UWillow ukufuduka imbabazane omuhle ngokumangalisayo, aziwa ngokuchitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi emqheleni wezihlahla. Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukubuka le nhlobo, kunengqondo ukuqoqa kuma-binoculars.
Igama lesayensi laleli uvemvane yi-Apatura iris, lingelomndeni wakwaNymphalidae.
Ngabe zibukeka kanjani izinsimbi ezigcwala kakhulu? Izithombe nencazelo
Abafuduki baseWillow - izimvemvane ezinkulu, amaphiko azo ngamasentimitha angama-7.5-8.4. Kulula ukubona abesilisa ngamaphiko ansomi abubomvu. Ama-flakes angama-Optical anika lo mbala, futhi umbala uncike engxenyeni yokukhanya kokukhanya. Ungabona lobu buhle kuphela ngosuku olunelanga nangekhoneni elithile.
IButterfly willow abesilisa abathanda izimvemvane bathanda ukubiza "Ubukhosi Bakhe."
Abafuduki be-willow abafudukayo (esithombeni ngezansi) banamaphiko ansundu. Bobabili ubulili banezindawo ezimhlophe namehlo amnyama azungezwe umngcele we-orange ezingxenyeni ezingenhla nezingezansi zamaphiko. Izinsikazi zikhulu kancanyana kunabesilisa.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala. Imishawulu yemifuno ibonakala kuphi futhi nini?
IButterfly isatshalaliswa ikakhulukazi emahlathini e-oki eningizimu yeNgilandi. Kutholakala eCentral naseMpumalanga Yurophu, China, Japan, Korea kanye nasenyakatho nentshonalanga yeKazakhstan. Ngaphandle kokubukeka kwayo okungajwayelekile, iyabonakala eRussia - ezingxenyeni zayo eziphakathi nendawo naseningizimu, kanye nasePrimorsky Territory.
Izichichima zihlala emahlathini aqothulayo ahlanganisayo, ngasogwini lwezidumbu zamanzi. Ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo, kubalulekile ukuba khona kwezihlahla zomngcume, amaqabunga lapho izingwe zazo zidla khona, kanye nezihlahla ezinde lapho izimvemvane ngokwazo zihlala khona.
Ungabona imishayo ngoJulayi-Agasti. Imvamisa indiza phezulu emqheleni wezihlahla, kuphela abesilisa abasondele emini behlela endaweni yokunisela. Ngalesi sikhathi, baba nokuqapha okungatheni, bavumele ukuba basondele ebangeni elifishane, ukuze ukwazi ukubuka ngokuphepha ukuthi bahlala kanjani ngasemaphethelweni emifudlana noma emigwaqweni eshisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathandi b uvemvane bayazi ukuthi ukukhokhela abesilisa phansi kungaba yizinto zokuyenga ngokwesibonelo, amakhasi webhanana.
Ngokuvamile, kufanele ngisho ukuthi ukukhetha kwabo ukunambitheka kukhona okumangazayo: abafuduki bathanda ukuthungwa kwezilwane kanye ne-carrion. Abaqoqi kwesinye isikhathi babeze basebenzise lezi “zithako” ukuheha abesilisa.
Ziphinde zidle amazolo oju atholwe yi-aphid, kuthi kwesinye isikhathi izinsikazi zibonakale eziqwini zezihlahla, lapho ziphuza khona isihlahla.
Bafuduka kanjani?
NgoJulayi, abesilisa babuthana emiqheleni yezihlahla ezinde kakhulu (ezivame oki, kwesinye isikhathi i-beech namaConifers) belindele abesifazane. Izihlahla ezifanayo zisetshenziswa butterflies unyaka nonyaka. Abesifazane baganana nomuntu wesilisa, noma bawele phansi njengophawu lokuthi sebevele sebeganile.
Amaqanda ama-moth abekwa ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwamaqabunga ezihlahla zokudla. Imvamisa yi-willow yembuzi (i-Salix caprea) noma i-grey willow (S. cinerea), i-brittle willow (S. fragilis) ayisetshenziswa kakhulu. Ubungako bezihlahla bungahluka: kusuka kwezihlahlana eziphakathi kuya ezihlahleni ezinde ezinekhonkwane. Izibungu ezincibilikisiwe zifihlwe kahle.
Amapharafini wemishubha yemifino yewillow aluhlaza okotshani onamabala aphuzi kanye nemigqa ephuzi e-diagonal ezinhlangothini. Banokuphuma okukhazimulayo okukhanda ngamakhanda abo.
Bazi ukuthi akulula kangako: bacishe bahlangana ngokuphelele ngamahlamvu. Ekwindla, zikwazi ukushintshana kabili, ziguqula umbala zibe nsundu, zizenze amagatsha angenalutho. Amakhethini awela ngaphezulu kwemfoloko emagatsheni angaxutshwe nalutho ngoJuni. Ngendlela yesidleke se-chrysalis, kuhlala amasonto angama-2-3.
Izizathu zokunyamalala kwavemvane
Lezi zimvemvane zazaziswa kakhulu ngabaqoqi besikhathi seVictorian (1837-1901). Ngemuva kwalapho isibalo esikhulu sabokufika sabhujiswa.
Kuyo yonke le minyaka yekhulu lama-20, inani lezindawo ezishona ezintabeni zaqhubeka lincipha, futhi izinto ezinjengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo ngokujwayelekile kwakufanele zisolwe. Inani elikhulu lezinambuzane liyafa ngemiphumela yokubulala izinambuzane i-caustic esetshenziselwa ukucubungula amasimu.
Namuhla, kwamanye amazwe, lolu bhungane luhlu ezifundeni ezibomvu (iJalimane, iSweden, i-Ukraine, iLatvia, iMoscow, iSmolensk neVologda Russia).
Ukubukeka
Amaphiko angafika ku-8 cm. Uhlangothi olungaphandle lephiko lumnyama ngombala onsundu. Emadodeni, kuqhakaza onsomi ekhanyayo iyabonakala. Ohlangothini olungaphambili kunamabala amhlophe, ezingamaphiko asemuva kukhona umucu wombala ofanayo kanye neso elimnyama kwindandatho ebomvu emnyama. Ingaphakathi lamaphiko limpunga noma mpunga omnyama. Imiphetho ingama-brown noma amdaka, amabala amnyama noma amhlophe. Umehluko oqinile wokubhaliswa uyabonakala. Ukwahluka kocansi kuyashiwo. Abesifazane bakhulu. Abesilisa banombala ogqamile.
Habitat
Izinhlobo zeWillow Shelter zitholakala ezingxenyeni eziPhakathi neziseMpumalanga yeYurophu, eCentral naseSouthern Russia, esifundeni esisenyakatho nentshonalanga yeKazakhstan, iningi le China, esifundeni sase-Amur. Abantu abaningi bahlala eJapan, Korea nasePrimorye.
E-Russia, imvamisa indawo etholakala ngokweqile ingatholakala:
- I-Southern Urals,
- I-Western Siberia
- I-Eastern Transbaikalia,
- indawo eseduze kwezintaba zeCarpathian,
- I-Middle Volga.
Uthanda ukuhlala emahlathini azo zonke izinhlobo, eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi. Ezinye izingxenyana zihlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1,500 ngenhla kolwandle ezintabeni zaseCarlathi. Isimo esiyinhloko sokuphila umswakama ophezulu. Kuyadingeka ekukhuleni okugcwele nokukhula kwezimbungulu. Esimweni sezulu esishisayo nesishisayo, kuqongelwa imvemvane enkulu eduze kwemifula namachibi.
Izigaba zokuthuthuka kanye nokuzala
Ama-Butterflies alolu hlobo athela ukubeka amaqanda ngaphandle kwezitshalo azondla kuzo. Abantu bakhula esizukulwaneni esisodwa.
Ngendlela yokubumbana, iWillow Overfill yenzeka phakathi kuka-Agasti noJuni. Umzimba wesibungu uluhlaza ngemivimbo ephuzi namachashazi aphuzi. Kunezimpondo ezi-2 ezimfishane ekhanda, nezinqubo ezimbili ezibomvu ze-spiky ekugcineni okuphambene.
Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-2 aluhlaza aqhakazile. Izibungu zizalwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-8-10. Ukungena ngokweqile komuntu endaweni yesikhonyane. Ngendlela yephampu, uvemvane uhlala amasonto amabili noma amathathu.
Demeanor
Ngokuvamile, iWillow Shelter itholakala ekuqaleni kukaJuni kuze kube sekupheleni kukaJulayi. Iziduna zindizela imihlambi emaphethelweni emahlathini nasemigwaqweni, eduze nemifudlana nezibaya ezinkulu, ngenxa yokuphuma kwezilwane. Izinsikazi zithanda ukucasha otshanini obude kanye nenqwaba yamahlamvu. Kuphela isihlahla esivuthisiwe semithi esingabambisa. Abantu bathanda ukupakisha emihlambini nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Umbhede osemanzini unamahloni kakhulu futhi uyaqaphela lapho endiza.
Idla ngembuzi, i-eyred, i-ashy kanye nezinye izinhlobo zamawillows. Futhi uthanda i-aspen. Isibungu siginya amaqabunga ngaphandle kokuthinta imithambo. Izimvemvane ezakhekile zidla umpe wezitshalo ezifanayo ngosizo lwe-proboscis, okuthi, ngemuva kokudla, isontwe ibe yizingqinamba.
Izinhlobo zokuqothulwa
Ukufuduka ngokweqile kufakiwe kwi-Red Book yamazwe amaningi: iRussia (isifunda saseMoscow neSmolensk), i-Ukraine, iLatvia, iJalimane neSweden.
Ubuningi beButternfly Butterfly buyehla njalo. Isici esiyinhloko ukungenelela komuntu. Izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi zinqunywe phansi, ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zezindawo eziguqukayo kuyasetshenziswa, ukubulala izinambuzane kwe-caustic kuyasetshenziswa. Konke lokhu kushintsha ingxenye yezemvelo.
Amaqiniso Ahehayo
- Abesilisa abasohlangothini lwangaphambili banamachashaza akhipha amagesi anamakha ukuze ahehe izintokazi.
- Ukubonakaliswa okufakwayo okuyisisekelo noma okwensimbi emaphikweni abesilisa akuwona umphumela we-pigmentation. Ungabona lo mphumela omuhle kuphela lapho kunesimo sezulu esisezingeni lelanga kanye ne-angle ethile. Ukuchichima okukhulu kusiza abesilisa ukuba bakhohlise izitha futhi bazifihle.
- Ubusika buqhekeka ku-willow bark. Ngalesi sikhathi, umbala womzimba uthola i-brown hue, sibonga ukuthi lesi sinambuzane simbozwe kahle. Lapho nje kufika intwasahlobo bese kufika ukushisa, isibungu siphinde sithole umbala oluhlaza olukhanyayo.
Incazelo
I-Wingspan efinyelela ku-60 - 80 mm. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lwamaphiko lube mnyama-onsundu, kuthi owesilisa abe ne-tint ekhanyayo onsomi, kowesifazane ungumbala onsundu ngaphandle koshayi onqenqemeni olukhanyayo. Ukuchichima kwakhiwa hhayi ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa ngemibala ehlelekile, okubangelwa ukubonakalisa okuyingxenye kwengxenye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yesibonisi sokukhanya. Abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa.
Izimpiko zangaphambili ezinamabala amhlophe (kwesinye isikhathi ziyanyamalala), izimpiko zangemuva ezinebhendi emhlophe emnyama kanye neso elimnyama elizungezwe umngcele obomvu ovuthayo (ngezikhathi ezithile okufanayo kutholakala esifundeni se-postdiscal sepiko lesemuva). Ibhendi yomlingo ephikweni lwasemuva oluvela phezulu inika izinyo elibukhali elibukhali emaphethelweni. Akukho okuqediweko kokuqothula phezulu. Ngaphansi kwamaphiko kukhona i-brown-brown, inamasimu ansundu-agqwala, amabala amnyama namhlophe nezindawo eziphansi ezimpunga nezimnyama. Ukusuka ezansi kwamaphiko asemuva, i-ocellus ekhoneni lokukhanya icacile, ine-blue centering. Izimpiko zangaphambili ngaphandle kokuphumula okukhulu emaphethelweni angaphandle.
Indawo ejwayelekile: iJalimane neNgilandi.
Isikhathi sehlobo
Yonke indawo ikhula esizukulwaneni esisodwa. Isikhathi sendiza ukusuka maphakathi noJuni kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Indiza emahlathini angavamile futhi anezikhukhula ezixubile nezihlanganayo (ikakhulukazi i-oki ne-willow). Ezintabeni inyuka ifinyelela ku-1,500 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Kusatshalaliswa endaweni. Eminyakeni evumayo kuvame kakhulu.
Iziduna zindizela ngasemaphethelweni nasemigwaqweni esehlathini, zivame ukwakha iziqubu ngasogwini lwamachibi, imifudlana. Indiza ngamabomu indle yezilwane ezinkulu, namalahle omanzi, izithukuthuku zomuntu - lapho akhipha khona umswakama nosawoti odingekayo wamaminerali. Abesifazane baphila impilo ecashile, iningi lesikhathi ligcinwa eziqongweni zezihlahla, lapho kungabonakala khona ngokuphelisa ujusi ovuthiwe.
Ibhayoloji
Amaqanda abekwa ngazinye ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwamaqabunga ezitshalo zokudla.
Isiteji samakhokho kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya kuJuni. Isibungu semvula ebusika. Isibungu siluhlaza ngemivimbo ephuzi namachashazi amancane aphuzi, ekhanda kunezimpondo ezi-2 eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi engxenyeni ye-anal kunezeluleko ezimbili ezibomvu.
Izitshalo zokuphakelayo - imoyilo yembuzi (I-Salix caprea), i -owowowow (I-Salix aurita), umlothaI-Salix cinerea) kanye nezinye izinhlobo zewillow, kanye ne-aspen. Isibungu sidla engxenyeni yeqabunga, sishiya umthambo omkhulu.
IPupa ilula, iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enamathiphu amabili amancane ekhanda, ilenga emagatsheni noma emaqabungeni, ikhula amasonto angama-2-3.
Izaziso Zokuphepha
Izinhlobo zitholakala eziBomvu izincwadi: i-Ukraine (isigaba 2), iLatvia (1998) (2 isigaba), iSmolensk (1997) (isigaba 2), iMoscow (1998) (isigaba 3), iVologda (2006) (isigaba 3) saseRussia, I-East Fennoscandia (1998), iJalimane (isigaba se-4), iSweden (isigaba sesithathu).
Izici zokunciphisa: ukubhujiswa kwama-biotopes (ukugawulwa kwamahlathi emvelo, ushintsho ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo zamahlathi, ukufudukela kwabantu emadolobheni), ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nokuwohloka okujwayelekile kwesimo semvelo ezindaweni zokuhlala zemvelo.
Izizathu zokunyamalala kwabafuduki abasemanzini
Umonakalo omkhulu wabantu ubangele abaqoqi. Abafuduki baseWillow babebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabaqoqi besikhathi seVictorian. Ngalesi sikhathi, isibalo esikhulu sezimvemvane saqothulwa.
Lezi zimvemvane ziyizinambuzane ezingavamile kakhulu eMhlabeni.
Isibalo sabafuduki abasemanzini sehla ngenxa yokulahleka kwendawo yabo yokuhlala. Lezi zimvemvane ziphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, futhi abantu bakha imigwaqo, izindlu futhi bagawula amahlathi bacekela phansi lezi zimo.
Izimvemvane ziyafa ngenxa yokuncipha kwezindawo zokuhlala.
Imibala yabafuduki abasemanzini bahlala kude kakhulu komunye nomunye, ngakho-ke, uma elinye ikholoni lifa ngaphandle, uhla luhlala lungabanjwa.
Isibalo esikhulu sezimvemvane zifa ngenxa yemiphumela yamakhemikhali abantu abalima amasimu, bese beyela ezindlini lapho zichichima khona bese zibabulala ubuthi.
Abafuduki abaningi babulawa amakhemikhali.
Ukulondolozwa kwezichichima emhlabeni kungasizwa kanjani?
Siza ukulondolozwa kwendawo yazo lezi zimvemvane ezingafani nalutho. Ukuze i-willow topple ivumelane nezilwane ezintsha, kudingeka isikhathi esikhulu nomzamo. Izindawo eziningi zemvelo zinamaqembu wokuzithandela, noma ngubani ofuna ukusiza abokufika angaxhumana ne-Wildlife Trust noma ajoyine iBritish Trust for Conservation Volunteers.
Ukuchitheka kwe-Willow kunganyamalala ngokuphelele kusuka ku-Earth Earth uma kungasizwa.
Wonke umuntu kufanele aqonde ukuthi akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukubhubhisa izimvemvane, okubandakanya abafuduki abasemanzini. Kuyadingeka ukuvikela imifino, okuyikhaya lezinhlobo ezingandile.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Ukubhebhetheka
Kusatshalaliswa eYurophu, ingxenye yaseYurophu yeRussia, eningizimu ye-Urals kanye neNtshonalanga yeSiberia, Isifunda i-Amur, Primorye, China, Korea.
Esifundeni saseSaratov, kwenzeka endaweni yangakini kuyo yonke indawo enezindawo ezingenahlathini. Umngcele oseningizimu yengxenye yaseYurophu ebanga lolu hlobo lwe-Euro-Asia udabula esifundeni. Esifundeni saseRtishchevsky, kumakwe umgwaqo phakathi kwamadolobhana aseVladykino nase-Iznair.
Imikhuba yendlela yokuphila
Uhlobo luvunyelwe kuma-biotope amahlathi ngomswakama owanele, okudingekayo ekuthuthukiseni izibungu. Ikhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni eziphansi nasemagqumeni, kepha ezintabeni kuyaqabukela kuphakama ngaphezu kwe-1300 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Esikhathini sosuku esishisayo, izimvemvane zithanda ukuhlala eduze namachibi, izingulube, imifudlana. Ngokuzenzakalelayo uhlala emigwaqweni ehlathini eshisayo, lapho aphuza khona imigodi, odakeni lwemigwaqo yehlathi, emaphethelweni ehlathi, ezihlahleni ezinejusi eligelezayo.
Ikhula esizukulwaneni esisodwa. Indiza Butterfly ngoJuni - Julayi. Ama-Shelter anamahloni kakhulu futhi aqaphe, kepha izimvemvane eziphuza amanzi ziphelelwa ukunakekelwa kwazo okuvamile. Abesilisa bavame kakhulu kunabesifazane.
Lapho kubekwa amaqanda, izinsikazi zibamba imiqhele yezihlahla ezinde, zinamathisele amaqabunga amaqabunga emihlume.
Izitshalo zomphako wamakhokho - izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zeminshi (I-Salix alba, i-Salix caprea, i-Salix rosmarinifolia), i-aspen (I-Populus tremula), kwesinye isikhathi iziqhwaga (I-Populus alba, i-Populus nigra) Ubusika obuneminyaka yobudala obuphakathi, ngemuva kwe-molt yesibili, kukhukhunathi osehlathini noma eqabungeni, uzama ukusondela kwinso. Isigaba sezingane sithatha amasonto angama-2-3; njengomthetho, siba ngoMeyi.