahoreni kusihlwa nawasebusuku. Ngemuva kokusatshalaliswa, u-om wehla aye eLake Baikal. I-Caviar inamathela emhlabathini, futhi lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lifinyelela ku-0,2-2 ° C embyogenesis lihlala isilinganiso sezinsuku eziyi-190-200. I-larvae 10-12,5 mm ubude futhi inesisindo esingu-6-7 mg ivele ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, emazingeni okushisa amanzi angama-0,2 kuye ku-6.5 ° C. Izibungu ezihlafunwayo zithwalwa ngokugeleza kwamanzi kuya kudoti we-Ambassadorial, lapho zikhula khona zidle. Ukudla inyamazane, izibungu zenza amajikijolo kusuka kude kuka-3-5 mm. Kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezingama-30, zidla kakhulu izinto eziphilayo ze-planktonic, futhi ukudla kwazo kuqukethe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-55 zama-invertebrates angamaqembu ayi-15 ahlukahlukene.

Esigcawini esikhulu kunazo zonke seLake Baikal, umfula iSelenga, i-pelagic mog (ama-stamen amaningi), onomzimba omise okwasigaxa, amehlo amakhulu, umpheme omncane we-caudal, uvame ukuhlala esiqongweni sobukhosi besitimela (44-55). Ihlala esifundeni se-pelagic seLake Baikal, ngesikhathi isasazeka inyusa umfula iya ku-1600 km. Idla izidlozi ezihlala kwikholamu yamanzi: zooplankton, macrohectopus, gogic galbies kanye nezibungu zazo. I-Omul ebusika ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-200 ukuya kwangama-200.

Emifuleni yobude obuphakathi, izihlahlana zasogwini zomsuka ezigudla ugu (srednetinkovy). Izinhlanzi zinekhanda elide, umzimba omude kanye ne-host host, akuvamile ukuba zihlale ngasesibayeni ngenani lama-40-48. Ihamba endaweni engasogwini yeBaikal, ngoba ibhusha ingena emfuleni i-Upper Angara (640 km), Kichera (150 km) kanye neBarguzin (400 km). Idla nge-zooplankton (23%), macrohectopus aphakathi nendawo (34%), ama-pelagic gobies (26%) nezinye izinto (17%).

I-om-esiseduze namanzi ajulile (i-stamen encane) ihlala iLake Baikal ngokujula kwamamitha angama-350. Ibonakala ngomzimba ophakeme kakhulu nomsila wokuphakama komsila, ikhanda elide, nenombolo encane (36-44) yamamayela amancane nama-gill gill. Ihlakazeka emikhakheni emincane yeLake Baikal enendlela yokuhamba ibanga ukusuka ku-3-5 km (umfula iBezymyanka kanye nomfula omncane waseChivyrkuy) iye ku-20-30 km (umfula iBolshoi Chivyrkuy nomfula iBolshaya Rechka). Ukudla kubuswa ngama-macrohectopus aphakathi nendawo (52%), inhlanzi (25%), izinhlobo eziphansi ze-gammarid (12%) ne-zooplankton (10%). Kusukela ngo-1933, i-Ambassadorial omul ibilokhu yazalelwa e-Bolsherechensk hat haty.

Ukudoba

I-Omul iyilitshe eliyinhloko lokudoba eLake Baikal. Ngo-1969, ososayensi baqaphela ukwehla okukhulu kwesamba se-om, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukudoba kwayo kwenqatshelwe. Ngenxa yezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokonga, ngonyaka we-1979 izinombolo zayo zabuyiselwa futhi ukudoba kwavunyelwa futhi. Njengamanje, isibalo siphinda sincishiswe kabuhlungu ngenxa yokudoba okusebenzayo.

Omul

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, isibalo se-omul sehle eBaikal. Amanani ezinhlanzi ezibanjwe embonini yezimboni acishe abe yingxenye ephansi kunesilinganiso esinikeziwe.

Ngokusho kwegatsha laseBaikal le-State Fishery Center, ngokwesilinganiso, kubalwa isilinganiso samathani ayi-300 ukuya ku-300 ngokudotshwa kwezimboni kwa-Emm esifundeni sase-Irkutsk. Qaphela ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, ukuthuthukiswa kwaleli nani alikho ngaphezu komaki wama-60%, ngokwesibonelo, ngonyaka ka-2013 isibalo sasingu-59%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uRybnadzor uyavuma ukuthi amanye amabhizinisi abamba izinhlanzi nawo athola izinkomba zokugcwala ukuze kugcinwe ilayisense lomsebenzi - ngakho-ke, eqinisweni, amanani ezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe angaba ngaphansi ngisho nangaphansi.

Inhloko yomnyango wokulawula, ukubhekela kanye nokongiwa kwezinhlanzi esifundeni sase-Irkutsk, uRinat Enin, uchaza ukwehliswa kwalezi zizathu ezilandelayo. Eminyakeni emibili noma emithathu eyedlule, i-om eBaikal isishintshe izindlela zokufuduka; iyekile ukungena emifuleni emikhulu evulekile, ikakhulukazi, iSelenga neBarguzin, uLwandle Oluncane. Lokhu kungenxa yokufudumala kwamanzi eBaikal - inhlanzi zaqala ukuhlala ekujuleni, ngokomthetho maphakathi nechibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-cormorants amaningi ahlukanisile, adla nge-om futhi angadoba ngokujula kwamamitha ambalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindikimba, ezinabantu bakhona futhi sebekhulile, nabo bayabandakanyeka ekwehlisweni kwenani labantu base-omul echibini. Yize uphawu lungabambi u-om, ngoba alunakubamba, luyakwazi ukudabula amanetha nezinhlanzi.

Isazi sezemvelo sase-Irkutsk uVitaly Ryabtsev ubambe umbono ohlukile: akuyona eye-cormorants and seals enecala lokuthi ayinazo izinhlanzi ezenele enyakatho-mpumalanga yeLake Baikal. Ngokuya kososayensi, abazingeli ikakhulukazi abahlobene nenkinga yokuqothulwa kwezinhlanzi. 4

I-Omul eBaikal isibe mncane: umhlambi wayo obandayo kule minyaka eyishumi edlule wehlile ukusuka kubantu abayizigidi ezi-5 kuya kwezi-3. Izakhamizi zesifunda i-Olkhonsky, eziningi zazo ezithola ngalezi zipho zemvelo, zakhala. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bakwa-Irkutsk bathi babone ukwehla kwamanani emuva ngo-2003. Isizathu sokuthi ochwepheshe bathuthukise imboni yezokuvakasha kanye nokwakhiwa okuchithekile kwezindawo zamakamu ogwini loLwandle Oluncane kanye ne-Olkhon. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani lamakhosi, okuyisisekelo sokudla se-om, lehlile kakhulu kule ndawo. 5

Okwamanje akunakwenzeka ukuthi kube ukwanda kwesibalo se-cormorant okuthinte ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu baseBaikal anor. Okokuqala kudingeka uhlole indima yayo endaweni yemvelo echibi. Abamele umphakathi wesayensi wase-Irkutsk banamathela kulo mbono ngemuva kwesazi sezinto eziphilayo, uVitaly Ryabtsev, obesemele le nyoni ephindelela.

Imibono Yesazi

Umqondisi, i-LIN SB RAS, isazi semfundo uMikhail Grachev:

Ngempela, kukhona ama-cormorant amaningi eLake Baikal, akekho owaziyo izizathu zalokhu. Kukholakala ukuthi le nyoni idla i-om eningi, ikhona isikhathi eside, abadobi abangama-cormorant badutshulwa ngenxa yalokhu ngabo-1930s. Kepha akukho sizathu sesayensi maqondana neqiniso lokuthi kwakungu-cormorants okwadala ukwehla kwenani lezinhlanzi. Ngokubona kwami, abazingeli abamba i-Om bayalimaza kakhulu.

Udokotela wamazinyo uVictor Popov:

Esifundeni i-Irkutsk, i-cormorant enkulu manje seyibhalwe kwiRed Book. Kodwa-ke, lokhu bekungenzeki njalo - ngekhulu le-19 kwakukhona izinyoni eziningi lezi, kwakungamashumi ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane zababili. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa, waqala wanyamalala, okwaholela ekutheni ngo-1950-60 afakwe ohlwini lweNcwadi Ebomvu. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-2006, waqala ukuzala. Mhlawumbe i-cormorant yathutha isuka enyakatho yeChina neMongolia, lapho ihlala khona kakhulu, ngenxa yesomiso. Manje akekho owaziyo ukuthi liyini inani lama-cormorants eLake Baikal, ngoba akekho noyedwa owenze ucwaningo lwesayensi. Kepha sekucishe kube yiminyaka emithathu edlule kwacaca ukuthi abadobi bazoba nezikhalazo.

Kodwa-ke, akunakuphikwa ukuthi kwakuyi-cormorant eyabangela ukuthi i-om ihle. Okokuqala udinga ukwenza iqoqo lezifundo - ukusungula isibalo sezinyoni, ukuqonda ukuthi kudlani, njengoba abanye bezemvelo bekholelwa ukuthi yi-om, nabanye njengenkunzi. Kungemva kwalokhu kuphela lapho kungaphakanyiswa khona umbuzo mayelana nokungafakwa kwe-cormorant kwi-Red Book kanye nomthethonqubo wayo. Ngenkathi kungekho maqiniso, konke okunye yimizwa, kokubili ohlangothini lwabavikeli be-cormorant kanye nabaphikisi. E-Buryatia, le mizwa yaholwa futhi yamenza umbono wokuzingela. Yize isinqumo esinjalo singenangqondo, ngoba lolu hlobo alumeleli noma yiliphi inani lokuhweba. Ngicabanga ukuthi esifundeni sase-Irkutsk lokhu ngeke kuze kulokho. 7

U-Omul ngemibuzo nezimpendulo

529. Uvelaphi u-Emm eBaikal?

Abanye ososayensi (G. Yu. Vereshchagin, M. M. Kozhov, nabanye) bakholelwa ukuthi u-Emm weza eBaikal evela ezingxenyeni ezingamaphethelo yemifula egelezela e-Arctic Ocean, ngokwe-pp. UYenisei kanye no-Angara. Abanye (L.S. Berg, P.L. Pirozhnikov, P.A. Deryagin, V.V. Pokrovsky) bakholelwa ukuthi izinhlobo zokhokho bazo zonke izinhlanzi ezimhlophe ziyi-pelagic whitefish yezindawo ezihlala ezitolo zaseSiberia.

Kukholakala ukuthi u-Emm wafika eBaikal muva nje, mhlawumbe ngeqhwa noma isikhathi se-postglacial. Wayekwazi kahle ukudla okusha kwemvelo okwakhe, wakwazi ukubeka amaqanda, ukuhamba, ukuthuthuka futhi waba uBaikal. EBaikal, kuye kwenzeka izinguquko ezinkulu nezimpawu zemvelo zezinto ezisetshenziswayo futhi kungabhekwa njengezinhlanzi ezihlala njalo.

530. Zinjani izixuku ze-om eBaikal?

Kuhlala abantu abane e-Omik eBaikal: I-Selenginsky, Chivyrkuysky, Severobaikalsky ne-Ambassadorial. Abanye ososayensi bahlukanisa i-Barguzin eyodwa. Kepha manje sekuphelile ukuba khona, kusukela k. IBarguzin ingcolile kakhulu ngokhuni olubekiwe nemikhiqizo evuzayo kangangokuba ukululama kwayo kungahlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, uma kwenzeka. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo okujwayelekile nokukhiqizwa kabusha, abantu baseBarguzin banikela ngezinkulungwane eziyinkulungwane zezinhlanzi. Isibalo se-ambassadorial salo sakhiwe kabusha ngamakhambi kumaqanda afakwe kwizixhobo ezikhethekile. Ngakho-ke, okwamanje kunabantu abathathu bemvelo eBaikal, futhi bonke bakwisimo sokudangala.

531. Yisiphi isibalo semikhulu esikhulu kunazo zonke?

I-Selenginskaya. Iphaphalaza ikakhulu kwaSelenga (yingakho igama layo) nasezinhlwini eziningi zechibi. Ihlala emgodini oseningizimu weLake Baikal nasengxenyeni eseningizimu yomgodi ophakathi nendawo. Izinhlanzi ezincane zihamba emanzini angajulile akwaSelenga, kwakhiwa izikole ezidonsa lapha ekwindla. U-Omul ungena ngemifula kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuya ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba (emazingeni okushisa amanzi emfuleni we-8-13 ° C) kuze kube sekupheleni kukaNovemba. Ngokuya ngamanani, umhlambi owuhlayo ufinyelela kusuka esigamu esisodwa kuya kwengxenye kuya kweziyisithupha kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili zabantu, kanye nesikhwama semali samaqanda afinyelela kuma-25-30 ezigidigidi zamaqanda.

532.Mangakiu-Yo eBaikal?

I-biomass yayo yonke iminyaka yobudala ye-om imayelana namathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-25-30.

533. Kutholakale kuphi ukujula okukhulu?

Kufika kuma-300-350 m, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kujule. Ekujuleni okunjalo, i-om ye-ambassadorial kanye ne-Chivyrkuy abantu bachitha isikhathi esiningi; i-om yabanye abantu itholakala ekujuleni kolwandle.

524. Yini ubukhulu nosayizi omkhulu we-om?

Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sabantu bakwaSelenga esatholakala sinezisindo ezifika ku-5 kg ​​ubude nobude obungaba amasentimitha angama-50. Abadobi bathi ezinsukwini zakudala bebazi izinhlanzi eziqinile kakhudlwana. Noma kunjalo, ukuthola ikhophi enkulu, okungenani yomnyuziyamu, kwehlulekile.

535. Ngabe u-Kum uvuthwa futhi kuqala nini ukuphuma?

Izinhlanzi zabantu baseSelenginsky, eBarguzinsky naseChivyrkuisky ziqala ukuvuthwa endaweni yama-5-6, eSeverobaikalskoye - ngonyaka we-4-5, ambassadorial - ngonyaka we-7-8 wokuphila. Eminyakeni efanayo, izinhlanzi eziningi ziqala ukuvela. Ukudutshulwa kwakamuva kwezinhlanzi zamanxusa kungu-14, kubantu bakwaSelenga - abayi-10, nase-North Baikal yabantu - iminyaka eyi-8. U-Omul ukhula aze afike eminyakeni eyi-14-15. Emagcekeni okusaba, abantu bodwa batholakala sebekhulile, kodwa vele ngaphandle kwamaqanda - sebelahlekelwe amandla okuzala, bagcina umzwelo wokufuduka okusabisayo.

536. Yini usayizi nesisindo se-elis lokuqala elisanda kuqhuma?

Isilinganiso ngasinye sihlukile. Ngokokuqala ngqa, izinhlanzi ezinesisindo esingu-32.9-34.9 cm nesisindo esingu-355-390 g zizovela eSelenginskaya, 33 cm, eChivyrkuisky, 392 g, eNyakatho Baikal, abesifazane besifazane abangama-28.0 cm, abesilisa abangama-284 g, abesilisa abangama-27 , 7 cm, enesisindo esingu-263 g, embassy - bobabili ubulili bangama-34.3-34.9 cm, kepha abesifazane banesisindo esingu-562 g, nabesilisa baba ngu-472 g.

537. Uvela kangaki empilweni?

Abantu abaphila isikhathi eside bahluma, mhlawumbe kuze kube yizikhathi ezingama-5-6 empilweni yabo futhi bazalela amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200.

538. Mingaki i-Emm evelayo lapho kuvela khona izinto zemvelo?

Eminyakeni ehlukile, inani lokuphamba kwabantu elihlukile lihlukile. Ukusuka kwizigidi ezingama-7.5 kuya kweziyi-12 abantu abazi-zom, okubandakanya: kusuka kwizigidi ezingama-5.5 kuye kwezingu-8 kumaSelenga, kusuka kwizigidi eziyi-1,8 kuya kwezi-3 ku-pp. V. Angara noKichera, abafinyelela kwizigidi eziyi-1-1,2 - kweminye imifula etholakalayo, ezinhlwini zechibi.

539. Yiliphi inani elikhulu kakhulu lamaqanda u-om azalela?

Abancane, abantu abaqala ngokuqhekeka bavame ukubekela amaqanda ayisi-5-6 kuya ku-12-16. Ngokukhula kweminyaka, inani lamaqanda abekiwe landa, lifinyelela izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 noma ngaphezulu. Ucwaningo lweminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule lukhombisa ukuthi inzalo ye-om ngokwesilinganiso yehle ngezikhathi ezingama-1.5-2. Inani eliphezulu lamaqanda afakiwe alidluli izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20, futhi okokuqala ngqa ezinsikazi zifaka amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-7-8.

540. Yiliphi inani leqanda elinganiselwa amaqanda abekwe phezu kwezizathu ezinwebayo?

Kusukela unyaka nonyaka akufani. Umphakathi waseSelenga ubeka inani elikhulu kakhulu le-caviar - ukusuka kumaqanda ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyi-30, iSeverobaikalsky - kusuka ezigidini ezingama-2,5 kuya ezigidini ezingama-13, i-Ambassadorial - 1-1,5 billion, iChivyrkuiska futhi ifinyelela kumaqanda ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane. .

541. Yini isikhathi seminyaka sokuphila kuka-om?

Abaphenyi bathola abaneminyaka engu-24-25 ubudala.

542. Sithini isikhathi sokukhula kwamaqanda kusuka kumanyolo kuya kuHatching izibungu?

Emanzini ahlanzekile, angabilwanga kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-200 kuye kwezingama-220. Ukushintshashintsha kwezikhathi ngesikhathi sokufakwa amaqanda kuncike ekushiseni nasekuphathweni kwegesi kwamanzi ezindaweni ezivundayo.

543.Kungaphansi kwaziphi izimo i-om caviar ekhula ngaphansi kwazo?

Ezindaweni ezivulekile zemvelo emazingeni okushisa asuka ku-0,1 °, + 0,2 ° C kuya ku-1 °, + 2 ° C kanye nokugcwala komoya oksijini.Izinga lokushisa elilungile lokukhula okuvamile kwe-caviar liyi-+ 0.5 °, + 1.5 ° C, ngakho-ke i-om ithanda ukubeka amaqanda enhlabathini olunesihlahla segwebu, lapho kunamanzi acacile okusobala nokugeleza okuqhubekayo, okuhlinzeka ngokugeleza komoya okwanele.

544. Siyini isisindo se-laz izibungu,wazalwa kusuka ku-caviar?

Isisindo se-laz izibungu esizalwa emaqanda ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo sisuka ku-4 siye ku-15 mg. Isisindo sezibungu esiqoshwe kumaqanda ngaphansi kwezimo zokufakelwa siwela ngaphansi kwemikhawulo efanayo, ngoba izimo zokuqala kuzo zombili izimo - ubukhulu bamaqanda nenani lezakhi ezikuzo - ziyafana.

545. Mingaki ingane ebuyela eBaikal?

Kufika kuma-20-30% enani lezibungu elizelwe.

546. Mangaki ama-om wokuzala okwenziwe ngobunono afinyelela ekuthweni eLake Baikal?

Kuma-larvae ayi-100 atholwe yi-Ambassadorial Fish Breeding Plant ngesikhathi sokufakelwa kokufakelwa, yinhlanzi eyodwa kuphela ephila kuze kube sekufeni. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, amaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi abekwe ezindaweni ezingavuthiwe zokuhlanza futhi akhula ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, izinhlanzi ezi-5-7 ziyakhula futhi zisinde.

547. Yimuphi umlinganiso we-mog ofinyelela ekufinyeleleni ebusheni?

Ngokusho kocwaningo lwesikhathi eside, kutholakale ukuthi isilinganiso sokusinda kwamaqanda ngaphambi kokuba izibungu sisuke ku-5 siye ku-10%, kanti isilinganiso sokusinda kwezinhlanzi ezentengiselwano asidluli i-1% yenani lezibungu ezizelwe nezikhululiwe, lokhu kufakazelwa ukubuya kwezentengiso okungu-0,05-0.075%.

Usayizi nesisindo se-om washintsha kanjani?

Inhlanzi yaqala ukukhula kancane, ukukhuluphala kwayo, ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa, nokuncipha kwehle.

Izinkomba zesisindo (ngamagremu) okukhula kwe-omul kwezindawo ezahlukahlukene ezigabeni eziphambili (ngokusho kukaV.V. Smirnov, K.I. Misharin)

Iminyaka

Iminyaka (inombolo yeminyaka ephelele)

2 4 6 8 10

Inani labantu baseNyakatho Baikal (eNyakatho neBaikal)

Inani labantu baseSelenginsky (amanzi angajulile we-Selenginsky)

Inani le-Ambassadorial (amanzi angajulile eSelenga)

549. Ngabe kuphi ubusika e-Baikal?

Imvamisa, ezindaweni ezisogwini loLwandle Olincane, iSelenginsky, V. Angarsk, imichilo yeChivyrkuisky neBarguzinsky ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-50 kuye kwangama-300. I-Omul ye-Ambassadorial isula amaPrisilenginsky angajulile kumamitha angama-200 kuya kwangama-300- 3550 m.

550. Ngabe udlani umuntu omdala ngesikhathi sokudla?

Eminyakeni ehlukene, u-omul unokudla okuhlukile. Izinsizwa zidla ku-opisura, abadala kwi-macro hectopus kanye nentsha yama-pelagic gobies kanye ne-golomyankas. Ebusika, u-Emm udla kakhulu, kepha kuphela isilinganiso esisetshenzisweni sokudla sidla nezinto ezifanayo azidla kwezinye izinkathi zonyaka. U-Omul angayidla i-epishura lapho ukuhlukunyezwa kwayo, ngokusho kuka-A. G. Egorov, kufinyelela ama-crustaceans ayizinkulungwane ezingama-35 kumitha elilodwa lamanzi. Kodwa-ke, i-fry ithatha i-epishura ekugxilweni okuphansi kunalokho okudingekayo kwezinhlanzi ezindala, ukuzingela abantu abathile kwama-crustaceans.

551. Mangaki ama-Emm abanjwa eBaikal?

Eminyakeni engama-50 edlule, isilinganiso samaphakathi nonyaka sifinyelelwe kumakhilomitha ayi-39. Kusukela ngo-1969 kuya ku-1975 Kwenqatshelwe umsebenzi wokudoba ngokuthengisa i-om ukuze kubuyelwe ukwenziwa kabusha kwabantu. Kepha akuzange kusetshenziswe ngokuphelele, ngoba ukudoba kwakuvunyelwe epulazini lokudoba lasePobeda, futhi ukuzingela akuzange kumiswe ngesikhathi sonke sokuvalwa. Eminyakeni emihlanu (1978-1982), kwathathwa kwenziwa ukukhomba ubuningi be-om kanye nokwakha izindlela zokulawulwa kwezokudoba okunengqondo. Ukubanjwa okusemthethweni kufinyelele kumakhulu ayikhulu ayishumi nanhlanu. Njengoba ingqikithi ye-biomass ye-omul yeminyaka yokuvinjelwa ingafinyeleli amanani wesilinganiso eside, ukubamba ukudoba eminyakeni ezayo akumele kudlule amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-12-16

552. Ngabe siyini isabelo ekubanjweni kwe-om, okwenziwa ngokwezifiso ezindaweni zokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi?

Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu kuya kwengama-30 eyedlule, isilinganiso esimaphakathi sokubanjwa kwenhlanzi okwenziwe nge-om (ikakhulukazi inani lama-ambassadorial) saba ngamakhulu ayisi-5,6, noma cishe 1 / 6-1 / 7 ekubanjweni kwalezinhlanzi eLake Baikal.

553. Yiziphi izinhlanzi, ngaphandle kwe-om, ezifuyiswa ngokwezifiso eLake Baikal?

Kumafektri ezinhlanzi, ngaphezu kwe-om, izinhlanzi ezinjenge-sturgeon, i-whitefish ne-greyling nazo ziyafakwa.

554. Kukuphi amazwe izinhlanzi zaseBaikal ezifuywayo?

U-Omul uzalelwa eJapan, eCzechoslovakia, eNgilandi. EJapan, i-sturgeon nayo iyadotshwa futhi iswidi lenhlanzi ephuma e-sturgeon elinywe lapho ezindaweni zokugcina. Ngokusho kwemininingwane evela eJapan, inkampani iShinjidai Co, ngokubambisana neSaito Engineering Institute, ibibambe iqhaza ekwakheni kabusha ama-sturgeon kusukela ngo-1964. Kusungulwe iphrojekthi yokukhulisa izinhlanzi ezifika ku-3 000 ezivuthiwe kwezocansi emakhejini zisebenzisa ukushisa kodoti okuvela kunethiwekhi yokufudumeza yedolobha. Inkampani ihlongoza ukwakha ikheji e-Irkutsk, elizokhiqiza minyaka yonke lifinyelela kumathani ayi-4,5 we-sturgeon caviar kanye namathani angama-300 enyama ye-sturgeon. Ukusebenzela ipulazi elinjalo kudinga abantu abane kuphela.

555.Kungani iBaikal yayinomusa omncane?

Isizathu yithonya elikhulayo lomsebenzi wezomnotho echibini uqobo, nasezinhlafunweni zalo nasemgodini wokudonsa amanzi uwonke, kanye nokudoba okungenangqondo kanye nokuwohloka kwesimo se-hydrometeorological esisekelweni saseBaikal.

556. Kungenzeka yini ukuvuselela inkazimulo yangaphambili ye-Baikal omul?

Kungenzeka uma zonke iziphakamiso ezenziwe ososayensi zigcwalisekile, ikakhulukazi: yeka ukungcoliswa kwemifula namachibi avuthayo, kucace futhi kuvikele ukungcoliswa kwezindawo ezinamaphaza, kumise ukwakheka kwamafulegi enkuni emifuleni nasekugudluzeni kwawo ngaseLake Baikal, kuthathe indawo yezimpahla ezomile (ezithombeni noma ezithwala izingodo). ukwakha ama-hatcheries amasha emifuleni echewulayo, ukunwebeka nokwenze kube ngcono okwakhona (iBolsherechensky, Chivyrkuisky, Barguzinsky kanye ne-Selenginsky), ukuhlela ukutshalwa kwe-om fry ngezigaba ezisebenzayo, ukwesekwa asungule umbuso ophethe ngokuphelele we-hydrological echibini nasezinkingeni, amise ukungena ngokweqile emgodini wokutholwa, gcina izinga lamanzi echibini lisesilinganisweni esifanele, livikele ukuguquguquka kwalo ekushintshashintshashintshi kokuguquguquka okungokwemvelo kwesikhathi eside, qaphela imithetho yokudoba, isebenzise umhlaba wezolimo ngokunemba inhlabathi, njll.

557. Yikuphi kwenhlanzi efudukele eLake Baikal ebeka ingozi e-omul?

Ukwethulwa kwe-peled (i-Coregonus peled Gmel) eBaikal kungaba yingozi enkulu ku-omul. Le nhlanzi ifinyelela ebusheni, inobukhulu obukhulu kune-om, ivuthwa ngaphambi kwe-omul futhi idle ku-planktophagus - okusho ukuthi esincintisana naye. Uma le nhlanzi ingena eBaikal, iya ngokuya idlula kancane, ngoba ngesikhathi sokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi zokuqala zangaphambilini zizobamba i-omature. Kuningi okungakacaci ngokufunda kwale nhlanzi, ikakhulukazi, nokuthi iziphi izinqubo ezimpilweni zazo ezizowela u-Emm.

558. Ngabe kusetshenziswana kanjani e-Baikal?

Ngokulashwa okushisa ezindongeni, ukubhaka ku-ash ashisayo (ku-foil yensimbi, ehlanganiswe ngodaka noma okugoqwe ngephepha elimanzi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-om isomile, inosawoti ngezindlela ezihlukile (enenxusa elifuywayo, elinamakhemikhali nama-amateur), labhemayo (elishisayo nelibandayo), njll. Ngaphezu kokufaka usawoti, ukubhema, okuthosiwe, okubhakiwe nokwabilisiwe, kanye nomakotheni, abantu abaningi bakuleli bathanda izitsha ezivela iqhwa elisanda kufakwa eqandeni - elisikiwe, lihlelelwe. Yize lezi zindlela zisabalele, umuthi osemthethweni awukhuthazi ukuyisebenzisa, ngoba kunengozi yokutheleleka ngezifo zamathumbu emathumbu. Ngendlela, hhayi kuphela inhlanzi eqandisiwe esetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-stroganina, kodwa futhi nezinyamazane, ezomisiwe (elk), uphawu, futhi ikakhulukazi isibindi salezi zilwane, ngenkathi kusafudumele.

559.Ngabe u-elo ubaluleke kakhulu ngaluphi uhlobo?

ESiberia, u-om onosawoti, inxusa lezamasiko eligqoke kahle futhi uthule, ubaluleke kakhulu. Abathandi beqiniso kanye nama-connoisseurs akholelwa ukuthi i-om enosawoti enosawoti enephunga - iphunga eliyingqayizivele eliyinyama nenyama enomusa kakhulu, kungcono kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zokupheka.

Kumuntu ongajwayelekile, i-od enjalo ibukeka ibolile ngandlela-thile (noma kunjalo, kubonakala kuphela ukuthi kuyiphunga elinjalo lephunga lezinhlanzi ezimnandi. Akuwona wonke umuntu othanda, ngokwesibonelo, ushizi weRoquefort, kepha ama-amateurs ngeke awashintshele amanye).

I-og esanda kufakwa iqhwa, iphekwe ngendlela yokusika nokusika, yaziswa kakhulu. Ehlobo, bakhetha i-om ehlahleni.

560.iniuyagunda?

Izinhlanzi ezifakwe iqhwa ngokuqinile zishaywa ngento enzima ukuze ziyikhweze. Ngemuva kokushaywa, isikhumba sisuswa kalula, kanti nenhlanzi eluhlaza isetshenziswa ngamakha nezinongo ze-anyanisi-uviniga. Isetjentiswa njengemidvwebo lelungile.

561.inistroganina?

Ukudla okuthandwayo kwabadobi nabazingeli baseSiberia ebusika. Ukulungiselela kwayo, kusetshenziswa inhlanzi eqandisiwe kakhulu, ecijiswa ngommese ngamapuleti amancane, anjengokugoqwa (kungukuthi umhleli). Kusetshenziswe okuluhlaza ngezinongo, u-anyanisi noviniga. Kubhekwa futhi isidlo esihle kakhulu.

Izixhumanisi

1. I-Encyclopedia yezinhlanzi
2. Bogutskaya N.G., Naseka A.M. Ikhathalogi yemihlanjana engenamanzi namanzi amasha nezinhlanzi ezi-brackish eRussia ngamazwana wokuphawula kanye namazwana we-taxonomic. - M: Ukubambisana kwezincwadi zesayensi ze-KMK, 2004. - P. 143. - 389 k. - I-ISBN 5-87317-177-7.
3. ISukhanova L.V.Isifundo se-phylogenetic seMoleky yeBaikal omul Coregonus autumnalis i-migratorius (Georgi). - I-Irkutsk: 2004.
4. Ukudla okungcono kakhulu kweSiberia // CM Inombolo Yokuqala : iphephandaba.
5. U-Omul uzokopishwa ngaphandle kokukodwa // CM Inombolo Yokuqala : iphephandaba.
6. U-Omul uzofa? // CM Inombolo Yokuqala : iphephandaba.
7. U-Omul ukhohlise wonke umuntu // CM Inombolo Yokuqala : iphephandaba.

Amanothi

1. ISukhanova L.V.Isifundo se-phylogenetic seMoleky yeBaikal omul Coregonus autumnalismigratorius (UGeorgi). - I-Irkutsk: 2004.
2. ISukhanova L.V.et al.Iqembu leBaikal Omul Coregonus autumnalis migratorius I-Georgi ngaphakathi kwe C. lavaretus eyinkimbinkimbi iqinisekiswe ngokusebenzisa umaka we-DNA yenuzi // U-Ann. Zool. UFenn. — 41: 41–49. — 2004.
3. I-Baikal ej kusizinda seFishBase
4. I-Irkutsk Rybnadzor: U-Om waba mbalwa eBaikal // Teleinform, Julayi 8, 2014
5. UFedor Tkachuk, Abavakashi be-Egor Shcherbakov bacekela phansi ukudla kwe-Om // Unjiniyela Wamandla waseSiberia, Julayi 25, 2014
6. I-Sokolov V. A. Izici zezindlela zokuqapha kwezokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi zesimo sezitokofela zeBaikal om / V. A. Sokolov, L. F. Kalyagin // Isimo nezinkinga zokukhiqizwa kabusha kwamasheya ezinhlanzi okuyisifunda esifundeni saseBaikal: ukuqoqwa. idokhumenti. - I-Ulan-Ude: ECOS, 2008. - S. 95-96.
7. Umphakathi wesayensi wase-Irkutsk ungabaza ukuthi inani labantu base-Om eLake Baikal liyancipha ngenxa yama-cormorants // IA Teleinform 07/30/14

Omul, imvelaphi

I-Arctic omul yinhlanzi ethengisayo, ingeyamalungu omndeni we-whitefish nomndeni we-salmon, futhi ingafinyelela osayizi abalandelayo: ubude - 64 cm, nesisindo esifinyelela ku-3 kg. Yize kunezimo ezaziwayo zokudoba, isisindo sazo sifinyelele ku-7 kg. I-Omul yinhlanzi efudukayo, ichitha isikhathi sayo esiningi echibini futhi ihlakazeka kuphela emifuleni.

Inhlanzi idume ngobumsulwa bayo bemvelo nokunambitheka okuhle, inenyama enamafutha nenhliziyo emnene. Ihlala eLake Baikal, emifuleni ye-tundra, emanzini ase-Arctic Ocean basin. I-Baikal omul itholakala ikakhulukazi emachibi nase imifuleni yaseRussia; iyi-subspecies ye-Arctic OM futhi iseduzane ne-whitefish enjenge-herring.

UBaikal ej elihunyushwe lisuka kwelesiLatini elithi: "wandering whitefish", leli gama alitholanga ngengozi. Kukhona inganekwane esitshela ukuthi le nhlanzi emhlophe yafika eBaikal ivela e-Arctic Ocean ngesikhathi sobumbano ngokusebenzisa uMfula iLena omkhulu kanye nemikhawulo yawo. Kusukela lapho yaqala umlando wayo we-Baikal whitefish, ozinze ngokuphumelelayo kwamanye amachibi aseSiberia.

Kuwo wonke umlando wokuba khona kwayo, le nhlanzi ayeki ukumangaza nokujabulisa abantu baseSiberia nabasenyakatho. Kwabaningi bendawo, kungumthombo wokudla nemali engenayo. Namuhla, izinhlobo eziningana ze-omul ziyahlukaniswa, ngayinye yazo ihlukile endaweni yayo yokuhlala, izimo zokuhlala, "ukondla", ukwakheka nosayizi. Izakhamuzi ezinkulu, ngokuya endaweni yokunwebeka, zifaka:

• I-Selenginskaya
• inxusa
• Severobaikalskaya
• I-Chivyrkuiskaya,
• I-Barguzinsky.

U-Omul uzikhethela yena kuphela amadamu anamanzi ahlanzekile nabandayo, acebile komoya-mpilo. Uchitha inqwaba yempilo yakhe echibini futhi akhuphuka abe yimifula kuphela ngesikhathi sokuhluma. Isikhathi sokuhlwitha ukuphela kukaSepthemba-Okthoba. Ukufuduka kwenhlanzi kuqala kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3 ku-Agasti. Ukuhamba ngemihlambi eceleni komfula, akusondeli ogwini, kepha ikakhulukazi kugcina phakathi nesiteshi. Izindawo ezinwebekayo zitholakala emlonyeni womfula cishe amakhilomitha ayinkulungwane. Kucatshangelwa minyaka yonke, ukuvuthwa kwenzeka eminyakeni engama-7-8 yokuphila kwakhe.

Izici zezinhlobo ze-om

Kuzo zonke izinhlobo eziphambili, i-om ye-ambassadorial igqamile. Lolu hlobo luyehluka kubalingani balo ngosayizi ohlonishwayo. Isidumbu senhlanzi singafinyelela ngaphezu kwe-1 kg. Ukuthola isisindo esinjalo, kumthatha iminyaka eyi-9-15. Yize, uma kuqhathaniswa nenani leminyaka yeminyaka yokuphila, lokhu kuncane, lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi lungolominyaka eyikhulu futhi isikhathi sayo sokuphila sifinyelela ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amabili. Izinhlanzi zamanzi amasha - lesi yisikhathi esihle.

Ubukhulu obuthandekayo be-amanxusa we-om kusiza ukuguqula kube yinhlanzi okuthengiswayo kanye nendondo eyamukelekile yabadobi base-amateur. Ukunambitheka kwezinhlanzi kulesi sizwe akuhlukile kakhulu ekunambithekeni kwezingane ezincane zezinye izinhlobo. Uhlobo lwenxusa luhlala ekujuleni okukhulu kweChibi iBaikal, futhi ngokusaphaza kwalo lukhuphukela emifuleni ye-Ambassadorial litter (ngasendleleni, kusukela lapha yathola igama layo). Ngemuva kokuhlakuka, inhlanzi ibuyela endaweni yayo. Uhlobo lwenxusa luhlotshiswe kahle ekudingisweni, futhi yilokhu okusetshenziswa imboni yezinhlanzi iBolsherechensky. Ngosizo lwayo, inani lalezi zinhlobo lilokhu likhula njalo, okwenza sikwazi ukubamba iqhaza kwezimboni zezinhlanzi zalolu hlobo.

Eziningi kakhulu zama-omuli izinhlobo zamaSelengin. Ngokuhlakazeka, u-Emm ukhuphuka eMfuleni iSelenga, kusukela lapha waqanjwa ngakho igama. Lesi samba sitholakala kulo lonke iLake Baikal, sibanjwa ikakhulu ebusuku, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi sosuku sivuka sizokondla. Izinhlobo zeSelenginsky zikhula isikhathi eside: iminyaka engama-8 ukuya nesithupha, inesisindo - amagremu angama-300-500. Yize inesisindo esincane, inambitheka obucayi futhi ithatha izikhundla eziphezulu esikalini lokunambitha.

I-Severobaykalsky omul, ikhula ngokushesha kunabalingani bayo, ngokwesilinganiso, kuthatha iminyaka engu-5-6 ukufinyelela isisindo sama-200-250 amagremu. Ihlala emanzini asogwini weLake Baikal.

Yini inzuzo ye-omul?

Izinhlanzi ezingabizi kakhulu ezentengiso zikhetha amanzi abandayo futhi ahlanzekile afakwe i-oxygen, ngenxa yalesi sici sithola umkhiqizo onemvelo. Ngaphezu kokunambitheka okumangalisayo, le nhlanzi inezinto eziningi ezisebenzayo.

Naphezu kokuqukethwe kwenhlanzi enamafutha amaningi (okuqukethwe ama-calorie angama-65-92kcal nge-100g), inyama ye-om idonswa ngumzimba womuntu ngo-1-1,5 ngama-95% (uma uqhathanisa: kuthatha amahora angama-5 ukwenza inyama yezilwane futhi ibanjwe ngama-85% kuphela. Ngenxa yale mpahla ye-om, kunconyelwa wonke umuntu onenkinga yokugaya ukudla nesisu esingafani “ngamandla”.

Inyama ye-Omul iqukethe:

• inani elikhulu le-vithamini A, liyadingeka kubo bonke abadala nomzimba wezingane okhulayo, osetshenziswa kakhulu embonweni,
• Vitamin D, kuyadingeka ukulondolozela isimo esihle samathambo nokugcina amazinyo enempilo,
• IVitamin E, i-antioxidant enhle kakhulu, inciphisa inqubo yokuguga, iqinisa izindonga zemithambo yegazi, i-myocardium futhi ithuthukise ukuqalwa kabusha kwamagazi egazi,
• I-Vitamin B iyadingeka ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile kwezinhlelo zomuntu zokwenziwa kwezinzwa zokuzala nezokuzala (inani lale vithamini ku-omul liphakeme kunenyama yezinye izinhlanzi),
• trace element: zinc, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, chlorine eyi-macrocell ne-fluorine.
• okunamafutha acid (ikakhulukazi inani elikhulu lawo atholakala ku-om enosawoti omncane), asize ukuqinisa ukungatheleleki, ukunciphisa izinqubo zokuvuvukala, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zombili zenhliziyo nenhliziyo.

Inyama yenhlanzi yalolu hlobo ayinayo i-cholesterol eyingozi kubantu, futhi zonke ezinye izinto, kunalokho, inomthelela ekwehliseni ukubukeka kwegazi kanye nengozi yokushaywa yi-myocardial infarction, yehlise i-cholesterol yegazi, futhi futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwezinhliziyo, izinzwa nezinhlelo zokuzala. Ngenxa yengxenyenamba ephansi yamathambo ezinhlanzini (7%), i-omul inconyelwe ukondliwa kokudla. Inani elikhulu lezitsha lilungiswa kusuka enyameni yale nhlanzi. Kuyadliwa okusanda kufrashwa (kusikwe), kumiswe, kusawoti kancane, kusawoti, kubhejwe futhi kubilisiwe. Izitsha ezithandwa kakhulu zale nhlanzi yile: stroganina, baked Emm, oqoshiwe, "omul nge choke", "kumaros", futhi wabhema.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

UBaikal umm uvuthwa ngokomzimba eneminyaka eyi-4-5 ubudala futhi nangemva kwalokho ubude bomzimba obungamasentimitha angama-27- 28. Ukusakazeka kwenzeka ekwindla kusuka ngoSepthemba kuya kuLwezi. Amasheya ezinhlanzi ashesha ukuya ezindaweni ezinamanzi asemifuleni. Lezi yizindawo ezinamadwala angaphansi kwamatshe kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi okushesha. Ukunwebeka kwenzeka ebusuku emazingeni okushisa amanzi angama-2-3 degrees Celsius. ICaviar inamathela ngokubuthakathaka, phansi futhi inamathele emhlabathini. Owesifazane oyedwa ukhiqiza amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-8 kuya kwengama-30.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-embryonic kuhlala izinsuku ezingama-190-210 kumazinga okushisa wamanzi afinyelela ku-2 degrees Celsius. Izibungu zivela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, lapho izinga lokushisa lifinyelela kuma-degrees Celsius. Izibungu zi-12-13 mm ubude. Ahamba aze aqonde echibini futhi azinze ezindaweni zalo eziyidlelo. Lapho zidla ama-invertebrates bese zikhula. Eminyakeni yenyanga eyodwa, ubude bawo bufika ku-2 cm ngesisindo esingu-3. Ukuqhubeka okwengeziwe nokuvuthwa kwenzeka ngqo echibini. UBaikal anor uhlala iminyaka eyi-13-16.

Ukuziphatha Nempilo

Lesi yisikole senhlanzi. Ezinyangeni zasehlobo, zigcinwe ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zamanzi. Ebusika, licwila lijule ngamamitha angama-340-450. Abamele lezinhlobo nazo zitholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-500. Ukudla kuhlukahlukene. Isabelo esiyinhloko yi-zooplankton nezinsizwa zezinhlanzi.

Ukudla kuncike ngokuphelele ezinkathini zonyaka. Ngakho entwasahlobo gobies abasha kudliwa, futhi ehlobo, ama-epishura crustaceans. Kepha okuqukethwe okunamafutha e-Baikalokom kunikezwa ikakhulukazi i-goby-yellow-winged goby. Uma akwanele, khona-ke okuqukethwe kwamafutha nokuzala kwe-om kuncishisiwe. Cishe isonto ngaphambi kokuqhuma, ukudla kuyeka ngokuphelele. Inhlanzi iyabuna.

Isimo sokuLondolozwa

Lolu hlobo lwenhlanzi lubalulekile kwezentengiso. E-Russia, i-Baikal omul ibhekwa njengento ebudlayo. Kuthunyelwa emazweni angaphandle. Ngokwesimo sokubhema, le nhlanzi ithengiswa ngenkuthalo ogwini lolwandle. Izivakashi ziyithenga ngokuzithandela, naphezu kwentengo ephezulu kakhulu.

Ukubanjwa okuphezulu kwalezi zinhlanzi kwabhalwa kuma-50s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Kwaba ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-60-80 ngonyaka. Ngo-1969, ukudotshwa kwenqatshelwa. Ngo-1974, inani le-omul lavuselelwa ngokwengxenye, futhi baqala ukulibamba. Ngo-1995, kwabanjwa amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2,5, ngonyaka olandelayo amathani ayinkulungwane. Namuhla, akunakubaningi kwale nhlanzi eyingqayizivele eLake Baikal, ngoba ukudoba kuyasebenza, naphezu kwezilinganiso kanye nemikhawulo.