Phakathi kwesizwe esikhulu sofudu, imifudlana engapheli iyathakazelisa ngokukhethekile. Lezi zilwane ezingaqondakaliyo zigcina izimfihlo eziningi futhi lokhu akuyona ihaba.

Ngempela, izimfudu bezikhona emhlabeni wethu iminyaka engaba ngamakhulu amabili namashumi amabili eminyaka, futhi umbuzo wemvelaphi yawo usavulekile. Kuyemukelwa jikelele ukuthi okhokho bezimpungushe babengama-cocilosaurs, izimbambo zazo zazibanzi kangangokuba bakha uhlobo lwesihlangu sangemuva, kepha kukhona okunye okucatshangwe ngemvelaphi yabo.

Isifudumezi sakudala kunazo zonke, phakathi kwaziwa yisayensi, sineminyaka engamakhulu amabili namashumi amabili eminyaka, kodwa kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngudadewabo omncane - i-proganochelis.

IProganochelis, ebizwa nangokuthi i-triasochelis, ingeyesibili, ngokwesikhathi sakudala, phakathi kwazo zonke izingwebu zamandulo ezaziwa ngesayensi yanamuhla. Ufudu wakudala ukwedlula yena kuphela i-Odobtochelys semitestacea esishiwo ngenhla. Izimpendulo proganochelis ishabalale ngokuphelele manje ngommeleli Proganochelydia. Lesi sigatshana sesidala kunabo bonke esaziwa yisayensi futhi manje sesifile ngokuphelele. Namuhla kuyaziwa ukuthi lesi sigatshana sangaphansi sasihlanganisa imindeni emithathu ye-monotypic.

I-Proganochelis eqhathaniswa nezimfudu zesimanje ibinomehluko obalulekile wokuthi inamazinyo, kanye nezinye izibonakaliso zakudala. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi e-Odobtochelys semitestacea isihlangu sangaphansi semoto, ngokunye okubizwa ngokuthi i-carapace, sasingekho ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke ku-proganochelis lokhu kuguquka okubaluleke kakhulu kokuziphendukela kwendlela yesimanje kwavele kwabonwa.

Ukuvela kwe-proganochelis kanye nokwakheka kwamathambo ayo

I-Proganochelis yayinophawu lwentaba-ntathu olwakhiwe ngokuphelele. I-carapace yayingamasentimitha angamashumi ayisithupha nane ubude namasentimitha angamashumi ayisithupha nantathu ububanzi.

Ngakho-ke, igobolondo le-maendeleo. Ngaphakathi i-carapace, ama-vertebrae agcinwe nezimbambo angatholakala. Isihlangu esingaphezulu, sangemuva segobolondo sakhiwe kakhulu futhi sinokuphakama ngamasentimitha ayishumi nesikhombisa.

Engxenyeni yayo engemuva, isihlangu sasemuva sathola ukwakheka okuthe xaxa. Ngaphakathi kwesihlangu, i-vertebrae kanye nezimbambo zahlangana ne-carapace. Imizimba ye-vertebral ayisiwugqinsi kakhulu. Isihlangu esingaphansi, se-ventral se-carapace (i-plastiki) ye-proganochelis safakwa ngokuqinile nesivikelo se-dorsal, noma kunjalo, sasingapheli futhi sine-cutout.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwesakhiwo segobolondo le-proganochelis kusuka kulokho okwenziwa ngamafudu wesimanje ukuthi igobolondo le-proganochelis lalinemigqa emibili yezithambeka zemashi, kanti ezingwebeni zesimanje akukho lutho lohlobo olubonwa.

IProganochelis yayinomlomo nogebhezi lohlobo lwefudu. Ngasikhathi sinye, wayenenqwaba yezici zasendulo, njengamazinyo amancane nendlebe elula egcinwe esibhakabhakeni kuphela.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ngokungafani nezimfudu zesimanjemanje, ama-proganochelise awakwazanga ukudweba ama-paws awo nekhanda ngaphansi kwe-carapace. Esikhundleni salokho, intamo nezinyawo zazinezikali ezinzima, ezikhomba ngokusobala ezazenza imisebenzi yokuvikela.

I-Archelon

I-Archelon, nje isidlaliso esinjalo sasigqokwa ubuhle obunamathani amathathu. Ngobude, lolu hlobo lungafinyelela amamitha amahlanu, ikhanda lalingelinye lesikhombisa kulo lonke ubude bomzimba. Lezi ziphulu zidlulise ukubonga kumafifaza angaphambili, afana nezimpiko ezinkulu. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwakuyi-jellyfish kanye nama-crustaceans akhona ngamanani amaningi.

I-Mozasaurus

Kwakungoshaka kuphela futhi manje sekudlule, kufana nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu - ama-mosasaurs - ababesaba abantu abanjalo. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, izimfudu zazibekela amaqanda, zikhuphuke ziye emhlabathini, bese ziphindela olwandle.

Ama-turtles - i-Atlanta

Ama-turtles - ama-Atlanteans anesisindo esingamathani amane, ngokungafani nama-Archelons, ayehlala kakhulu emhlabeni futhi ayebhekwa njengezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu kubo bonke abanikazi bomhlaba abaziwayo. Naphezu kobukhulu bazo, babehlukaniswa ngamahloni abo, lapho kuvela usongo oluncane, badonsa amakhanda abo ngaphansi kwesibhamu ngejubane elingajwayelekile. Ekudleni bakhetha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimila.

Seychelles ufudu

Emhlabeni wanamuhla, mhlawumbe kuphela ufudu lwaseSeychelles olunobukhulu obukhulu. Lesi silo esidumile sathola igama laso ngenxa yendawo yokuhlala kuphela - isiqhingi sase-Aldabra, esiyingxenye yeqembu laseSeychelles. ISychelles turtle iyi-amphibian enkulu, efinyelela kumasentimitha ayikhulu namashumi amabili, inomzimba we-squat nekhanda elincane. Inani labo aliphezulu.

I-Proganochelis

† I-Proganochelis
Ukwakha kabusha
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi

I-Proganohelis (lat. Proganochelys) - uhlobo lwezilwane ezihubhayo ezingapheli ezivela kohlu lwama-testudinates, omunye wabameleli abadala kunabo bonke beqembu elaziwa isayensi - izinsalela zabo zangaphambilini zibhalwe yi-Upper Triassic (iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-227 kuya ku-2011 eyedlule). I-genus ngekhulu le-XX ifakiwe emndenini we-monotypic proganheliid (Proganochelidae) wesigatshana Proganochelydia.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngamafudu

Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi inkolelo-mbono yokuvela kokuvela kwamafudu ibingakasungulwa ososayensi. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko kungenxa yokuthi kuze kube manje akukaze kube manje ukuthola izinsalela zezindlela zokushintsha zaloluhlobo, yize kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi azikho izinsalela ezimbalwa zamathambo asendulo. Kukhona umcabango nje wokuthi amafudu athatha imvelaphi yawo kulawa aphindaphindwe kakhulu e-cotylosaurs.

Kanye nokwehla kwesilinganiso sobukhulu, abamele banamuhla bamafudu bancishwa yiluphi uhlobo lwamazinyo. Ukuqhathanisa okokugcina nemiphetho ebukhali yemihlathi yawo enamandla, ngenxa yokuthi angakuluma ukudla, kuyiphutha impela. Lapho udla ukudla okuqinile futhi okunezihlakala ezifana nenyama, izimfudu zikhetha ekuqaleni ukuqhekeza inyamazane yazo zibe yizicucwana ezincane zisebenzisa imichilo yemilenze yangaphambili. Abanye abantu banikezwe amandla okuchoboza ukudla ngosizo lwama-ridges wophondo emlonyeni.

Ama-turtles azwakala kahle noma yikuphi ukuguquguquka okuncane emhlabathini, okuthi ngandlela thile kuguqulwe ukuzwa kwawo okuqondile. Bayakwazi ukudonsa kuphela imisindo ephansi kakhulu ngesilinganiso esilinganiselwe se-hertz eyinkulungwane nengxenye. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukusabela okuzwakalayo kuyadingeka kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala, lapho abesilisa beheha owesilisa ngokubhonga okukhulu okuphansi. Banombono omuhle kakhulu. Abamele umhlaba bayakwazi ukwahlukanisa yonke imibala yezimbali futhi bakhethe isitshalo esinombala ovelele kunazo zonke. Lokhu kuhambisana nomqondo owakhiwe kahle wephunga nomuzwa wokuqondisa.

Uma sibheka izinhlobo ze-aquarium ze-amphibian zalesi sigaba, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zishesha ukuzijwayela kumnikazi, amandla okuqaphela okuyi-lactating futhi zimnikeze izimpawu ezahlukahlukene zokwamukela. Yize konke kungaba lula kakhulu futhi isilwane esivele silindele ukwelashwa okulandelayo.

Isayensi yanamuhla icishe yafunda ngokuphelele izimfudu, kepha lokhu kukude kakhulu kubo bonke. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-230 zezinhlanzi zomhlaba, kanti ezingama-350 zine-subspecies. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi bavame ukuphikisana ngokuthi yiluphi uhlobo lolu hlobo noma uhlobo lwezinhlobo, kanye nangamagama alezi zinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, kaningi ungathola ukungaboni ngaso linye kuhlu nezinhlobo zamafudu.

Ama-turtles ahlala yonke indawo: ogwadule olunelanga, emifuleni, emahlathini, ezixhaphozini, olwandle, ezindaweni eziphakeme nolwandle. Kodwa-ke, isimo esibalulekile kubo ubukhona bokushisa. Ngoba badinga amanzi afudumele ukuze baqhubeke nohlobo. Iningi lezinhlobo zezifudu zisondele ekuqothulweni, njengoba zichithiselwa ukupheka okulungiselelwe kanye nezidingo zemithi yendabuko. Ngokwemininingwane, ufudu olulodwa kokuthathu lubulawa umsebenzi wokudoba. Ngakho-ke, manje kunanini usizo nokuvikelwa komuntu okudingekayo.

Incazelo

I-proganochelises yayinenqwaba yemidwebo eyenziwe yaqanjwa. I-carapace i-convex kakhulu, ngemuva kwayo yaba yicwecwe. Ngaphakathi kwezimbambo kanye ne-vertebrae kuxutshaniswe negobolondo. Imizimba ye-vertebral mncane kakhulu. UPlastron uxovwe ngokuqinile nge-carapace, kepha wayenama-cutout futhi ayengaqhubeki. Lezi zikhuthu zazinemigqa emibili yamakhaphethi asemuva, okungekhona okufushane kumfudu wesimanje.

Ama-proganochelises ayenesifo sogologo noqhomo yohlobo lo ufudu. Kodwa-ke, zinezici ezithile zokuqala: indlebe elula, amazinyo amancane, agcinwe kuphela olwangeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zikhulu, ngokungafani nezimfudu zesimanje, azikwazanga ukudonsa amakhanda nemilenze yazo ngaphansi kwegobolondo. Izingalo nentamo kwakuvikelwa isikali esinzima, esikhomba.

Kwelinye lamasampula Proganochelys quenstedtii Amapharamitha alandelayo egobolondo alinganiswa: ubude buyi-64 cm, ububanzi - 63 cm, ukuphakama okuphezulu - 17 cm.

Abamele lolu hlobo lwe-herbivorous.

Ukuhlukaniswa nezindawo

Ngokusho kwewebhusayithi yePaleobiology Database, kusukela ngo-Agasti 2019, izinhlobo ezi-3 ezingasabonakaliyo zifakiwe kuhlobo:

• I-Proganochelys quenstedtii Baur, 1887 [syn. I-Proganochelys quenstedti, i-orth. var., Psammochelys keuperina Quenstedt, 1889, Stegochelys dux Jaekel, 1914, Triassochelys dux (Jaekel, 1914)] - nori - ratGermany
• Proganochelys ruchae de Broin, 1984 - uNori waseThailand
• I-Proganochelys tenertesta (Joyce et al., 2009) [syn. Chinlechelys tenertesta Joyce et al. , 2009] - nori wase-USA