• Imigwaqo kagesi kaMarble, noma umgwaqo ojwayelekile kagesi, noma izinsenshi zemabula (lat.Torpedo marmorata) - uhlobo lwama-stingrays esigcawu se-genus gnusov umndeni gniusovogo iqembu lemisebe kagesi. Lezi izinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous ezihola indlela yokuphila ephansi, ezinamaphiko amakhulu, abunjiwe kanye nesisu esiswini, zakha indawo ecishe ibe yisiyingi, umsila omfishane futhi omningi, amachaphaza ama-dorsal amabili kanye ne-caudal eyakhiwe kahle. Njengabanye abamele abomndeni wabo bayakwazi ukukhipha amandla kagesi. Bahlala ngasempumalanga yeLwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic kusuka kuLwandle Olusuka eNyakatho neNingizimu Afrika. Zitholakala emadwaleni amatshe, emathangeni e-algae nasezindongeni ezinodaka zijule ngamamitha ayi-370. Bayakwazi ukusinda emanzini ampofu kakhulu komoya-mpilo, ngokwesibonelo, ezigodini zamanzi. Ubude obukhulu obhalisiwe buyi-100 cm. Umbala onsundu omnyama onamabala amaningi. Abesilisa nabesifazane, njengomthetho, bafinyelela ku-36-38 cm no-55-61 cm, ngokulandelana, ngokwesilinganiso.

Izintambo zikagesi zemabula zihamba zodwa. Ukudla kuqukethe izinhlanzi ezinama-bony, abazizingela kokuqameka bese bezitika ngokuphuma kukagesi. Amandla kagesi akhiqizwa yibo angaba namandla kagesi afinyelela kuma-70-80 volts. Ama-stingrays kagesi Marble akhiqiza kabusha nge-oviposition, ku-litter yezingane ezisanda kuzalwa ezi-332 ezikwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi kusukela ekuzalweni. Ukuzala kabusha kunomjikelezo weminyaka eyodwa.

Ukukhishwa kukagesi okukhiqizwa insimbi yemabula uyakwazi ukwehla, kepha kungabulali umuntu. Lawa ma-stingrays, kanye namanye ama-gnus, asetshenziswa njengezinto eziyimodeli ocwaningweni lwe-biomedical. Azinantshisekelo ngokuloba okuthengiswayo. Ukubanjiswa ngokuqhamukayo kuvela ekudobeni phansi okungasogwini.

Umnotho

Uhlobo olusha lwachazwa okokuqala ngo-1810 yisazi semvelo saseFrance u-Antoine Rissot. Umbhali akazange aqoke i-holotype, ngakho ngonyaka we-1999 uRonald Fricke waqoka umfanekiso wokuqala weRisso njengohlobo lwe-lectotype. Izinhlobo epithet zivela egameni elithi lat. i-marmorata - "imabula" futhi ihlotshaniswa nombala othize wale misebe.

Ngaphakathi kohlobo lwe-gnus, i-marble kagesi yemarble ingeyese-subgenus Torpedookuyinto ehlukile kwenye subgenus I-Tetronarce Umbala o-wax ohlanganisiwe kanye nesifutho somphetho esinemiphetho.

Indawo

Imigwaqo kagesi iMarble ihlala empumalanga ye-Atlantic isuka eScotland nasengxenyeni eseningizimu yeNorth Sea iye eCape of Good Hope, eSouth Africa, kufaka phakathi nolwandle iMedithera, kuze kufike kumamitha angama-370. Bathanda izinga lokushisa lamanzi elingadluli kuma-20 ° C. Njengomthetho, atholakala ngasogwini lwaseBrithani ekujuleni kuka-10-30 m, e-Italy ngo-20-100 m, nasemanzini eTunisia ajule ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-200. Izikebe zikagesi zemabula zigcwaliswa zijule ngaphezu kwezintambo zikagesi ze-ocular.

Ukuba yizinhlanzi ezingaphansi, imigodi kagesi yemabula iyatholakala eduze kwezixhobo ezinamadwala nasezinkomeni ze-algae ngaphansi kwesihlabathi noma udaka. Ngezinyanga ezifudumele zasehlobo, izinsikazi ezikhulelwe zithuthela e-Arcachon Bay, eFrance, emanzini angajulile eduze kwamabhange e-oyster. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-stingrays alezi zinhlobo ehlobo nasekwindla angenza ukufudukela enyakatho, ukungena emanzini esiQhingini saseBrithani.

Incazelo

I-Marble gnus inomzimba othambile futhi obulalayo. Amaphinifa we-pectoral ala mithambeka akha idiski eliseduze nxazonke, ubude bawo buphakathi kwama-59-67% ubude. Kuzo zombili izinhloko zekhanda, izitho zikagesi ezigoqwe ngogesi ngesimo sezinso ziyabonakala esikhunjeni. Ngemuva kwamehlo amancane kunama-splashes amakhulu e-oval, emaphethelweni awo embozwe ngembobo eyenziwe ngomunwe, icishe iguqulwe maphakathi nendawo. Ngemuva kwesifafaza ngemuva kwekhanda kukhona ama-pores angama-mucous angama-5-7. Phakathi kwamakhala kukhona uchopho wesikhumba olungunxande, ububanzi bawo obudlula kakhulu ubude, cishe bufinyelela emlonyeni omncane ogobile. Amazinyo amancanyana aqeda ngesipikili esisodwa futhi abe uhlobo lwe- “grater” spiky kuyo yomibili imihlathi. Ohlangothini olungaphansi lwe-disc kukhona izimbambo ezinhlanu zama-gill slits amancane.

Amaphini amabili dorsal anezindwangu eziyindilinga atholakala eduze komunye nomunye. Isisekelo salinye lazo cishe singama-2/3 ukuphakama kwawo. Isipikili semali yokuqala yedorsal isezingeni lethipheni lezisekelo zamaphini we-ventral. I-dorsal fin yokuqala inkulu kuneyesibili. Umsila umfishane futhi awugqinsi; imigoqo yesikhumba ihamba emaceleni. Baphetha ngoxantathu we-caudal Fin onamakhona ayindilinga. Ingaphezulu lomzimba womzimba linsundu omnyama futhi limbozwe amabala amaningi. Abanye abantu banombala ofanayo ngaphandle kwamamaki. Ingaphezulu le-ventral limhlophe ngemiphetho emnyama ye-disc. Ubude oburekhodiwe bungamasentimitha ayi-100, kepha ngokwesilinganiso abesilisa nabesifazane ababaude kakhulu kunama-36-38 cm nama-55-61 cm, ngokulandelana. Kukhona ukuhlangana kwezindawo kosayizi. Isisindo esikhulu esibhalisiwe esingu-3 kg.

Ibhayoloji

Ukuhola indlela yokuphila eyedwa kanye nezinsini zemabula kancane ziyakwazi ukuhlala zingashukumi izinsuku eziningi. Emini, zilele phansi ngaphansi kwengqimba yezimvula, kusuka lapho kubonakala kuphela amehlo nesikhafu kuphela. Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuhamba kancane (ukushaya okungu-10-15 ngomzuzu) kanye nokugcwala komoya ophefumule kwegazi kuvumela ukuthi basebenzise umoya-mpilo omncane uma kuqhathaniswa noshaka kanye nama-stingrays osayizi oqhathaniswayo. Amelana ne-hypoxia futhi ayakwazi ukuphila kumanzi angenawo umoya-mpilo nasezansi zamanzi. Lapho ukucindezela kwengxenye kwehla ngaphansi kwe-10-15 mm RT. Ubuciko., Imigwaqo kagesi yemabula ngokuvamile iyayeka ukuphefumula futhi ingaphila kulesisimo kuze kube amahora angama-5. Bayakwazi ukubhekana nezimo ezibucayi kakhulu ngenxa ye-anaerobic glycolysis nangenye indlela eyengeziwe yokukhiqiza amandla ku-mitochondria, ebambezela ukunqwabelana kwama-lactates angaba yingozi kumaseli. Njengabanye abamele iqembu labo ekuzivikeleni nasekuhlaseleni, izinsensela zemabula ziyakwazi ukukhipha ugesi. Isitho ngasinye sikagesi saso esigoqiwe siqukethe amakholomu angama-400-600 aqondile, wona-ke ayinqwaba elingaba ngu-400 "wamapulangwe kagesi" agcwele isisindo esinjengejelly, asebenze njengebhethri. Ukukhishwa kukagesi okukhiqizwe yilezi zithambeka kunamandla ka-70-80 volts, kanti amandla aphezulu angalinganiselwa kuma-volts angama-200. Isitembu sikhipha uchungechunge lokukhishwa, kancane kancane kuthiwe "ibhethri" bese i-voltage yehle. Ukuhlolwa kwezimo zokwenziwa kukhombisa ukuthi emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-15 ° C izinzwa zezitho zikagesi ziyayeka ukusebenza kahle. Lapho ebusika izinga lokushisa lamanzi lehla ngokwemvelo ezilwaneni zasendle, izinsini zemabula kungenzeka zingabe zisazisebenzisa lezi zitho zomzimba. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ama-stingrays angaba nendlela engaziwa yomzimba eguqula lezi zitho zamakhaza zibande.

Izikelemu zidla amagalane emisebenzini yemabula Anthocephalum gracile futhi ICalyptrobothrium riggii izinqe Pontobdella muricata futhi Trachelobdella lubrica , i-monogenes Amphibdella torpedinis , Amphibdelloides kechemiraen , A. maccallumi , A. izigodi , Empruthotrema raiae, E. torpedinis futhi I-squalonchocotyle torpedinis kanye nematode Ascaris torpedinis futhi Mawsonascaris pastinacae .

Ukondla

Ukuzingela iMarble kuyizingela ekuqamekeleni bese kumangaze isisulu ngesikhipha ugesi. Umbono awudlali indima ebalulekile ngesikhathi sokuzingela, lapho imigodi isezansi, amehlo ayo ahlala efihliwe ngaphansi kwengqimba yemvula. Esikhundleni sezimpawu ezibukwayo, ama-gnuse asabela kumasiginali avela kulayini we-mechanoreceptors, ngakho-ke ahlasela kuphela into enyakazayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-ampoules aseLorenzini abasiza ukuba babone inyamazane.

Ukudla kwama-marn gnus aqukethe ama-90% ezinhlanzi ezi-bony ngezansi, ezinjenge-hake, goby, ihansi, isigaxa esibomvu, i-mackerel yamahhashi, i-steamed, i-mullet, i-pomacenter, i-guban, i-eels yolwandle kanye ne-founder. Umthombo wesibili wokudla ama-cephalopods, ngokwesibonelo, ama-squid ajwayelekile futhi Sepia elegans. Kwake kwenzeka isikhashana, esinye isinambuzane semabula yemabula sagwinya imfushane yomndeni eziphakeme crayfish ru enPenaeus kerathurus . Izifundo ezithunjiwe zikhombisile ukuthi la ma-stingrays anqabile ukudla kwezinkalankala zohlobo lweMacropodia ru en . Ogwini oluseningizimu yeFrance, isakhi esibaluleke kakhulu sokudla kwezinsini zemabula yiziqhulo ezikhonjiwe. Izikhumba ziginya inyamazane yazo iyonke: kanye lapho umuntu oyedwa eyi-cm cm ubude egwedle umgqomo olwandle olungamathathu angama-34.

Ezibayeni zemabula kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuziphatha kokuzingela. Esokuqala - “ukweqa”, sisetshenziswa lapho inhlanzi ibhukuda eduze kwekhanda lendlela, njengomthetho, ingabi ngaphezu kuka-4 cm. Lapho wenza i-gnus, iququda ikhanda layo phambili bese inyuka ngaphezu kwesisulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ushaya ngomsila wakhe bese edala ukuphakama kukagesi okungama-230-240 Hz), imvamisa yawo ikhuphuka ngamazinga okushisa. Ukuphuma kokuqala kufushane kakhulu, kuhlanganisa amapulangwe ayi-10-6 aqine ngokwanele ukubangela ukukhubazeka kwemisipha ye-tetanic, kwesinye isikhathi ephula umgogodla wesisulu. Lapho i-ramp ishulela phambili, ukuhamba kwamanzi okwenziwe yi-gumede kuletha inyamazane ekhubazekile ngaphansi kwayo, ngemuva kwalokho kuyisonga ngediski bese iyithumela emlonyeni. Kuyo yonke le nqubo, i-gnus iyaqhubeka nokwakha ukuphuma kwamandla kagesi: inani eliphelele lama-pulses akhutshwe e-gxuma elilodwa aqondana ngqo nosayizi nobudala, esukela ku-66 erempini elisanda kuzalwa eli-12 cm ubude ukuya ku-340 kumuntu omdala ongama-45 cm. imizuzwana.

Uhlobo lwesibili lwezinqubo zokuzingela, "ezinwabuzelayo", zisetshenziswa imabula yemabula, ukuhlasela inyamazane eqondile noma ehamba kancane, kufaka phakathi ishaqekile futhi isuswe ngemuva kokuxhuma okwenzeka manje. Ukukhamba, izinsensane kwenza ukunyakaza okufana namagagasi ngemiphetho yediski futhi kushaye kancane ngomsila wayo. Okwamanje okwenziwe ngokunyusa idiski kudonsela isisulu kumzingeli, bese ehlisa idiski futhi eshaya ramp ngomsila wakhe, uyasondela kancane kulo. Ngemuva kokuthola isisulu, ukugedla kweminwe kuvula umlomo wayo bese kumunca. Uma kunesidingo, uma ohlukunyezwa ehamba, udala imibhede emincane kagesi engaqhubeka phakathi nokufakwa kwayo.

Ukuvikelwa

Ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu futhi nekhono lokukhiqiza ugesi, izinsensela zemabula akuvamile ukuba inyamazane yezinye izilwane, njengoshaka. Lapho zivikela, izintambo zisebenza ngokuhlukile, kuye ngokuthi iyiphi indawo (ngomsila noma ngediski) umdlwenguli uzama ukubamba. Endabeni yokuthinta idiski, izinsensane ziphenduka ngokushesha ziye ohlangothini lokusongelwa bese kuba nokuthuthumela kukagesi, ngemuva kwalokho indize iqonde emgqeni oqondile futhi ingaphinde ingcwatshwe ngokushona kwezulu. Lapho bethinta umsila, i-ramp ijika ibheke ngaphandle ngesisu sayo bese inyenya ibe yibhola, lapho sewenzile lo msebenzi wokuqondisa, ayisho ukuthi idle, kepha ihlala kulesi sikhundla, ichayeka kakhulu ezikhungweni zikagesi. Le ukunyakaza kuhambisana nokukhishwa kukagesi okunamandla. Lolu hlobo lwama-stingr ngosizo lukagesi luvikela umsila ngokuqinile kunediski.

Umjikelezo wokuphila

Izinsimbi zemabula ezalaniswa ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda, kuqala imibungu ekhulayo idla nge-yolk, bese i-histotroph ekhiqizwa umzimba womama. Izinsikazi ezindala zinama-ovari amabili asebenzayo kanye nesibeletho ezimbili, ingaphakathi lesibeletho limbozwe imigoqo emide yobude. Umjikelezo wokuzala kubantu besifazane mhlawumbe uthatha iminyaka emi-2, kuyilapho abesilisa bekwazi ukuzala minyaka yonke. Ukuhlangana kwenzeka kusukela ngoNovemba kuya kuZibandlela, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zizalwa ngonyaka olandelayo ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-9 kuya ku-12. E-udoti wezingane ezisanda kuzalwa ezi-3 ukuya ku-32, inani le-udoti lincike kusayizi wowesifazane.

Izitho zikagesi ziqala ukwakha imibungu engu-1.9-2.3 cm ubude, ngalesi sikhathi sezivele zinamehlo, amaphiko we-pectoral ne-ventral kanye nezifo zangaphandle. Lapho imibungu ikhula ibe ngu-2.0-2.7 cm, izikhala ezishubile ze-dorsal dots close and kuphela izikhala ze-ventral ezisalayo, njengakuyo yonke imisebe. Ngasikhathi sinye, amabhlogo ama-4 amaseli ayisisekelo akha izitho zikagesi ahlanganiswe. Emibungu engu-2.8-3.7 cm ubude, amaphini we-pectoral akhulisa futhi akhule kanye nesiphuzo, enza idiski eyindilinga ejwayelekile yemisebe kagesi. Ngobude obungamasentimitha angama-3.5-5,5, amagaladi angaphandle ayanyamalala bese kuvela imibala. Imibungu engu-6.6-7.3 cm ubude iyakwazi ukudala ukucishwa kukagesi. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, amandla okukhishwa akhuphuka ngo-10 5 futhi afinyelela kuma-47-55 volts emibungu engu-8,6- 13 cm ubude, okufana namandla okuqothula ama-stingray abadala.

Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zizalwa cishe nge-10-14 cm ubude futhi kusukela ekuzalweni ziyakwazi ukukhombisa ukuzingela okubonakalayo nokuziphatha okuvikelayo. Abesilisa nabesifazane bafinyelela ebusheni ngobude obungu-21-29 cm eneminyaka engaba ngu-5, kanye no-31- 39 cm kanye neminyaka eyi-12 ngokulandelana. Isilinganiso sempilo ephezulu kubantu besifazane silinganiselwa eminyakeni engama-20.

Ukusebenzisana kwabantu

Izinsimbi zemabula ziyakwazi ukudlulisa umuntu ngogesi obuhlungu, kodwa hhayi obabayo, mhlawumbe bubeka engcupheni yokuphambuka kwe-scuba, ngoba umuntu, njengoba ekhungathekile, angaxhuma. Ikhono lalezi zinhlanzi ukukhiqiza ugesi belaziwa kusukela kudala; belisetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. AmaGrikhi namaRoma asendulo basebenzise ama-stingrays bukhoma ukuphatha ikhanda kanye nesifo se-gout, futhi babebuye bancome ukuthi abadla izithuthwane badle inyama yabo.

Lezi zingilazi azisizakali ngokudobela ukuthengisa. Ngokubanjwa nje, bangabanjwa ekudobeni phansi kwezentengiso. Izinhlanzi ezibunjiwe zivame ukuphonswa ngaphezulu. I-Marble gnus, kanye neminye imisebe kagesi, isetshenziswa njengezinto eziyimodeli ocwaningweni lwezinto eziphilayo, ngoba izitho zazo zikagesi zicebile kuma-acetylcholine receptors, adlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lwezinzwa lomuntu.

Okungenani, engxenyeni esenyakatho yoLwandle iMedithera, le mithambeka itholakala kaningi, mhlawumbe inani labantu lisengozini kakhulu ogwini lwase-Italy. Ayikho imininingwane eyanele yokuhlola isimo sokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Okuqukethwe okuhlobene

ikilasi: izinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous
ukuhleleka: stingrays
umndeni: rhombic
uhlobo: ama-stingray of rhombuses
Habitat
I-fox yolwandle, noma umgwaqo onentaba, uvame kakhulu ogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. Izindawo ezikhipha amanzi zisuka eNorway ziye eNamibia yizindawo lapho kunabantu emhlabeni walezi zinhlaka. Kunokubukwa oLwandle iMedithera nolweMnyama, ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika naseMadagascar.
Ngabe ibukeka kanjani impungushe yolwandle?
Impungushe yasolwandle yabesifazane ingafinyelela kubude obungu-120 cm, eyeduna incane - ubude bomzimba wayo bungamasentimitha angama-70. Isimo somzimba sifana ne-rhombus. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba we-fox yolwandle lumbozwe ngezikhala eziningi, luyindathane futhi lupendiwe ngamathoni ansundu ngephethini yezindawo ezimnyama nezikhanyayo. Umsila omude futhi omncane umbozwe nge-spikes. Ngaphansi komzimba kukhanya futhi bushelelezi. Umbala wesikhumba uguquguqukayo - kuncike kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala kwe-stingray.
Indlela Yokuphila Nempilo
Imvelo esemqoka yokuba khona kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kungaphansi kolwandle olunodaka. Ama-Stingrays aphila ngokujula kwama-20-300 m nangaphezulu. Ehlobo, asondela kakhulu ogwini, futhi ebusika athuthela ekujuleni.

Idla kuma-crustaceans angaphansi, kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi ezincane.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi eziyingozi ziyingozi, kepha ama-stingrays ayakwazi ukuzivikela futhi azivumelanisa nezimo ukuze aphile endaweni yasemanzini.
Ukuzala

I-fox yolwandle, njengamanye ama-stingrays, isabalalisa ngokukhiqizwa kwamaqanda. Ngemuva kokuzala, insikazi iqala ukubeka amaqanda - ifike ku-170 phakathi nonyaka. Iqanda ngalinye lifakwe kwikhompiyutha evikelekile, enenqubo ekhethekile nezintambo ezinhlangothini, ngosizo lowesifazane lunamathisela amaqanda olwandle. Ekhoneni leqanda ngalinye, kunomgodi omncane we-oxygen, ngakho-ke i-fry ingaphefumula. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-5, kuzalwa imithambeka emincane - ngalinye lingabi ngaphezu kuka-12 cm ubude. Njengoba isifinyelele ku-15 cm cm, osemusha uyakwazi ukuzingela ngokuzimela.
Umthombo

Usuku oluhle. Ngithengisa ama-stingrays anamanzi ahlanzekile we-aquarium. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene, imibala, iminyaka. I-Leopoldi ramp iHenley ramp Yezimoto, i-motor ramp sp., I-motor-peruvian ramp, i-motor ramp sp.brazilian split falkneri diss shrodery noma chamomile stingray stingray tiger noma tiger stingray stingray pearl stingray histrix noma umfula ovamile stingray stingray galage stingray hybrid motor x pearl stingray stingray sp. hybrid Intengo iqala kusuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyisithupha.I-Malek isuka kuma-ruble ayi-15,000. - abadala. Izinhlanzi zitholakala ezindaweni ezingaphansi kweDelivery kulo lonke elaseRussia, kanye naseKazakhstan naseBelarus.
Ngeminye imininingwane buza ngocingo 8 916 659 87 09, 8 926 010 67 67 noma ubhalele mail yami - [email protected] Izithombe zenhlanzi yami

I-catfish kagesi iyinhlanzi engajwayelekile futhi iyingozi yasemanzini. Ifunwa kuphela ngabezazi zasemanzini ezinolwazi. I-cat catfish kagesi imele umndeni ka-Electric Catfish (Malapteruridae). Indawo yokuhlala yemvelo iyindawo yokugcina izilwanyana ezishisayo futhi engaphansi kwe-Afrika. Le yinhlanzi ephansi, enamanzi amnandi ehola indlela yokulinganisa nenokuthula. Kodwa-ke, umuntu akufanele akhohliswe ngokuziphatha kwakhe okuzolile, empeleni, kuyinto eyingozi kakhulu engalimaza hhayi kuphela izakhamuzi ze-aquarium, kodwa nomnikazi wayo. Ingozi ihambisana nekhono lalolu hlobo lokukhiqiza igesi kagesi efinyelela ku-350 V. Ama-Receptors nezitho zokwakheka ukukhiqiza okukhona njengamanje okungama-25% esisindo somzimba se-Electric catfish. Ukubukeka