I-Boar yasendle isilwane esifuywayo esiqhamuka ekubanjweni okufana nengulube. Uthathwa njengokhokho wengulube yesimanje esetshenziswayo, okwathi, ngenxa yokufuya, yaba njalo. Izinkukhu zasendle ziyisilwane esiyingqayizivele esihlala cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi omhlaba wethu.
Izici kanye nencazelo ye-boar yasendle
Ama-boar asendle inomzimba wezimpande, ubude bawo bungafinyelela kumitha eyodwa nesigamu. Ukuphakama komzimba kuvame ukufika kumitha eyi-1. Isisindo se-boar esivuthiwe singasukela ku-60 siye ku-300 kg.
Kuya ngokuthi owesimame noma owesilisa ubhekwa yini ecaleni elithile. Abesilisa banekhanda elikhulu, elibekwe phambili. Izindlebe zikhulu impela, zombili ububanzi nobude. I-snout igcina ngesithende, esinobukhulu obuhlukile.
Umzimba umbozwe izinwele eziqinile. Ebusika, i-fluff eyengeziwe ivela emzimbeni we-boar yasendle, engayivumeli ukuba iqhwa. Ngasemuva kukhona isigaxa esithile esima ekugcineni uma isilwane sisesimweni esijabulisayo. Ama-boars amancane angafakwa ngemidwebo. Ama-boar angadla izitshalo eziningi, ezihlukaniswe ngamaqembu:
1. Izilimo eziyizigaxa nokhula lwezitshalo.
2. Izithelo zezihlahla zezithelo, kanye namajikijolo ahlukahlukene akhula ehlathini.
3. Izitshalo ngokwazo, ezitholakalayo izingulube zasendle.
4. Abanye abamele umhlaba wezilwane (ngokwesibonelo, izibungu noma izinambuzane ezihlala ehlathini).
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ingulube yasendle iqeda ingxenye yokudla kwayo evela enhlabathini, ngoba iqukethe inani elanele lempilo yesilwane. Ngokwesilinganiso, izingulube ezinkulu zingadla cishe ama-5 kg. dlisa ngosuku olulodwa.
Izilwane ezinje ziyiselula impela futhi zihola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo. Ehlobo, bathanda ukubhukuda, futhi ebusika, bavele bagijime ehlathini beyofuna ukudla. Izinkukhu zasendle zihola impilo yomhlambi, kepha kukhona okuhlukile ngohlobo lwezingulube zasendle ezindala, ezihlala ngokwahlukana.
Ingulube enezingane ezincane nayo ihlala yodwa. Ukuqonda ukuthi ingulube ihluke kanjani kubhoar, uyabona Izithombeizingulube zasendle. Futhi kwi-Intanethi ungathola eziningi ividiyo ekhuluma ngezinsikazi zasendle.
Indawo yokuhlala yasendle yama-boar
Ngaphandle kwawo wonke amaqiniso nokuqukethwe, kunesiphetho esisodwa - izingulube zasendle, okuvame ukuguqula indawo yokuhlala. Ama-boar asendle angatholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba.
Izindawo zasendle ezinjengenyama zingaba yizindawo ezishisayo ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele noma ihlathi elinobudlova. Ezintabeni, izingulube zasendle zingatholakala kunoma yikuphi ukuphakama, nakwezinye iziqongo zezintaba ezithile.
E-Europe, kutholakala emahlathini ama-oki ne-beech, kanye nasezindaweni ezinomswakama. Izinkukhu zasendle nazo zihlala ezintabeni zaseCaucasus, kuthi ekwindla zivakashele amahlathi ezithelo nezihlahla zezithelo. Kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala esiteshini semifula ethile, ezungezwe indawo yobuciko.
Indawo yokuhlala izingulube zasendle incike ngokuphelele kokuphakelayo, okuvamile ngasikhathi sinye noma kwezinye izindawo. Inyama ye-boar yasendle mnene impela, futhi lokhu kukhonzwa ngokudla kwakhe, okuqukethe amakhambi ahlukene.
Izinkukhu zasendle zingahamba ziye emadlelweni ezindaweni ezivundile, ngokwesibonelo, ziye esigxotsheni. Bangakwazi ukuhlasela ezindaweni zasemakhaya eziseduzane namahlathi nezindawo zezinkukhu zasendle.
Izingulube zasendle ezihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo azisebenzi. Kepha lezo ezihlala emazweni angomakhelwane nase-taiga ziyizilwane eziqagelayo. Bangakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinkulu kakhulu.
Ukwenza isibonelo, enye yezinkukhu ezindala zingathatha indawo efinyelela kumakhilomitha ayi-15. Okuyindawo enkulu impela. Eduze nobusika, izingulube zasendle zingasuka ezindaweni eziphakemeyo ziye phezulu kuya ezinyaweni.
Kwesinye isikhathi izingulube zasendle zinganqoba umendo, ongaphezu kwe-100 km. kusuka endaweni yokuhanjiswa unomphela. Uhambo olunjalo lungabangelwa yizizathu ezahlukahlukene, njengomlilo noma ukuswelakala kokudla.
Izinkukhu zasendle zingabhekana nezingozi ezihlukile. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, phansi okuyingozi okutholakala ehlathini kungalimaza imilenze yakho. Omunye umuntu ohlala ehlathini, oyimpisi, uyingozi kuye. Enye yezinselelo zomhlaba ukuzingela kwezingulube zasendle, okuvame ukwenziwa ngokungahleliwe.
Inyama ye-Boar yasendle kanye nezindlela zokupheka
Inyama ye-Boar yasendle ingenye yezinhloso zokuyizingela. Ungapheka kanjani izingulube zasendle cishe wonke umzingeli owake okungenani waletha isidumbu wazi ekhaya. Abantu abaningi bazi izindlela zokupheka ezivela ku-boar yasendle, kodwa empeleni inyama inzima.
Izitsha ze-boar zasendle ziyinkimbinkimbi impela ngokuhambisana nokulungiselela kwayo. Kungcono ukuthatha izindlela zokupheka ezilula ezingasetshenziswa ngisho ne-novice. Mhlawumbe isidlo esilula kunazo zonke esingenziwa kusuka kwinyama yasendle ebomvu Lokhu kuzodinga isinqanda nenyama yezilwane.
Udinga futhi ukusebenzisa u-anyanisi, ufulawa, lwesinaphi nokosa ukunambitha. Inyama kufanele ifakwe endaweni yesisombululo sejusi kalamula. Ngibonga yena, inyama izoba mnene futhi isilungele ukucubungulwa.
Ukuvuselela okusha ngemuva kokuxotshwa kufanele kuthululwe ngo-ukhilimu omuncu usoso. Izitsha ezivela ku-boar yasendle, kanye nolunye uhlobo lwenyama, zidinga ukulungiswa okuthile. Ungapheka inyama yasendle yengulube esigxotsheni, ngaphandle kwezesekeli ezikhethekile. Akudingekile ukuya ekuzingeleni ukuze udle inyama yasendle. Thenga izingulube zasendle okuvela kumngani womzingeli.
Incazelo
Ngaphambi kweminyaka yeqhwa, kwakukhona imindeni eminingana yama-artiodactyls enezici ezithile. Kepha munye kuphela owasinda esikhathini sethu, ososayensi ababiza igama elithi "izingulube zangempela."
Manje lo mndeni uhlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezinhlanu:
- UBabirus uhlala esiqhingini saseCelebes
- ama-warthogs ajwayelekile e-Afrika,
- ingulube enezinwele ezinde ivumelane nesimo sezulu esishisayo,
- izinkukhu zasendle zihlala eYurophu, e-Asia nase-Afrika.
Uhlobo lokugcina luhlala ezindaweni eziningi eMhlabeni futhi luhlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu ezinkulu:
- izingulube ezijwayelekile, ezitholakala emazweni amaningi,
- ebangeni lezintaba laseHimalaya ingulube emfushane,
- ingulube enentshebe ivamile eziqhingini zaseCelebes, Philippines, Java naseSumatra.
Yilezi zinhlobo ezintathu manje ezifanekisa amathole asendle eMhlabeni, futhi ahlukaniswe ngama-subspecies ahlukene, ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Ukubukeka kwabo kungahluka, kepha imikhuba yabo nendlela yabo yokuphila ihlangana ngezindlela eziningi.
Ingabe izingulube zasendle ziyingozi kubantu?
Ama-boar asendle awameleli ingozi engaba khona kubantu. Uma ungangeni emkhakheni waso, khona-ke akukho okufanele ukwesabe. Kunezikhathi lapho izingulube zasendle zigijimela khona kubantu, kepha amacala anjalo angavamile. Uma noma kunjalo bekukhona ukwehluleka ukuhlangana nento efanayo, ngakho-ke kungcono ukugibela isihlahla esiseduze.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Ingulube yasendle ifana ngokufana nengulube, kepha ngenxa yezimo zokuphila ezinzima yona inokwehluka kwezimpawu. Abadala banomzimba omkhulu ombozwe ngoboya. Imisipha eqinile futhi eqinile engamelana nemithwalo ephezulu ifihlwe ngaphansi kwayo.
Umzimba uyindilinga, ubunjwe ngemilenze emifushane. Ngemuva kunomsila omncane, ombozwe izinwele ezithukile. Ngenxa ye-pelvis emincane ne-sternum ebanzi, i-boar ibukeka njengesigaxa.
Ikhanda lixhumeke emzimbeni ngentamo ebanzi. Isizalo siqonde, sinamehlo aphezulu. Ngaphezulu komlomo kunekhala elisesimweni sesigaxa esimnyama. Ezingeni lebunzi, emaphethelweni, izindlebe zinamathela. Ama-fangs amade akhula emaphethelweni omlomo, okuyisici esiyinhloko sokuhlukanisa kwezinkukhu zasendle kwezinye izingulube. Zisiza ukudwengula inhlabathi namahlamvu ukuze zidle, futhi zisetshenziselwa ukuzivikela nokuhlasela.
Izinwele zezingulube zilukhuni, azimnandi ekuthintweni. Umbala uncike endaweni yokuhlala yomuntu. Umbala uhluka kusuka kumpunga kuya onsundu. Lezo zinhlobo ezihlala ezindaweni ezipholile, ngokuqala kobusika, zithola uboya obukhulu, obubavumela ukuba baphile eqhweni.
Ekuphakameni, isilwane sikhula sibe ngamamitha, ubude - size sibili. Ngenxa yomzimba omkhulu, izingulube zasendle zinesisindo esikhulu, kanti kubantu abadala ziba ngamakhilogremu angama-150-200, kodwa ikakhulukazi asethuthukile angaba nesisindo esingama-300 kg. Abesilisa bakhula bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane.
E-Russia, izingulube zasendle azijwayelekile. Ukubhaliswa okuhlanu okunezici zokubukeka eziyingqayizivele kuhlala endaweni yezwe:
- Ama-boars ase-Central Europe alincane ngosayizi nesikhumba esimnyama,
- I-Ussuriysk inezici ezinkulu, kepha izici eziphambili zokuhlukanisa ziyizindlebe ezincane ne-fluff emhlophe ngaphansi kwempumulo, efana namadevu,
- ICaucasian inejazi elikhanyayo nesigaxa esikhulu,
- ITransbaikal - isilo esincane esinombala onsundu,
- I-Central Asia in ijazi elikhanyayo emzimbeni futhi limnyama emilenzeni.
Ngaphandle kokuhlukahluka okubukwayo kwezinhlobo, kuhlala kulula ukubona kuzo ukuthi zingamalungu omndeni wezingulube zasendle.
Ngabe kuhlala kuphi izingulube zasendle?
Izinkukhu zasendle zivumelana ngokuphelele nanoma yiziphi izimo zezulu. Abanye ababhalisile bazizwa bekhululekile endaweni eshisayo, kanti abanye bakhetha isimo sezulu esipholile. Ama-boars amaningi asendle akhetha indawo eyihlathi, futhi angahlala ngokuphelele kuma-oak, ama-coniffort nakwamanye ama-groves. Abanye abantu bahlala ezintabeni nasezigudwini eziseduze.
Ama-Boars angatholakala eNyakatho Afrika, e-Asia, e-Eurasia. Uhla lwazo lusuka ezintabeni zase-Ural luye oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. Futhi, ezinye izinhlobo zihlala ngokuzithandela iziqhingi ezahlukahlukene.
Esikhathini esedlule, indawo yokuhlala kwalesi silwane yayikhula kaningi. Kepha ngokufika komuntu emhlabeni, kwehle kakhulu. Isibonelo, eNgilandi, abazingeli bendawo basiqothula ngokuphelele isilo, futhi manje akekho noyedwa umuntu ohlala lapho.
Kuzo zonke izindawo, ngaphandle kwezimo eziseduze, izingulube zasendle ziyasinda ngokuphelele futhi zizizwe zisekhaya. Lokhu kuphinde kugcizelele ekuguqulekeni kwesilo ngokwezinto ezivumelanayo nokusinda.
Ngabe i-boar yasendle ihlala isikhathi esingakanani?
Izinkukhu zasendle zikhula futhi zikhule kancane. Abantu abadala basondelana unyaka noma emibili. Endle, iminyaka yabo yokuphila iyiminyaka eyishumi. Kepha ekhaya, bangaphila iminyaka eyi-20. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isilo asidingi ukuzingela, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezemvelo nokuguga komzimba waso.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwengulube nengulube?
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ingulube yasendle ingukhokho wengulube, ngenxa yezimo zokuphila ezahlukahlukene, zombili lezi zinhlobo zithole umehluko ominingana obenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa.
Ingulube inemilenze emide kunengulube. Njengoba owokugcina ehlala ezimweni ezintofontofo ngaphansi kokuqashwa komuntu, asikho isidingo sokugijima. Lokhu kuholele kancane ukuthi imilenze inciphise futhi inciphe nokuhamba kwayo. Ingulube yasendle, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphoqelelwa ukuba ihlale ihamba ngendalo futhi ihambe amabanga amade iyofuna ukudla. Ngezikhathi ezithile, kufanele abalekele ukufihla izisulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, imilenze yakhe yathuthuka kakhulu.
Izingulube zinesizalo esinyene, esiyindilinga, kanye nezinwele ezi-sparse, kuyilapho i-boar imbozwe ngezinwele eziqinile ne-septum ephakeme yomlomo. Futhi, lokhu kokugcina kunama-fangs, angekho ngokuphelele ekubukeni kwasekhaya.
Ngabe kudliwa yini izingulube?
Izinkukhu zasendle zinokudla okwandisiwe ngenxa yobubanzi obukhulu. Ngenqubo yokuzinza emhlabeni, bafunda ukudla izitshalo nezithelo eziningi.
Ama-boars asendle adla kakhulu ngokudla kwezitshalo, futhi lokho akuthandayo kuyashintsha njengoba isizini sishintsha. Ehlobo, abantu badla ikakhulukazi amajikijolo namaqabunga. Ngokuqala kokuphola, adlulela ezimpandeni nasezitshalweni ezinamandla. Ngenxa yamaphaphu abo amade, baklebhula inhlabathi, beletha ukudla okuvela ngaphansi kwawo. Futhi, izingulube zasendle azinendaba nokudla izibungu nezimbungulu. Emini, umuntu omdala udla kuze kufike ku-5 kg wokudla.
Amahlamvu angadliwa futhi ngenkuthalo.
Amanzi abaluleke kakhulu kwizingulube zasendle. Zivame ukufika endaweni yokunisela emifuleni nasemachibini. Futhi, ngenkathi uphuza, isilo singabamba izinhlanzi futhi sijabulele umthamo naso. Impatho yangempela kuye amantongomane nama-acorn. Imihlathi enamandla ingena kalula egobolondweni, ikuvumela ukuba ufike esibelethweni.
Amacala aqoshwa lapho izinkukhu zasendle zihlala eduze kwamasimu wepulazi futhi zizokudla ngezitshalo zikakolweni. Futhi, uma kwenzeka ukushoda kokudla, abantu abadala bangabamba amasele namagundane amancane. Ngokungabikho kokudla okuphelele, ama-boar ayakwazi ukushintshela ku-carrion, kepha lokhu ukwenza kuphela ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Ngenxa yobunjalo bayo obumangalisayo, lezi zilwane zikwazi kahle kunoma iyiphi imvelo. Mhlawumbe, kuzoba nzima ukuthola ukudla namanzi kuphela ogwadule olungapheli, kepha uzokwazi ukuvela nokuthile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Izinkukhu zasendle zizama ukuzinza ezindaweni lapho kunendawo enamabhishi nezindawo zamanzi eziseduzane. Izilwane zinamehlo angaboni kahle, kepha umuzwa wazo wokuhogela uthuthukiswa kakhulu. Bangakwazi ukuhogela iphunga ngesigamu sekhilomitha. Lokhu kubavikela ekuhlaselweni ngumuntu, futhi owokugcina kufanele asebenzise izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezikhohlisayo ngendlela yokuzingela izithombo ukuze afike kuye. Uma i-boar ifunda iphunga elingathandeki, ingahle iphunyukele kwezinye izindawo. Ukuzwa kwesilo nako kuthuthukiswa kakhulu.
Izinkukhu zasendle zihlala ndawonye, zihlangana emihlanjini yabantu abangaba ngu-50. Phakathi kwazo kukhona abesilisa abancane nabesifazane abanolwazi abaningi abahola umhlambi. Amabhuzu amaduna amadala akhetha ukuhola indlela yokuphila, eza ekuphumuleni kuphela lapho kudalwa inzalo.
Izidalwa zithanda indlela yokuphila yasebusuku. Emini, bahlala ezigungwini nasezindaweni zomhlanga, bese kuthi lapho sekumnyama baye bayofuna ukudla namanzi.
Izilwane zinesikhumba esizwelayo, ngakho-ke zizama ukufaka uthuli ngangokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kuyayivikela elangeni nasekulungeni kwezinambuzane. Ukuze ube nomthombo wamanzi oqinile nodoti, izingulube zasendle zithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama omkhulu. Kepha lezi zilwane azithandi ukuhlala eduze komuntu, ngoba zimbona njengosongo.
Umlomo kaBoar
I-boar ithanda ukushiya indawo yayo eseceleni kuphela yokudla. Uma ligcwele, aligudluki, liphumula ekuzulazuleni phakathi kwezihlahla. Kepha ngaphandle kokuphila kokuhlala phansi, lezi zilwane zingakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade uma kunesidingo futhi zifike ngesivinini esingafika ku-45 km / h. Izinkukhu zasendle zibhukuda kahle futhi zingawela umfula usuka kwelinye ibhange uye kwelinye.
Isilwane siqaphile kakhulu futhi sikhetha ukugwema izingxabano. Kulula kuye ukubalekela insimu buthule kunokuba angenele umzabalazo wayo. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, izingulube azilona igwala. Uma kunesidingo, uzolwa kuze kube sekupheleni ukuvikela inzalo naye uqobo.
Ukuze uthole induduzo enkulu, lapho umuntu engasengozini, angakwazi ukumba umgodi emafungwini akhe amenze ikhaya lakhe kuze kufike isikhathi sokushiya la mazwe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo
Abesilisa abadala bahlala ngokwehlukana. Ngayinye yayo inensimu yayo lapho bondla khona futhi baphila ngendlela ethile. Abesifazane bathanda ukujoyina emihlanjini enabantu abaningana. Lapho kufika isikhathi sokuzala, abesilisa bajoyina. Ngemuva kokuvela kwenzalo, amabhele amancane asala nonina futhi akha umhlambi omkhulu.
Abantu bayanakekelana futhi bakulungele ukuzivikela, balwa nabonile. Ngasikhathi sinye, amabhuthi asendle asencane afunda ukusinda kulokho onolwazi kakhulu futhi afunde ngokushesha.
Ukuzala
Isikhathi sokudalwa kwezingane sithatha izinyanga ezimbili futhi ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zeplanethi ziqala ngezikhathi ezihlukile zonyaka. Ekuqaleni, abesilisa baqala ukufuna umhlambi nabesifazane. Basebenzisa umqondo wokuhogela namakhono omphangi ukumthola. Uma abantu abaningana bezenza owesifazane oyedwa ngasikhathi sinye, khona-ke kuqala ukulwa, lapho wonke umuntu eba nelungelo lokuba naye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ikhombise ukuphakama kwayo, izingulube zasendle zingavakashela izintokazi eziningana drive eyodwa.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-125. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa uyahamba futhi ahole indlela yokuphila, kanti owesimame ufuna indawo eseceleni lapho angazala khona. Amacube avela esidlekeni esilungiselelwe ngaphambili, ahlanganiswe emagatsheni, amahlamvu athambile nezinye izitshalo.
Ngesinye isikhathi, insikazi ibeletha kusuka ezincwadini zasendle ezihlanu kuya kweziyi-15, ngayinye inesisindo esingamakhilogremu. Zinombala omnyama, ozifihla emhlabathini futhi uzifihle emehlweni ezinja.
Emavikini okuqala, umama akashiyi inzalo ayondle ngobisi. Unolaka futhi akavumeli noma ngubani ukuba abhoxe. Ngalesi sikhathi, baba namandla futhi bafunda ngokushesha ukuhamba. Njengoba insikazi ikhula, ayisabe isabaqaphi, ibajwayele ukuba ikhululeke. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu, baqala ukuzama ukudla njalo.
Izitha zemvelo zezingulube
Ngeshwa, izingulube zasendle zihlangana njalo nezitha eziningi endaweni yazo yemvelo. Okuyingozi kakhulu amabhere, imidlwane nezimpisi, futhi inyamazane ngayinye isizingela ngokwehlukile isilo.
Izimpisi zigijimisa izingulube kuphela emhlambini, ngoba ngaphumelelayo azikwazi ukubhekana nakho. Njengoba imqhubele ekhoneni, enye yezimpisi igxumela emhlane yakhe imgwaze phansi, ngemuva kwalokho nabanye banciphisa ibanga.
I-Lynx izingela yodwa, yingakho ingenakukwazi ukubhekana nengulube endala. Ngakho-ke, ummeleli wekati uhlasela abantu abasha kuphela abashiya umhlambi. Futhi noma i-boar iba nenkani kakhulu, i-lynx ingabuya.
Ibhere liyisitha esiyingozi kakhulu. Ngemuva kokungena kulelo bhola nensimbi, ubamba izihlakala bese encipha ngamandla akhe onke. Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi esimweni esinjalo, i-artiodactyl inamathuba ambalwa.
Ngaphezu kwezilwane ezinobutha, amagatsha abukhali nameva abangela izinkinga ezinkulu. Ngokungazi, ingulube yasendle ingahle ingene kubo ilimaze amathe ayo.
Ukunyakaza kwensimbi yasendle
Uma kudingeka, umuntu omdala angahamba amabanga amade ngesikhathi esifushane. Imilenze enamandla futhi nomzimba onwetshiwe ikuvumela ukuthi usheshise ngokushesha futhi ugijime isikhathi eside, ngaphandle kokunciphisa ijubane.
Isivinini esijwayelekile sokugijima kwezinkukhu zasendle yi-35 km / h
Izinkukhu zasendle zibhukuda kahle. Akunzima ukuthi bahambise ngisho nokumelana nomoya, okusiza kakhulu lapho bezinza eziqhingini ezingomakhelwane.
Vota
Imisindo eyenziwe izingulube ayihlukile ku-grunts yengulube ejwayelekile. Esimweni esizolile, ukhulumisana ngokuhlwitha nezinye izimpawu. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, isilo singavunda ukuze kusabise owonile noma sidonsele ukunaka komhlambi oseduze, ozozama ukukusindisa.
Izici ezijwayelekile
I-Boar yasendle i-artiodactyl engaxutshisi engasindi kuhlobo lwezinkukhu zasendle ( USus ) Ihluke kwengulube yasekhaya, ngokungangabazeki yehla ivela ebubini lwasendle (nezinye izinhlobo ezisondele kakhulu), inomzimba omfushane noxineneyo, imilenze eminyene nangaphezulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhanda lesibaya sasendle lide futhi lincane, izindlebe zinde, zibukhali futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ziqonde, zibukhali. Ukukhula njalo kwama fangs akhula njalo nangaphansi aphuma emlonyeni kuya phezulu kowesilisa kuthuthukiswa kakhulu kunokwesifazane.
Amabhulashi wokunwebeka, ngaphezu kwengxenyeni engezansi yentambo nangasemuva kwesisu, kwakheka ngemuva okuthile okufana ne-mane ene-ikamu, elikhukhumelayo lapho isilwane sithokozile. Ebusika, ngaphansi kwama-bristles, kukhula uthambile futhi obambile othambile. Ama-bristles anemibala emnyama-nsundu ngombala wokuhlanganiswa okuphuzi, i-undercoat is brownish-grey, ngenxa yalokhu Umbala ojwayelekile ungwevu-onsundu-onsundu, umjondolo, umsila, imilenze ephansi nezinselo zimnyama. Izinhlobo ezingafani nezinhlobonhlobo ze-piebald azivamile futhi zithathwa njengezizukulwane zezingulube ezifuywayo ezifuywayo. Umbala wamabhuleki ungahluka ngokuya ngeminyaka nendawo yokuhlala: uma amabhele amnyama ahlanzekile atholakala eBelarus, khona-ke endaweni yeLake Balkhash akhanya kakhulu, acishe abe mhlophe.
Entanyeni enkulu, eminyene futhi emfishane kunekhanda elikhulu elimise okwenziwe ngeziqu ezinezindlebe ezinde ezibanzi, amehlo amancane neswidi elinamandla elibheke phambili ngesibambo, elifanelwe kahle ukumba. I-boar eseyindala ikwazi ukudonsa ngokudonswa kwayo ngenhlabathi efriziwe kuya ekujuleni kuka-17- cm. Umsila uqondile, ubude bawo bungama-20-25 cm, ngebhulashi lezinwele ekugcineni. Uhlelo lokugaya lubulula ngokuqhathaniswa namanye ama-artiodactyls. Kwenza imisindo efanayo nengulube yasekhaya (imigqumo nemikhono), zingahlukaniswa ngokuxhumana, zikhathazeke futhi zilwe.
Ubude bomzimba bufika ku-175 cm, ukuphakama lapho kubuna kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-1. Isisindo se-boar esidala ngokuvamile asidluli ku-100 kg, yize singafinyelela ku-150-200 kg. Ngesinye isikhathi, abantu abanesisindo esifinyelela kuma-275 kg bafika eMpumalanga Yurophu, bese kuthi kube yingxenye yamathani ePrimorye naseManchuria. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibonakaliswa ngokucacile - izinsikazi zincane: ukuphakama kubuna kuze kufike ku-90 cm, isisindo ngaphakathi kwama-60-180 kg. Isikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane singafinyelela iminyaka eyi-14 ngokwemvelo neminyaka engama-20 ekudingisweni nasezindaweni ezivikelwe. Ama-boar ayakwazi ukushesha aze afike ku-40 km / h. Izinkukhu zasendle zingabhukudi abahle; ngonyaka ka-2013, enye yezinkukhu ebhukuda isuka eFrance iye esiqhingini sase-Alderney kude enyakatho.
Ku-karyotype, ama-chromosomes angama-36-38. Ucwaningo lwe-mitochondrial DNA lubonise ukuthi amabulu asendle avela endaweni ethile eziqhingini zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ngokwesibonelo, endaweni ye-Indonesia yanamuhla noma ePhilippines, lapho asakazekela khona ezweni lonke lase-Eshiya kanye naseNyakatho ne-Afrika. Izinhlobo zamathambo ezindala kakhulu zalezi zinhlobo ze-Early Pleistocene, kancane kancane zisusa uhlobo oluhlobene kakhulu USus strozzi - isilwane esikhulu esivumelaniswe nokuphila impilo yokubhukuda, isilwane okuvela kuso, ngokusobala, ingulube yaseJavanese. Isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu ingulube enentshebe etholakala eNhlonhlo yeMalay naseziqhingini ezithile zase-Indonesia.
Izinhlobo zama-billholes
Isifunda ngasinye sinezinhlobo zazo zezinja. ESpain, eFrance, e-Italiya, kuvame uhlobo lwaseCentral European noma lweMaremian. ESardinia nase-Andalusia, izingulube zaseMedithera. Futhi kukhona nabaseNdiya, baseMpumalanga nabanye abaningi.
Indlela yokuphila
Lesi silwane asinawo amehlo amahle kakhulu, kepha sinomuzwa omuhle wokuhogela. Uhogela umuntu, ikakhulukazi emoyeni, ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-400. Iphunga le-pungent lingasabisa isilwane futhi liphazamise ukuzingela.
Ingulube yasendle isilwane esihlala ikakhulu emhlanjini. Imvamisa abesifazane bahlala kuyo ngama-hogs angonyaka odlule. Ingulube yasendle endala imshiya ayohlala yedwa. Ubuyela emhlanjini kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala, athathe indawo yomholi.
Ama-boar ayasebenza ebusuku. Ngalesi sikhathi, uyaphuma ayokudla futhi athathe imishanguzo yamanzi. Ntambama, uphumula emhlangeni noma ezixhaphozini, acashe endaweni yokubhula.
Imikhuba
Imikhuba yezingulube zasendle iyathakazelisa impela.
Lezi zilwane zizwela kakhulu ekushiseni ngokweqile. Ukuze ungashiswa yilanga futhi uzivikele ekulimaleni kwezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, ufakwa ngokucophelela odakeni.
Isimo esibalulekile sokuphila kwalezi zilwane ukuba khona kwesichibi esiseduze kwe-rookery.
Imikhuba yezilwane zasendle yenza ukuthi izingulube zihlale kude nabantu. Aza angavami kakhulu ezindaweni zokuhlala, kepha izinkambiso ziya emasimini lapho kukhiqizwa khona i-oats noma ummbila njalo.
Ama-boar aholela ekuhlaleni isikhathi eside. Ezinyangeni zasehlobo ushiya indawo yakhe yokukhosela ukuze nje adle. Ngemuva kwalokho uyabuya futhi uyophumula.
Ebusika, imikhuba yengulube yasendle ayishintshi. Ebusika, izingulube zasendle nazo azihambi kakhulu, njengoba iqhwa lingavumeli ukuthi lihambe kude. Ama-boar asendle, naphezu kokungaxhamazeli, ukubhukuda okuhle kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuxhuma kwama-boar siqala ngoDisemba kuya kuJanuwari. Owesilisa osekhulile uthola umhlambi wezinsikazi ngephunga, umsindo nezinyathelo zezinyawo. Lapho izingulube zigijima, zibuyela emhlanjini. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, bamshiya futhi. Njengomthetho, izingulube zinezinsikazi eziningana zalo mjaho.
Ngalesi sikhathi, indlela yokuziphatha kwabesilisa iba nolaka. Uma umphikisi engena emhlambini, impi ebulalayo ayinakugwenywa. Babeshaya bodwa ngamachilo abo, okudala imicu emibi. Olahlekile ushiya umhlambi.
Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuyaqhubeka izinsuku ezingama-120-130. Ngaphambi kokuzala, ushiya umhlambi abheke indawo ecashile. Ube esezakhela umbhede, afane “nesidleke” samagatsha notshani obomile.
Ingulube yasendle ebelethayo izala ama-piglets ama-5 kuye kwangama-15, enesisindo esingama-1 kg. Ijazi labo limnyama noma nsundu ngemithende emhlophe emide. Lo mbala uvikela izingane ekuhlaselweni yizilwane ezidla ezinye. Kungcono ukuthi ungasondeli ku-lair yowesifazane ngalesi sikhathi, ngoba unolaka olukhulu.
Umsoco
Ngabe kudlani izinkukhu zasendle? Ukuvela kwalezi zilwane kuyinto eyisimanga impela, ngakho abaningi banesifiso sokuthi ngabe izingulube ziyisisulu noma cha.
Eqinisweni, bacishe babe ngama-omnivorous, ngoba badla ukudla okuhlukile ngezikhathi ezihlukile zonyaka:
- Ingulube yasendle idla ehlathini, ikhipha izimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo ezinamandla kakhulu ngaphansi komhlaba. Ziqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto eziwusizo.
- Ehlobo nasentwasahlobo, izingulube zasendle zidla amaqabunga aluhlaza kanye namahlumela ezitshalo.
- Ukudla kwayo kufaka amajikijolo, izithelo, ama-acorn, amantongomane, amazambane nezitshalo zezolimo.
- Ziphinde futhi zidle amasele, iminyundu, izinambuzane, izibungu, kanye nezidladla ezincanyana, futhi ebusika azinqikazi ukukha i-carrion.
- Ekwindla, izingulube zasendle nazo zidla ama-acorns, ama-voles asensimini, i-oats nokolweni.
Manje uyazi ukuthi kudlani ama-boar asendle.
Izici Zokuzingela
Ukuzingela izingulube zasendle kungenye yemisebenzi eyingozi kakhulu. Ungazingela wedwa noma ubambe iqhaza esibayeni. Akumele sikhohlwe ngezimpawu zemikhuba yezilwane zasendle nokuthi zikhulu kakhulu. Isisindo sayo sifinyelela kuma-300 kg.
Ukuqala kwesikhathi sokuzingela kuya ngezindawo ahlala kuzo. Kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya kuJanuwari kuwukuzingela kwezilwane ezincane nezinsikazi. Abesifazane badutshulwa ngoSepthemba nangoDisemba. Ungazingela ama-billhook ngezindlela ezihlukile: kusuka embhoshongweni, kumakhorali, ngezinja, noma endaweni.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
I-boar yasendle isilwane ezincelisayo okuyi-oda yama-artiodactyls, isizinda sezingulube ezifana nengulube (okunga-ruminant), nohlobo lwezingulube zasendle. Ama-Zoologies, asuselwa emaqinisweni wokuthola izinsalela zamathambo, cabanga ngengulube yasendle isilwane sakudala kakhulu esivela emuva esikhathini sangaphambi kobuntu. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka okuba khona kwayo, le boar ibhekane nezinhlekelele eziningi, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane nezitshalo, iminyaka yobunzima beqhwa, ukubekelwa phansi okuhlukahlukene okwenzeka kanye nokuguqulwa okwenzeka nomhlaba wonke jikelele. Yize izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo zanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba kuleso sikhathi esikude nesinonya, izingulube zakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi zaphila.
Ividiyo: Boar
Lolu hlobo lwezilwane lwaphenduka lwaba nozinzo impela, olungazithobi ekukhetheni kokudla, luthathelwa ekupholiseni okunzima nakwezinye izivivinyo zemvelo. Kuyo yonke imindeni yensimbi eboshwe ngezinselo, eyayigcwele phakathi nesikhathi sobudala, munye kuphela osindile kuze kube namuhla, ubizwa ngokuthi "izingulube zangempela".
Kubandakanya i-genera emihlanu:
- UBabiruss (uhlala esiqongweni saseCelebes Island),
- warthogs (i-Afrika),
- izingulube ezinezinwele ezinde (izindawo ezishisayo zase-Afrika nesiqhingi saseMadagascar),
- izingulube zasendle (enyakatho ye-Afrika, iYurophu, i-Asia).
Zintathu kuphela izinhlobo zezingulube zasendle ezingabizwa ngohlobo lwezingulube zasendle:
- izingulube ezejwayelekile (enyakatho ye-Afrika, i-Asia, i-Europe),
- ingulube enentshebe (iJava, iSumatra, iCelebes, iziqhingi zaseMalunsky nasePhilippines),
- ingulube emfishane (iHimalaya).
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi, ngaphandle kwezimo ezinzima, kwesinye isikhathi ezingenathemba zokuba khona kwasendulo, izingulube zasendle azishintshanga ukubukeka kwazo, zinikezwe yimvelo emuva ngalezozinsuku. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukutholwa kwezinsalela zamathambo, ngokusho ukuthi ungaphinda uphinde ubonakale kanjani ukubukeka kwesilwane. Ukwazile ukuzivumelanisa nokubukeka komuntu kanye nazo zonke izinguquko emhlabeni wangaphandle ezihambisana nalesi sehlakalo, yize izilwane eziningi ezinkulu zazingenakukwazi ukubekezelela.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isilwane se-Boar
Ezweni lethu, inani lezinkukhu zasendle alikho engcupheni, futhi selokhu kwaqala izinkulungwane ezimbili zamakhulu inani lazo likhuphuke kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nobunzima beminyaka yamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela kukhona ukukhishwa okungokomthetho okuhlala njalo kwezingwegwe zama-bill. Kwezinye izindawo, kunokugcwala ngokweqile kwezilwane ezindaweni ezithile, okudala ukulimala kwamahlathi womhlaba nezolimo.
Lapho kunezingulube eziningi kakhulu endaweni eyodwa, azinakho ukudla okwanele. Ekusesheni kwakhe, baqala ukumba umhlaba kaninginingi ezindaweni ezifanayo, ezingalimaza uhlelo lwezimpande zezihlahla, okuholela ekufeni kwabo. Uma inani labantu likhulu kakhulu, amabhuzu abhubhisa amasimu wonke ngezilimo, okuthinta kabi isivuno sesilimo esithile. Kulesi simo, ukudubula kuvunyelwe ngaphezu kokujwayelekile, futhi abazingeli basebenza.
Ukuzingela i-boar yasendle kuyingozi enkulu kakhulu futhi ibhizinisi elingalindeleki, ngakho-ke akuwona wonke umzingeli ongakwenza. Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuthi isilwane esidubulekile esilimele siyisilo esiyingozi kakhulu, esinolaka, sisusa yonke into nawo wonke umuntu osendleleni. Abazingeli kufanele baqaphele kakhulu futhi bagxile.
Kwamanye amazwe amaningi, inani labantu boar alilihle kangako njengaseRussia. Imvamisa, baqothulwa ngokungenacala (Egypt, Great Britain). Kepha, noma kunjalo, kufanelekile ukukhumbula futhi ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezilwane lusatshalaliswa kabanzi kulo lonke iplanethi yethu futhi alusongelwanga ukuqothulwa, ngoba ngokushesha okukhulu futhi kalula kusuka ezingxenyeni ezintsha.
Ukufingqa, ngifuna ukuqaphela ukuthi izingulube zasendle ziletha izinzuzo ezinkulu kulezo zindawo lapho zihlala khona, ngaphandle kokuthi, impela, inani lazo lenyuka. Idla izinambuzane eziningi eziyingozi ezitshalweni, ezilimaza ihlathi. Nini izingulube bamba umhlaba ngamafangs awo, lokhu futhi kunomphumela omuhle enhlabathini, okuholela ekukhuleni okuningi kwamahlumela notshani. Ngamafungi akhe, njengomlimi, uyakhulula ngobuhlakani, ngaleyo ndlela enze njengohlobo lwehlathi ngokuhlelekile.
Incazelo yemvelo
Ama-boar asendle (ama-boar) angokulandelana kwama-artiodactyls, isishumekeli sezinsimbi ezingashisi kanye nomndeni wezingulube. Le nyamazane ihluke kakhulu kwengulube evamile yasekhaya. Inomzimba omfushane, kodwa omnyama, imilenze mikhulu futhi iphakeme, okuvumela isilwane ukuba sihambe amabanga amade. Ikhanda linamandla, nesiphuzo eside eside, izindlebe zibukhali futhi ziqondile. Kodwa-ke, inzuzo eyinhloko ye-boar yasendle yizingcingo zayo ezibukhali, ezikhula njalo, ezingasebenza njengezikhali ezinkulu zokulwa nabantu nezimpisi.
Ukuhlukaniswa Nokukhishwa Emakhaya
Ezikhathini zasendulo, uhla lwezingulube zasendle lwalubanzi kakhulu. Namuhla, ezindaweni eziningi, izingulube zasendle sezinyamalele ngokuphelele. E-Russia, lesi silwane sitholakala eningizimu yeSiberia, iTien Shan, iTransbaikalia kanye neCaucasus. Ama-boar asendle avame ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine eziyinhloko, okuncike esifundeni lapho kuhlala khona lezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo:
Kungani lezi zilwane zaba izilwane ezifuywayo ngokushesha okungaka? Isizathu silele emnivivousness yabo kanye ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ukusebenza ezimweni ezintsha zokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingulube ziyisilwane senhlalo-ke, kuye, ngokulandelana kwezinto zokubutha imihlambi.
Endle, kufika kwabesifazane abathathu kwabesilisa. Abesifazane abanezingulube, kanye nezilwane eziningi ezincane zibuthana emihlambini eminingi, kepha abantu abadala bathanda ukuhlala bodwa. Isigaxa sezingulube ezisencane futhi ezinempilo zensikazi siqukethe izingulube eziyisithupha kuya kwezingu-12. Izilwane ezisencane ezimweni eziningi zinombala onemibala, ezivumela ukucasha phakathi kwamagatsha namaqabunga.
Izitha zemvelo zezingulube
Izilwane eziningi zasendle zinezitha zazo zemvelo. Ezingubeni, amabhere, izimpisi noma ama-lynxes athatha le ndima. Njengomthetho, izimpisi zihlasela amaphakethe ku-boar eyodwa. Okokuqala, bagxumela ezinweleni phezulu bese beyigxoba phansi, emva kwalokho bonke bahlikihla isisulu.
U-Lynx uzama ukungazihluphi izingulube zasendle ezindala, akhethe kubo abasebasha abaye balwa nomhlambi. Umhlaseli uhlasela inyamazane, amngene amanxeba okufa kuwo ngezingono namazinyo.
Kepha ibhere libhekwa njengesitha esibi kakhulu sezingulube zasendle. Lesi silwane esikhulu esikwazi ukudonsa i-billhook ngezidladla zayo ezinamandla, siwaphule wonke amathambo. Esikhathini esiningi, isilwane siyafa ngale ndlela, ngoba ibhere akuvamile ukusebenzisa amazinyo noma izelamani, ukuzama ukubamba inyamazane.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwengulube nengulube yasendle?
Yimuphi umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwengulube yasendle nezinkukhu zasendle? Ngokwedlule, akukho lutho, ngoba womabili la magama akhuluma ngesilwane esifanayo. Noma kunjalo, elithi "cleaver", "hog" ne "boar" ngamagama anobuhlakani futhi asetshenziswa ikakhulu ngolimi lwendabuko, futhi elithi "boar" igama lencwadi. Iningi labazingeli kulwazimagama lithanda ukusebenzisa izinketho zokuguqula, njengoba lizwakala linyanyisa. Kungabuye kucatshangwe ukuthi abantu asebekhulile babizwa ngokuthi ama-boars, kanti abancane yizingulube zasendle.
Lo mbuzo ubuhlobene negama lensikazi yasendle. Abaningi ababoni ukuthi igama elithi "ingulube" lisebenza kuzo zombili izilwane ezifuywayo nezasendle.
Abanye abazingeli bathanda ukuzalanisa izingulube zasendle ekhaya. Lo ngumsebenzi othokozisayo futhi onenzuzo, ngoba inyama yasendle ye-boar ihlukile ekunambithekeni kwenyama yengulube yasekhaya.
Njengomthetho, isikhathi sokudla sithatha iminyaka emi-5 kuye kweli-7. Ukuze uzigcine uzodinga ukusebenzisa kahle izibaya ezifanayo nezingulube ezijwayelekile. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezifuywayo ziyakujabulela ukudla konke ezikunikwayo. Kaningi, abalimi babalungiselela okusanhlamvu okukhethekile nezitshuluzo zikakolweni, ngoba lokhu kuyindlela yokuphakelwa kahle enempilo nenomnotho.
Yize iqiniso lokuthi okhokho bezingulube babhekwa njengezilwane zasendle, bazophatha umnikazi wazo kahle. Bayazihlonipha futhi bayabathanda abantu ababakhathalelayo, futhi bazovikela inkosi yabo uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, ngoba bebezovikela inzalo yabo endle.
Inyama ye-boar yasendle, equkethe ekhaya, inokunambitheka okungajwayelekile, kunalokho ngomunyu omncane. Ama-gourmet amaningi athandana nawo emakhulwini eminyaka edlule. Wake wambona yini ukuthi imiphetho yengulube ethosiwe kuhhavini ibukeka kanjani? Lesi sithombe esingenhla sizokwazisa ukuthi lesi sidlo simnandi kangakanani. Qiniseka ukuzama ngandlela thile!
Indawo
Ububanzi bezingulube zasendle bukhulu kakhulu kuwo wonke umndeni wezingulube futhi esinye sezilwane ezincelisayo kakhulu emhlabeni. Izinkukhu zasendle zitholakala ezindaweni ezibanzi ezibanzi (i-beech ne-oki) kanye namahlathi axubile asenkabeni yeYurophu Ephakathi (ukusuka e-Atlantic kuya e-Urals), eMedithera, kubandakanya nezindawo ezithile zaseNyakatho Afrika, kubandakanya nezintaba ze-Atlas nezaseCyrenaica (ezikhathini zasendulo, ibanga lazo lalikhuliswa eduze kweNayile Valley kuya IKhartoum eningizimu), ezifundeni ezi-steppe zase-Eurasia, e-Asia Ephakathi, enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Ntshonalanga Asia, enyakatho, uhla lwama-boar asendle afinyelela kwi-taiga no-50 ° C. w. (ngokomlando ifike eLake Ladoga ngo-60 ° N, yabe isidlula umugqa we-diagonal weNovgorod neMosos, yeqa izintaba zase-Ural ngo-52 ° N isuka eNtshonalanga Siberian Plain ngo-56 ° N, ngaphambi jikela eningizimu kwiBaraba Lowland), empumalanga - ngokusebenzisa iTarim Depression, izintaba zaseTannu-Ola naseTransbaikalia ziye e-Amur enyakatho kanye neHimalayas eningizimu, kufaka phakathi izindawo zase China, Korea, Japan kanye ne-Great Sunda Islands eseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia. Phezu kwezwekazi elikhulu, bekukhona iziqhingi zabantu, okubandakanya iziqhingi zaseBrithani, iCorsica, iSardinia, iziqhingi eziningana ezisezindaweni zase-Aegean nase-Ionia, eSri Lanka, eSumatra, eJava naseziqhingini ezincane zase-East Indies, eTaiwan, eHainan, eRyukyu, esiqhingini saseJapan ISakhalin, lapho kugcinwe khona izinsalela zezimbotshana zasendle.
Ngaphandle kwale mingcele (ezifundeni ezithile zaseNingizimu Asia, eNingizimu neCentral Africa), ithathelwa indawo yizinhlobo ezihlobene (ingulube enkulu yehlathi, i-warthog yase-Afrika, ingulube enentshebe, i-babirusa, ingulube emfushane, ingulube yaseJavanese, njll.).
Izinguquko Ezihlukahlukene
Ezikhathini zasendulo, uhla lwezingulube zasendle lwalubanzi kakhulu kunolo lwesimanje. ECentral Europe naseMiddle East, kwakuvame ukuba cishe yonke indawo, manje ezindaweni eziningi sekuqediwe ngenxa yokuzingela okungalawulwa. Ngakho-ke, eLibya, izingulube zasendle zanyamalala ngawo-1880s. Izinsimbi zokugcina eGibhithe, lapho zazivame kakhulu khona enkathini yamaFaro, zashona eGiza Zoo ngoDisemba 1912, kwathi lapho abantu basendle beshonile ngo-1894-1902. UPrince Camille el-Din Hussein uzame ukuphinda aqoqe uWadi Natrun ngezinqola zasendle ezivela kwamanye amazwe ezivela eHungary, kodwa basheshe baqothulwa abazingeli. Isimo esifanayo sanda eScandinavia (zazingekho izingulube eDenmark ngekhulu le-19), ezindaweni ezinkulu ze-USSR yangaphambili nenyakatho yeJapan, kanye naseGreat Britain, lapho zanyamalala khona ngekhulu le-13, yize uWilliam uMnqobi anakekela ukuzivikela kwabo, enquma ngo-1087 unyaka wokubulawa kwezinja zasendle okungekho emthethweni ukuze kuphuphutheke umzingeli, kwathi uCharles I ngekhulu le-XVII wenza umzamo wokuphinda akhiqize izingulube zasendle, ezenziwa ize impi yombango.
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ukubuyiselwa okuyingxenye kwezilwane zasendle eziqala ukusetshenziswa kwaqala, ikakhulukazi e-USSR - ngonyaka ka-1960 baphinde batholakala ezifundeni zaseLeningrad naseMoscow, kwathi ngo-1975 bafika e-Astrakhan nase-Arkhangelsk. Ngeminyaka yo-1970, izingulube zasendle zaphinde zatholakala eDenmark naseSweden, ngisho naseNgilandi ngawo-1990s, kwavela amaqembu wezikebhe zasendle ezivela ezwenikazi, aphunyuka emapulazini akhethekile. Isibalo sezingulube zaseBrithani sihlongozwe ukuthi siqedwe, intatheli kanye nesishoshovu sezomnotho uGeorge Monbio baphikisana futhi bacela ukufundisiswa kahle kwabantu. Njengamanje, inani labantu boar lizinzile ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-Eurasia, lapho zigcinwa khona. Ezifundeni ezithile zaseMongolia, inani labantu lalungiswa emazingeni abantu abangama-0.9 ngamahektha ayi-1000 (ngonyaka we-1982) ngisho nabantu abangama-1-2 ngamahektha ayi-1000 (ngo-1989 ezintabeni zaseKhangai).
Ngasikhathi sinye, le ndawo inwetshwa ngosizo lwabantu ihlanganisa izindawo ukusuka ogwadule olungamaphethelo kuya emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo, kufaka phakathi umhlanga, ihlathi lama mangange nomhlaba wezolimo. Kodwa-ke, nzalo eyenziwe ngabantu yezingulube zasendle zaseYurophu nezingulube ezifuywayo, ukungabi namakhaya ezindaweni ezintsha nakho kusongela kwezemvelo futhi kulimaze amasimu ezolimo (aphakathi kwezilwane eziyingozi eziyikhulu). Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngeNingizimu Melika isuka e-Uruguay iye ezizweni zaseBrazil zaseMato Grosso do Sul naseSão Paulo, lapho ibizwa kanjalo i-javaporcos .
Ama-boars ase-Europe alethwa eNyakatho Melika ngabantu njengento yokuzingela futhi asakazeka endle kanye ne-reyzerbek - izingulube ezifuywayo ezifuywayo ezitholakele lapha kusukela kwaqala ikoloni laseYurophu. Ama-13 boars asendle wokuqala athengwa e-United States athengwa ngu-Austin Corbin kumthengisi wezilwane waseJalimane uKarl Hagenbeck futhi akhishwa eSullivan County ngo-1890. Ukwethulwa kwezimpondo okuphumelela kakhulu eNyakatho Melika kwenzeka eNyakatho Carolina ngo-1913. E-Australia, izingulube ezinamafutha ziyefana nezingulube zasendle endleleni yazo yokuphila.
E-Russia, izingulube zasendle zitholakala ezindaweni ezinkulu ezingxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia (ngaphandle kwezindawo ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-tundra ne-taiga), eCaucasus, eSouthern Siberia, eTien Shan, kukhuphukela kuma-3300 m (ukuqhathanisa: eCaucasus - kuze kufike ku-2600 m, ePyrenees -ukufika kuma-2400 m, kumaCarpathians - afika ku-1900 m).
Ukulandela okulandelayo
Ngenxa yokuhluka kwendawo - ukusuka kuzona ze-coniferous taiga ezigudle ogwadule, kanye nazo zonke izindawo zezintaba kuze kufike ezintabeni - ukwahluka ngokwezindawo zezingulube zasendle kukhulu kakhulu. Hlela imininingwane engu-16 USus scrofaezihlangana ngamaqembu ezifunda ezi-4:
- Ntshonalanga
- S. scrofa scrofa, noma I-Central European Boar (kuvamile eSpain, e-Italy, eFrance, eJalimane, eBenelux, eDenmark, ePoland, eCzech Republic, eSlovakia nase-Albania)
- S. scrofa majori, noma marem boar (kuvamile eMaremma, Italy)
- S. scrofa meridionalis, noma Ama-boar aseMedithera (kuvamile e-Andalusia, eCorsica naseSardinia)
- S. scrofa algira, noma inyakatho ye-african boar (kuvamile eTunisia, Algeria naseMorocco)
- S. scrofa Attila, noma I-Carpathian (isiRomania, isiCaucasian) izingulube zasendle (Okuvamile eCarpathians, kufaka phakathi iRomania, iHungary ne-Ukraine, eBalkan, eTranscaucasia, eCaucasus, eAsia Peninsula, ogwini lweLwandle lweCaspian kanye nasenyakatho ye-Iran)
- S. scrofa lybicus, noma I-anatolian boar (kuvamile eTranscaucasia, eTurkey, eLevant, kwa-Israyeli kanye nasendaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi yiYugoslavia)
- S. scrofa nigripes, noma I-Central Asia boar (kuvamile eCentral Asia, Kazakhstan, empumalanga iTien Shan, entshonalanga neMongolia, Kashgar nase Afghanistan, naseningizimu Iran)
- Indian
- S. scrofa davidi, noma I-Central Asia boar (kuvame ePakistan, enyakatho-ntshonalanga India kanye naseningizimu mpumalanga ye-Iran)
- S. scrofa cristatus, noma i-indian boar (kuvamile eNdiya, eNepal, eBurma, eThailand nasentshonalanga yeSri Lanka)
- Empumalanga
- S. scrofa sibiricus, noma I-Transbaikal boar (isatshalaliswa ogwini lweLake Baikal, eTransbaikalia, enyakatho nasempumalanga-mpumalanga yeMongolia)
- S. scrofa ussuricus, noma Ussuri boar (kuvame empumalanga yeChina, ogwini lwe-Ussuri ne-Amur bays)
- S. scrofa leucomystax, noma i-Japanese boar (kuvamile eJapan (ngaphandle kweHokkaido kanye nesiqhingi saseRyukyu)
- S. scrofa riukiuanus, noma I-Ryukyu boar (kuvamile eziQhingini zaseRyukyu)
- S. scrofa taivanus, noma taiwan boar (kuvamile eTaiwan)
- S. scrofa moupinensis, noma North china boar (isatshalaliswa ogwini lwaseChina, eningizimu eya eVietnam nasentshonalanga eSichuan)
- Isi-Indonesia
- S. scrofa vittatus, noma i-malaysian boar (kuvame enhlonhlo iMalawi, Indonesia kusuka eSumatra naseJava empumalanga kuye eKomodo)
Ukususwa ekhaya
Kukholakala ukuthi abasunguli bezingulube ezifuywayo zanamuhla zezingulube zasendle zaseMesopotamia, e-Asia Minor, eYurophu naseChina, ezifuywe ngesikhathi sokuvukelwa kweNeolithic. Okutholwe ngemivubukulo kukhombisa ukuthi sekuyiminyaka eyi-13,000 kuya kwayi-700 edlule, izingulube zasendle zaqala ukubusa eMiddle East ezindaweni eziseTigris Basin. Ekuqaleni, zazigcinwa endaweni enobulwelwe endle, kufana nokuthi izingulube zigcinwa kanjani manje eNew Guinea. I-Fossilia yezingulube ezaqalwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-11 400 edlule yatholakala eCyprus. Izingulube zazikwazi ukufika kulesi siqhingi zivela ezweni kuphela, okusho ukuhamba kanye nabantu kanye nokuhanjiswa ekhaya. Ucwaningo lwe-DNA oluqhamuka emazinyweni ezingulube namathambo atholakala ezindaweni zokuhlala zase-European Neolithic libonisa ukuthi izingulube zokuqala ezifuywayo zalethwa eYurophu zivela eMiddle East. Lokhu kuvuse ukuhanjiswa kwezingulube zasendle zaseYurophu, okwaholela ekukhulisweni kwezinhlobo zohlobo lwaseMiddle East eYurophu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ukuthunyelwa kwezingulube kwenzeka eChina, okwenzeka cishe eminyakeni engama-8000 edlule (ngokusho kweminye imithombo, eminyakeni eyinkulungwane yesishiyagalombili BC).
Ukuguquguquka okukhulu nokuqina kwezingulube zasendle kuvumela umuntu wakudala ukuba azingene ekhaya ngokushesha okukhulu. Izingulube zazenzelwe inyama enambitha, kepha izikhumba (zezihlangu), amathambo (okwenza amathuluzi nezikhali) kanye namabhulashi (okwenzelwe amabhulashi). ENdiya, eChina, nakwezinye izindawo, izingulube zasendle nazo zazixutshwa ukuze zidle imfucuza yabantu - leyo eyaziwa ngokuthi yindlu yangasese.
I-Central European
Abamele le nhlobo basakazwa kabanzi emazweni ahlukene aseYurophu, kanye nasezingxenyeni zaseYurophu zaseRussia. Izinkukhu ezinjalo zivame ukubonakala kuma-zoo naseziqiwini.
Izinhlobo zase-Central Europe azihlukaniswa ngamanani amakhulu. Lezi zilwane zibonakaliswa ubude obuncane bomzimba - cishe ama-130-140 cm. Isisindo sazo sifinyelela kumanani aphakathi nendawo - cishe ama-100 kg.
Lezi zinkukhu azibhekwa njengezinobungozi ikakhulukazi kubantu. Ngokuqondene nalabo ababanakekelayo, baziphatha ngokuzolile nenhlonipho, bahlukaniswa ngokuziphatha okuhambisanayo. Kodwa-ke, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjalo kufanele zisalokhu zihlukaniswe nomphakathi, ngoba ulaka lwazo lwendalo lungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
E-Asia Ephakathi
Izinhlobo eziningi izingulube ezinkulu zasendle ithole igama layo ngokunembile ngenxa yendawo yokwabiwa kwezilwane. Ngakho-ke, abamele izinhlangano ezingaphansi kwe-Asia Ephakathi bahlala eCentral Asia, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan naseMongolia.
Izilwane zase-Central Asia zikhulu kune-Central European ngosayizi. Ukuphakama kwabo okuphakathi kungama-150-160 cm, futhi isisindo somzimba singafinyelela ku-120-130 kg.
Izinwele zoboya be-Central Asia boars zingaba nemibala ekhanyayo nobumnyama. Okuvame kakhulu izinwele ezi-brown-brown. Uboya balezi zilwane akuyona obukhulu kakhulu, obuchazwa ngokuhlala kwabo okuhlala njalo ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo. Izilwane zikwazile ukuzivumelanisa nendawo enjalo, futhi zizizwa zikhululekile kuyo.
Indian
Abamele lezinhlobo zifakiwe eqenjini elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo zamaNdiya. Izilwane zivamile eNdiya, eNepal, eSri Lanka nakwizifundazwe ezingomakhelwane.
Isimanga sezingulube zamaNdiya ukuthi azesabi abantu. Ngendlela ezolile, ngaphandle kokwesaba, baya ezifundeni ze-steppe bayoqoqa izinto abazithandayo. Abantu bendawo nabo abazesabi lezi zilwane futhi abakaze baziphathe ngolaka.
Ijazi labamele izinhlobo zeNdiya linombala okhanyayo. Lokhu kungenxa yesimo sezulu esifudumele nesici semvelo sendawo.
Ngaphandle kokukhononda kwalezi zinkukhu, ungazisongeli zona noma ngamawundlu azo. Lezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo, ezinakekela inzalo yazo, zihlala zilondoloze imvelo futhi zingamlimaza umuntu onecala.
Ussuri
Uhla lwalezi zinhlobo luyindawo enkulu. Ama-Ussuri boars ahlala esifundeni saseChina, kanye nasemazweni asesifundeni esiseFar East e-Russia, eduze nemifula ye-Amur ne-Ussuri. Kwesinye isikhathi lolu hlobo lubizwa nangokuthi iMpumalanga Ekude.
Abamele le nhlobo bakhulu kunabo bonke abakhona. Ngokukhula okujwayelekile kwamasentimitha angama-170-18, isisindo somzimba wabo sifinyelela inani lama-250-350 kg. Amavolumu anjalo ahlaba umxhwele enza le boar ibe yingozi ibe yingozi kunoma ngubani ohlangana nayo endleleni yayo.
I-hairline inombala omnyama, isukela ku-brown-brown to black. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, lezi zilwane ziqinile kakhulu futhi ziqinile. Bayakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade futhi bajahe lowo ozosongela umhlambi wabo noma umndeni wabo.
Inyama ye-boar yasendle Lolu hlobo luthokozelwa kakhulu ngabantu bendawo, ngakho-ke, cishe ikota yenani eliphelele labamele liqothulwa minyaka yonke ngabazingeli nabazingeli.
Abamele abakhulu bale nhlobo batholakala ngokunembile endaweni yaseRussia, endaweni Primorsky Territory.
IsiJapan
Ama-boar aseJapan ahlala eJapan, ngaphandle kwezinye iziqhingi. Abamele lezinhlobo banosayizi omkhulu womzimba nejazi elimnyama elimnyama.
Ngasohlangothini, lezi zilwane zibukeka zinkulu kakhulu, zinkulu kakhulu. Lo mbono kungenxa yenani elikhulu lamafutha “adla” ngenhloso. Ukugqwala kwabo, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, ukubamba okubuthakathaka kwesipikili esiphakeme, kuyabavumela ukuba bathole konke ukudla okudingekayo.
Lezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo zizolile futhi zinokuthula, ngakho-ke zivame ukugcinwa ezindaweni ezihlukene zokugcina imvelo.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ngokwesilinganiso, izingulube zasendle zihlala endle iminyaka eyi-10 kuye kweli-15. Ngokunikezwa iqiniso lokuthi lapho eneminyaka engu-1 no-1 ubudala ubudala, ama-piglets aqala impilo ezimele, isikhathi esinjalo sokuphila siyacatshangelwa.
Impilo yabamele abathile bohlobo ingahle iphele ngisho nangaphambi kweminyaka eyi-10. Endaweni yazo yemvelo, izilwane zisongelwa izinyamazane ezahlukahlukene, kanye nabantu abathanda ukuzingela.
Ngokusho kocwaningo lwakamuva, cishe izilwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 zibulawa izilwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-400, zibulawa abazingeli nabazingeli. Ukuzingela lezi zilwane kufanelekile ukukhuluma ngokwahlukana.
Ukuzingela kwezinkukhu zasendle
Ukuzingela kwezinkukhu zasendle Kubhekwa njengomsebenzi onenzuzo omkhulu futhi othabisayo. Abantu abaningi babulala izilwane ngenxa yenyama yabo ebalulekile nenempilo, ijazi eliwugqinsi futhi elihle, noma kungenasizathu, ukuthola indondo entsha yokuzingela. Kodwa-ke, lapho ukuzingela izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjalo, umuntu kufanele anake ama-nuances amaningi. Yini izici zokuzilibazisa ezingaphephile?
Okokuqala, kuhle ukusho ukuthi ukuzingela izilwane ezinkulu kangaka kuyibhizinisi eliyingozi kakhulu. Kuyingozi hhayi ezilwaneni kuphela, kepha nakubazingeli uqobo. Iqiniso ngukuthi izingulube zinzima kakhulu ukuzilimaza kabi.
Uma, ngokwesibonelo, ungena ungqimba lwamafutha esifundeni sesisu, ungadala ukulimala okuncane kuphela esilwaneni. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nomonakalo onjalo uzothukuthelisa kakhulu izingulube, futhi uzokwazi ukudala ingozi enkulu kumhlaseli.
Noma ungena kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, awukwazi ukuthinta izitho ezibalulekile futhi "ukhiphe isilo kuphela kuso." Ngakho-ke, abazingeli abangenalwazi abaphakanyisiwe ukuthi bakhethe izingulube zasendle njengesisulu sabo.
Futhi, lezi zilwane zingahlasela abazingeli futhi hhayi ngoyedwa.Amalungu emihlambi yawo ahlala esiza abalingani bawo, aze ancele nezimpilo zawo.
Imvamisa abantu baya ukuzingela nezinja zabo. Kodwa-ke, ngale ndlela bafaka engozini abasizi babo. Izinja ezingaphansi kwezingulube zasendle ngosayizi womzimba nesisindo kwesinye isikhathi ziba sengozini enkulu kunabantu uqobo.
Abantu abaningi abayimilutha ukuzalisa izingulube zasendle. Izilwane ezinjalo azikwazi ukugcinwa ezindlini, noma kunjalo, labo abahlala ezindlini zasemakhaya banganikezwa izindawo ezikhethekile kubo, njengamakhreyithi.
Izakhiwo ezinjalo kumele zigcwaliswe ngotshani obomile ukuze zikwazi ukuhlala kahle izilwane ubusuku bonke, futhi zengeza ukudla okumnandi nokunempilo kwizingulube zasendle.
Ipeni kufanele livalwe, ngoba amabhele awasetshenziselwa umthelela oqondile wesimo sezulu kuwo. Endaweni yokuhlala yazo yemvelo, zivikelwe elangeni, emvuleni naseqhweni otshanini noma ngaphansi komqhele wezihlahla.
Lapho kugcinwa izingulube zasendle ekhaya Kubalulekile ukususa noma iyiphi ingozi esilwaneni futhi usinikeze izimo zokuphila ezintofontofo.
Njengomthetho, abantu abanezinqola zasendle bazondla ngo-5 kuya ku-7 kg wokudla nsuku zonke. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezifuywayo zidla okusanhlamvu okuhlukahlukene, imifino. Kwesinye isikhathi abanikazi baze balungiselele okusanhlamvu okukhethekile nezitshuluzo zikakhokho wezilwane.
Kwezilwane ezinjengalezi, ngeke kube yinto engelutho ukwengeza ekudleni inani elithile lenyama ephekiwe noma yenhlanzi, kanye nokhilimu omuncu wasendaweni kanye noshizi we-cottage shizi.
Okhokho bezingulube, noma bebhekwa njengezilwane zasendle, muhle kakhulu nabanikazi bazo. Bayabathanda futhi bayabahlonipha abantu ababakhathalelayo, futhi bayakwazi ukubavikela uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, njengoba endle bebezovikela umndeni wabo kanye nenzalo yabo.
Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sihlolisise uhlobo lwezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezingathandeki nezijabulisa kakhulu - amabhuzu asendle. Impela wonke umuntu wabona izilwane ezinjalo kwizilwane zasendle, futhi unombono mayelana nendlela yokuphila yezizukulwane zawo eziqondile - izingulube ezifuywayo.
Kwesinye isikhathi asicabangi nokuthi zingaki izilwane ezifa minyaka yonke, hhayi nje ukwanelisa izidingo zemvelo zesintu, kodwa futhi nakubazingeli abanonya nabazingeli. Eqinisweni, izibalo zokubulawa kwabantu abaningi ziyadumaza. Ngakho-ke, ukuvikela izilwane zasendle kungenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kithi.