Ama-octopus amakhulu abizwa igama lawo ngesizathu. Njengoba ungaqagela, lawa ama-octopus amakhulu kakhulu, isisindo sawo singafinyelela kumakhilogremu angamashumi amathathu. Ububanzi bokushintshashintsha kosayizi ezimweni eziningi buphakathi kwekhilogremu elilodwa kuya kwayishumi. Umaka wamakhilogremu amathathu ufinyelela kumuntu osayizi wakhe afinyelela amasentimitha ayikhulu namashumi amahlanu.
Noma kunjalo, lokhu kukude nomkhawulo. Abantu babhalwa phansi ngokwethembekile, ubude bawo bufinyelela kumamitha amathathu nesisindo sawo kufinyelela kumakhilogremu angamashumi amahlanu.
Ngokwemibiko engaqinisekisiwe, i-octopus enkulu ingafinyelela isisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-270 nobude bamasentimitha angama-960.
Enye yezinto ezihlukanisa i-octopus enkulu ukuthi imisele yazo inesimo se-W, futhi ngaphezulu kwamehlo kukhona ukuphuma kwesikhumba kathathu kuya kane, okukodwa okufana nendlebe. I-hectocotyl yesilisa icishe ibe mncane, ivalwe ngxenye futhi ngokubukeka kwayo ifana kakhulu nepayipi. Kunobufakazi obukhombisa ukuthi ubude bama-octopus amakhulu ngamunye bungafinyelela kumamitha ayisishiyagalolunye.
IGiant Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini).
Umzimba we-octopus omkhulu uthambile, mfushane futhi u-oval ngemuva. Ukuvula umlomo kusendaweni okuhlangana kuyo amatende we-octopus enkulu, bese kuvulwa isivalo ngaphansi kwengubo. Ngokubukeka, ingubo yakhona ifana nesikhwama sesikhumba esigoqekile. Umlomo wale collhalk mollusk omkhulu unemihlathi emibili enamandla kakhulu, efana nokufana komlomo wesigaxa. Emphinjeni we-octopus enkulu kune-radula (grater), ngosizo lapho i-octopus igaya ukudla.
Ikhanda, njengamanye ama-octopus, linama-tentpaper amade ayisishiyagalombili. Amatende axhumeke ulwelwesi oluncanyana futhi afakwe izinkomishi zokubamba. Amandla aphethe enkomishi ngayinye yokudonsa enjalo cishe angama-gramu ayi-100, okuthi, uma sibheka iqiniso lokuthi inani lezinkomishi zokugunda lingaba yizinkulungwane ezimbili, linikeza i-octopus enkulu ngamandla amakhulu. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi, ngokungafani nezinkomishi zokudla ezidalwe ngabantu, i-octopus enkulu idinga ukuzikhandla ngemisipha yokuyibamba ngosizo lwabo.
I-octopus enkulu inezinhliziyo ezintathu.
I-octopus enkulu inezinhliziyo ezintathu, enye yazo idonsa igazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emzimbeni wonke, kuyilapho ezinye izinhliziyo ezimbili (gill) ziyicindezela. Njengoba umzimba we-octopus enkulu ungenawo amathambo, ungashintsha kalula ukwakheka kwawo. Lokhu kumvumela ukuba abe ngopulasitiki kakhulu, futhi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, agxume emizimbeni emincane kakhulu, imifantu nezimbobo kuqhathaniswa nosayizi wakhe, futhi futhi unendawo enomkhawulo, umthamo wawo ongaphansi kwenani lokudla kwakhe.
Ama-octopus amakhulu, kanye nezinye izihlobo zawo, aphakathi kwama-invertebrates athuthukiswe kakhulu futhi ane-cortex e-cerebral cortex. Ama-Octopuse anikela ngisho nasekuqeqesheni, anenkumbulo enhle futhi ayakwazi ukwahlukanisa amajamo wejometri. Bayakwazi ukubona abantu futhi banamathele kulabo bantu ababondlayo. Uma uzijwayeza isikhathi esanele ne-octopus, ziba ngcolile. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwekhono lokufunda eliphakeme le-octopus enkulu, phakathi kwezazi zezilwane, impikiswano mayelana nezinga lobuhlakani balezi zilwane ayimisi.
Inkinga enkulu enkabeni yale mpikiswano ukuthi ama-octopus ahlukaniswa amandla okuhlela ubuchopho bawo ukuze enze umsebenzi othile.
Ama-octopus amakhulu anenkumbulo enhle - ayamkhumbula umuntu obakhathalelayo futhi abondlayo.
Ngokwesimo sayo, ubuchopho be-octopus enkulu bubukeka njenge-bagel futhi budebuduze ne-esophagus, kungathi ukugoqa kuyo. Amehlo ale mollusk enkulu makhulu futhi ifakwe ilensi efana neyomuntu. Umfundi unesimo esingunxande.
I-octopus enkulu iyakwazi ukubona imisindo, kufaka phakathi ukuminyana. Kuwo womabili amatende we-octopus enkulu kunenqwaba yezinhlamvu zokunambitha (kuze kufike ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi) ezinquma ukuthi ingakanani isihloko esidliwayo noma esingahlelekile.
Njengamanye ama-octopus, i-octopus enkulu ingashintsha umbala womzimba wayo, ilingise imvelo. Lokhu kuchazwa yiqiniso lokuthi isikhumba se-octopus enkulu siqukethe amaseli anemibala ehlukahlukene. Ngaphansi kwethonya lokufakelwa okuvela kuhlelo oluphambili lwezinzwa, la maseli enza inkontileka noma welulele. Umbala we-octopus enkulu uvame kakhulu kubamele bale nhlobo futhi une-tint brownish. Lapho i-octopus isaba, iba ngumithunzi olula. Futhi uma ethukuthele, uphenduka kabusha.
Ama-octopus aqhuma ngokoqobo ngentukuthelo.
Uhlobo lwe-octopus enkulu
Ngo-2015, ososayensi bakha isitatimende sokuthi i-octopus genome inqunyelwe. Ngokumangazayo, ubude be-genome baphenduka baba bufana ncamashi nobalo lomuntu (i-octopus inamabhande ayisisekelo ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2,7, kanti umuntu unezigidigidi ezi-3). Uma siqhathanisa i-octopus genome, idlula uhlobo lwamanye ama-invertebrates cishe amahlandla ayisihlanu. Izinhlobo zokwenza amaprotheni ze-octopus enkulu cishe zingama-35% ngaphezulu kunakwabantu. Yize ama-invertebrates enama-chromosome ambalwa kunawabantu, makhulu kakhulu kunezinye izilwane zangaphambi kobisi.
Okwamanje akukho datha ngesikhathi sokuvela kwama-octopus amakhulu amakhulu. Singasho nje ukuthi i-cephalopod yokuqala, eyayikhonjwa njenge-octopus, yatholakala ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi kohlelo lwePencwan lesikhathi seCarboniferous.
I-Giant Octopus Lifejikelezo kanye nendlela yokuphila
Ehlobo nasekwindla, ama-octopus amakhulu enza ukufuduka kwesizini. Silindele ukuhlakazeka, ehlobo, i-octopus enkulu ifudukela ekujuleni okujulile lapho yakha khona amaqoqo. Ekwindla, ngemuva kokuphela kokuqhakaza, ama-octopus isikhathi esifushane kakhulu (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezimbalwa) ahlala kulo lonke uhla. Kulokhu, amahlumela awakhiwa, futhi ama-octopus ahamba enhlabathini enamadwala eduze kwama-isobaths. Esikhathini sasemini, i-octopus enkulu ithanda ukuphumula, ikhombisa umsebenzi omkhulu ebumnyameni.
Ezindongeni ezinzima kufaka phakathi amawa amakhulu, ama-octopus amakhulu akhasa. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa amatende aphekwe nezinkomishi zokuncela. Ama-octopus amakhulu ayakwazi ukubhukuda ngemuva.
Ama-Octopus aqala indlela yokuphila eyedwa futhi ahlukaniswa yindawo ebekiwe.
Ukuze benze lokhu, benza ukunyakaza okungafani ncamashi nomsebenzi we-canon. Kulokhu, i-octopus enkulu idonsa amanzi emgodini lapho kutholakala khona amakamelo, bese kuthi ngokuphoqa iqonde ngaphesheya. I-octopus enkulu igxobhoza amanzi ngembobo yokudlala edlala indima yesisa. Singasho ukuthi ama-octopus amakhulu ayelwazi umnyakazo we-jet kudala ngaphambi kokuba abantu baqale ukucabanga ngakho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-octopus enkulu iyakwazi ukushintshanisa i-funnel futhi ngaleyo ndlela iguqule indlela yokuhamba. Kuliqiniso, ijubane lokuhamba kwe-octopus enkulu lishiya ukufiseleka kakhulu: alikwazi ukuncintisana nezinhlanzi ngejubane. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-octopus enkulu ithanda ukuzingela ekuqamekeleni, izifihla njengendawo ezungeze imollusk. Uma izitha ezingaba khona zivela eduzane, khona-ke ukhetha ukucasha endaweni yokukhosela. Kulesi octopus kusiza amandla abo okucwila ngokusebenzisa imifantu encane nezimbobo.
Kube nezimo lapho ama-octopus amakhulu ahlala khona ngasogwini lolwandle ahlala emigqonyeni yamakhreyithi futhi amakhreyithi acwila phansi. Kulokhu, okuthandwa kuhlale kunikezwa ezakhiweni zohlobo lwe "bhodlela", lapho igumbi elikhulu kakhulu linomnyango omncane. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-octopus amakhulu ahlanzekile futhi agcina indawo ehlala kuyo ihlanzekile. Ukuze benze lokhu, basebenzisa indiza yabo, abayikhipha emgqonyeni wefu, bese beyisebenzisa “njengomshanelo”. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinsalela zokudla kwabo zigcinwa yi-octopus ngaphandle komuzi wakhe egcwele udoti.
Ngemuva kokusakazeka ekwindla, ama-octopus ngokushesha okukhulu, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, axazulule kulo lonke uhla.
Giant Octopus Ukuzalela
Njengesidleke, kusetshenziswa izimbobo ezincane emhlabathini, ezicijile ngohlobo lwomgodi owenziwe ngamagobolondo nangamatshe. Amaqanda asesimweni sebhola futhi axhunyiwe ngamaqembu anezingcezu ezingamashumi amabili. Ngemuva kokuba insikazi ivundiselwe, ihlela isidleke emgedeni noma emgodini emanzini angajulile, lapho kuzobekwa khona amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaqanda. Owesifazane ubheka ngokucophelela amaqanda, ewafaka njalo umoya futhi edlulisa amanzi nge-siphon. Kusetshenziswa amatende, insikazi isusa ukungcola nezinto zakwamanye amazwe. Sonke isikhathi amaqanda azothuthuka, insikazi ichitha esidlekeni ngaphandle kokudla futhi imvamisa iyafa ngemuva kokuqunjelwa izinsana.
Giant Octopus Habitat
Uma sikhuluma ngezindawo ezisogwini, isici esivelele sendawo yokuhlala kwama-octopus yinhlabathi enamadwala. Njengomthetho, ama-octopus acasha phakathi kwamagoda, emifantwini nase emihumeni. Ehlobo, i-octopus enkulu ingatholakala kunhlabathi yazo zonke izinhlobo. Ama-octopus amakhulu angavame ukutholakala emngceleni wezihlabathi ezinesihlabathi namatshe anamadwala atholakala eduze kwamaxhaphozi ashubile.
I-octopus yesifazane igcina amaqanda ngokungenabugovu, imvamisa ibulawa yindlala.
Esikhathini esiningi, la ma-octopus atholakala enhlabathini ebunjiwe nasesihlabathini esimaphakathi kwama-bays ajulile. Ezimweni lapho ama-octopus ahlala kude kakhulu nasogwini, akhetha inhlabathi enodaka, enesihlabathi, igobolondo nenhlabathi. Ama-Octopus ahlala ezindaweni ezivulekile, abonakala ngenhlabathi enhle, kwesinye isikhathi ayakwazi ukumba imbobo ebanzi esetshenziswa yi-octopus enkulu njengembotshana.
Izitha Ze Giant Octopus
Usongo olukhulu kakhulu kuma-octopus amakhulu ama-catfish halibuts, oshaka, uphawu, uphawu, amabhubesi asolwandle, izikebhe zolwandle, kwesinye isikhathi imikhaza futhi, futhi, abantu.
Ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinenhlabathi ehlakazeke kahle, ama-octopus angakumba imigodi ebanzi, ayisebenzisa njengethango.
Izakhamuzi ezimangazayo zomhlaba wamanzi
Abaphenyi banamuhla sekuyisikhathi eside beziphikisa zonke lezi zinganekwane nemibono emnandi. Iqiniso lavela lahlaba umxhwele, lezi zilwane zinikezwe inqwaba yezimpawu ezimangazayo:
- bahlakaniphile futhi bayazwela (izigidi zama-hemtery we-tentacle zibanikeza umuzwa wokuthinta ongenakuvinjwa)
- banombono omuhle kakhulu futhi bayakwazi ukuhlaziya ngokushesha lokho abakubonile,
- banesistimu yezinzwa eyenziwe kahle,
- banezinhliziyo ezintathu,
- igazi labo liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
- inezingalo eziyisishiyagalombili eziyishumi, ezihlala zigudluza njalo ngezinkomishi zokuphuza, ezibhekele ukuthinta nokulinganisela, kwesinye isikhathi ezisetshenziswa njengemilenze, ukuhambisa eceleni kolwandle,
- Baxhumana ngombala, kuyilapho bona behlukanisa kuphela imibala emnyama nomhlophe,
- zigudluzwa yinjini ye-jet,
- ekwazi ukufihlakala kahle nokufihlakala, eshintsha umbala wesikhumba sawo nokukhanya kwawo ngomzuzwana ohlukanisayo.
Lezi zidalwa ezimangazayo azinawo umthambo noma igobolondo, zinomzimba omncane kuphela onwebekile ongashintsha ukwakheka. Ngisho ne-octopus enkulu kunazo zonke ingangena kunoma yiliphi igebe elingakhawulisi kuphela isitho sayo esiqinile, umlomo waso umlomo. Lesi sitho siqukethe i-keratin, njengezipikili zethu, futhi sibukeka njengomlomo wompheki. Isilwane esinesisindo esingu-16 kg singangena kalula emgodini ngesilinganiso esingu-3.5 cm.
Lezi zakhamizi zokujula kolwandle ziyesabeka futhi zithandeka ngasikhathi sinye; zibahambisa ekujuleni okungaqondakali ukuze umuntu azibone zonke izintelezi zabo futhi ababone kangcono. Emhlabeni kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-300 zama-octopus, ayi-100 azo ezichazwa, zonke izinhlobo zezimo, imibala namasayizi ahambisana nazo. Zingahlala cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala, kusuka emanzini angajulile ogwini ziye eziphethwini ezijulile ze-hydrothermal. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu yizilwane ezinkulu. Le i-octopus ejwayelekile, i-Doflein ne-Apolion.
Kukhona izindaba zabantu abangabalevi abangajwayelekile abavela ekujuleni kolwandle, osisindo sabo singaphezu kwama-50 kg. Izindaba zezimidondoshiya ezesabekayo ezazinezindatshana ezingamamitha ayi-10 ubude zivele ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 edlule, kanti abanye babamba abantu abangama-octopus amakhulu anesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angama-180, ngokulingana nebhere elimnyama. Lolu hlobo lujabulela idumela elibi. Ngaphezulu kwamehlo e-octopus kunezimpondo ezimbili eziphuma ngaphandle ezifana, ezazibizwa ngegama elithi "ulwandle lwasolwandle." Le yi-octopus kaDoflein.
Lolu hlobo lwama-cephalopods yilona olufundwa kakhulu. Abantu abanjalo bahlala olwandle lwaseMpumalanga Ekude, ogwini lwaseJapan naseMelika. Zincamela ukuhlala ekujuleni okungaphansi, ngaphandle kokwehlela ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-300. Izilwane zalolu hlobo ziyakwazi ukufinyelela isisindo esingaphezu kwama-50 kg, yize isisindo sazo esijwayelekile singama-25 kg. Kunecala elaziwayo lapho i-octopus engaphezulu kwama-270 kg ibanjiwe "ngesilinganiso" samatende angaphezu kuka-9 m.
Ekuzalweni, ubude be-octopus kaDoflein buyi-6 mm kuphela futhi isisindo sayo singama-gramu ayi-0.003. Baphinda isisindo sabo njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu. Eminyakeni emibili, afinyelela isisindo esingama-2 kg, bese aze afike ezinyangeni ezingama-32 enza ijezi, akhuphuka ngokumangazayo aze abe ngu-18 kg. Lama-octopus amakhulu adla ngokuqhubekayo futhi adla konke ukudla akutholayo, angadla uhlobo lwawo. Ama-octopus anjalo ahlala iminyaka emi-4 kuphela.
Lesi sidlakudla sihlala kuzo zonke izilwane zasolwandle ezishisayo nezisolwandle, emanzini angajulile kuze kufike ku-150 m ngezindawo ezinamadwala phansi. Ubude bomzimba ojwayelekile buyi-25 cm, isisindo - ukuya ku-10 kg.
I-octopus ejwayelekile ihlala yodwa, ifihla izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezincelisayo zasolwandle, izifihla kuphela lapho iphuma iye ekuzingeleni. Isikhathi sokuphila - akukho ngaphezulu kweminyaka emibili.
Ukusakazeka Okukhulu kwe-Octopus
I-octopus enkulu idlangile emanzini olwandle ukusuka eNhlonhlweni YaseKorea naseJapan engxenyeni eseningizimu yeSakhalin Island nePrimorye. Bahlala futhi eduze nase-Aleutian nase Commander Islands, Kamchatka kanye naseziKuril Islands. Ngasosebeni olusenyakatho neNyakatho Melika, ngaphezu kweziqhingi ezishiwo i-Aleutian, bahlala e-California. Ngeshwa, njengamanje, inani labesilisa nabesilisa abakhulu kakhulu liyehla futhi landa.
U-Apollion
Lokhu kubukwa kukhulu. I-Octopus ingafuna isihloko sesiqhwaga. Kepha i-Apollion iyona kuphela edonsayo - isisindo sayo esincane esinosayizi omkhulu womzimba. Ukulinganiswa kwe-octopus yalesi silwane kufana nesicabucabu esingejwayelekile: imilenze emide, entekenteke nemincane iyancipha kusuka emzimbeni omncane.
I-Apollo ihlala emadwaleni ngasogwini olusentshonalanga yeCanada, Alaska neCalifornia. Amanzi abandayo ajulile anomoya-mpilo anikeza izimo zokuphila ezifanele zokukhula okuphezulu kwe-octopus.
Umongo wanamuhla wesithombe se-octopus isithombe somdondoshiya onomusa, kodwa-ke, kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi ama-octopus amakhulu anesisindo esingu-50 kg atholwe kancane futhi ancipha eminyakeni engu-15-20 edlule. Lokhu kungenzeka kube uphawu lwezakhi zofuzo olunikeza ama-octopus usayizi omncane kakhulu kunalokho abenakho eminyakeni engama-50-80 edlule. Izizathu zingaba izinto ezingcolisa ulwandle, futhi kwandise ukudoba kwama-octopus (crabs). Noma mhlawumbe emhlabeni wokushisa, lezi zimidondoshiya ezibucayi zimane zilala phansi? Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nakanjani kusongela ama-octopus amakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi ama-supergiants akhona ngokujula ukuthi umuntu angakwazi ukwehla esebenzisa imishini yesimanje.
Umhlaba ongaqondakali wolwandle ufihla izimfihlo eziningi, esinye sazo esiyizakhamuzi zalo ezinkulu. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule, izindaba zabatiloshe abanolwazi mayelana nosayizi omkhulu weKraken zabangela isasasa elikhethekile. Kepha uma i-kroke isesenganekwane eyindumezulu, khona-ke lesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngama-cephalopods wangempela, osayizi bawo nesisindo sawo esenza ukuba isintu sithuthuke namuhla!
Hlangana ne-octopus enkulu ngokweGuinness Book of Record, kwakuyi-cephalopod, eqanjwe ngoDoflein waseJalimane, ubude bayo babuyi-9.6 m kanti isisindo somzimba wakhe sasingama-272 kg. Kunzima ukukholelwa, kepha isilo esinjalo sikhula siphume kwizibungu kuphela usayizi ongu-3-4 mm.Ama-octopus kaDoflane abizwa nangokuthi amademoni olwandle ngokukhula kwawo ngendlela yezimpondo ezitholakala ngaphezu kwamehlo. Ngokusho ukukhula okufanayo, kuthiwa yi-eared.
Ukubaluleka komnotho kwe-octopus enkulu
I-octopus enkulu isilwane esithengiswayo eSouth Korea, i-DPRK, naseNyakatho Japan, okuthinta kabi ukwehliswa kwesibalo sabantu balesi silwane. E-cuisine yaseJapan, ama-octopus amakhulu angumkhiqizo ovame kakhulu wokuya ukupheka izitsha ezifana ne-takoyaki ne-sushi.
Lapho iphekwe kahle, inyama ye-octopus enkulu inambitheka kakhulu futhi inempilo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, zidliwa ziphila, zazo zigawulwa zibe yizicucu eziwumbala futhi zimunca ngaphakathi kwemizuzu embalwa, kuyilapho amatende aqhubeka nokuketulwa. Muva nje, ama-octopus amakhulu aqala ukuza ezindaweni zokudlela e-Russia, esetshenziswa njengengxenye yalawo ma-okuthiwa ama-cocktails olwandle, asefomu elomile nelusawoti.
Ama-octopus amakhulu imithombo yamavithamini e-B-group, selenium, phosphorus ne-potassium. Lapho upheka isilwane, kudingeka ube namakhono athile okuqeda izinki, iphunga nezinsalela ze-mucus.
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E-Gigantomania
Njengoba kufanele zonke izilo, ama-octopus acashe ekujuleni okukhulu, phakathi kwamatshe nolwelwe. Noma kunjalo, ososayensi bakwazile ukwethula umhlaba kwesinye isiqhwaga. Isihlobo se-octopus esingamamitha ayi-9, obambe indawo eyi-1 ohlwini lwama-octopus amakhulu kunabo bonke, sibhaliswe kuma-40s. XX century. Isisindo saso singama-kilogremu angama-180 futhi ubude bomzimba waso singamamitha ayi-8. Kumibuthano yesayensi, la ma-octopus aqashelwa njengabakhulu kunabo futhi afundwa kakhulu, ngoba awawona olwandle olujulile, njengezihlobo zawo eziningi.
Ama-octopus kaDoflein angabathandi bamanzi apholile. Izinga lokushisa elikhulu kubo ngu +12 C. La mollusks akhetha ukuzingela ebusuku izinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans kanye nama-cephalopods afanayo. Isikhumba sikaDoflein sisongeke kancane. Ama-Octopus awenza ukhetheke kakhulu ukuhlangana nosizo lwamakhorali noma idwala.
Ku-pacific
I-octopus yasePacific itholwe isidumbule ogwini lwaseNew Zealand, okungamvimbanga ukuthi angangeni esikalini kakhulu. Umzimba wakhe ungama-4 m ubude futhi unesisindo esingu-75 kg. Umanduleli wakhe wayenezimali eziningi; akazange aphile kuphela, kodwa futhi wangena naseGuinness Book of Record. Kuphinde kwavela ukuthi kuyi-Pacific cephalopod mollusk enesisindo esingu-58 kg kanye nobude bezinsika ezi-3,5 m.
Ama-octopus asePacific awambitheki kahle. Ngakho-ke, kusuka ku-aquarium eyodwa ikwazile ukuphunyula i-octopus engama-12. Ngaphandle kwamathambo, ama-octopus angangena kalula emigodini emincane. Okunye ukufaka ama-cephalopods ukuthi angakwenza ngaphandle kwamanzi amahora amaningi.
Ngeshwa, imvelo yahlela ukuze abamele noma yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane, abafinyelela inani elikhulu kakhulu, baphile isikhathi esifushane. Ikhulu lama-octopus selivele lahlala isikhathi esifushane: cishe iminyaka emi-4. Kwiziqhwaga, le minyaka incishiswa ibe yiminyaka emi-2. Ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi ngokuzayo, abantu abakhulu bazoqala ukunyamalala kule planethi, ngoba, ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ubukhulu akuyona into esemqoka!
Ingelosi yokufa
I-octopus Apollion yaqanjwa ngegama ingelosi kwalasha nokufa. Imollusk yaqanjwa negama elingenabungozi ngokuthi ikwazi ukubulala isisulu ngejethi enoshevu futhi imunce inyama yayo. Uzingela ikakhulu imfoloko. Uma i-apollion iluma umuntu, khona-ke izimpawu ziyohambisana nezimpawu zesinyoka, kepha azibulalanga. Isimila esivela ekulimeni sidlula emavikini ayi-2-3.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-octopus awabahlaseli abantu; kunalokho, bayakugwema ukuhlangana nabo. Ezimweni eziningi, konke ukuluma kungukuzivikela.
Ngokuya kombhali wencwadi ethi "Primates of the Sea" I. Akimushkina, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. ummeleli wohlobo olukhazimulayo lwama-apollion m ubukhulu nosayizi wesikhala se-8.5 m. Ngaleso sikhathi, "izingelosi zokufa" zinesisindo esincane kakhulu futhi osayizi bomzimba wazo awufinyeleli ngaphezu kwama-30 cm. I-apollion ihlala emaphethelweni e-Alaska, eCalifornia naseCanada.
Yanagi Daco
Elinye lama-octopus amakhulu libhekwa njenge- "yanagi-dako" yaseJapan yangempela, noma i-octopus yemvelo, ehlala ogwini cishe. IHokkaido Ubude bawo bufika kumamitha ayi-3. AmaJapane akubheka njengokudla okumnandi, ukudoba okuqinisa kakhulu kunciphisa inani lawo, futhi ama-octopus eza egcekeni, noma kunalokho etafuleni laseJapan, uma kwenzeka.
Ama-Octopus ayizilwane ezimangalisayo. Ama-Cephalopods awabizwa ngokuthi akanhliziyo. Banezinhliziyo ezifika kwezi-3. Igazi eliluhlaza ligobhoza emithanjeni yabo, futhi bahlakaniphe kakhulu. Khumbula isibikezeli esidumile kakhulu se-octopus uPaul (wayengowe-octopus ojwayelekile), owabikezela ngokunembile imiphumela yemidlalo yebhola. Ukuze kuhlonishwe uPaul, kwembulwa itshe lesikhumbuzo ngesimo sebhola lezinyawo. AmaJalimane ayenenhlonipho ngenhlonipho yabo kangangokuba bagcina umlotha wakhe bawubeka ngaphakathi kwesikhumbuzo.
Ungase futhi ubone ama-octopus esekudingisweni, ngokwesibonelo, ku- "Exotarium" yeMoses Zoo lapho kuhlala khona i-octopus enkulu yasePacific.
Eqinisweni, kunama-octopus angaphezu kwama-300 anemilo nemibala emangazayo. Ezingeni lethu, sikhombe ama-octopus amakhulu kunawo wonke.
- I-octopus kaDoflein - 9.6 m, isisindo esingu-272 kg.
- I-octopus kaDoflein - 8 m, isisindo esingu-180 kg.
- I-Apollion - 5 m (isisindo esiqondile asikhonjisiwe. I-octopus ingaphansi kwesisindo kuzo zonke izidalwa ezishiwo kusilinganiso).
- Pacific Octopus - 4 m, isisindo 75 kg
- I-octopus yePacific - isisindo esingu-3.5 m, isisindo esingu-58 kg.
- I-Willow octopus - 3 m (isisindo asichaziwe).
Mhlawumbe umhlaba usazokwazi ngaphezu kweqiniso elilodwa kusuka empilweni yeziqhwaga zasolwandle, okuthi, ngokunikeza umuntu izingqinamba, kuphume ngokungazelelwe ekujuleni kolwandle.
Ikhona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kepha kuze kube namuhla kunofakazi bokuzibonela abakulungele ukuqinisekisa ama-hypotheses amahle kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezincazelo zamatilosi nososayensi, ama-octopus amakhulu asekhona. Bacasha emanzini ajulile olwandle nasezigangeni ezisogwini, ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela babamba iso lomuntu, beshaya abadobi nabahlukahlukene.
Imininingwane yokuthi ama-octopus amakhulu ahlala olwandle avela emhlabeni wonke. Ngakho-ke, i-octopus enkulu kunayo yonke, ebanjiwe ekujuleni kolwandle, yafika kumamitha angama-22 ubude, futhi ububanzi bezinkomishi zayo zokungena yafika ku-15 cm. Ziyini lezi zilwane futhi kungani zingakahlolisiswa?
Yini esiyaziyo ngama-octopus?
Yimilenze yabo ekhula ngokuqondile kusuka ekhanda, ingathatha noma yisiphi isikhundla, nabo mollusk bamba isisulu. Isigqoko simboza amagilebhisi nezitho zangaphakathi.
Ikhanda lincane linamehlo ajikelezayo ayindilinga. Ukuhamba, i-octopus ibamba ingubo ende ngamanzi bese iyisunduza ngokushesha ngethala eliphansi kwekhanda. Ngenxa yalokhu kuxhuma, unyakazisa emuva. Ngokubambisana namanzi, uyink uphuma e-funeni - imikhiqizo edoti ye-octopus. Umlomo walesi sidalwa sasolwandle uthakazelisa kakhulu. Kungumlomo, ulimi lumbozwe nge-grater yophondo ngamazinyo amaningi amancane, kepha abukhali kakhulu. Elinye lamazinyo (maphakathi) likhulu ngokubonakalayo kunalo lonke, lixosha izimbobo kumagobolondo nasezigobolondweni zezilwane.
Giant octopus: ubani?
Lesi yisimo somndeni womndeni we-Octopus dofleini, esihlala ogwini lwamatshe.Isihlobo esikhulu kunazo zonke, esachazwa futhi sangena kwiGuinness Book of Record, sinezinyawo ezilinganayo ezingamamitha ayi-3,5 (ngaphandle kwengubo). Ubufakazi besikhathi samatayitela bufakazela ukuthi kunezilwane ezinkulu ezazinama-tentpenters afinyelela kumamitha ayi-5 ubude. Lama-octopus amakhulu asabise ngamehlo, yize azange abeke ingozi ethile ebantwini. Ukudla kwalezi zakhamizi zasolwandle akubandakanyi Kodwa kungamesabisa umuntu. Ngokwesimo sokucasulwa, imollusk ishintsha imibala ifike emaration, ithathe indawo ethusayo, iphakamise amatende ayo bese ibeka uyinki omnyama.
I-octopus enkulu, isithombe sayo esivezwe ngenhla, isivele ikhiphe i-ink kusiteshi esikhethekile soyinki futhi isilungele ukushesha ukuya empini. Uma i-octopus iphonsa izitho zayo ngemuva kwekhanda layo futhi ibeka phambili izinkomishi zokusenga, kusho ukuthi ilungiselela ukuphindisela isitha - lokhu kuyinto evamile yokuphindisela ekuhlaseleni.
Ingabe ama-octopus amakhulu ayingozi?
Ukudideka kwalesi silwane kungabangelwa uma usibamba cishe noma uzama ukusikhipha emgodini. Amacala okuhlaselwa kwabantu akuvamile, kodwa akukho miphumela ebulalayo eye yabikwa yokuthola ukwenqatshwa yi-tentacle. Ama-Octopuse anamahloni okuzalwa, ngakho-ke avame ukuzama ukucasha lapho ehlangana nomuntu. Yize kuyisikhathi sokukhwelana, abanye abantu banolaka kakhulu futhi abesabi abantu. I-mollusk Octopus dofleini ingakuluma kabuhlungu, kepha lokhu kuluma akulona ubuthi, ngokungafani nokulunywa kwezihlobo ezithile ezishisayo. La ma-octopus amakhulu agcinwa ezindaweni zasemanzini. Kuyiqiniso, isikhathi sokuphila kwawo sifushane: insikazi ifa emva kwenzalo, kuthi owesilisa aze afike ngaphambili, masinyane nje ngemuva kokuzalela.
Ama-Octopuse mhlawumbe amangalisa kakhulu phakathi kwama-mollusks ahlala olwandle olujulile. Ukubukeka kwabo okuxakile kuyamangaza, kuyathandeka, kwesinye isikhathi kuyesabisa, umcabango udonsela ama-octopus amakhulu angashona kalula ngisho nemikhumbi emikhulu, lolu hlobo lokukhwelwa ngamademoni kwe-octopus lwenziwa lula kakhulu ngababhali abaningi abadumile, ngokwesibonelo, uVictor Hugo uchaze encwadini yakhe "Yabasebenzi BaseLwandle" echazayo i-octopus ngokuthi "ukubumbeka kobubi ngokuphelele." Empeleni, ama-octopus, anezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-200 zemvelo, ayizidalwa ezingenangozi ngokuphelele, futhi maningi amathuba okuba asesabe thina bantu, hhayi okuphambene nalokho.
Izihlobo eziseduzane zama-octopus zingama-squid nama-cuttlefish, zona ngokwazo zingamalungu omndeni wama-cephalopods, umndeni wama-octopus ngokufanele.
I-Octopus: incazelo, isakhiwo, izici. Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-octopus?
Ukuvela kwe-octopus kuyadida, akucaci ngokushesha lapho ikhanda layo likuphi, umlomo wakhe uphi, amehlo alo nezinyawo zakhe ziphi. Kepha lapho-ke yonke into iba sobala - umzimba ofana nesaka we-octopus ubizwa ngokuthi yingubo, efakwe inhloko enkulu, kukhona amehlo endaweni ephezulu. Amehlo e-octopus abumbile ngesimo.
Umlomo we-octopus mncane futhi uzungezwe imihlana ye-chitinous, ebizwa ngokuthi uqhwaku. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze i-octopus igaye ukudla, ngoba abazi ukuthi bangagwinya kanjani inyamazane yabo. Ubuye abe ne-grater ekhethekile emqaleni wakhe, agaye izingcezu zokudla zingene gruel. Emlonyeni kukhona amatende, okuwuphawu lwangempela lwe-octopus. Amatende we-octopus mude, anemisipha, indawo yawo engezansi inamachaphaza ezinosayizi abahlukahlukene ukunambitheka (yebo, izinhlamvu zokunambitha zikwamaswidi we-octopus). Ngabe i-octopus inezingakhi eziningi? Kuhlala kukhona eziyisishiyagalombili zazo, empeleni kusuka kule nombolo igama lalesi silwane lavela, ngoba igama elithi "octopus" lisho "imilenze eyisishiyagalombili" (okungukuthi, amatende).
Futhi, izinhlobo ezingamashumi amabili zama-octopus anama-fins akhethekile asebenza njengohlobo lwama-waruds lapho ehamba.
Iqiniso elihehayo: ama-octopus ahlakaniphe kakhulu phakathi kwama-mollusks, ubuchopho be-octopus buzungezwe ama-cartilage akhethekile afana ngokumangazayo nogebhezi lwama-vertebrates.
Zonke izitho zomqondo we-octopus zakhiwe kahle, ikakhulukazi umbono, amehlo e-octopus esakhiweni sawo afana kakhulu nangamehlo abantu. Amehlo ngamunye angabona ngokwehlukana, kepha uma i-octopus idinga ukubhekisisa into, amehlo asondela kalula futhi agxile entweni ethile, ngamanye amagama, ama-octopus anezimbangela zombono we-binocular. Futhi ama-octopus ayakwazi ukuthwebula infrasound.
Ukwakheka kwezitho zangaphakathi ze-octopus kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokungajwayelekile. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwazo lokujikeleza kwegazi luvaliwe, futhi nemikhumbi ye-arterial icishe ixhunywe kwi-venous. I-octopus inezinhliziyo ezintathu! Enye yazo into esemqoka, nama-gill amabili amancane, omsebenzi wawo ukucindezela igazi enhliziyweni enkulu, ngaphandle kwalokho iqondisa ukuhamba kwegazi emzimbeni wonke. Ekhuluma ngegazi le-octopus, banombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka! Yebo, wonke ama-octopus angama-aristocrat angempela! Kepha okukhulu, umbala wegazi lama-octopus kungenxa yokuba khona kwesikhumba esikhethekile kuwo - i-geociamine, okuyilona elidlala kuyo indima efanayo ne-hemoglobin.
Enye into ethokozisayo i-octopus enayo yi-siphon. I-siphon iholela emgodleni we-mantle, lapho i-octopus idonsa khona amanzi, bese kuthi, lapho ikhipha ngokushesha, idale umfudlana wangempela, icindezela umzimba wayo phambili. Kuliqiniso, idivaysi esebenzayo ye-octopus ayiphelele njengaleyo squid yomzala wayo (owaba ngumzekelo wokwenza irokhethi), kodwa futhi nokuphakama.
Amasayizi we-octopus ahlukahluka ezinhlotsheni, ezinkulu kunazo zonke zazo zingamamitha amathathu ubude futhi zinesisindo esingama-50 kg. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-octopus eziphakathi zivela kumamitha angama-0,2 kuye kwele-1 ubude.
Ngokuqondene nombala wama-octopus, imvamisa anemibala ebomvu, nsundu noma ephuzi, kodwa futhi angashintsha umbala wawo ngokufana. Indlela yabo yokushintsha umbala ifana neyezilwane ezihuquzelayo - amaseli akhethekile esikhumba esikhethekile esikhunjeni angakwazi ukwelula futhi athole inkontileka ethile ngemizuzwana, atshintshe umbala ngasikhathi sinye, futhi enze i-octopus ingabonakali kwabazingeli abakhona, noma aveze imizwa yayo (ngokwesibonelo, ethukuthele ukuqubuka kwe-octopus, ngisho nokumnyama).
Ihlala kuphi i-octopus?
Indawo yama-octopus icishe ibe yizo zonke izilwane zasolwandle nolwandle, ngaphandle kwamanzi asenyakatho, yize kwesinye isikhathi ingena lapho. Kepha ama-octopus amaningi ahlala ezilwandle ezifudumele, zombili emanzini angajulile nasezindaweni ezijulile impela - amanye ama-octopus ajulile angangena ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-5000. Ama-octopus amaningi athanda ukuhlala ezigodini zamakhorali.
Ngabe adlani ama-octopus?
Ama-Octopuse, nokho, njengamanye ama-cephalopods, izidalwa ezidla inyama, ukudla kwawo kuyizinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi ezincane, kanye namakati kanye nama-lobster. Baqala ngokubamba inyamazane yabo ngamatshe abese beyibulala ngushevu, bese beqala ukumunca, ngoba bengakwazi ukugwinya izingcezu, baqale ngokugaya ukudla ngomlomo wabo.
Izitha ze-octopus
Enye yezitha eziyingozi kakhulu ze-octopus eminyakeni yamuva ngumuntu, okupheka kunomthelela kwizinga elithile, ngoba ungapheka izitsha eziningi ezimnandi nezihlwabusayo ezivela ku-octopus. Kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, i-octopus inezinye izitha zemvelo, izisulu zasolwandle ezahlukahlukene: oshaka, amabhubesi asolwandle, izihlambi zoboya, imikhomo yokubulala nawo futhi akayona indathane yokudla kuma-octopus.
Ingabe i-octopus iyingozi kubantu?
Kuse makhasini ezincwadi noma kumafilimu aqanjiwe wesayensi ehlukahlukene ukuthi ama-octopus ayizidalwa eziyingozi kakhulu, azikwazi ukubulala abantu kalula nje, kepha futhi zonakalisa nemikhumbi yonke. Eqinisweni, ayinangozi ngokuphelele, noma iyigwala, ngesibonakaliso esiyingozi esincane, ama-octopus akhetha ukubalekela, noma ngabe kwenzekani. Noma zivame ukubhukuda kancane, lapho zisengozini, zivula injini yazo ye-jet, zivumele i-octopus ukuthi isheshise ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha ayi-15 ngehora. Basebenzisa futhi amandla abo ukulingisa, ukuhlangana nendawo ezungezile.
Uhlobo kuphela lwe-octopus olukhulu kunazo zonke olungaba yingozi kuma-scuba divers, futhi kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa. Kulesi simo, yiqiniso, i-octopus uqobo ngeke ibe ngowokuqala ukuhlasela umuntu, kodwa ukuzivikela, ingambulala ngobuthi bayo, obuthi, yize bungabulali, buzobangela imizwa engemihle (ukuvuvukala, isiyezi). Okuhlukile yi-octopus enezimpiko eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ehlala ogwini lwase-Australia, enobuthi bayo be-neuroparalytic busabulala abantu, kepha njengoba le octopus ihola indlela yokuphila yokufihla, izingozi nayo iyivelakancane.
Izinhlobo zama-octopus, izithombe namagama
Kuyiqiniso, ngeke sichaze zonke izinhlobo ezingama-200 zama-octopus, sizogxila kakhulu ezithakazelweni zazo.
Njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi uqagele ngegama, leli yi-octopus enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ingafinyelela kumetro engu-3 ubude nobude obungama-50 kg, kepha laba ngabantu abakhulu kunalezi zinhlobo, ngokwesilinganiso, i-octopus enkulu inamakhilogremu angama-30, namamitha ayi-2-2,5 ubude. Ihlala olwandle lwePacific kusuka e-Kamchatka naseJapan kuya ogwini olusentshonalanga Melika.
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu nezifundwe kahle ze-octopus, ezihlala oLwandle iMedithera nolwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, ukusuka eNgilandi ziye ogwini lwaseSenegal. Incane kakhulu, ubude bayo bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-25, futhi ndawonye namatende angama-90 cm. Isisindo somzimba esiyi-10 cm.Kuyathandwa kakhulu ekudleni kwaseMedithera.
Futhi lo mbono omuhle we-octopus, ohlala ogwini lwase-Australia, uyingozi kakhulu phakathi kwabo, ngoba ubuthi bawo bungabangela ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo kubantu. Esinye isici esibonakalayo salesi octopus ukuba khona kwezindandatho ezihlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumnyama esikhunjeni ophuzi. Umuntu angahlaselwa kuphela ngokuzivikela, ngakho-ke ukuze ugweme inhlekelele, udinga nje ukuhlala kude naye. Futhi yi-octopus encane kunazo zonke, ubude bayo bomzimba buyi-4-5 cm, amatende - 10 cm, isisindo esingu-100 amagremu.
Ukuzalela i-Octopus
Futhi manje ake sibheke ukuthi ama-octopus azalela kanjani, le nqubo iyathakazelisa kakhulu futhi ayijwayelekile kubo. Okokuqala, bazala kanye kuphela ezimpilweni zabo, futhi lesi senzo sinemiphumela emibi kakhulu kubo. Ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokukhwelana, enye yamatende owesidoda octopus aphenduka uhlobo lwesitho sangasese - i-hectocotyl. Ngosizo lwayo, owesilisa udlulisela isidoda sakhe emgodleni we-octopus sowesifazane. Ngemuva kwalesi senzo, abesilisa, alas, bayafa. Izinsikazi ezinamaseli okuzala owesilisa ziyaqhubeka nokuphila impilo ejwayelekile izinyanga ezimbalwa, bese zizalela amaqanda azo kuphela. Kunenombolo enkulu yazo ku-masonry, kuze kufike izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-200.
Ngemuva kwalokho, kuthatha izinyanga ezimbalwa kuze kube sekuqunjweni kwama-octopus amancane, insikazi ngalesi sikhathi iba ngumama oyisibonelo, eshaya izinhlayiya zothuli ezinganeni zakhe ezizayo. Ngasekupheleni, insikazi ebulawa yindlala nayo iyafa. Ama-octopus amasha aqandusela kumaqanda alungele ngokuphelele impilo yokuzimela.
- Muva nje, iningi selizwile i-octopus Paul edumile, i-octopus oracle, isibikezeli se-octopus, ngokunemba okumangalisayo ukubikezela imiphumela yemidlalo yebhola emqhudelwaneni we-European Championship eGerman ngo-2008. Ama-feeders amabili anamafulegi amaqembu aphikisanayo abekwa e-aquarium lapho i-octopus yayihlala khona, bese iqembu eline-feeder yakhe uPaul octopus liqale ukudla kwakhe lawina umdlalo webhola.
- Ama-Octopus abamba iqhaza elikhulu emibonweni yabantu eyindida, futhi esikhathini esithile esidlule, ngonyaka we-1814, umdwebi othile waseJapan uKatsushika Hokusai wanyathelisa umbhalo oqophile, “Iphupho Lomfazi Womdobi,” obonisa owesifazane onqunu phakathi kwama-octopuse amabili.
- Kungenzeka ukuthi ngenxa yokuvela kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngemuva kwezigidi zeminyaka, ama-octopus azothela izidalwa ezinemizwa efana nabantu.
Impilo ye-octopus, ividiyo
Futhi ekugcineni, idokhumenti elihehayo mayelana nama-octopus kusuka ku-National Geographic.
Amakhulu amaningi eminyaka, izingqondo zamatilosi zazithokoziswa ukuhlangana okungahle kwenzeke nesiporingi esikhulu esibomvu - isilwane esilingana nesiqhingi esincane, lapho amatende adonsela imikhumbi engenamsebenzi ekujuleni kolwandle. ukuthi ngabe kukhona i-octopus enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni noma ama-prototypes angempela alesi silo ahlukile kubukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele.
Phezulu - Izinhlobo ezi-4 ze-octopus ezinkulu
Ama-Cephalopods ayizidalwa zemvelo, kepha esikhathini esiningi aba yizisulu zabantu nezakhamuzi ezikhulu zolwandle, kubandakanya nemikhomo yesidoda nemikhomo yokubulala. Kunezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingama-200 ze-octopus. Iningi lazo ziyizilwane eziphakathi nendawo eziphakathi kwama-benthic. Ama-Giants kufanele atholakale phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-pelagic ezilima ekujuleni kolwandle.
4. I-octopus enamasende omude ihlala emanzini aseMedithera. Yachazwa okokuqala ngonyaka we-1826. Umzimba obomvu wesilwane umbozwe amabala amhlophe akhanyayo. Kuholela kwendlela yokuphila yobusuku, ukuzingela izinhlanzi nama-octopus amancane. I-octopus ayenqabi ama-crustaceans kanye nezicucu. Ukusuka entwasahlobo kuze kube sekupheleni kwehlobo, insikazi yalaba bantu abade baboshwe ngamatende, bese yenza okuyi-clutch kuphela. Ama-octopus aqapha ama-future amawundlu kuze kubonakale izinsana ezakheke ngokugcwele. Kungekudala ngemuva kwalokho, i-octopus yomama ibulawa ukukhathala. Ingubo ifinyelela ku-15 cm, kepha amatende anwebisa ubude bomzimba we-octopus ukuya kumamitha ayi-1. Umuntu obekhulile oyi-cephalopod mollusk unesisindo esingu-400 g.
3. I-Octopus ejwayelekile - uhlobo olujwayelekile kakhulu lwalesi yunithi emhlabeni. Uhlala oLwandle iMedithera nolwandle i-Atlantic Ocean. Ingqondo ithuthukiswe kahle. Uyakwazi ukushintsha umbala kuye ngesimo, kepha umbala ojwayelekile onsundu. Idla kuma-plankton, izinhlanzi, ama-mollusks kanye nama-crustaceans. Izinsikazi zinakekela ukubumbana futhi zingashiyi isidleke izinyanga eziyisithupha, okudingekayo ukuze amazinyane akhule eqandeni. Kuyinzuzo yokuthengisa kubantu futhi ikhishwa njengomkhiqizo wokudla. Ubude bomzimba buvame ukufinyelela ku-25 cm, bese amatende - 90 cm. Noma kunjalo, izinkomba ezinamalunga afinyelela ku-130 cm ziyahlangana, ezinikeza ubude besidalwa esingaba ngu-170 cm.
2. I-Doflein octopus, kwesinye isikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi iGiant Octopus, ivame emanzini asogwini olwandle lwePacific Ocean. Ihlela umhume endaweni enamadwala: emihumeni engaphansi kwamanzi nasezintanjeni ezivalekile. AmaJapan namaKorea awabamba njengesilwane esithengiswayo. Ummeleli ojwayelekile ukhula aze afike ku-2 - 3 m enesisindo esingu-25-50 kg. Imininingwane ngobukhona bezinhlobo ezingafika ku-9.6 m ubude ziyaziwa. Ungowesihloko se-cephalopod enkulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni, ngokusho kwe-Guinness Book of Record ka-2015.
1. I-octopus ehlome ngeziyisikhombisa ayitholanga igama eliyinqaba kangako ngoba ikhubazekile ngaphandle komlenze owodwa. I-hectocotyl yalolu hlobo ifakwa esikhwameni ngaphansi kwamehlo kwesokudla. Lesi isende elishintshiwe lesishiyagalombili, elifihliwe ekubukeni, elisetshenziswa i-octopus ukukhiqiza insikazi. Ngobude, lezi zidalwa zikhula zize zibe ngu-3,5 m, futhi izinsimbi zifinyelela ku-75 kg.
Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke esaziwayo se-octopus
Izinganekwane mayelana nodrako owaziwa ngokuthi awuzange uvele ngokuvela nje kokuthi amatilosi awekholeki. Kwesinye isikhathi amaza olwandle ayegeza elunxwemeni imizimba yezakhamuzi ezesabekayo zolwandle. Bangakanani abamele abathile be-oda le-octopus?
- Ngo-1945, isibonakaliso esifinyelela kumamitha ayi-8 ubude nesisindo esingama-180 kg sabanjwa ogwini lwase-United States.
- Lakanye enetheni kwafika i-Dctlein octopus enama-tentograph ayimitha engu-9 futhi enesisindo esingaphezu kwama-270 kg.
- Ngaphesheya kogu lwaseTasmania, ummeleli weqembu lama-octopus elingamamitha angama-3.7 ubude futhi wabanjwa cishe imitha. Esiswini se-octopus, abadobi bathola uchungechunge lwe-t-shirt lomkhwibi owake wanyamalala ngaphambili uShaw Burke. Akukaziwa ukuthi ngabe le ngubo ibingene ngengozi ngaphakathi kwesilwane noma ifake isembozo sentende ekufeni komuntu. Futhi ngakho-ke izinganekwane ze-kroke ziyazalwa.
Eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, ama-octopus anesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-50 eza kakhulu. Mhlawumbe izidalwa ezinobuhlakani zinqume ukuthi usayizi omkhulu akuyona into enenzuzo enjalo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Abamele abakhulu babonwa kalula ngumkhomo wesidoda nemikhomo yokubulala, futhi abantu babanjwa ukuze badliwe. Ama-octopus amancane akuthola kalula ukufihla emifantwini engabodwa kwabazingeli abayingozi. Imidondoshiya yomhlaba wezimbumbulu ezihlomile eziyisishiyagalombili ziyinto yesikhathi esedlule.
Njengamanje i-octopus enkulu kunazo zonke futhi esinda kunazo zonke emhlabeni – imele noma ngabe ihlome i-7 noma i-doflein. Kodwa-ke, ngokuzayo nazo zichotshoziwe, zinikeze enye imidondoshiya yolwandle olujulile. Le yunithi yasebenza njengesisekelo sezinganekwane mayelana nenganekwane edumile - isilo esidonsela yonke imikhumbi ekujuleni kolwandle. UJues Verne wanikezela indawo yonke kuye ku-Twenty Ten Leanes Under uLwandle engafi. Noma ama-octopus amakhulu eyeka ukuwela kumanethiwekhi wabadobi kanye nama-lens we-camera, inganekwane labo ngeke liyeke ukuhlala emiqondweni yabaphuphayo.
Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu bebheka ukuthi i-octopus enkulu iyisilo sasolwandle esiyingozi. Eqinisweni, lesi isilwane esihlakaniphile, esinomcebo, esimangalisayo nesingenangozi ngokuphelele.
Ukusikisela
Ukuthomba: cishe unyaka owodwa, izinsikazi ezindala zikhulu kunezabesilisa.
Inani lamaqanda: kufinyelela ku-100,000.
Isikhathi sokufakwa ekufukameleni: Izinsuku ezingama-160.
LIFESTYLE
Imisebenzi: izifiso.
Ukudla: ama-mollusks, ama-crustaceans, kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi.
Iskhathi sempilo: kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-6.
IZINDLELA
I-octopus enkulu iyisihlobo somnenkethi wasengadini, ngoba zombili lezi zilwane zingezesigaba semollusk. Izihlobo zakhe eziseduze kakhulu ezinye i-octopus kanye nama-squid.
I-Octopus ziyizidalwa ezingavamile kakhulu. Lama-mollusks ahamba phambili futhi ahlakaniphe ngokweqile, anezitho zomzimba ezikhuliswe kahle, azivumelanise ngokuphelele nezimo ukuze zibe khona endaweni yasolwandle. Yize zibhekwa njenge-protozoa, izazi zebhayoloji zibheka njengama-invertebrates angempela.
UNYAZI LOKHO.
- I-octopus enkulu ibizwa nangokuthi i-octopus kaDoflein. Isisindo se-octopus ephuke umlando walezi zinhlobo sifinyelela ubunzima obungama-270 kg, futhi ubude besandla bubalelwa ku-9.6 m.
- I-octopus enkulu iyisakhamuzi esijwayelekile sendawo yasogwini. Akuvamile ukuthi icwila ngokujula ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100 ukuya kwangama-200. Le octopus ihola indlela yokuphila yobusuku. Emini uvame ukucasha kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokukhosela.
- Izinhliziyo ezintathu ezingaziqinisi kakhulu zidonsa igazi emzimbeni wonke we-octopus, ngakho i-mepusk ye-cephalopod isheshe idinwe futhi ayikwazi ukumelana nomzabalazo omude.
IZIPHUMA ZESIFUNDO SE-OCTOPUS YOKUGULA
& nbsp & nbsp Ama-Suckers: i-octopus iyisebenzisa ukuphula inyamazane ngosizo lwayo inamathela emadwaleni. Ama-sensor receptors kuma-suction izinkomishi adlulisa ulwazi mayelana nezinto ezithintwa yi-octopus.& nbsp & nbsp Umsebenzi noma i-siphon: amanzi angena ngaphakathi kuwo, lapho i-octopus ikhipha khona umoya-mpilo wokuphefumula. Ngemuva kwalokho amanzi ayakhishwa ngaphandle kwekhwapha lejazi ngamandla, ngenxa yokuthi imollusk ihamba ngokushesha.
& nbsp & nbsp Beak: Uqhwaku olunamandla oluqinile, i-octopus iluma amagobolondo ama-crustaceans.
& nbsp & nbsp Izandla: i-octopus inezingalo ezinde eziyisishiyagalombili ezinemisipha enamandla - esebenza ukubamba ukudla.
IZICWANGCISO ZOKUTHOLAKALA
I-octopus enkulu ihlala olwandle olusenyakatho yePacific, ukusuka e-Alaska kanye nolwandle lwaseJapan kuye eCalifornia eningizimu.
KUSindisa
Ukungcoliswa komhlaba wasolwandle akuyona ingozi i-octopus. Ngokungafani nezihlobo zakhe, ezizingelwa, akadingi ukwesaba umuntu.
Imilayezo emayelana nezilo zasolwandle itholakala cishe kunoma yiliphi ikona lomhlaba, kufaka nezindaba ezikhuluma ngezinyoka ezinkulu zasolwandle. Kodwa imilayezo ethokozisayo kakhulu iphuma epharadesi eliyi-resort I-Bahamas eCaribbean. Into enkulu futhi enobungozi ephila emanzini endawo.
I-Blue Hole kaDean (okungafanele kudidaniswe neBig Blue Hole) - umgodi ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ojulile njengamanje emhlabeni (igama elithi hole hole igama elijwayelekile lama-karst craters agcwele amanzi nangaphansi kwezinga lolwandle).
IHole Dina itholakala echwebeni elisentshonalanga yedolobha laseClarence Town (Bahamas) esiqhingini saseLong Island. Ukujula kwalo kungamamitha angama-202. IHole Dina yindawo ethandwa kakhulu izivakashi zokubhukuda nokumba izimbotshana, yize eyokugcina ibhekwa njengomsebenzi oyingozi kakhulu.
Ekujuleni kwezindlela eziningi ezahlukahlukene, imisinga ekhohlisayo, ukudideka, izindinyana ezincanyana kanye nesilo esingaqondakali, esiqanjwe ngokuthi "Blue Hole Beast", singalinda.
Izakhamizi zakule ndawo bezilokhu zixoxa izindaba ngesilo esibizwa Luska (Lusca). ILuska ichazwa ngokuthi inamazinyo amaningi abukhali namathendeni amade, anamandla njenge-octopus. Amasayizi weLuska makhulu futhi afinyelela kumamitha angama-60.
Basho ukuthi ingashintsha umbala njenge-octopus futhi ibukeke njengehabridi le-squid, i-eel nodrako. Ngokuvamile, izincazelo zeLuska zingahluka, kepha imininingwane embalwa lapho kuzobe kungashintshiwe - amatende, kanye nobudlova nolaka.
Abantu bendawo bathi uLuska uhlala emigodini emincane yasendaweni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kubandakanya iDina's Blue Hole, ahamba ayozingela ebusuku futhi angakwazi ukukhahlela ukuphuma emanzini futhi ahlasele abantu edolobheni. Ntambama ulala emihumeni engaphansi kwamanzi.
Abadobi bakhuluma izindaba zalokho ababonile njengokuthile okuhudula izikebhe nabantu eduze kwezimbobo eziluhlaza ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ukufa kwabaphambukeli abaningi abashonile ngenkathi diving noma ngisho kushoda ngaphansi kwamanzi kuvame ukulengiswa eLuska. Futhi kaningana kube sengathi izidumbu zabaphambukeli zitholwe zinemisipha yezinkomishi zokumunca emzimbeni, njengokungathi zisuka ematendeni e-octopus enkulu.
Yize kungabukeka njengezindaba nje ezithandekayo zokuzijabulisa kwabavakashi, kukhona amacala asenza sikholelwe ukuthi akuyona yonke into eyasungulwa ngabadobi. Ngo-2005, omunye wabahlaseli wathi ngenkathi ecwiliswa emgodini oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, wahlaselwa yi-octopus enkulu, ubude bayo obungamamitha ayi-15. I-diver yakwazi ukuphunyula, kepha umollusk wabamba ikhamera yakhe ngamatende amdonsela emhumeni wakhe.
Omunye u-diver uthi wabona ushaka ongu-nanny ebanjwe emanzini yinkambulo ebanzi yetende wahudula emhumeni ongaphansi kwamanzi.
Kukhona nendaba evela kubasebenzi besikebhe sokudoba ababona okuthile okunamandla kakhulu ukuzama ukudonsa ama-buoys bawadonse ngaphansi kwamanzi. Enye yama-buoys yayinamathiselwe ngqo esikebheni futhi okuthile kwakubamba futhi kwahudulwa nayo okwesikhashana.
Ngaso leso sikhathi, indodana ebhekelele kulesi sikebhe ikhombisa into enkulu “ephiramidi” ngaphansi kwamanzi, kwathi ngemuva kokuba izingodo nezicupho ezazinamathiselwe kuyo zakhuliswa zaphonjululwa futhi zasontekile, kwaba sengathi zazisendaweni enkulu yenyama.
Umbukiso wethelevishini "i-Destination True", ekhuluma ngezinto ezahlukahlukene ezingathandekiyo, udubule udaba ngalesi sidalwa kwathi ngesikhathi sokuqoshwa kwendodana yabo wakhombisa ubukhona besilwane esikhulu esihambahamba odongeni lomhume ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Omunye umdlalo we-TV odumile, i-River Monsters, wenze nendaba ngeLusk kulezi zindawo, futhi yize owayengumethuli uJeremy Wade engabambanga lutho olungajwayelekile, waphakamisa ukuthi isilova singaba yi-octopus enkulu kakhulu.
"I-octopus enkulu kakhulu ingabamba futhi idle umuntu. Ucwaningo lwami kulezi zidalwa luveze ukuthi yisidlakela esimangazayo futhi esingenzeka ngokuziphatha kwakhe," kusho uJeremy Wade.
Kungenzeka ukuthi uLuska ube umbono ovulekile we-octopus enkulu kakhulu? Kungenzeka. Ngo-2011, kwagezwa isidumbu esiyinqaba ogwini lwaseBahamas, okwabonakala sengathi sinekhanda nomlomo kuphela. Uma samukela ukuthi lezi kwakuyizinsalela ze-octopus ngaphandle kwamatende, lapho-ke kuzoba nobubanzi okungenani bamamitha ayi-6-9.
Uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu lwe-octopus yi-giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). Abantu abakhulu abafinyelela ku-150 cm ngosayizi futhi banesisindo esingama-30 kg. Kubhaliswe ku-50 kg isisindo esingafika ku-3 m ubude futhi kunemibiko engaqinisekisiwe yokuqashelwa kwedatha yama-octopus amamitha angu-4.3 ubude.
Mhlawumbe ezinye zazo zifinyelela osayizi abakhulu? Inkinga ukuthi ama-octopus amakhulu ahlala oLwandle iPacific, hhayi eduze kweBahamas (Atlantic Ocean). Noma kunjalo, kubonisa ukuthi ama-octopus amakhulu kungenzeka abe ngokoqobo, hhayi inganekwane.
Ama-octopus amakhulu ayizilwane zangempela futhi afundwe kahle. Ukuhlukaniswa kwabo kwesayensi kungokulandelayo: uhlobo lwayo olubizwa ngokuthi iMollusks, isigaba - amaCephalopods, iqembu - i-Octopus. Umndeni ongowakhe yi-Octopodidae, uhlobo luyi-Enteroctopus, kanti inhlobo iyi-octopus enkulu.
Isimo esinjalo esiqisayo. Kungangezwa ukuthi ososayensi abafunda abanenhliziyo ethambile noma ama-mollusks babizwa ngokuthi ama-malacologists.
Habitat
Ama-octopus ama-Giant athande amanzi abandayo, akhululekile kuwo afudumele kusuka ku-5 kuya ku-12 degrees Celsius. Kungokwemvelo ukucabanga ukuthi lolu hlobo lwama-cephalopods aluveli olwandle olushisayo. Indawo abahlala kuyo ingamanzi asenyakatho yoLwandle iPacific. Isuka eNhlonhlo YaseKorea naseJapan iye ePrimorye naseningizimu yeSakhalin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zitholakala eduze kweziqhingi zaseKuril naseKamchatka, i-Commander and Aleutian Islands. Ogwini lwaseMelika, angatholakala aze afike eCalifornia.
Isici sokuhlukanisa esiyinhloko
Imvamisa, ama-octopus amakhulu anesisindo esisukela ku-1 kuye ku-10 kilogalamu kanye nabantu abakhulu kuze kufinyelele kuma-30 kg atholakala. I-octopus enjalo ifinyelela ku-150 cm ubude. Akujwayelekile, kepha zibhalisiwe, izinhlamvu ezinesisindo esingama-50 kg nosayizi ofinyelela kumamitha amathathu. Kukhona idatha yezidalwa ezinamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye.
Ahlelwa kanjani ama-octopus amakhulu? Isici sabo esiyingqayizivele yilungu le-funnel (litholakala kuwo wonke ama-octopus), kulolu hlobo lwenhlobo lune-W-shape. Lesi sakhi sikhuthaza ukushintshaniswa kwamanzi ezigilini, futhi futhi kuyizinto ezisebenza nge-octopus.Ngabe kuhamba kanjani? I-cephalopod idonsa amanzi esigqokweni futhi icindezele izicubu zayo, ngenxa yalokho amanzi esebenzisa isikejana esisemagxeni aphonswa ngamandla ngensimbi yomzimba, okuyishubhu elikhipha ukuphela kwalo. Ngenxa yale "injini ye-jet" i-octopus ihamba, bese iphindela ngaphambili. Ngibonga kuye, ngesikhathi sokwethuka, i-octopus ilahla uyink, uhlobo lwesihenqo, esikhwameni se-ink esitholakala kulaba bantu.
Olunye uphawu
Ama-octopus amakhulu anenye into ehlukanisayo - amafolda angama-ocular. Lokhu kungukuphuma okungama-3-4, okukodwa okunesimo sendlebe. Umlomo we-octopus utholakala maphakathi nendandatho eyakhiwe ngamaphethelo angenhla we-paws; kunomlomo osho ngomlomo ofana noqhwaku lwe-parrot ngoba umhlathi ophansi udlulela ngale okungenhla. Beak kunganquma iminyaka yomuntu. Kuma-octopus amadala anombala onsundu omnyama, kuyilapho kuma-octopus amancane kubonakala. Ngaleli thuluzi eliqinile, i-cephalopod ingena kalula kumagobolondo omfantu namagobolondo e-mollusk. Ama-Octopus anezinhliziyo ezintathu negazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Enye inhliziyo "engaphansi kwamanzi" engaphansi kwamanzi idonsela igazi emzimbeni, laba abanye ababili bayigudluza ngokusebenzisa amakhethini, sibonga i-octopus ephefumula ngayo. Kepha angenza isikhathi esihle ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Ama-octopus amakhulu (isithombe sinamathiselwe) abukeka kanjena: anomzimba omncane othambile uma uqhathaniswa nobude bezinsika (kukhona eziyisishiyagalombili kuphela zazo, yingakho igama le-mollusk), "izingalo" zixhunyaniswe ngezitho ezimfushane, ezinwebeka kakhulu futhi zinwebeka kumbala obonakalayo. Lokhu kuvumela izandla ukuba zelula kakhulu. Etendeni ngalinye kufakwa amaswidi ahlelwe ngemigqa emibili ngesilinganiso sezicucu ezingama-250 kuya kwezingama-300 inye. Indebe eyodwa yokudonsa ingasekela isisindo sama-gramu ayi-100.
Eminye imininingwane ye-zoological
Ezinye izinhlobo ze-octopus enkulu azinangozi. Futhi akuphathelene nezithombe ezesabekayo ze-malacologist (usosayensi ofunda ama-mollusks futhi onempilo ethambile) uDenis de Montfort. Ogwini olusentshonalanga lwePacific, kutholakala ama-octopus anezintambo ezihlaza okwesibhakabhaka anoshevu ongajwayelekile.
Ungangeza encazelweni yokuthi olimini lwale cephalopods kune-radula, noma i-grater grater, enezintambo eziyisikhombisa zamazinyo agqamile, ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezisemugqeni ophakathi nendawo. Kepha lokhu akuyona incazelo eqeda amandla. Kufanele kuqashelwe ingqondo engavamile yalezi zilwane, elingana nomqondo wamakati nezinja. I-octopus inesikhumba, amangqamuzana ayo agcwele imibala ehlukahlukene, sibonga, ngomzuzwana nje owodwa, lesi silwane singashintsha umbala waso.
Usayizi wangempela
I-octopus encane kunazo zonke inobude obungeqi kumasentimitha amane. Njengoba ikalwa ngokusemthethweni futhi ibhalwe encwadini yeGuinness njengesibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke salolu hlobo, i-octopus yayinobude obungamamitha ayi-3.5 futhi isisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-58. Kunezinganekwane zokuthi umzekeliso ubukade ubanjwa unesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-272 ngamatende, ubude bawo bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-9.5. Lezi zinganekwane zolwandle zidluliselwa kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane ziye kwesinye isizukulwane, kepha akukho maqiniso ashiwo ngokucacile esayensi aqinisekisa lezi zindaba.
Impilo yansuku zonke ye-octopus Doflein
Empeleni, kune-octopus enkulu egama layo ngesiLatin libukeka kanjena - i-Octopus Dofleini (i-octopus kaDoflein). Le nhlobo iyona efundwa kakhulu. Ihlala ogwini lwaseJapan nasePrimorye, isuka eMelika - isuka eBristol Bay enyakatho iye eCalifornia eningizimu. Lawa ma-octopuse angajwayelekile ngendlela engajwayelekile. Emini abayishiyi imgodi, imvamisa etholakala ekujuleni okungashoni. Indawo yakhe ayithandayo inhlabathi enamadwala, ayitholakali ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-300, nazo zonke izinhlobo zamakhefu. Ama-octopus amadala ahlala ekhaya, kuyilapho ama-octopus amancane enza ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile (kwentwasahlobo nokuwa). Zingahamba namatende phansi, noma zibhukude, zihamba amakhilomitha amane ngosuku.
Isandiso seGenis
I-Octopus Dofleini ikhula ngokobulili ngeminyaka engu-3-4. Kodwa-ke, inzalo inganikezwa kuphela eminyakeni eyi-5. Ngalesi sikhathi, isende lesokunene lesibili lesidoda liyaguqulwa bese liphenduka libe yi-hectocotyl. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-spermatophores 8-10 avela esikhwameni sowesilisa, ngamunye afinyelela kumitha. Ngesikhathi sokuqothula esenzeka ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-100, owesilisa uthambisa owesifazana, edlulisa ama-spermatophores angama-1-2 emgodleni wakhe wejazi usebenzisa i-hectocotyl. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, kungcono kakhulu ukuba abahlukahlukene be-scuba divers kanye nabahlukahlukene bangahlali.
Izintambo ze-mucous, lapho kukhona amaqanda we-octopus afana nelayisi, zimiswa ngowesifazane kusukela ophahleni lomhume wakhe. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-160 noma ngaphezulu, kuvela izibungu. Owesifazane uvikela inzalo (kwesinye isikhathi afakwa amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-50) kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe, ngoba ngemuva kokuqothuka bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane ama-octopus bafa. Okokuqala, izibungu (4 mm ngosayizi) zikhuphukela phezulu futhi zihlala lapho izinyanga eziyi-1-2, emva kwalokho ama-octopus amancane (50 mm) acwila aze abheke phansi, bese iba i-bentophanes (izilwane ezidla izinto eziphansi), zisheshe zithole isisindo. Kuyiqiniso, ama-octopus amancane anezitha eziningi - ama-otter olwandle, amabhubesi olwandle, izihlambi kanye nezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Kodwa isitha esikhulu, yiqiniso, ngumuntu. Ngenxa yalokho, inani lama-octopus amakhulu ancishiswa kakhulu.
Isikhiyiwe
Ama-octopus amakhulu, abaziwa yibo bonke kusukela ezindabeni zamatilosi ase-Iceland, aqanjiwe kunezidalwa zangempela. Izakhamizi ze- "izwe leqhwa", ezazinikeza leli gama, zedlulisa izinganekwane ngomlomo.
Kukhona "ama-akhawunti wokuzibonela" amaningi ezilwane zasolwandle abathengi bomkhumbi nabadobi abazibona zingaqondile iziqhingi ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obukhulu, ukuthi u-Eric Pontopidan (1698-1774), owayengumbhishobhi waseBergen futhi ongumhlaziyi wemvelo wezamanzi, wahlanganisa isifingqo esinemininingwane salomkhumbi wasolwandle oyingqayizivele inganekwane. Kepha ethanda sonke isazi sezokwelapha esimnandi uPierre-Denis de Montfort osesichaziwe ngenhla, ocwaningweni olushicilelwe ngonyaka we-1802, wachaza isilo sasendulo futhi wasibeka esigabeni, wasiqamba ngegama lokuthi nguKraken octopus. Ososayensi baphendule ngendlela eyisimanga, kanti lolu cwaningo olwenziwe kabusha aluzange lukhulume nge-kraken.
Lutho neze
Ama-octopus amakhulu ama-cannibal nawo ayizidalwa ezinganekwane. Kukhona ividiyo lapho insangu enjalo ihlasela iscuba diver eqopha lesi sehlakalo kukhamera. Ngiyazibuza ukuthi opharetha wayehlekisa kangakanani ngomhlaseli ngaphambi kwalokho? Futhi uma i-octopus ifake amatende ngokuzungeza ikhamera, lokhu akusho ukuthi uyisidenge. Kungenzeka kakhulu, kulokhu bazoyidla. Yebo, kanye nama-mollusk angenhla aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ubuthi babo obunobuthi ngokungajwayelekile, uma behlasela umuntu, bese bephendula, hhayi ukuthi badle.
Wonke ama-octopus aqaphile futhi anamahloni, futhi osayizi "bababulali" banikezwe ngaphezulu. Awekho amacala aqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni ubutha obungenakuvinjwa yi-cephalopods. Ezinganekwaneni zabathumbi zomhlaba, ama-octopus amakhulu asala. Ukuhlasela abantu, uma benganamatheli i-octopus ngenduku, nakho okuvela lapho. Ama-Octopus athanda izindawo zokukhosela - imigede nemigede, izikebhe zemikhumbi eshonile. Ngisho nangaphandle kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kufakwa i-cephalopod ngaphakathi. Angakwazi ukuhlasela kuphela ngokuzivikela. Ngakho-ke, kulezo zindawo lapho kutholakala khona ama-octopus, umuntu kufanele aqaphele lapho esondela kuhlobo oluthile lokukhosela.
Izimangaliso zemvelo
Kwesinye isikhathi ulwandle lwalujikijela izidumbu zezilo zasolwandle kusuka ekujuleni kwalo zaya ogwini. Isilo esidumile kakhulu sitholakala ogwini lukaNovemba 30, 1896 engxenyeni esempumalanga yenhlonhlo yaseFlorida. Kwakuy isidalwa esikhulu esinemilenze efinyelela kumamitha ayi-11. Lesi silo sathwetshulwa futhi ezinye zezingxenye zaso zaphuzwa utshwala, okuvunyelwe ukuthi kwenziwe ucwaningo ngonyaka we-1957, nango-1971, nango-1995. Idatha ethile ayikwazanga ukutholwa. Kepha ososayensi abaningi bavumile ukuthi idemoni lasolwandle elijikijelwe ogwini lwePeninsula yaseFlorida kungenzeka ukuthi liyidlozi elikhulu noma i-squid. Kodwa-ke, kuningi okushiwo ezincwadini ezikhuluma ngokuhlangana “kwangempela” nezilo zasolwandle. Inethiwekhi yabathandi be-cannibals kukhona amasayithi we-oriental ekhethekile.
Umhlaba ongaqondakali wolwandle ufihla izimfihlo eziningi, esinye sazo esiyizakhamuzi zalo ezinkulu. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule, izindaba zabatiloshe abanolwazi mayelana nosayizi omkhulu weKraken zabangela isasasa elikhethekile. Kepha uma i-kroke isesenganekwane eyindumezulu, khona-ke lesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngama-cephalopods wangempela, osayizi bawo nesisindo sawo esenza ukuba isintu sithuthuke namuhla!
Hlangana ne-octopus enkulu ngokweGuinness Book of Record, kwakuyi-cephalopod, eqanjwe ngoDoflein waseJalimane, ubude bayo babuyi-9.6 m kanti isisindo somzimba wakhe sasingama-272 kg. Kunzima ukukholelwa, kepha isilo esinjalo sikhula siphume kwizibungu kuphela usayizi ongu-3-4 mm. Ama-octopus kaDoflane abizwa nangokuthi amademoni olwandle ngokukhula kwawo ngendlela yezimpondo ezitholakala ngaphezu kwamehlo. Ngokusho ukukhula okufanayo, kuthiwa yi-eared.
Inkosi enkulu ye-herring
Esithombeni phezulu ungabona inkosi e-herring njenge "ebuntwaneni", ngaphansi kwamasosha aseMelika abambe inkosi enamamitha ayi-7 iphonswe ogwini lweSan Diego
Amakhosi abhekayo akhula kusuka ezinhlanzini ezincane aye ezinhlanzini ezinde ezi-bony, ubude bawo bomzimba bungafinyelela amamitha ayi-11 ubude
Giant arctic cyan
Yaziwa nangokuthi i-jellyfish the mane yebhubesi, inkulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-jellyfish eyaziwayo. Umuntu omkhulu kunabo bonke abatholakala bephonswe ogwini eMassachusetts Bay ngonyaka we-1870. Ububanzi bomzimba wakhe bufinyelele kumamitha ayi-2.3, futhi ubude bamatende bungamamitha angama-37. Kulesi sithombe ungabona i-jellyfish evezwe ngosayizi ogcwele eMnyuziyamu waseSmithsonian of Natural History eWashington.
Isicabucabu se-crab saseJapan
Isilo sesicabucabu saseJapan sinemilenze emide kakhulu phakathi kwe-arthropods. Ubude bezinyawo zalo bungafinyelela kumamitha angama-3,8 ukusuka esisekelweni kuya ezinhlangeni. Ubukhulu bomzimba besicabucabu bungafinyelela ku-40 cm ubude, futhi isisindo somzimba wawo wonke singafinyelela ku-19 kg.
I-Great White Shark
Lo shaka waziwa ngumphakathi jikelele ngenxa yobukhulu bawo nokuqina kwawo. Ubukhulu bomzimba womuntu omdala bungafinyelela ku-6.4 m ubude, futhi isisindo singafinyelela kumathani angama-3,324. Isilinganiso sokuphila okuphindwe kabili koshaka abamhlophe balinganiselwa eminyakeni engama-70. Okunye futhi iqiniso ukuthi laba oshaka bangafika ngesivinini esifinyelela ku-56 km / h.
I-Giant tridacna
Lezi zikhala zemvubu ezingaphansi zingezimbumbulu ezinkulu kunazo zonke eMhlabeni. Zikwazi ukufinyelela ku-1,2 m ubude, zinesisindo esingaphezu kwama-227 kg. Lapho isinamathiselwe edwaleni, izidumbu zalezi ziphulu zihlala lapho kuze kube phakade. Isikhathi sokuphila sama-tridacs amakhulu alinganiselwa eminyakeni eyi-100
Izici ze-Clam
Ukuphefumula, la ma-cephalopods asebenzisa ama-gill, yize i-octopus ingaba ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside. Bahlukaniswa nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo:
- Ukuba khona kwezinhliziyo ezi-3. Enye yazo isetshenziselwa ukupompa igazi ngomzimba, kanti amanye ama-2 ayadingeka ukuze ayicindezele gill.
- Igazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
- Uma sikhuluma ngezinga lokukhula kwama-octopus, khona-ke ososayensi baze babaqhathanise nezinja.
- Ingaphezulu lesikhumba se-octopus liqukethe amaseli lapho kunombala ongawushintsha ngokuphelele umbala wemollusk ngomzuzwana. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izicubu ezikhethekile ziyakwazi ukudonsa lezi zingqamuzana, ngenxa yalokho umbala wazo oqukethwe kuzo usakaza umbani ngokushesha phezu kobuso bonke besikhumba, ulubambe.
- Basebenzisa "injini ye-jet" ukuhamba.
- Ama-Octopus awanalo igobolondo noma ithambo, futhi umzimba uvumelana nezimo futhi uyakwazi ukushintsha ukwakheka kwawo. Okuwukuphela kwesitho esiqinile emzimbeni wakhe ngumlomo wakhe, obukeka njengomlomo wopholi futhi uqukethe i-keratin. Ngenxa yalokhu, i- mollusk, enesisindo esingu-18 kg, ikwazi ukugoba emgodini, ububanzi bawo obuyi-3-4 cm.
Kunezinhlobo ezinobuthi - ama-octopus anezintambo ezihlaza okwesibhakabhaka ahlala oLwandle iPacific. Babizwa nangokuthi izidalwa eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni, ngoba ubuthi bazo bunobuthi kakhulu.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-octopus encane kunazo zonke inomzimba obude obungama-4 cm kuphela. Kepha mayelana nokuthi yikuphi kubo ososayensi abakhulu kakhulu abebephikisana iminyaka eminingi. Kunobufakazi bokuthi lapho inhlanzi ibambe i-octopus, ubude bayo besentende bungamamitha ayi-9.6. Futhi wayenesisindo esingu-272 kg.
Okuhlukile akusona kuphela isakhiwo sale mollusk. Uhamba futhi ngendlela engajwayelekile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, une-rostrum ngaphansi kwekhanda lakhe - ishubhu ekhethekile, umgomo wayo ongafaniswa nenjini ye-jet. Ukuze abhukude, udonsa ingxenye yamanzi engubeni yakhe, ekhishwa ngaphandle ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kwemisipha yengubo.
I-octopus ihambisa "emuva." Ngasikhathi sinye, izimbambo zakhe zitholakala ngemuva kwesifufula. Amatende amabili amakhulu kakhulu adlala indima yamaphiko, ngosizo angaguqula ukuqina kokunyakaza kwakhe. Abanye banikezwe umsebenzi we-fuselage.
Lapho i-octopus isaba, ikhipha ingxenye ethile ye-ink ngokusebenzisa i-rostrum, esebenza njengohlobo lwesikrini sentuthu olungayivikela engcupheni engaba khona.
Ummeleli omkhulu wama-octopus
Uma sikhuluma ngababambe ngamarekhodi phakathi kwale mollusk, enkulu kunazo zonke yi-Dctlein octopus. Ikhanda laso linobukhulu obungu-60 cm kanye nesikhala esilinganiselwa kumamitha ayi-3. Isisindo se-octopus enkulu kakhulu yeDoflein sasicishe sibe ngama-60 kg.
Bahlala emanzini asenyakatho oLwandlekazi iPacific, ngoba iDoflane ingazizwa ikhululekile emazingeni okushisa aphansi kuphela. Izimo ezinhle kakhulu kuye zingukushisa okungekho ngaphansi kwama-degree ayi-12. Kaningi bahlangana nabantu abahlukahlukene abangena ngegiya le-scuba, ngoba ama-octopus angabhukuda ekujuleni okujulile noma ngaphezu kwamanzi. Ama-Octopus ajwayele ukubhukuda emihlambini, wonke ahlasela izinyamazane zawo ndawonye.
Izimbangi eziseduze
Kulezi cephalopods, azikho izinhlobo ezithinta kancane ezitholakalayo. Okukhulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwabo yile:
- I-Octopus evamile. Lesi silwanyana esidlulayo singatholakala olwandle lwezindawo ezishisayo nezindawo ezishisayo zomhlaba. Bahlala emanzini angajulile. Ubude bomzimba obujwayelekile be-octopus bungama-25 cm, futhi isisindo ngokuvamile asidluli i-10 kg. Bahlala ikakhulu bebodwa, bacashe ezitheni ngamatshe noma emadwaleni. Uma uya ekuzingeleni, i-octopus ejwayelekile ihlungwa ngokuphelele. Ama-mollusk anjalo ahlala iminyaka engaba mibili.
- I-Octopus Apollion. Isici esibonakala se-mollusk yisisindo saso esikhanyayo ngobude obukhulu bomzimba. Ngaphandle, ubukeka njengesicabucabu esikhulu esinemilenze emide nemincane. Kukhona ama-Apollion ngasogwini lwe-Alaska, eCanada noma eCalifornia, lapho amanzi abandayo ebadalela khona izimo zokuphila ezinhle kakhulu.
Ososayensi baphawula ukuthi emashumini eminyaka amuva, ubukhulu bawo bokwehlile kakhulu. Lokhu kungahle kube ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwamanzi olwandle noma ukubanjwa kwawo, okwenzeka ngezimboni zezimboni. Yize kungenzeka impela ukuthi lezi zimidondoshiya zathuthela ekujuleni lapho umuntu ebengehli khona, okungabangelwa ushintsho ezimweni zezulu kanye nokwanda kwamazinga okushisa kwamanzi olwandle nasolwandle.
Pacific cephalopod kuyinto. Yayingeniswe eGuinness Book of Record, ngoba ubukhulu bayo bukhulu kakhulu kunelamanye ama-mollusk. Isilo esikhulu sinezimbambo ezinobude obungamamitha ayi-3,5 nesisindo esingama-58 kg.
Enye i-octopus enkulu yatholakala emanzini asogwini aseNew Zealand. Ubunzima isisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-75, kanti ubude bawo bomzimba bube ngamamitha ayi-4. Lesi siqhwaga sabanjwa ngabadobi sisebenzisa inetha. Ngeshwa, wayeseshonile. Abantu bake bahlangana nama-octopus amakhulu ngaphambili, kepha ngokuvamile ababhukudi emanzini afudumele esifundeni sePacific. Imvamisa zitholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho yolwandle ngokujula okukhulu.
I-octopus enkulu ebukhoma, futhi, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuyibona. Bahlala ezindaweni ezijulile, phakathi kwamadwala, amatshe kanye nolwelwe. Indawo yokuhlala i-octopus ingumgodi ovuthayo onomnyango omncane. Imvamisa, abantu bayakwazi ukuhlangana ne-octopus ejwayelekile. Ibizwa nangokuthi "octopus." Izilwane ezinje zigcwele emhlabeni wonke. Zitholakala olwandle lweendaweni ezishisayo nezibandayo, ekujuleni nasemanzini angajulile. Ama-Octopus awahlali emanzini amasha.
Izici ze-octopus ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni
Lesi yisibonelo esivusa kakhulu kwamanye ama-cephalopods.Inokubukeka okungajwayelekile - umzimba othambile futhi omfushane, omfishane futhi onenyama onama-izinkomishi zokudla. Indima yezimbambo yenziwa ngamatende angama-8 axhumeke ulwelwesi. Inkomishi ngayinye yokudonsa ye-octopus iyakwazi ukuxhasa cishe amagremu ayi-100 esisindo. I-cephalopod enkulu iphefumula isebenzisa ama-gill. Kodwa-ke, i-octopus ingama isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Ubuntu balesi siqhingi sasolwandle ubukhona bezinhliziyo ezintathu. Ngenxa yomunye wabo, igazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka le-octopus lihamba emzimbeni. Izinhliziyo ezimbili ezisele zimenza adlule ezigungwini.
Ingabe ama-octopus ayingozi kubantu?
Ingozi ngabantu abanobuthi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-octopus enezintambo ezihlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezitholakala entshonalanga koLwandle iPacific. Zibalwa phakathi kwezidalwa eziyingozi kakhulu kubantu. Ubuthi babo bunobuthi kakhulu.
I-octopus enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - Isilwane esihlakaniphile
Ososayensi bathi ama-octopus ahlakaniphile ngokungajwayelekile. Zingaqhathaniswa namakati nezinja. Bayakwazi ukuguqula umthunzi wabo ngomzuzwana owodwa. Lokhu kungenxa yamaseli akhethekile lapho kutholakala khona imibala enombala. Uma ifiswa, i-cephalopod ingashintsha masinyane umbala wayo ukusuka kokumhlophe uye kokhilimu.
Noma iyiphi i-octopus inenkumbulo enhle futhi kulula ukuyiqeqesha. Bayakwazi ukwahlukanisa amajamo wejometri futhi bayakwazi ukubona abantu. Uma uchitha isikhathi esiningi ne-octopus, khona-ke iba yimbi.
Umkhawulo we-octopus uyiphuzu le-moot
Ososayensi bahlala bephikisana ngosayizi wama-octopus amakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Akunampendulo eqondile, ngoba kunobufakazi bokuthi eminyakeni edlule abantu bathola abantu abakhulu kakhulu. Enye yalezi cephalopods yayinesikhala se-tentacle esingamamitha ayi-9,6, nesisindo saso sasingama-272 m. Kodwa le mininingwane ayinaso isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni.
Ukubukwa Okukhulu - I-Dctlein's Octopus
Babembiza ngokuthi umdondoshiya, ngoba ubukhulu bawo kumangalisa nje! Umthamo wekhanda ungamasentimitha angama-60, kanti ubukhulu bamatende bungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-3. Isisindo sawo singama-60 kg. Ubukhulu bayo bufakazelwe futhi baqinisekiswa. Lesi silwane sasolwandle sihlala olwandle oluseNyakatho Pacific ngoba sithanda amanzi abandayo. Izinga lokushisa lentofontofo lale octopus lisuka ku- +5 kuya ku- +12 degrees. IDoflein ivame ukuhlangana nabakwa-scuba divers, ngoba ibhukuda hhayi nje kuphela phansi, kepha futhi nangaphezulu. Izindawo ezithandekayo zama-octopus zingama-sandy enhlabathini enesihlabathi kanye ne-pebble. Ezindaweni ezivulekile, bmba izimbobo besebenzisa amatende.
Imikhuba ethokozisayo yama-octopus amakhulu kakhulu omhlaba
I-octopus kaDoflein yi-cephalopod efundwa kakhulu. Kuyinto ejwayelekile olwandle oluseMpumalanga Ekude, ngasogwini lwaseJapan naseMelika. Ubude obuphakathi bezilwane ezinjalo buyi-3-5 m, futhi isisindo sisondela ku-25 kg. Abantu abasha babonakala ngokufuduka kwesizini - ekwindla nasentwasahlobo, bathuthela ezindaweni zolwandle futhi emuva kwesikhathi esithile babuyela emuva. Bahamba, bobabili bebhukuda futhi behamba ngezinyawo - ama-octopus ahamba ezansi nolwandle ezingalweni zabo. Ijubane lokuhamba kwazo li-4 km ngosuku.
Ama-octopus amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni adla izimbotshana, umqhele, inhlanzi nama-octopus amancane. Ama-Octopuse agcina izimbobo zawo ngokuhlelekile. Ngezikhathi ezithile, bahlanza indawo yokukhosela ngezifutho zamanzi. Izilwane ezishiywe ngaphandle.
Abadala banokulimala okuningi abakuthola lapho belwa kanzima nezihlobo zabo. Iqiniso ngukuthi babonakala ngomqondo othuthuke kakhulu we "khaya." Bahlala belwa, bezama ukuvikela insimu yabo. Ama-octopus amakhulu kakhulu avame ukuwina.
Imikhuba yalezi zilwane iyathakazelisa kakhulu. Isibonelo, babhukuda babuyela emuva - amatende ngaphambi komzimba. Lapho bethukile, bakhipha i-in ngokusebenzisa uthumbu, okunciphisa umuzwa wephunga lesitha futhi oyindlela yokufihla.
I-octopus enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - I-octopus kaDoflein, ibangela isasasa elikhulu phakathi kwabaphambukayo, ngokuba ngesinye sezakhamuzi olwandle olusebenzayo. Ama-Octopus ezinhlobo eziningi aya ekudleni. Bathandwa ikakhulukazi emazweni aseMpumalanga. AmaJapan anezitsha eziningana asazisebenzisela abantu abathile. Amatende abo asikiwe abe yizicucu futhi adliwe ngenkathi izicubu zisashukumisa amandla.