Ama-Pterodactyls (lat. Pterodactyloidea, kusukela esiGrikini.

Ngo-1784, kwafunyanwa ukutholakala kwesithambo sesidalwa ebesingaziwa ngaphambili eBavaria (Germany). Kwahlolwa itshe lesimbi eline-imprint, futhi kwenziwa nomdwebo kulo. Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi, abacwaningi abakwazanga ukunika igama lesilwane esitholakele bese behlukanisa.

Ngo-1801, izinsalela zesidalwa eza kusosayensi waseFrance uGeorges Cuvier. Wathola ukuthi lesi silwane sikwazi ukundiza futhi singokuhleleka kwezidina ezindizayo. UCuvier futhi wamnika igama - "i-pterodactyl" (leli gama laqhamuka emunweni omude engxenyeni engaphambili ye-pangolin nohlaka lwesikhumba (iphiko) olusuka kulo luhlanganyele emzimbeni luya emlenzeni wangemuva).

Iqembu elikhethekile kakhulu elivumelaniswe nokuphila emoyeni. Ama-Pterodactyl abonakala ngogebhezi lokukhanya olude kakhulu. Amazinyo mancane. I-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho iyaphakama, ngaphandle kwezimbambo zomlomo wesibeletho. Amaphethelo angamaphiko amane, amaphiko anamandla futhi ububanzi, iminwe ezindizayo iyagoba. Umsila mfushane kakhulu. Amathambo omlenze ophansi ayacucwa.

Ubungako bama-pterodactyls behluka kakhulu - kusuka emincane, usayizi wendlunkulu, kuya kuma-pteranodons amakhulu anamaphiko afinyelela kumamitha ayi-15, izinyoni zezinyoni futhi azhdarchid (quetzalcoatl, aramburgiana) enamaphiko afinyelela kumamitha ayi-12.

Abancane babedla izinambuzane, ezinkulu - izinhlanzi kanye nezinye izilwane zasemanzini. Izinsalela ze-pterodactyls zaziwa kusukela e-Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits of Western Europe, East Africa kanye both of America, Australia, and Volga district in Russia. Emaphethelweni eVolga okokuqala, izidumbu ze-pterodactyl zatholakala ngonyaka we-2005.

I-pterodactyl enkulu kunazo zonke yatholakala eRomania edolobheni laseSebes e-Alba County, amaphiko ayo eyi-16 m.

Iqembu lifaka imindeni eminingana:

I-Isstiodactylidae - umndeni omeleli bawo bawuhlala ngezikhathi zeJurassic neCretaceous. Konke okutholwe kulo mndeni kwenziwa eNyakatho ye-hemisphere - eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu nase-Asia. Ngo-2011, kwachazwa uhlobo olusha, uGwawinapterus beardi, kulo mndeni. Yatholakala eCanada eCretaceous sediments eyenzeka emuva eminyakeni engama-75 million.

Pteranodontidae- Umndeni wama-pretosaurs amakhulu amaCretaceous ahlala eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu. Lo mndeni uhlanganisa uhlobo lwenhlobo elandelayo: iBogolubovia, iNyctosaurus, iPteranodon, i-Ornithostoma, i-Muzquizopteryx. Izidumbu zika-Ornithostoma, ilungu lomndeni elidala, zitholakale e-UK.

I-Tapejaridae eyaziwa ngokutholwa okuvela eChina naseBrazil ngesikhathi seCretaceous yasekuqaleni.

I-Azhdarchidae (igama lisuselwa ku-Ajdarxo (kusuka ku-Azi Dahaka wasePheresiya lakudala), udrako ovela ezinsumansumane zasePheresiya). Ziyaziwa ngokuyinhloko kusukela ekugcineni kweCretaceous, yize ama-vertebrae aqhelelene aziwa kusukela kwiCreatace Cretaceous (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-140 eyedlule). Lo mndeni uhlanganisa ezinye zezilwane ezindizayo ezinkulu kakhulu ezaziwa yisayensi.

Thola Umlando

• Amathambo okuqala e-pterodactyl atholakala ngonyaka ka-1780 kuma-limestone eZolnhofen eduze nase-Eichstät eBavaria (Germany). Lamasampula adluliselwe ekuqoqweni kweCount Friedrich Ferdinand. Ngo-1784, bachazwa usosayensi wase-Italy uCosimo Alessandro Collini.

Isikhathi eside, bekukholelwa ukuthi izinsalela ze-pterodactyl ezitholakala zesilwane sasolwandle esingaziwa. Usosayensi waseJalimane uJohann Georgia Wagler wasikisela ukuthi i-pterodactyl isebenzisa amaphiko njengezicucu futhi kwakuyisixhumanisi esiphakathi kwezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo.

• Ngo-1800, uJohann Herman waqala waphakamisa ukuthi ama-pterodactyls asebenzisa umunwe wesine ukugcina ulwelwesi lwesikhumba lophiko. NgoMashi wonyaka ofanayo, wathumela isazi semvelo saseFrance uGeorges Cuvier incazelo yokutholakele nokwakhiwa kabusha okuboniswe okokuqala kwe-pterodactyl. UCuvier wavumelana nokutholwe nguHerman, kwathi ngonyaka we-1809 washicilela imininingwane eningilizayo ngezinsalela, wazinika igama lokuqala lesayensi uPterodactyle (kusuka amagama esiGreki athi "ptero" - iphiko kanye no- "dactyle" - umunwe).
• Ngo-1888, isazi semvelo saseNgilandi uRichard Lidecker saqamba igama elithi Pterodactylus antiquus kuhlobo lwenhlobo.
• Kugcinwe izinsalela ezingaphezu kwama-30 we-pterodactyl (amathambo agcwele nezinsalela).
• Ngo-2005, izidumbu zesilozi ezindizayo zatholakala osebeni lweVolga eRussia.

Izinhlobo zama-Pterodactyls

Kuze kube ngu-1970, wonke amathambo atholakala kuma-pterosaurs ayebizwa ngokuthi ama-pterodactyls. Ngo-2000, uhlobo lwe-pterodactyls lehliswa lwaba izinhlobo ezimbili: I-Pterodactylus antiquus nePterodactylus kochi.

Futhi, ngokuya ngezigaba ezintsha, imindeni emine ifakiwe kwi-pterodactyl oda:

• I-Istiodactyls (istiodactylidae),
• I-Pteranodontids (pteranodontidae),
• I-Tapeyarides (tepijaridae),
• Ama-Azhdarchids (azhdarchidae).

Isakhiwo se-Skeleton

Ama-Pterodactyls ayengama-pterosaurs amancane anemisila emincane enomzimba omncane nekhanda elikhulu ngesihlobo somzimba.

Ama-Pterodactyl abonakala ngogebhezi lwesibani esiphakeme olunomlomo omkhulu, lapho kwakukhona khona amazinyo acishe abe ngu-90. Amazinyo amakhulu akhula phambi kwesiqhwaku, futhi njengoba ayesiya ajulile emlonyeni, usayizi wamazinyo wehla.

Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zama-pterosaurs, imihlathi ye-pterodactyl iqonde futhi ayigobile.

I-Pterodactyls yayinombono obukhali, ngakho-ke wakubona ngokucacile kusuka ekuphakameni okukhulu, futhi yathuthukisa i-cerebellum, ebhekele ukuhlanganiswa kokunyakaza.

Ekhanda ledayinaso kwakunesigaqa esikhuliselwe ukwanda phakathi kwemiphetho yamehlo yangemuva kwekhanda. Ikamu lenze umsebenzi wokubukisa futhi lalisetshenziswa emidlalweni yokuphephisa ukuheha umlingani.

Amathambo kanye nesikhumba sedayosaur kuqukethe imisebe yomoya eyehlisa isisindo samathambo.

Ama-vertebrae womlomo wesibeletho ayenwebekile, ngaphandle kwezimbambo zentamo ezisekela intamo ende. Esifubeni esibanzi sedayinaso kwakuyisitshalo esiphakeme. Izimbambo zasemahlombe zide futhi zimincane, amathambo e-pelvic ayahlungwa.

Izimbotshana zedayinaso zinde kakhulu maqondana nomzimba futhi zaphela ngeminwe emine. Ulwelwesi (ulwelwesi) lwephiko lwalunamathele olude kakhulu. Izimpiko ze-pterodactyl ze-webbed zelulezelwa ezingxenyeni eziseceleni zomzimba ziye ezinqeni nasemuva. Izimpiko ze-pterodactyl zazingamamitha ayi-1,04.

Izimpiko ze-pterodactyl zakhiwa ngumbungu wesisu semisombocutaneous osekelwa imicu ye-collagen, futhi ngaphandle ngeziqongo ze-keratin ezifana nezinduku zezimpaphe zezinyoni noma iminwe yamalulwane. Uhlaka oluqinile lwalulungisa ukwakheka kwamaphiko futhi lunciphise ukugqokwa kwalo. Esakhiweni sazo, amaphiko ama-pterodactyls afana namalulwane angenwebu lesikhumba.

Isidumbu se-pterodactyl sambozwa ngezinwele ezimfushane, sivikela ngokumelene ne-hypothermia ngenkathi indiza, futhi amaphiko abushelelezi.

Izingalo ezisemuva zimfishane futhi zinezintathu. Iminwe yaphela ngemichilo. Ama-Pterodactyls ayelala njengamalulwane, abheke phansi phansi, izilenge zibambe amagatsha.

Ngabe udleni nokuthi iyiphi indlela yokuphila

Abancane bahola impilo efanayo nezinyoni zanamuhla, i.e. wadla izinambuzane, ehleli emagatsheni ezihlahla, njll. Abantu abakhulu bondla izinhlanzi kanye nezinye izibungu ezincane.

Njengoba kucace kukho konke okungenhla, ama-pterodactyls ayeyizinyoni ezejwayelekile, ngokulandelana, ayehola ngendlela efanayo yokuphila. Bahlala emhlambini, bandiza usuku lonke beyofuna ukudla, balala ebusuku. Ngale ndlela, balala endaweni efanayo namalulwane, i.e. i-paws yanamathela emagatsheni ezihlahla futhi yehliselwa phezulu. Ngokungeziwe kokufana kwezinye, babenesinye isici esifanayo - indlela yokusuka (bavele bawa ngobuso ukusuka phansi babeka amaphiko abo, ngaphandle kwalokho babengeke bakwazi ukuphuma).

Imininingwane yesakhiwo somzimba

Izimpiko, ngokungafani nezinye eziningi ze-pterosaur, zazingamboziwe ngoboya, zazinezikhumba ezingenalutho. Ithambo lalikhanya ngoba amathambo awasho lutho. Abanye babenomsila omncane, kodwa iningi lalingekho.

29.05.2013

Ama-Pterodactyls (lat. Pterodactyloidea) angamalungu ezikhala ezinamaphiko ezingapheli, noma ama-pterosaurs (Pterosauria). Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-20 zalezi zidalwa eziphila ekupheleni kwenkathi yeJurassic.

Emincane kakhulu kunayo yonke eyayilingana nondlunkulu, kanti enkulu kunazo zonke yafika ngamaphiko afinyelela kumamitha ayi-12. Izinsalela zezinsalela ezinjalo zatholakala eTexas (e-USA) futhi zabizwa ngokuthi yi-quetzalcoatl. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo, ama-expanses eTexas yanamuhla ambozwe ngamachibi nemifula emincane.

UQuetzalcoatli wazihudulela ngenhla wadla izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe. Ama-Pterodactyls ayenehlelo lokuphefumula elakhiwe kahle nombono oqinile.

Ingqondo yabo yathuthukiswa kahle ngokuqhathaniswa nobuchopho babaninikhaya abaningi. Abaphenyi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi babeyizilwane ezinegazi ezifudumele.

Izinhlobo zama-dinosaurs ezinamaphiko

Ama-dinosaurs ezinamaphiko ahlala emhlabeni wethu esikhathini se-Mesozoic. I-Pterodactyls yathatha isikhundla seqembu lokuqala le-pterosaurs - i-ramforinham (i-Rhamphorhynchus), eyayikhona enkathini ye-Triassic, futhi yabuyisela ngokuphelele ukuphela kwenkathi ye-Jurassic.

Izici zesici se-pterodactyls zifaka amathambo angenalutho kanye nogebhezi oluvulekile. Umgogodla wabo wafinyezwa, i-vertebrae ye-pelvic kanye nezibhokisi zesifuba yafaka ithambo linye. Babengenazimbumbulu, kepha amahlombe ehlombe ayephakeme kakhulu.

Imihlathi yama-pterodactyl amaningi ihlome ngamazinyo abukhali. Ezinye zazo zazingamabala ngokuphelele. Babedla izinhlanzi, izinambuzane, izithelo zezitshalo ngisho ne-plankton.

Isithandwa esithandekayo seplankton kwakuyi-pterodaustro (Pterodaustro guinazul).

Wayenamaphiko acishe abe ngu-120 cm endiza phezu kwamanzi futhi akhombe ingxenye yamanzi ngesipuni somlomo, ecishe ifane nomlomo wesikhumba sangaphansi samanje. Wayihlunga ngesihlungo esivamile samazinyo amancane, ngaleyondlela efinyelela ipulankton yezakhi.

Izindiza ezindizayo zazincane kangangokuba umonakalo omncane wamenza wangakwazi ukundiza, emlahla ngendlala.

Okufundwe kakhulu yiPterodactylus grandis. Wakha indawo ye-Europe yanamuhla ne-Afrika. Abamele lolu hlobo babehlala ogwini lwamatshe olunamadwala, olwalubavumela ukuba bangene kalula emoyeni beya endaweni ethile. Babengazibumbanga imihlambi emikhulu, babehlala komakhelwane, kepha umhlaseli ngamunye wayezama ukuhlala ehlukile kwezihlobo.

UPterodactyl wathuthela emhlabeni ngokuxakaniseka, ethembele kuzo zozine izinyawo, kepha emoyeni wamboza amabanga amade, ehlela njenge-albatrosses yamanje. Endizeni, wasebenzisa imisinga yomoya efudumele, eyayikhona ngesikhathi sobukhona bakhe.

Impukane yakudala yayikwazi ukugoba amaphiko ayo, kodwa inzima kakhulu futhi ihamba kancane, ngakho-ke ukuqala kwayo kwakuhlala njalo kuqala ngetshe noma idwala eliphakeme. Windizela phezulu kwamanzi, efuna inyamazane.

Lapho ibonile inhlanzi, ibhungane laphuthuma kulokhu kuhlasela layibamba ngemihlathi ebukhali. Ngokubamba waphindela ogwini, lapho afike wazitika khona esidlweni.

Lapho eseqinisile, umdobi wabuyela ezindaweni zokuzingela, njengoba ehlushwa ubudlova. Ubusuku, wayehlala ahlala emithambekeni emaweni, lapho izinyamazane zingatholakali.

Ukuzala kanye nedatha yangaphandle

Ama-Pterodactyls ayizidalwa ezi-oviparous. Abaphenyi abaningi bafika esiphethweni sokuthi bakha imibhangqwana eshadile, babopha imvimbi futhi banakekela inzalo. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa azikwazanga ukwenza ngaphandle kosizo lwabazali okungenani ekuqaleni.

Izimpiko zePterodactylus grandis zazingaba ngu-2,5 m, futhi zibe nesisindo esingama-3 kg. Umzimba omfishane, omnyama wawumbozwe luhlobo "loboya", olufana noboya bamalulwane.

Igebhezi elikhulu kunalokho lalakhiwa ngamathambo aluhlaza. Imihlathi emide enamandla yambozwa ngomlomo omnyama. Kwakunamazinyo amaningi abukhali emihlathini.

Izindandatho zangemuva zaphenduka amaphiko futhi zazinde kakhulu kunezimbambo zangemuva.

Imilenze emincane yesandla emuva yayinamakhulu amahlanu. Iminwe emine yayihlome imichilo, futhi kwakungekho sibuko kumunwe omfishane kakhulu. Umsila wawuncane kakhulu futhi awudlalanga indima ebalulekile ekundizeni.

Iminwe emithathu yangaphambili yangaphansi yayincane futhi yaphela ngozipho, futhi umunwe wesine omude kakhulu wasebenza njengophaka lwe-membrane eyakha amaphiko. Indiza ethwele amaphiko yasungulwa ngumbumba wesikhumba. Wayelulwe phakathi kwezinhlangothi zomzimba namaphethelo angaphambili.

Incazelo yePterodactyl

Igama lesiLatini elithi Pterodactylus libuyela emuva ezimpandeni zamaGrikhi, elihunyushwe ngokuthi “umunwe onezimpiko”: i-pterodactyl yathola leli gama ngenxa yomunwe wesine owandiswe ngokuqinile, lapho iphiko lesikhumba lalinamathiselwe khona. I-Pterodactyl ingeyohlobo / isizinda, esiyingxenye yeqembu elibanzi lama-pterosaurs, futhi alithathwa njenge-pterosaur nje elichazwe okokuqala, kodwa futhi nesikhulukazi esikhulunywa kakhulu emlandweni we-paleontology.

Ukubukeka, ubukhulu

I-pterodactyl yayingabukeki njenge reptile, kepha yinyoni edlakadlaka enoqhwaku olukhulu (njenge-pelican) kanye namaphiko amakhulu. I-Pterodactylus antiquus (uhlobo lokuqala noludume kakhulu olukhonjwa) lwalungenasici ngosayizi - amaphiko alo kwakuyimitha eyi-1. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-pterodactyls, ngokusho kwe-paleontologists ezahlaziya izinsalela zezinsalela ezingaphezu kuka-30 (amathambo agcwele nezinsalela), zazincane kakhulu. Iphiko lomunwe omdala lalinogebhezi olude futhi oluncane, olunemihlathi emincane eqondile, lapho kwakukhula khona amazinyo nezinaliti (abacwaningi babala ama-90).

Amazinyo amakhulu kunabo bonke ayengaphambili futhi kancane kancane aba mancane ngokuya emphinjeni. Isigaxa nomhlathi we-pterodactyl (ngokungafani nezinhlobo ezihlobene) zaziqondile futhi azizange zigobeke. Ikhanda lihlala entanyeni eguqukayo engapheli, lapho bekungekho khona izimbambo zentamo, kepha i-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho ibonwa. Ngemuva kwekhanda kwakuhlotshiswe ngohlobo lwesikhumba olude, olwalukhula njengoba i-pterodactyl ikhula. Naphezu kobukhulu bawo obukhulu, amaphiko edijithali andiza kahle - leli thuba anikezwe lona ngamathambo akhanyayo nangenalutho, lapho amaphiko awo anamathele khona.

Kubalulekile! Iphiko lalifanekisela isibaya esikhulu sesikhumba (esifana nephiko le-bat), esigxunyekwe emunweni wesine nakumathambo esihlakala. Izimbambo zangemuva (ezinamathambo afakwe emlenzeni ongezansi) zaziphansi ubude bezingaphambili, lapho uhhafu wawela khona ngomunwe wesine, uthweswe uzipho olude.

Iminwe eyayindiza yagoqeka, futhi ulwelwesi lwephiko lwenziwa izicubu ezithambile, ezimboze isikhumba, zisekelwa imithambo ye-keratin ngaphandle nangama-collagen fibers avela ngaphakathi. Umzimba we-pterodactyl wawambozwe ngokhanya olubi futhi wenza sengathi cishe awunasisindo (ngokumelene nesizinda samaphiko anamandla nekhanda elikhulu). Kuyiqiniso, akubona bonke abakha kabusha ababonisa i-pterodactyl enomzimba omncane - ngokwesibonelo, uJohann Herman (1800) wayidonsa kahle.

Imibono iyahlukahluka ngokuqondene nomsila: abanye abasebenza nge-paleontologists bayaqiniseka ukuthi incane kakhulu ekuqaleni futhi ayidlalanga ndima, kanti abanye bakhuluma ngomsila omuhle kakhulu owanyamalala ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo. Abalandeli benkolelo-mbono yesibili bakhuluma ngokubaluleka komsila, okuyinto yetterodactyl edonsa emoyeni - ukuqondisa, ukwehla masinyane noma ukukhuphuka ngokushesha phezulu. Ekufeni komsila, izazi zebhayoloji zisola ubuchopho, ukuthuthukiswa kwazo okuholele ekunciphiseni kwenqubo yomsila.

Isimilo nendlela yokuphila

Ama-Pterodactyl ahlukaniswa njengezilwane ezihleleke kahle, okusikisela ukuthi ahola impilo yesikhathi esigcwele nomhlambi. Kusenombuzo odonsayo ukuthi ama-pterodactyls angakwazi yini ukuhambisa amaphiko awo ngempumelelo, kuyilapho ukukhuphuka ngokukhululeka kungangabazi - ukuhamba komoya omncane kungasekelwa kalula ulwelwesi olungenamaphiko oluvulekile. Kungenzeka ukuthi amaphiko eminwe ayazi kahle izikejana zokundiza ezindiza, kodwa nokho ayehlukile kulezinyoni zesimanje. Ngokundiza, i-pterodactyl cishe yayifana ne-albatross, imboza kahle amaphiko ayo nge-arc emfushane, kodwa igwema ukuhamba okungazelelwe.

Ukuhamba ngendiza ngezikhathi ezithile bekuphazanyiswa ukuntanta kwamahhala. Kubalulekile ukunaka ukuthi i-albatross ayinayo intamo ende nekhanda elikhulu, yingakho isithombe sokuhamba kwayo singekho 100% ukuhlangana kwendiza ye-pterodactyl. Enye isihloko esiphikisayo (ngamakamu amabili abaphikisi) ukuthi ngabe i-pterodactyl kwakulula ukuyisusa endaweni eyisicaba. Ikamu lokuqala alingabazi nakancane ukuthi leli bhungane elinamaphiko lisuka kalula emhlabathini osendaweni, kufaka phakathi nolwandle.

Kuyathakazelisa! Abaphikisi babo bagcizelela ukuthi i-pterodactyl idinga ukuphakama okuthile (idwala, idwala noma isihlahla) ukuqala, lapho ekhuphuka khona ngamawashi anezinhlangothi eziyishumi, asunduzela phansi, acwila phansi, esakaza amaphiko awo, futhi kuphela wabe esephuthukela phezulu.

Sekukonke, iphiko lomunwe likhuphuka kahle kunoma imaphi amagquma nezihlahla, kodwa lihamba kancane futhi lixakile endaweni esezingeni elifanelekile: lalithintelwa ngamaphiko okugoqa nangezandla zeminwe ezazisebenza njengesekelwa elingathandeki.

Ukubhukuda kwakungcono kakhulu - ulwelwesi emilenzeni lwaphenduka izingulule, sibonga ukuthi ukwethulwa kwakushesha futhi kusebenza kahle. Umbono obukhali usize ukuzulazula ngokushesha lapho ufuna inyamazane - i-pterodactyl yabona lapho kuhamba khona izikole zezinhlanzi ezikhanyayo. Ngendlela, kwakusezulwini lapho ama-pterodactyls ezizwa ephephile, yingakho alala (njengamalulwane) emoyeni: amakhanda phansi, ama-paws abambelela esihlahleni segatsha / edwaleni.

Isikhathi sokuphila

Ngokucatshangelwa ukuthi ama-pterodactyl ayizilwane ezinegazi ezifudumele (futhi kungenzeka ukuthi okhokho bezinyoni zesimanje), isikhathi sabo sokuphila kufanele sibalwe ngokufaniswa nesikhathi sokuphila kwezinyoni zesimanje, ezilingana nezinhlobo zokuqothuka ngosayizi. Kulokhu, umuntu kufanele ancike kwidatha okhozi noma kuviyo ephila iminyaka engama-20 ukuya kwengama-40, kwesinye isikhathi iminyaka engama-70.

Umlando wemibono eyiphutha

Ngo-1780, izinsalela zesilo esingaziwa zaphinde zaqongelela ukuqoqwa kukaClive Friedrich Ferdinand, kwathi emva kweminyaka emine kwalandela uCosmo-Alessandro Collini, isazi-mlando saseFrance nonobhala wezwe waseVoltaire, sase sichaziwe. UCollini ubhekele umnyango wezomlando wemvelo (Naturalienkabinett), ovulwe esigodlweni sikaCharles Theodore, uMkhiqizi waseBavaria. Isidalwa se-fossil siqashelwa njengokutholwa kokuqala okuqoshwe phansi kwe-pterodactyl (ngomqondo omncane) ne-pterosaur (ngendlela ejwayelekile).

Kuyathakazelisa! Kukhona omunye umthambo, othi awokuqala - lo obizwa nge- "example of Pester", owahlukaniswa ngo-1779. Kepha ekuqaleni lezi zinsalela kuthiwa zazizinhlobo ezingapheli zama-crustaceans.

UCollini, oqale ukuchaza lo mbukiso ovela eNaturalienkabinett, akafuni ukuqaphela isilwane esindizayo e-pterodactyl (ngenkani wenqaba ukufana namalulwane nezinyoni), kodwa wagcizelela ukuthi kungokwaso izilo zasemanzini. Umbono wezilwane zasemanzini, ama-pterosaurs, usekelwa isikhathi esithile.

Ngo-1830, kwavela i-athikili yesazi sezilwane saseJalimane uJohann Wagler mayelana nabantu abathile abasemazweni angaphandle, senezelwa isithombe se-pterodactyl, amaphiko ayo asetshenziswa njengezicucu. UWagler wedlulela phambili futhi wafaka i-pterodactyl (kanye namanye ama-vertebrates asemanzini) esigabeni esikhethekile i- "Gryphi", esiphakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni.

Ukunyakaza

Isidumbu se-pterodactyl besilingana, ngakho-ke babengenazinkinga ngokugcina ibhalansi ngesikhathi indiza. Ama-mechanics wokundiza kwe-pterodactyl ahlukile kumasu wokundiza wezinyoni. Ama-Pterodactyls enza uthango olubushelelezi lwamaphiko awo nge-arc emfushane, abese enyuka emijikelezweni yomoya (ngokungafani nezinyoni, ezenza ukuhamba kwamaphiko kube bukhali). Ngenxa yokwakheka kwamaphiko, la ma-pterosaurs awakwazanga ukusuka emhlabathini futhi ebusweni bolwandle, anamathela egatsheni, alengiswa phansi, bese evula izindwani zawo, awela phansi futhi asakaza amaphiko awo. Ama-Pterodactyls ahamba kancane emhlabeni futhi ayehamba kancane.

Umsoco

Isisekelo sokudla kwama-pterodactyls kwakuyinhlanzi. Ukundiza phezu kwamanzi, ama-pterodactyl abamba izinhlanzi zigxuma ziphuma emanzini noma zibhukuda eduze kwamanzi.

Ngokuvamile, ama-pterodactyls ayezingela izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezihlala eduze nemizimba yamanzi.
Ama-Pterodactyls ayezingela ezindaweni ezivulekile lapho angahlelela khona isikhathi eside ngaphezulu komhlaba. Ama-pterosaurs athumba izisulu zawo ngomlomo waso kule mpukane futhi ngokushesha aginywa.

Eminyuziyamu lapho kusele khona izinsalela ze-pterodactyl

• Umnyuziyamu waseMelika woMlando Wezemvelo,
• ICharnegie Museum of Natural History (ePennsylvania, e-USA),
• Umnyuziyamu weDallas weSayensi neMvelo,
• I-Burgormister Müller Museum,
• Imyuziyamu yaseVienna yoMlando Wezemvelo,
• Imnyuziyamu ye-Paleontological. Yu .. A. Orlova.

Izihlobo eziseduzane zama-pterodactyls:

• anhangvera (sobhera),
• izinyoni zibukele
• coloborinch,
• i-aramburgiana,
• hatsegopteryks,
• quetzalcoatl.

Umqondo kaHerman

Iqiniso lokuthi umunwe wesine weligi lalidingeka yi-pterodactyl ukubamba ulwelwesi lwamaphiko, kuqagela isazi sezilwane saseFrance uJean Herman. Ngaphezu kwalokho, entwasahlobo ka-1800, kwakunguJean Hermann owazisa isazi semvelo saseFrance uGeorges Cuvier ngobukhona bezidumbu (ezichazwe uCollini), ekhathazekile ngokuthi amasosha kaNapoleon azobayisa eParis. Incwadi ebibhekiswe kuCuvier ibuye ibe nombhalo wencazelo yomlobi wezinsalela, ephelezelwa ngumfanekiso - umdwebo omnyama nomhlophe wesidalwa esinamaphiko ayindilinga owasatshalaliswa usuka umunwe wendandatho uye emaqakaleni oboya.

Ngokusekelwe ekubukekeni kwamalulwane, uHerman wabeka ulwelwesi phakathi kwentamo nesihlaka sesandla, yize zazingekho izingcezwana ze-membrane / zoboya esibonelweni uqobo. UHerman akakwazanga ukuzihlolisisa izinsalela, kodwa wathi lesi silwane esinyamalele izilwane ezincelisayo. Sekukonke, uCuvier wavumelana nencazelo yesithombe esaphakanyiswa uHerman, futhi, ngenkathi esinciphisile ngaphambili, waze washicilela namanothi akhe ebusika bango-1800. Kuyiqiniso, ngokungafani noHermann, uCuvier wabeka lesi silwane esasiqothuka njengesigaba esidlayo.

Kuyathakazelisa! Ngo-1852, i-pterodactyl yethusi kwakufanele ihlobise ingadi yezitshalo eParis, kodwa umsebenzi wavalwa kungazelelwe. Imidwebo yama-pterodactyls yasungulwa nokho, kodwa emva kweminyaka emibili (1854) hhayi eFrance, kodwa eNgilandi - e-Crystal Palace, eyakhiwa eHyde Park (eLondon).

Ibizwa i-pterodactyl

Ngo-1809, umphakathi wajwayelana nencazelo eningilizayo yesikebhe esinamaphiko kusuka eCuvier, lapho sanikeza khona igama lesayensi lokuqala elithi Ptero-Dactyle, elisuselwa ezimpandeni zamaGrikhi π ezine ρ ρ Ngasikhathi sinye, uCuvier wabhubhisa ukucabanga kukaJohann Friedrich Blumenbach ukuthi izinhlobo zezinyoni zasogwini. Ngokuhambisana nje, kwavela ukuthi izinsalela azithungelwanga ibutho laseFrance, kodwa zivela kwisazi somzimba saseJalimane uSamuel Thomas Semmering. Wahlola izinsalela waze wafunda incwadi eyabhalwa ngomhla ka-12/31/1810, eyayikhuluma ngokunyamalala kwabo, kwathi ngoJanuwari 1811, uSemmering waqinisekisa uCuvier ukuthi ukutholile bekutholakele.

Ngo-1812, umJalimane washicilela eyakhe inkulumo, lapho echaza khona lesi silwane njengesihlobo esiphakathi kwephiko nenyoni, wasiqamba ngokuthi i-Ornithocephalus antiquus (eyayikhanda inyoni yasendulo).

UCuvier wenqabile ukuthi kungene i-Semmering embhalweni we-counter, ethi izinsalela zezingezilwane ezifuywayo. Ngo-1817, okwesibili, isampula elincanyana le-pterodactyl lembiwa kufakwe ku-Zolnhofen, okwathi (ngenxa yesifinyezo sayo esifushane) I-Sömmering ebizwa nge-Ornithocephalus brevirostris.

Kubalulekile! Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, ngonyaka we-1815, isazi sezilwane saseMelika uConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, ngokusekelwe emsebenzini kaGeorges Cuvier, wahlongoza ukusebenzisa igama elithi Pterodactylus ukuqamba uhlobo.

Kakade esikhathini sethu, konke okutholakele okwaziwayo sekuhlaziywe ngokuphelele (kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene), futhi imiphumela yocwaningo yashicilelwa ngonyaka we-2004. Ososayensi sebefikile esiphethweni sokuthi kunohlobo olulodwa lwama-pterodactyls - i-Pterodactylus antiquus.

Habitat, indawo yokuhlala

Ama-Pterodactyls avela ekugcineni kwenkathi ye-Jurassic (iminyaka eyi-152.1150.8 edlule) futhi anyamalala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyi-145 edlule, esesenkathini yeCretaceous. Kuliqiniso, abanye abalobi bezomlando bakholelwa ukuthi ukuphela kweJurassic kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1 (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-144 eyedlule), okusho ukuthi idinosaur endizayo yaphila futhi yafa ngesikhathi seJurassic.

Kuyathakazelisa! Insalela yemfucumfucu yatholakala emigodini yaseZolnhofen (eJalimane), kancane - endaweni yamazwe amaningana aseYurophu nakwamanye amazwekazi amathathu (i-Afrika, i-Australia neMelika).

Ukutholwa kusikisele ukuthi ama-pterodactyls ayevamile emhlabeni.. Izicucu zamathambo wePterodactyl zitholakale ngisho naseRussia, osebeni lweVolga (2005)

Ukudla kwePterodactyl

Ukubuyisela impilo yansuku zonke ye-pterodactyl, i-paleontologists yafika esiphethweni mayelana nokuba khona kwayo okungathathileki phakathi kwezilwandle nemifula, kuphindeka nezinhlanzi nezinye izilwane ezilungele isisu. Ngenxa yamehlo abukhali, ibhungane elindiza elikude laqaphela indlela izikole zezinhlanzi ezidlala ngayo emanzini, izibankwa nezinyamazane ezinamakhaza, lapho izidalwa zasemanzini nezinambuzane ezinkulu zifihla khona.

Umkhiqizo oyinhloko we-pterodactyl kwakuyizinhlanzi, ezincane nezinkulu, kuya ngeminyaka / ngosayizi womzingeli ngokwakhe. I-pterodactyl ebulawa yindlala ihlelele phezulu kwesiqhumane futhi yabamba isisulu esingenandaba ngemihlathi yaso emide, lapho sasingacishe siphume khona - yabanjwa ngokuqinile ngamazinyo enaliti abukhali.

Ukuzalela inzalo

Ukuya esidlekeni, ama-pterodactyl, njengezilwane ezijwayelekile zomphakathi, adala amakoloni amaningi. Izindlovu zakhelwa eduze kwezindawo zemvelo zokugcina imvelo, imvamisa emaweni asezingeni lolwandle. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zithi izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezindizayo zazibhekele ukuzala, bese zinakekela inzalo, zazondla amachwane ngenhlanzi, zifundisa amakhono endiza

Kuzoba nokuthakazelisa:

Izitha zemvelo

Ama-Pterodactyls ngezikhathi ezithile aba izisulu zabazingeli basendulo, zombili zomhlaba nezinamaphiko. Phakathi kwabokugcina kwakukhona izihlobo eziseduze ze-pterodactyl, i-ramforinha (ama-pterosaurs amade). Ukwehlela emhlabathini, ama-pterodactyls (ngenxa yokuhamba kwawo kancane nokuvilapha) aba yisisulu sokudonswa kalula kwama-dinosaurs asezingeni eliphansi. Usongo luvela kuma-compsognates amadala (inhlobo encane yama-dinosaurs) nakuma-lizardotazovye dinosaurs (theropods).