Isikhundla esihlelekile.
Umndeni wamaMantis - UMantidae (Manteidae).
I-Bolivaria - IBolivaria brachyptera (Pallas, 1773)

Isimo. 7 "Ilawulwa Ngokukhethekile" - 7, SK. Ifakiwe eSithasiselweni 2 kwiNcwadi ebomvu yeRussia Federation *. Encwadini ebomvu ye-USSR kungokwesigaba “II. Izinhlobo ezingafani ".

Izimpawu zangaphandle ze-bolivaria ezinamaphiko amafushane

IBolivaria ingummeleli othakazelisa wama-mantis. Umzimba wakhe umncane, uphakeme, onsundu ngombala. Amasayizi ezinsikazi angama-4-5.3 cm, abesilisa bangama-3-4,5 cm.

Abantu baseBolivia bahlala ogwadule lukakhokho- umhlonyane.

Imingcele eseceleni ye-expression is notched. Isisu sifushane. Ama-elytra afinqiwe eceleni komgwaqo angaphambili amhlophe, kunebhendi emnyama ngaphambili kwe-apex nendandatho emnyama phakathi, okungahlali kuhlukaniseka ngokusobala. Zikhonjwa futhi azidluli ngale kokuya phakathi kwesisu. Izimpiko zangemuva ziyabhema, zinombala omnyama noma omnyama-onsundu ngokuzungeza umphetho. E-tarsus yasemuva, ingxenye yokuqala yinde kakhulu kunabo bonke abanye abahlanganisiwe.

Ukwakheka kwemilenze yangaphambili ye-mantis kufana ne-penknife. Isigubhu esinama-spikes sisebenza njengelidi, kanti ithanga eline-serrations lisebenza njengesibambo. Ngokulindela inyamazane, i-mantis ifihla amabala kulezo okhalweni, kodwa lapho ibona isisulu, ibakhiphele ngaphandle ngejubane lombani, ibambe futhi icindezele ngokuqinile isisulu phakathi kwethanga nomlenze ophansi. Kunezimo lapho ngale ndlela izingqondo ezinkulu zizingela amaxoxo amancane nezibunguzane.

I-Wormwood Bolivaria ifakiwe kwi-Red Book yase-Ukraine njengezinhlobo ezisengozini.

Indawo yokuhlala yaseBolivarius

IBolivaria enamaphiko amafushane ihlala ezintabeni, eziwugwadule, itholakala ezitshalweni ezazijwayeza ukuhlala ezindaweni ezomile, emithambekeni yamagquma nasezintabeni zezinyawo. Kuhlala izindawo ezisethafeni elinotshani obumfishane, zihlala emifuleni yemifula, ezindaweni ezinotshani obumanzana obumnandi, imigodi yase-steppe kanye nezikhukhula. Ezindaweni ezakhiwe ngaphansi kwezintaba zikhuphuka emithambekeni enamadwala kuze kube ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2000 ngaphezu kolwandle. ECentral Asia, i-bolivaria itholakala kuma-biotopes e-cereal-wormwood, tugai, ogwadule be-solyanka kanye nama-semi-desert.

IBolivaria iyinye enamaphiko amancane - okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo phakathi kwama-mantis, okuhlala kuwo kufinyelela enyakatho emaphethelweni e-Eurasia.

Umsoco waseBolivarium

Lolu hlobo lwesinambuzane luyisilwane esijwayelekile esalinda inyamazane yaso lapho siqamekele. Ukudla okuyinhloko kuqukethe abamele i-orthoptera, i-dipterous, abahlala ezindaweni ezifanayo ne-bolivaria.

Umdlwane udla izinkumbi, izintethe, izimbungulu, izimvemvane, izimpukane. Lapho isibambe inyamazane, i-mantis igwida kahle inyamazane yayo. Uyisusa isuka kwesinye isibambo ngaphambili iye kwesinye, ihlole, inikine ikhanda bese ihlafuna kancane, ngaphandle kokujaha. Kuphuma amaphiko nemilenze emincane kakhulu, lapho isiqede ukumuncwa kokudla, i-mantis isula ngokucophelela imihlathi yayo, ihlanze, igoqe imilenze yayo, iyisondeze esifubeni, futhi ibuye futhi iqhume endaweni yesilwane esithandazayo.

IBolivaria idla izinambuzane, eziyidonsayo ngokushesha ngemuva kokubanjwa.

Inani le-bolivaria enamaphiko

Ubuningi bezinhlobo abuphakeme yonke indawo; abantu beBolivaria Bolivaria batholakala bodwa. Isimo sabantu ezweni lethu ezindaweni ezivikelwe sithathwa njengokuzinza impela. Imvamisa, ngehora elilodwa lokuhlolwa, ama-bolivarias ayi-1-3 angatholakala, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu. Ubuningi besibalo sonke njengabantu buphawuleka kwezinambuzane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye futhi azikhombisi usizi lwezinhlobo zasendaweni yazo yemvelo. Ezindaweni eziningi zaseningizimu zezwe lethu, ngenxa yokuncipha kokufuthwa kwezimvu, ubuningi bemvelo beBolivaria Bolivaria babuyiselwa ezindaweni ezinkulu lapho kwacekelwa khona ukubhujiswa kwe-steppe eseyintombi ngenxa yokwanda kwamadlelo ezimvu.

I-Bolivaria Bolivaria ingummeleli we-mantis ongavamile.

Izizathu zokwehla kwenani le-bolivaria

Isizathu esikhulu sokwehla kwenani le-bolivaria enamaphiko amancane ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo lapho indawo yezilwane zitholakala khona: ama-glade asondele ezansi kwethambeka, ishiblaki, iziza ze-steppe eduze kwezindawo zokuhlala. Maqondana nentuthuko yezokuvakasha, umthwalo wokuzijabulisa kulezi zinhlaka ukhula yonke indawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezifundeni eziningi, izindawo zamakhabe nama-gourds ziyanda, okuholela ekunciphisweni kwezindawo eziseqophelweni lentombi ezilungele indawo yokuhlala iBolivaria. Usongo oluthile lokuba khona kwezinhlobo zezilwane lubonakaliswa ama-pesticides angena entanjeni yokudla ezinambuzaneni ezidla inyama. Izitshalo ezivuthayo zilimaza amaqanda nezibungu.

Ama-bolivariums anamaphiko amafushane avikelekile ezindaweni eziningi zokubhuka.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungu

I-Bolivaria Bolivaria ifakiwe ku-Isithasiselo 2 kwiNcwadi ebomvu yeRussia Federation. Ivikelwa ezinqolobaneni eziningi kanye nezinye izilwane. Kuyadingeka ukwaba izindawo ezincane ezigciniwe ze-steppe ukubuyisela inani le-mantis engavamile. Izindlela zokuvikela ezinconyelwe ze-bolivaria azikaphuthumi.

Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthuka okukhulu kwezindawo lapho imiphakathi yezitshalo ezihlukile igcinwe khona kungaholela ekunyamalaleni ngokushesha kweBolivaria bifolaria. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukuqondisa imithwalo yokuzilibazisa ezindaweni zokuhlala zohlobo.

Ngokulindela inyamazane, i-mantis ifihla amabala kulezo okhalweni, kodwa lapho ibona isisulu, ibakhiphele ngaphandle ngejubane lombani, ibambe futhi icindezele ngokuqinile isisulu phakathi kwethanga nomlenze ophansi.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Incazelo emfushane yoku morphological

Umzimba uphakathi ngosayizi, grey, brownish, thatched, 34-40 mm, 37-46 mm ngosayizi. Imingcele eseceleni ye-concotum ifakiwe. I-Elytra namaphiko ifushane; kubo bobabili ubulili ifinyelela kuphela phakathi kwesisu. I-Elytra onqenqemeni olungaphambili olukhanyayo, indandatho emnyama maphakathi nebhendi ngaphambili kwe-apex, okuvame ukungachazwa kahle. Izimpiko zibhema ngentambo emnyama onsomi noma icishe ibe mnyama emngceleni.

Ukubhebhetheka

ICrimea, iCaucasus, iTranscaucasia, iCentral ne-Asia Minor, iSyria, i-Iran, empumalanga ifinyelela eningizimu yeMongolia. Ukuphela kwezinhlobo zohlobo, okusobala elisenyakatho lifinyelela emaphethelweni e-Eurasia. E-Russian Federation itholakala endaweni eyi-steppe ukusuka esifundeni seCiscaucasia kanye nesifunda seVolga kuya e-Irtysh. Ngaphakathi kwe-SFD kubanzi.

Encwadini ebomvu yaseRiphabhlikhi yaseDagestan kubhalwe ibhande elingaphandle: "... ogwadule oluyindathane enotshani lwezifunda zaseNogai, Kizlyar, eDerbent nasezindaweni eziseduzane neGulf of Agrahan, Kumtorkali dune" empumalanga ye-republic. Isibonakaliso esithile sokuthi sisezincwadini kuphela kwendawo iLake. Inyoka. Inhlobo yaqoqwa ngonyaka ka 2003 emafutheni ama-xerophytic e-spurs eGimrinsky Range, eduzane nase Maidan.

ENorth Ossetia, kukhonjiswa ngebhande le-steppe, uhla luhlanganisa isifunda saseMozdok enyakatho ye-republic, emngceleni we-Stavropol. E-Chechen Republic kwaphawuleka esifundeni saseShelkovsky, emngceleni neDagestan.

KwiBhuku elibomvu leRiphabhlikhi yase-Armenia akukho datha ethile etholakele republic. Ku-RO, kwaphawulwa ezigodini zaseZimovnikovsky, eDubovsky, eZavetinsky, kwiziza eziyizintombi nto esifundeni saseRostovsky state reservation kanye ne-Azov steppes of the Lower Don [9, 10]. Kuyaziwa futhi ukusuka ezifundeni eziseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-RO, ngaphesheya kweNyakatho Caucasus, Kalmykia kanye nesifunda saseVolgograd.

Embhalweni weRed Book yase-UK kuphawulwe ukuthi izinhlobo zitholakala eningizimu-empumalanga naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yale ndawo, kukhona izinkomba ezithile zokuthi kutholakala engxenyeni enkulu yeStavropol Upland (Kursavka, Surkul), ingxenye yayo esenyakatho-mpumalanga (i-Arzgir) nethafa eliyinkangala yePrikum. Kumskaya MZhS), kanye nasezifundeni zase-Arzgir naseTurkmen.

Esifundeni saseVolgograd, uhla lwe-bolivaria luhlanganisa ikakhulu ama-biotopes we-steppe kanye ne-nusu-desert ebhange lesokunxele leVolga kanye nezifunda ezitholakala eningizimu yeVolga-Don Canal. Ohlelweni lokuqala lweNcwadi Ebomvu ye-CC, idatha kulolu hlobo ayikho.

Ububanzi besifunda buhlanganisa izindawo ze-steppe biotopes zesifunda saseTemryuk, lapho le nhlobo ihlala khona emithambekeni okuhlala kuyo izitebhisi ne-shiblyak. Iphinde igqume emithambekeni eseningizimu yebanga loLwandle Olumnyama (Navagir, Markotkh), izihlahla ezisesibayeni samanzi futhi inamaqabunga anezitshalo ezigcwele okusanhlamvu okude kuze kufinyelele kumamitha angama-400.

Kuyaziwa ukusuka eduzane naseNovorossiysk, pos. I-South neNyakatho Ozereyevka, Shirokaya Balka, Utrish, Sukko, Abrau futhi mhlawumbe ezindaweni ezise-steppe ezingxenyeni esempumalanga yesifunda, emngceleni ne-Stavropol. Okusanda kutholwa kamuva ezinyathelweni zobuntombi zeTaman Peninsula, osebeni lweziqhingi iTsokur, Kiziltash, eBugaz.

Izici ze-biology kanye nemvelo

Njengazo zonke izambatho zokuthandaza, isisulu esijwayelayo. Inesizukulwane sonyaka owodwa. Isisulu esikhulu yi-orthoptera, eminingana ezindaweni eziseBolivaria, kanye nabamele imiyalo yeLepidoptera, iDiptera, nezinye izinambuzane ezitholakalayo.

E-Russian Federation, kuhlala izitebhisi, amanxiwa, emithambekeni yamagquma nasezintabeni ezakhiwe nge-xerophytic shrubbery. E-Armenia, inamathela nasezakhiweni ze-steppe, endaweni esezintabeni zitholakala emithambekeni enamadwala, ikhuphukele ezintabeni ifinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2000 ngaphezu kolwandle. izilwandle. .

E-Asia Ephakathi, kuhlala ama-biotopes e-cereal-wormwood, ama-solyanka semi-desertertert kanye namahlane, futhi angena kwi-tugai. I-Biology esifundeni ayifundiswanga ngokuqondile, noma kunjalo, kuyaziwa ukuthi isikhathi sokubekwa kwe-edema siwela ngo-Agasti - Septhemba, kanti abanye abantu basinda kuze kube nguNovemba.

Ubuningi kanye nemikhuba yawo

Ubuningi bezinhlobo ngokuvamile buphansi, kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile. Esifundeni saseVolgograd, i-RO, i-SK, i-KK, ezindaweni ezaziphindaphindeka eKalmykia, eDagestan ngesikhathi sokuqashelwa kusukela ngo-1995 kuya ku-2005, isimo sabantu esikhona saseBolivaria bolivaria sasizinza impela. Imvamisa, inani linabantu abangama-1-3 ngehora elilodwa lokuhlolwa, elingajwayelekile kakhulu. Ubuningi besibalo sonke njengabantu buphawuleka ngezinambuzane ezinkulu ezidlayo futhi asikhombisi neze isimo sokuxineka kwabantu babo.

Ezifundeni eziningi eziseningizimu yeRussian Federation, lapho okwakhiwa khona ukufuywa kwezimvu kuhla lwe-bolivaria ezindaweni ezinama-steppe kanye nama-semi -hlane, ukuncipha kwesilinganiso sawo, ikakhulukazi ngeminyaka yama-90s yekhulu lokugcina, kusize ukubuyisela inani lemvelo labantu balo ezindaweni ezinkulu lapho i-biotopes ngaphambili yacekeleka khona ngenxa yokugcwala ngokweqile kwezindawo . Ngakho-ke, ku-RO ezindaweni ezivikelekile ze-steppe ehlobo lika-2005, inani lezinhlobo zezindawo kwezinye izindawo lalingabantu abangama-3-5 ngehora eli-1 lokuseshwa.

Ngokuvamile, isimo sabahlali baseBolivia ku-KA naso sizinzile njengamanje futhi asibangeli ukukhathazeka okukhulu, ikakhulukazi ngoba indawo yesifunda ayitholakali emaphethelweni ebanga elikhulu lalezinhlobo. Inani labantu eliminyene kakhulu laziwa emahlathini asezintabeni ase-bushy ezintabeni zomgede. INavagir Peninsula Abrau.

Izici zokunciphisa

Ngokwezinga elibalulekile, indawo iyakhiwa ku-Territory lapho kutholakala khona izimpawu ze-biotopes yendawo yezinhlobo zezilwane: ukwakheka kwe-shiblak, imigilingwane emigodini yemithambeka yaphansi kwezinyawo, kanye neziza ze-steppe, ikakhulukazi eduze kwezindawo zokuhlala.

Cishe yonke indawo, umthwalo wokuzijabulisa kulezi zinhlaka zomhlaba nawo uyanda ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwezokuvakasha kanye nokufika kwabavakashi kwezifunda zasogwini. Esifundeni saseTemryuk, ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni yamuva, inani lomhlaba elihlalwa izivini namakhabe belilokhu likhula kakhulu.

Lezi zinqubo zinomthelela ekwehlisweni kwendawo yezindawo zobuntombi ezidingekayo ukuze kube khona i-bolivaria. Imiphumela emibi yokusetshenziswa kwama-insecticides abanzi ayingozi engxenyeni yezilwane ezihlala eduze nomhlaba wezolimo. Izimila ezivuthayo zenza umonakalo omkhulu kubantu abahlala bodwa emithini.

Izindlela zokuphepha ezidingekile nezengeziwe

Encwadini ebomvu ye-SSR yase-Ukraine, lapho le nhlobo ifakwa khona, njengendlela yokongiwa kwemvelo, kuhlongozwa ukwabiwa izindawo ezincane ezivikelwe ezindaweni eziseCrimea (emaphethelweni eTarkhankut naseKerch) nasemithambekeni aseningizimu yezansi kwentaba eCrimea.

Ku-CC, izincomo ezinjalo ze-bolivaria azikaphuthumi. Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukubuyisela ukuhleleka ekuthuthukisweni okungaguquki kwezindawo lapho ukwakheka kweMedithera, okuyingqayizivele esifundeni (kanye neRussian Federation iyonke), kuyalondolozwa, futhi imithwalo yokuzijabulisa ezindaweni ezigudle ugu kufanele ixazululwe.

Umbono kufanele ufakwe kuhlu lwezinto ezivikelwe zazo zonke izindawo ezikhona ezivikelwe ngaphakathi kwendawo yesifunda: izindawo zokugcina i-Abrausky, iBolshoi Utrish (ngokuzikhethela), isikhumbuzo semvelo iJuniper Woodlands, amahlathi aseJuniper amahlathi aseSheskharis, ipheshana laseYakhno, eKapa IPanagia ”,“ Karabetova Gora eneMud Volcanoes (Karabetova Sopka) ”,“ Cape Zhelezniy Rog ”,“ Salt Lake ”[15, 16].

Imithombo yolwazi. Incwadi ebomvu yeKrasnodar Territory. 1. I-Avakyan, ngo-1950, 2. INcwadi ebomvu ye-USSR, 1984, 3. Incwadi Ebomvu yeRiphabhliki yaseDagestan, 1998, 4. Incwadi ebomvu yeRiphabhliki yaseNyakatho Ossetia-Alania, ka-1999, 5. INcwadi ebomvu yeRA, 2000, 6. INcwadi ebomvu yeRA, 2004 7. INcwadi ebomvu ye-SC, 2002, 8. Incwadi ebomvu ye-SSR yase-Ukraine, ngo-1980, 9. iMinsansky, iDemina, 1990, 10. iMinsanky, iTikhonov, 1998, 11. Mukhin, 1992, 12. Nagalevsky, 1994, 13. Nikulin, 1969, 14. Pravdin, 1978, 15. Isichasiso ..., 1983, 16. Esiqwini ..., 1988, 17. Kuvunyelwe ..., 1998, 18. Stolyarov, Kalacheva, 2002, 19. Uzhakhov, King, 1990.20. Idatha engashicilelwe kaM. V. Stolyarov, 21. Idatha engashicilelwe yeV. I. Schurov. Kuhlanganiswe ngu-M.V. Stolyaro