Shote
Inzalo eyi-hybrid yembuzi nemvu
Umsuka weHybrid
Ovis aries × I-Capra hircus

Shote - i-hybrid etholakala ngokuwela inqama ngembuzi noma ngembuzi enemvu. Imbuzi yasekhaya ingeyohlobo lwezimbuzi zasezintabeni, izimvu ezifuywayo - kuya kuhlobo lwezinqama. Imbuzi inama-chromosomes angama-60, kanti ezimvwini ezingama-54. Inzalo evela ngenxa yokuwela kwesinye isikhathi izalwa kabusha.

Amacala Aphumelelayo Wokuhlanzeka

Ngo-2000, kwazalwa inzalo eyinduna eBotswana - inzalo yenqama nembuzi. I-hybrid yathunyelwa izinyanga eziyishumi, ngesikhathi sokubhala, yayineminyaka engu-5 ubudala. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-karyotype kukhombisa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye unama-chromosomes angama-57 - inani eliphakathi nendawo nenani lama-chromosomes (54) nezimbuzi (60). I-hybrid eneminyaka eyi-5 yayisisindo esingama-93 kg. Isisindo esijwayelekile sezinqama ezinqunyelwe zonyaka ofanayo zingama-53.73 ± 13.83 kg. I-hybrid yayinejazi elinokhahlo, kepha ngaphansi kwangaphansi, imilenze embuzi ende nomzimba wewundlu osindayo. Ngaphandle kokuthi i-hybrid yayingenacala, yayine-libido esebenzayo kakhulu. Lapho iba yisithiyo, wafikelwa yithemba.

ENew Zealand, kunecala lokuthola i-hybrid yowesifazane, futhi kusuka kunqama nembuzi, kanye nama-chromosomes angama-57. Le hybrid yayiyinyumba.

EFrance, i-hybrid efanayo yakwazi ukuthwala inzalo ngenqama. Ingane eyodwa yayisizalwe kabusha, ingane yesibili yayingowesilisa futhi yayinama-chromosomes angama-54.

E-Russia, esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod, u-Irina Mikhailovna Nemesh endlini yakhe uthole inzalo ngembuzi nemvu. Wanikeza igama elithi nzalo - "izisekelo" (izinqama + nezimbuzi). Ama-nzalo akhula amakhulu kunezimvu. Izisekelo zabantu abadala zazibukeka njengezimvu, izinwele zifana nezinwele zabelusi baseCaucasian, ingaphansi lincane, futhi libunjiwe entwasahlobo njengezimbuzi. Kwamakhanda ayi-12 amabhele, ayisi-3 kuphela abesilisa. Babekhulise i-libido, naphezu kokuzala.

Zingobani izisekelo futhi zibukeka kanjani

Imbuzi yasekhaya iyinzalo yezimbuzi zasezintabeni, futhi izimvu ezifuywayo zehla ezinqameni. Izimvu zinama-chromosomes angama-54, kanti izimbuzi zinama-chromosome angama-60. Ngenxa yalokhu, inzalo isezelwe ikakhulu. Kepha i-hybrid yesilisa yakwazi ukusinda, futhi yathola izimpawu kubo bobabili abazali.

Isisekelo mude, njengejazi lemvu, futhi imilenze injengembuzi. Lezi zilwane zinama-chromosomes angama-57, okungukuthi, uhhafu ovela kubazali bobabili.

Ezinyangeni eziyi-10, isisekelo sokuqala asizange sithathwe. I-hybrid yayinomzimba osindayo, njengenqama. Futhi eminyakeni emi-5 yobudala, isisindo sayo besingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angama-90. I-hybrid yayisebenza kakhulu, yaze yathunyelwa, yakhombisa intshisekelo kwabesifazane, ngakho yabizwa ngokuthi "umdlwenguli".

Amabases kwezolimo

Izinhlobo ezi-nzalo ezifanayo ziye zabikwa eJalimane, e-USA, eNew Zealand, eFrance, eChile, e-Ireland, eMalta, eJamaica naseRussia. Owesifazane owazalelwa eNew Zealand naye waba nama-chromosomes angama-57. EFrance, ubhasikidi wakwazi ukuthwala futhi walethe inzalo ngenqama, kwathi enye ingane yafa, owesibili wayengowesilisa, owayenama-chromosomes angama-54.

Ngaphandle, ibhasikidi lifana nemvu, kepha unoboya obunjengembuzi. Inyama yezisekelo inokunambitheka okuhlukile.

ECalifornia, isisekelo sokuqala satholakala ngonyaka we-2011. Owesifazane oyedwa wayenenzalo yokuzalwa iminyaka ethile. Lawa mamars ayenzelwe inyama, ngoba inyama yawo ihlukile futhi inambitheka okhethekile.

Ngo-2014, kwatholakala izisekelo eziningi; inzalo yezimbuzi neyezimvu eJalimane, e-Ireland nase-USA. E-Ireland, ibhasikidi lazalwa ngemvu enoboya obumhlophe, kepha yona uqobo yayinsundu, ngaphezu kwalokho yayinezimpondo, njengengane. IBazl yayisebenza kakhulu kunamawundlu. E-Ireland, le nzalo yaqala ukuthandwa, umlimi, ipulazi lakhe lavela epulazini lakhe, waze waba nomncintiswano wesidlaliso esihle kunazo zonke kuye. Umlimi ungumnikazi we-pub, ngakho-ke abantu abaningi bafunda ngesisekelo sakhe.

Ekuqaleni kwalelikhulu lama-21, ukuzalanisa izisekelo kwaqala ukuthandwa kakhulu.

Esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod, inkosikazi yaseRussia yathola inzalo yezimvu nembuzi. Ubize izisekelo zemzalo - izinqama nezimbuzi. Amabhele ayemakhulu kunezimvu.

Ngokubukeka, zibukeka njengezimvu, futhi izinwele zazo zifana nezomalusi waseCaucasus, entwasahlobo ziyancibilika njengezimbuzi. Ipulazi lithole izinhloso eziyi-12 kwathi ezi-3 kuphela kwaba abesilisa.

Izimvu nezimbuzi ezi-Hybrid kuzo zonke izimfanelo zedlula abazali bazo.

Ukukhula kuzo zonke izisekelo kushesha kakhulu ukwedlula kubazali babo. Ngokuvamile, nzalo ine-libido eyandayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amelana kahle nezifo ezahlukahlukene. Mhlawumbe izimfanelo ezinjalo zezisekelo zizovusa isithakazelo phakathi kososayensi, futhi bazokwazi ukuthola inzalo ezozala kahle.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Imbuzi newundlu

Imvu ivame kakhulu ukwedlula imbuzi yayo, izimpondo zayo, uma ikhona, iphambuka ngaphezulu, inamakhaza ebusweni bayo nasemilenzeni yangemuva, kanti abesilisa abanazintshebe zembuzi.

Izimvu zivame ukuba nemisila emifushane. Kwimvu ngayinye yasendle, ijazi langaphandle libukeka njengoboya, futhi ngaphansi kwalo kunengaphansi lempahla efushane yoboya obuhle esephenduke uboya bezimvu ezifuywayo. Izimvu zesilisa zibizwa ngokuthi izinqama, izinsikazi zibizwa ngokuthi yizimvu, kuthi zona izimvu ezincane zibizwe ngokuthi yimvu.

Izimbuzi zizimele ngokwengeziwe futhi zihlakaniphe, kuyilapho amawundlu ethanda ukuhlala nomhlambi futhi elahleka kalula, ahlukaniswa namanye amawundlu noma izimvu.

Imbuzi

Ngokwesilinganiso, izimbuzi ezifuywayo zingaba nesisindo esiphakathi kuka-15 kg no-130 kg, kuya ngohlobo lokuzalela. Imibala ejwayelekile kakhulu ezimbuzini ezifuywayo ifaka omnyama, onsundu, obomvu, onsundu kanye nomhlophe. Umbala uncike ngokuphelele kuzalo.

Iningi lezimbuzi ezifuywayo zinezimpondo nentshebe. Imvamisa, izimbuzi zesilisa zivame ukuba zikhulu kunezinsikazi.

Izimbuzi zasekhaya zinomusa kakhulu futhi zinomusa. Kulula ukuzithatha ngenxa yemvelo yazo ethambile. Uma ukhawulela izimbuzi zakho ezifuywayo uthango olungenazilwane ezidla ezinye, zizophila futhi zikhule ngenenjabulo lapho.

Inyama yemvu

Lezi yinsini yokuhlafuna yohlobo lwe mammalia Ovis. Imvu ivame kakhulu ukwedlula imbuzi yayo, izimpondo zayo, uma ikhona, iphambuka ngaphezulu, inamakhaza ebusweni bayo nasemilenzeni yangemuva, kanti abesilisa abanazintshebe zembuzi. Izimvu zivame ukuba nemisila emifushane.

Kuzo zonke izimvu zasendle, ijazi langaphandle lithatha ukwakheka kwezinwele, futhi ngaphansi kwalo kukhona ingubo emfushane yoboya obuhle esephenduke ijazi lezimvu ezifuywayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imvu inezinwele zoboya - ezigobekile, ezicijile - emzimbeni wayo wonke ngaphandle kobuso bayo. Ezinye izinhlobo zezimvu, ezinjengezimvu ze-merino, zinoboya obukhulu, obukhulu, obuhlanganisiwe obumba ijazi elincanyana.

Amazwana

Amazwana angashiywa kuphela abasebenzisi ababhalisile!

Ngena ngemvume kusayithi noma bhalisauma sekuyisikhathi sakho sokuqala lokhu ngokuthengisa umuntu.

10/05/2018, 17:02 # 7292353 Aneta Politova

04/28/2017, 02:40 # 2973787 Svittiliana

02/23/2017, 08:26 # 2437536 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

I-Seliverstova Irina:
Svetlana Ovchinnikova:
Nope, ngeke)
Ubukhosi bakho buyisiqu senkosi, esiphilayo ngalesi sikhathi, mhlawumbe sincane, njll., Kepha yinkosi nendlovukazi kuphela esingababiza kanjalo.
Umthengisi empeleni uyisikhundla, kodwa. nakhu ukuqala kokuqala. kwakungekho zinto eziningi eziphindaphindekile emlandweni, futhi kaningi kwakunguMama bendlovukazi - ngokulandelana basigcina isihloko sabo kuze kuthi lapho sekuvela indlovukazi entsha, amadodana, odade - babeyizikhulu, amakhosazana (ngenxa yalokho ukuphakama kwakho kuqhubeke ukubabiza)
Kepha yini okufanele uyenze, ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu sisebenza njenge-regent? Futhi lapha kuvela ukudideka. Kumaforamu ambalwa kunconywa ukuthi ushayele i-regent - Ukuphakama Kwakho, kulokhu, kubonakala, njengoba isikhundla somthengisi silinganiswa nesihloko senkosana. Ngokusekelwe kumqondo, kuyinto ejwayelekile, kepha njengoba bekunjalo, empeleni, angiyitholanga, yize ngithande umbono uqobo

Yebo, yeka isihawu ukuthi akekho okubuza ukuthi kwakwenzenjani) Lapha besizoba namakhosi. kepha kukhona izinjini zokusesha kuphela, eh ..)

02/22/2017, 20:15 # 2434230 Seliverstova Irina

Svetlana Ovchinnikova:
I-Seliverstova Irina:
Svetlana Ovchinnikova:

Ngaleso sikhathi, nganginesifiso esikhulu ohlelweni lokufaka izikhalo kulaba bantu ababizwa kakhulu, emazweni ahlukene kunama-nuances. Ngakhathazeka kakhulu ngombuzo walokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-regent? Namanje ngikhathazekile.

Umbuzo omuhle! Cishe cishe kuyafana nakumbusi uqobo. Kutholakale kwenye indawo: "Ubukhosi Bakho be-Imperial - buyela enkantolo yamakhosi abusayo. Kulesi simo," Inkosi yakho "izocela umthengisi"

Nope, ngeke)
Ubukhosi bakho buyisiqu senkosi, esiphilayo ngalesi sikhathi, mhlawumbe sincane, njll., Kepha yinkosi nendlovukazi kuphela esingababiza kanjalo.
Umthengisi empeleni uyisikhundla, kodwa. nakhu ukuqala kokuqala. kwakungekho zinto eziningi eziphindaphindekile emlandweni, futhi kaningi kwakunguMama bendlovukazi - ngokulandelana basigcina isihloko sabo kuze kuthi lapho sekuvela indlovukazi entsha, amadodana, odade - babeyizikhulu, amakhosazana (ngenxa yalokho ukuphakama kwakho kuqhubeke ukubabiza)
Kepha yini okufanele uyenze, ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu sisebenza njenge-regent? Futhi lapha kuvela ukudideka. Kumaforamu ambalwa kunconywa ukuthi ushayele i-regent - Ukuphakama Kwakho, kulokhu, kubonakala, njengoba isikhundla somthengisi silinganiswa nesihloko senkosana. Ngokusekelwe kumqondo, kuyinto ejwayelekile, kepha njengoba bekunjalo, empeleni, angiyitholanga, yize ngithande umbono uqobo

02/22/2017, 18:15 # 2433152 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

I-Seliverstova Irina:
Svetlana Ovchinnikova:
Angikhumbuli manje, angizange ngigcine amanothi, kodwa ngehluleka

Ngqo, kwesinye isikhathi ziyasiza kakhulu)

Ngaleso sikhathi, nganginesifiso esikhulu ohlelweni lokufaka izikhalo kulaba bantu ababizwa kakhulu, emazweni ahlukene kunama-nuances. Ngakhathazeka kakhulu ngombuzo walokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-regent? Namanje ngikhathazekile.

Umbuzo omuhle! Cishe cishe kuyafana nakumbusi uqobo. Kutholakale kwenye indawo: "Ubukhosi Bakho be-Imperial - buyela enkantolo yamakhosi abusayo. Kulesi simo," Inkosi yakho "izocela umthengisi"

Futhi nganginesifiso isihloko esithi "Prince" ebengicabanga ukuthi sizosondela kuye. Kepha waminza endle yama-Russian logic. impela sasinezikhulu njengodaka. Futhi yanquma ukubuyela kuyo kamuva nomqondo onenjongo.

Yebo, nezikhulu akulula)

Kuyinkimbinkimbi ngobuhlakani, ngezinjini zokucinga zanamuhla ezingilethela umkhaza wezinzwa, imvamisa lapho ngidinga ukucacisa imininingwane, kufanele ngichithe amahora amaningi empini ne-Google ize ikhiphe engikudingayo. Ngakho-ke udinga ukuhlola, ukugaya kanye nokwazisa imininingwane)

O, kunjalo! Ukuthi kwakudingeka ngibheke kangakanani ukuthola lo mbhalo, ngokwesibonelo, kodwa kusafanelekile) Ngiqale ukubhala kahle nge-Intanethi)

02/22/2017, 17:53 # 2432938 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

I-Chernyavskaya Julia / Ethelka:
Nginakho konke okwenziwe ngendlela ehlukanisiwe: amafayela, izixhumanisi kumasayithi. Zonke izandla azifinyeleli ukuqoqa. Yebo, ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ngiyidinga, ngiphinda ngimbe, njengakuqala. Futhi kuzodingeka ukuhleleka nokufaka kumabhulogi. Nginabo kuphela ngemininingwane efanayo nezindatshana zami zesayensi.

Lokhu kungenza impilo ibe lula kwabaningi) Ngabe sizolinda ukuba abangane?

02.22.2017, 15:37 # 2432014 Seliverstova Irina

Svetlana Ovchinnikova:
I-Seliverstova Irina:
Ngibonga kakhulu! I-athikili ewusizo kakhulu!

Wamukelekile! Kunjalo, kungenza izinto zibe lula kakhulu)

Futhi esanda kusesha imininingwane efanayo. Faka kumabhukumaka. ezingaphezu kwesisodwa beze ezilusizo

Ngabe uthole okuningi ngaphandle kwalokhu?) Kwesinye isikhathi kunzima ukuthola eyodwa ekufanele)

Angikhumbuli manje, angizange ngigcine amanothi, kodwa ngehluleka
Ngaleso sikhathi, nganginesifiso esikhulu ohlelweni lokufaka izikhalo kulaba bantu ababizwa kakhulu, emazweni ahlukene kunama-nuances. Ngakhathazeka kakhulu ngombuzo walokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-regent? Namanje ngikhathazekile.
Futhi nganginesifiso isihloko esithi "Prince" ebengicabanga ukuthi sizosondela kuye. Kepha waminza endle yama-Russian logic. impela sasinezikhulu njengodaka. Futhi yanquma ukubuyela kuyo kamuva nomqondo onenjongo.
Kuyinkimbinkimbi ngobuhlakani, ngezinjini zokucinga zanamuhla ezingilethela umkhaza wezinzwa, imvamisa lapho ngidinga ukucacisa imininingwane, kufanele ngichithe amahora amaningi empini ne-Google ize ikhiphe engikudingayo. Ngakho-ke udinga ukuhlola, ukugaya kanye nokwazisa imininingwane)

02/22/2017, 11:49 # 2430285 Chernyavskaya Julia / Ethelka

02/22/2017, 11:22 # 2430129 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

I-Chernyavskaya Julia / Ethelka:
Ngiyabonga kakhulu ngemininingwane ewusizo. Imibhalo ivame ukufuneka. Ngakho-ke kuzodingeka ukuthola isikhathi, ukuhlala phansi, ukuqoqa ngenqwaba konke okutholakele kanye nalokho onakho.

Ngijabule njalo ukusiza! Mina, ngendlela, ngisenayo i-athikili ezikhundleni eziphezulu zesonto, namuhla ngizofaka, uma kunjalo
O, futhi usuqoqe okuningi?) Imininingwane enhle ingahlala isetshenziswa!

02/22/2017, 11:17 # 2430097 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

I-Seliverstova Irina:
Ngibonga kakhulu! I-athikili ewusizo kakhulu!

Wamukelekile! Kunjalo, kungenza izinto zibe lula kakhulu)

Futhi esanda kusesha imininingwane efanayo. Faka kumabhukumaka. ezingaphezu kwesisodwa beze ezilusizo

Ngabe uthole okuningi ngaphandle kwalokhu?) Kwesinye isikhathi kunzima ukuthola eyodwa ekufanele)

02/22/2017, 10:46 # 2429837 Chernyavskaya Julia / Ethelka

02.22.2017, 10:15 # 2429554 Seliverstova Irina

02/21/2017, 20:07 # 2425225 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

UZhanna Lebedeva:
Ngiyabonga, i-athikili ewusizo!

Wamukelekile! Ngijabule ukwaba imininingwane)

02/21/2017, 20:05 # 2425212 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Inna Komarova:
Svetlana Ovchinnikova:
Futhi uyazi, ngisaqukethe i-athikili ezikhundleni zamandla esonto (uqaphele kusuka ezansi), mhlawumbe izofika kahle? Iya ukungeza

Vele, Svetochka. Alukho ulwazi olungelona iqiniso. Konke kuzofika kulusizo.

Futhi lokho kuyiqiniso - nakanjani ngeke nginciphiswe futhi ngikuungeze kusasa, ngakho-ke ngilinde ukuvakasha, bheka ku

02/21/2017, 20:03 # 2425191 Zhanna Lebedeva

02.21.2017, 19:52 # 2425038 Inna Komarova

02/21/2017, 17:14 # 2423604 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

I-Yaroslav Vasiliev:
Kukhona into ewusizo enjalo esigabeni "semibhalo yabalobi" - isigaba se "izinto eziwusizo"

Hewu! Futhi bengingazi kahle ngaye ukuthi ubuke lapha. Ngiyabonga!

02/21/2017, 16:34 # 2423310 Yaroslav Vasiliev

02/21/2017, 15:56 # 2423051 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

I-Yaroslav Vasiliev:
indatshana enhle
udinga ukonga ku-workshop

Ngijabule ngiyithande!
Emhlanganweni wokufundisana? Kuzwakala kamnandi lokho)

02.21.2017, 13:23 # 2421843 Yaroslav Vasiliev

02/21/2017, 08:14 # 2419555 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Inna Komarova:
Svetlana Ovchinnikova:

Imininingwane enhle kakhulu oyigcinile! Ngizozigcina nami
Futhi uyazi, ngisaqukethe i-athikili ezikhundleni zamandla esonto (uqaphele kusuka ezansi), mhlawumbe izofika kahle? Iya ukungeza

02/20/2017, 9:17 PM # 2416522 Inna Komarova

Svetochka, ngikwazile ukuthola lokhu:
Bancengela izicukuthwane
1. Ama-Middle Ages ayephawulwa uhlobo olukhethekile lwezezilimi ezimbili: ulimi lwe-inclthnic lwezinkolo namasiko okubhala izincwadi (angahlukaniswa izinkolo) ngokuqhathaniswa nolimi lwendawo, olwalusetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwansuku zonke.
2. KwangeNkathi Ephakathi, ukunaka leli gama kusisici, ngoba ihlelo lemibhalo (futhi hhayi ebuKristwini kuphela - siyakhumbula bobabili iQur'an kanye namaVedas) elethe lesi sici esikweni lesiko. Abantu bezincwadi zangeNkathi Ephakathi babona egameni ukhiye wolwazi lwezimfihlo zokuqoshwa emibhalweni engcwele. Ngolimi lwesintu, lokhu kuthinte ukwanda kwesibalo samagama angavumelekile, iningi lawo elihlotshaniswa nemiqondo yenkolo.
3. I-Feudalism ibonakala ngokukhulumisana kwezincwadi zobukhosi kanye nemikhosi. Isici esifanayo sihlotshaniswa nokuhlukaniswa okucacile komphakathi we-feudal ngamaqembu kanye ne-Conservatism yokwahlukana okunjalo. Isibonelo, ukwahlukaniswa komphakathi kube abefundisi nokuthula, isonto eliyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezikhundla zezwe, imihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi namaqembu ezazi ezobuciko nabathengisi, okunamathiselwe kwabalimi emhlabeni. Izinhlobo ezifriziwe zokuziphatha okuhle kobudlelwano, uhlelo lwemihlangano, imithetho, izinqumo nazo zibalulekile. I-etiquette ye-Literary iyisihlonipho sokuziphatha, ukuhleleka komhlaba, kanye nomlomo. Labo. Izethulo zokuthi inkambo yemicimbi kufanele yenzeke kanjani, umlingisi kufanele aziphathe kanjani, futhi ngamaphi amagama umbhali okufanele achaze izehlakalo. I-etiquette yezemibhalo iholele kusiko, ukuvela kwamafomula azinzile, ukudluliselwa kwezingcezu zomsebenzi owodwa ziye komunye, ukuqina kwezithombe, izimpawu, izingathekiso, iziqhathaniso, njll. Isibonelo, ukuqhathanisa okungaguquki ku-sagas yase-Iceland yaphenduka ama-euphemisms (iziqubulo ezinjenge "ukukhanya kwempi", "ilanga lokulwa" ngenkemba, "ihhashi lezifalo", "i-surf bear" ngomkhumbi, "umbhede kaFafnir", "izinwele zikaSiv" mayelana negolide kanye njll.).

Njengoba sekushiwo, ama-Middle Ages ahlukaniswa yimithetho ebusayo esezingeni eliphakeme kanye nemithetho eqinisekisiwe ye-etiquette, eyaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kuphela ngekhulu le-12-16. Ngifuna ukuhlala kulebula elethwe emazweni ahlukene ngezikhathi ezihlukile.
E-Middle Ages yakuqala, abantu bendabuko babebizwa ngamagama, ngaphambi kwalapho kwakhulunywa ngeposi noma isihloko somuntu: isibonelo, u-Bala Edmon waseLiege. Engxoxweni elinganayo, igama lendawo lele-feudal master lalivame ukungashiywa. Abantu bomdabu ovela ngegama, njengomthetho, bebengabhekiswa, bekhuluma kuphela ngesimo senhlalo.
Okokuqala, ngifuna ukunikeza ubuhlakani obuvame kakhulu obamukelwa emazweni amaningi, ngoba izinduna ezibusayo zazingahlukile kakhulu.
Icela Inkosi / INdlovukazi - Ubukhosi Bakho,
enkosini / inkosazana noma isikhulu segazi lasebukhosini - Ukuphakama Kwakho,
kwisikhulu / amadayisi kanye nenkosana / inkosazana - Umusa Wakho,
Ukubala / Ukuqothuka noma Marquise / Marquise - Udumo lwakho
kwabanye - isihawu sakho.
Nobles kungabizwa futhi:
umbusi uyinkazimulo ekhanyayo futhi enamandla kunazo zonke,
marquise noma ukubala - Isikhundla esiphakeme nesinamandla, ukubalwa okuhloniphekayo / i-marquis,
viscount - inkosi enhle futhi enamandla,
baron uyinkosi yeqiniso.
Faka isikhalazo kubafundisi:
kuya kupapa / inzalamizi - Ubungcwele Bakho,
eya kumbhishobhi omkhulu / ekhadinali - Ubuhle Bakho
I-Anglican - Umbhishobhi Wakho Womusa / uMilord,
Catholic - UMbhishobhi Omkhulu,
kumbhishobhi - Umusa Wakho
Anglican - nkosi yami,
UmKatolika - UMbhishobhi waseMilord / uMfu Sir,
E-Ireland - Umfundisi Sir / Umusa Wakho,
kumpristi / indela - ubaba ongcwele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho ngifuna ukuhlala ngamagama athile athize emazweni ahlukile. Amagama esikhundleni sokufakwa kwezikhalazo anikezwa, kodwa futhi angasebenza njengokugcina uma kunesidingo. Ngaphandle kokwenza sengathi unikeze imininingwane ephelele, ngizonikeza okuyisisekelo, ngombono wami, imininingwane engeza okungenhla.

I-Iceland (7-12th c.): UKonung - umbusi ophakeme, inkosi,
konyaka - umdala wedolobha, umpristi noma ijaji,
UKhers - umholi wesizwe,
jarl - umbusi wenkosi, umnikazi wezindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba,
isibopho (iKarl) - umlimi wamahhala,
troll uyisigqila.

I-Ireland (7-10 c.): Inkosi,
UDruid ungumpristi
Bregon - umhumushi wemithetho,
filid - umlandisi wesiko lozalo, (abathathu bokugcina bangabizwa ngokuthi "bald" ngezinwele ezimfushane)
i-bard imbongi ye-lyric
fennius yiqhawe, kwesinye isikhathi: ilungu eligcwele lesizwe,
Goidel (Ulad) - isikhalazo kumuntu wase-I-Ireland ngokubanzi.

ENgilandi (ngekhulu le-7-10): nkosi
glaford - umnikazi womhlaba
U-Earl - ohlonishwayo futhi ongumnikazi womhlaba omkhulu,
gesit - iqhawe lasebukhosini
omdala - omele iqembu lomndeni,
tan - omele umsebenzi wezempi wobuntu.

ISpain (ngekhulu le-9 kuya kwele-9): nkosi,
usana / usana - indodana noma indodakazi yenkosi,
i-rikos ombres - ubukhosi obuphezulu kakhulu (izinduna, ukubalwa kanye namamoni),
I-infanson - inkosi encane yabaqwayizi,
cavaliero / hidalgo - knight,
consejo - isikhulu, ilungu lomkhandlu wedolobha.

IFrance (9-13th c.): Inkosi nomunye bayazi
kontanga - omunye wabantu abakhethekile wombuso,
i-vagant / truvor - imbongi nomculi ozulazulayo,
I-villan isilima samahhala,
Khonza - iserafini
lit uyisigqila esikhululiwe.

I-Italy (11-13th c.): UDuke,
induna ingumnini omkhulu womhlaba
I-valvassor - umnikazi womhlaba omncane,

02.20.2017, 20:35 # 2416098 Inna Komarova

Svetlana Ovchinnikova:
Inna Komarova:
Svetochka!
Sisanda kubhekana nalolu daba. Imininingwane ewusizo kakhulu futhi edingekayo. Ngiyabonga kakhulu. Ngiziqoqa ngokwami ​​lezo zinto ezibonakalayo.

Ngavele ngazi! Konke kuwe. Ngiyakucela, ngaso sonke isikhathi, uyakuthokozela ukukusebenzela!
Ngiyabonga kakhulu

Uyaziqoqa izinto ezinjalo? Inohlonze impela!
Yebo, ngesiqephu esisha.

Yabelana ngemfihlo, mhlawumbe nayo ilusizo?)
Uyazi, ngiqoqa kancane kancane. Ngizobheka kungobo yomlando. NGIYABONGA.

02/20/2017, 19:45 # 2415615 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

Inna Komarova:
Svetochka!
Sisanda kubhekana nalolu daba. Imininingwane ewusizo kakhulu futhi edingekayo. Ngiyabonga kakhulu. Ngiziqoqa ngokwami ​​lezo zinto ezibonakalayo.

Ngavele ngazi! Konke kuwe. Ngiyakucela, ngaso sonke isikhathi, uyakuthokozela ukukusebenzela!
Uyaziqoqa izinto ezinjalo? Inohlonze impela! Yabelana ngemfihlo, mhlawumbe nayo ilusizo?)

02/20/2017, 19:27 # 2415448 Inna Komarova

02/20/2017, 15:13 # 2413229 Svetlana Ovchinnikova

I-Wustolpej Amoreemmh Rosalind:
Ilungile. Ngiyabonga ngesihloko)

Impela, wamukelekile njalo!

02/20/2017, 14:44 # 2412945 Wustolpe Amoremmh Rosalind