Ibis | |
---|---|
I-Royal Spoonbill | |
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi | |
Umbuso: | Izilwane |
Uhlobo: | Chordate |
Ikilasi lokuqeqesha: | Aves |
Oda: | I-Pelican-like |
Umndeni: | Ibis IRichmond, 1917 |
Imindeni engezansi | |
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Imindeni Ibis faka izinhlobo ezingama-34 zezinyoni ezinkulu zemashi. Umndeni uhlukaniswe ngokwemindeni emibili, ibis futhi isipuni Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva lofuzo lufaka izingqinamba emihlanganweni, kanye nokuchazwa kwama-spoonbill ukuthi ahlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwezwe lakudala le-ibises, nezwe elisha likhule njengehlumela lakuqala.
Ezentela
Umndeni wama-ibis ngaphambili wawaziwa ngokuthi yiPlataleidae. Ama-spoonbill kanye ne-ibise kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa namanye amaqembu ezinyoni ezinde ezinemilenze emide ngokulandelana kweCiconiiformes. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi bangamalungu e-oda likaPelican. Ephendula kulokhu okutholakele, i-International Ornithological Congress (IOC), esanda kufakwa kabusha ngababis nodadewabo taxa Ardeidae ngaphansi komyalo wePelicanaceans esikhundleni se-oda langaphambilini le-Ciconiiformes. Uma imindeni emibili engezansi inombono ofanayo uvulekile. Ukungena kohlu lweKomiti B laseNingizimu Melika lokuhlola i-Ibisova kufaka lokhu kuphawula okulandelayo: “Ngokwesiko imindeni emibili engezansi (ngokwesibonelo, uMate noDe Hoyo 1992) yaqashelwa: I-Threskiornithinae ye-ibis nePlataleinae ukuthola isipuni, ngoba umehluko omkhulu uhlobene nefomu lokubala, imininingwane eyengeziwe, ikakhulukazi i-genetic, iyadingeka qaphela ukuphambana okubalulekile, okujulile emndenini. "
Ucwaningo lwe-mitochondrial DNA kusuka kuma-spoonbill plus i-ibis engcwele nebomvu yathola ukuthi ama-spoonbill akha amagugu anhlobo lomhlaba oludala I-Threskiornis nge I-Nipponia Nippon futhi I-Eudocimus ngokuqhubekayo ngamagatsha angaphambili nezihlobo ezikude, futhi ngakho-ke kubeka ukungabaza endaweni okutholwe kuyo lo mndeni ebibis nase spunbill of the subfamily. Izifundo ezalandela zaqinisekisa lokhu okutholakele ku-spoonbill, zakha amagugu wesikhumbuzo phakathi kohlaka lwegugu le- "ebanzi", kufaka phakathi I-Plegadis futhi I-Threskiornis ngenkathi amagugu we- "New Endemic World" akhiwa kusuka ku-genera limited to America ezifana I-Eudocimus futhi Theristicus .
Incazelo
Amalungu omndeni anamaphiko amade, abanzi anezimpaphe eziyisisekelo eziyi-11 nezimpaphe ezincane ezingama-20. Baqinile futhi bangamaflaya, futhi ngokumangazayo, benikezwe ubukhulu babo nesisindo, abaSokhethi abanekhono kakhulu. Umzimba uvame ukuphakama, intamo yinde, inemilenze emide impela. Umthethosivivinywa futhi mude, uqinisekisiwe esimweni sama-ibis, ngokuqondile nangokucacile ancwetshwe kuzipuni. Ziyizinyoni ezinkulu, kodwa ngobukhulu obuphakathi ngamazinga we-oda lazo, kusukela kumithi emincane yomnqumo ( I-Bostrychia bocagei ), Amasentimitha angama-45 (amayintshi angu-18) no-450 g (0.99 lbs), ku-giis enkulu ( Thaumatibis gigantea ) ngamasentimitha ayi-100 (ama-39 in.) kanye no-4.2 kg (9.3 amakhilogremu).
Ukusatshalaliswa kanye nemvelo
Zisatshalaliswa cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba, zitholakale ziseduze cishe noma iyiphi indawo yamanzi angaxhamazeli noma ageleza kancane noma amhlophe. Ama-Ibise ayatholakala nasezindaweni ezomile, kufaka phakathi ukuthathwa kwenhlabathi.
ELlanos, la amathafa asogwadule asekela izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ze-ibis esifundeni esisodwa.
Zonke izithiyo zi-diurnal, zichitha usuku lonke zondla ezinhlobonhlobo zama-invertebrates nama-vertebrates amancane: izithiyo ngokuhlola umhlaba odakeni oluthambile noma odakeni, izipuni zikhipha lo mbhalo ngapha nangapha emanzini angajulile. Ebusuku, bahlala ubusuku ezihlahleni eziseduzane namanzi. Ziyakwazi ukuzijabulisa, zidla, zilele futhi zindiza ndawonye, imvamisa kwezemfundo.
Isakhiwo siba ngamakholoni ngaphakathi, kwesinye isikhathi ngamaqembu amancane noma ngesipelingi, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi ezihlahleni ezigcwele amanzi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi eziqhingini noma eziqhingini ezincane ezixhaphozini. Imvamisa, insikazi yakha isakhiwo esikhulu kusuka emhlangeni nasezinjeni ezilethwe yindoda. Amasayizi ejwayelekile okubamba angamabili kuya ku-5; ukuketwa kukhulu. Zombili ezocansi zifakwe emashifuleni, kuthi ngemuva kokuqhekeka, ondle okuncane okuboniswayo. Emavikini amabili noma amathathu ngemuva kokuqokwa, abantu abasha abasadingi ukuzindla ngokuqhubekayo futhi bangashiya isidleke, bavame ukwakha i-nursery kodwa kufanele bondliwe ngabazali babo.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
E-Afrika, isikhathi sokuzala siqala ngoMashi kuya ku-Agasti, e-Iraq kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuze kube nguMeyi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-ibis angcwele ahlangana emakoloni nezinye izinyoni ezinkulu zasexhaphozini. Ababili ababumbene, bakha izidleke ezihlahleni, imvamisa kakhulu kuma-baobab. Izakhiwo ezinjalo zenziwe ngamagatsha nezinduku. E-clutch kukhona amaqanda ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-5. Inani labo elijwayelekile ngu-2. ubukhulu beqanda elilodwa lisuka ku-43 liye ku-63 mm. Isikhathi sokufakwa kwesinye isikhathi sithatha izinsuku ezingama-21 kuye kwezingama-28.
Bobabili abazali bafaka amaqanda. Ngemuva kwamachaphazelo amachwane, omunye umzali uhlala esidlekeni izinsuku eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyi-10, owesibili aphathe ukudla. Iba nentsha eneminyaka engama-35 kuya kwengama-40. Iba nokuzimela ngosuku lwe-44-48 lokuphila futhi ihlangane emaqenjini yintsha ehlukile. Endle, ama-ibis angcwele ahlala iminyaka engama-20.
Ukuziphatha Nempilo
Ngaphandle kwenkathi yezidleke, abamele izinhlobo bayohlala ngamaqembu amakhulu. Lapho befuna ukudla, bahamba emanzini angajulile, kuyilapho behlisela uqhwaku lwabo emanzini bese beluhola ngapha nangapha, bafuna ukudla. Leyonto ephilayo ewela emqhonyeni iyagwinywa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udaka nogu olusogwini kuhlolwe ngemilomo yabo kanye ne-shellfish kanye nezibungu zitholakala ngale ndlela. Amaxoxo, inhlanzi encane, izinambuzane, izimpande nezithelo zezitshalo zasemanzini kuyadliwa. Kunezikhathi lapho abamele izinhlobo zezilwane bedla u-carrion.
Isimo sokuLondolozwa
Izindlela zokuphila kwalezi zinyoni zihlala phansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvamisa indawo yokuhlala iseduze kwezindawo zokuhlala abantu. Kwenzeka kaningi ukuthi izindawo ezingcwele zihlale ngaphandle kwamadolobha amakhulu. Lolu hlobo lwangeniswa eSpain, eFrance, e-Italy, eTaiwan naseBahrain. Lezi zinyoni zanda lapho ngokushesha futhi zaqala ukuba yingozi kwezinye izinyoni, zihlala ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala izidleke. Ebusika bangezelela ukudla kwabo ngodoti wokudla, okwabavumela ukuba baphumelele ebusika ezindaweni ezibandayo. Njengamanje, inani lama-ibis angcwele ligcinwa endaweni ezinzile kuwo wonke amazwe lapho behlala khona.
Izingwamza. Ngaphandle, zibukeka njenge-heron encane. EGibhithe lasendulo babebhekwa njengabangcwele, bekhulekelwa.
Incazelo yangaphandle
Izinyoni zomndeni wama-ibis zikhula zibe ngu-50-110 cm. Umuntu omdala unesisindo kusuka ku-400 g kuya ku-1,3 kg. Isici esiyingqayizivele uqhwaku. Lincane, lide futhi ligobile. Ikulungele kahle ukuthola ukudla phansi echibini nasemhlabathini onodaka. Izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zinyoni, njengamadolobho, azinayo imishini yokudlala.
Izimpiko ze-ibis zinde, zibanzi, zakhiwa izimpaphe eziyisisekelo eziyi-11. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinyoni ezindiza ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ikhanda nentamo zidalulwe kancane. Iningi labantu line-crest, eyakhiwa izimpaphe ezivela emuva kwekhanda. I-Ibis yinyoni eneminwe emithathu yokuqala exhunywe umdwebo wokubhukuda.
Umbala weplamu uhlala njalo unombala ofanayo: mhlophe, umnyama, grey futhi, okhanyayo - obomvu.
Bahlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica kuphela. Kuthandwa kakhulu izindawo ezishisayo, ezishisayo neziseningizimu.
I-Ibis yinyoni ehlala eduze namanzi. Inomuzwa omuhle ezindaweni ezinamathuku, phakathi kwe-quagmire, kumachibi, igwema osebeni lemifula ngesivinini esiqinile.
Izinyoni zihlala emaphaketheni abantu abangama-30-50. Abakhileyo ezindaweni eziseningizimu bahlala phansi, kanti izinhlobo zasenyakatho zenza izindiza ezithile zonyaka.
Imvamisa, ekuseni izinyoni zihamba ziyofuna ukudla emanzini angajulile noma osebeni lolondolozi, phakathi nosuku lapho ziphumula, bese ziya ezihlahleni ziyolala ebusuku.
Isisekelo sokondliwa kokudla kwezilwane: inhlanzi, igobolondo, izibungu, amasele. Ngokujwayelekile, ukubhula kubamba izinambuzane (ezinjengezinkumbi) emhlabathini noma kudle i-carrion.
Ngcwele ibis
Abamele lo mndeni baziwa emhlabeni, abebekhulekelwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. EGibhithe lasendulo kwakukhona unkulunkulu enekhanda lenyoni ye-ibis - uThoth. Ethempelini lakhe bekuqukethe imihlambi yonke. Kwelinye lamathuna atholakele futhi avulekile, kwatholakala isibalo esikhulu sezinyoni ezihlanyelwe. Babizwa ngokuthi ama-ibis angcwele.
Kunezinguqulo eziningana ezichaza lesi simo sengqondo ngale nhlobo. Omunye ukholelwa ukuthi ama-honors afanelekile ukucishwa kwezinyoka njalo. Enye inguqulo - inyoni yebis eGibhithe lasendulo yavela ngesikhathi sokuchitheka koMfula iNayile, okwakubhekwa njengokungcwele. Lokhu kwamukelwa njengesibonakaliso sonkulunkulu.
Kulezi zinsuku, inyoni ingatholakala e-Iran futhi imhlophe ngokwebala, ikhanda nesihloko somsila kumnyama. Ama-ibis angcwele ahlala emhlambini omncane ezindaweni ezimanzi.
I-ibis iyiqembu elincane lezinyoni ze-ankle, ezakha umndeni we-ibis wodwa. Kunezinhlobo ezingama-25 zama-ibis eqiniso, izihlobo zawo eziseduze kakhulu zingama-spoonbill, kanti ezikude kakhulu kukhona izingwamza namakhaza.
I-Scarlet ibis (i-Eudocimus ruber).
Ama-Ibise ayizinyoni zobukhulu obuphakathi, ubude bomzimba bufika ku-50-110 cm, isisindo - amakhilogremu ambalwa. Ekubukekeni kwama-ibise kunezici eziningi eziqukethwe kuyo yonke i-stork-like: imilenze emincane, intamo ende eguqukayo, ikhanda elincane. Kepha kunomehluko. Ngokungafani nezingulube, imilenze ye-ibis kungenzeka ibe yobude obuphakathi. Uqhwaku lwazo zonke i-ibis mncane kakhulu futhi lugobile ku-arc, ngalesi sibonakaliso bahlukaniswa kalula kwezinye izinyoni. Umbala wezinqwaba zama-ibise ngombala owodwa - mhlophe, umnyama, mpunga. Kepha ukubukeka okuhle kakhulu i-ibis ebomvu. Amapheya ayo anombala obomvu angajwayelekile ngokungajwayelekile futhi omsulwa ubonakala sengathi uvutha amalangabi ngomlilo. Ezinye izinhlobo zinokukhanya kwezimpaphe ezinde ezilengayo emakhanda azo.
I-American ibis emhlophe (i-Eudocimus albus).
Ama-Ibise atholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Bahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo, ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye naseningizimu yendawo eshisayo. Izinhlobo zaseningizimu ziboshwe, ezasenyakatho ziyandiza. Ama-Ibis ayizinyoni ezinamanzi aseduze, ahlala ezigodini, amachibi kanye nemifula yomfula ngokugeleza okuhamba kancane, okugcwele kakhulu ngezihlahla noma umhlanga. Ama-Ibise ahlala emihlambini emincane, kepha ngesikhathi sendiza nalapho ebusika angakha amaqembu amakhulu.
Umhlambi we-ibis engcwele (Threskiornis aethiopicus).
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-ibises avame ukwakha amakoloni axutshwe nemifino, amakhonkolo kanye nozipuni. Imvamisa ibis ihamba emanzini angajulile noma ngasogwini iyofuna ukudla, uma kwenzeka iba nengozi ifihle emathunjini aminyene noma indize iye ezihlahleni.
Scarlet ibis esihlahleni.
Ama-Ibis adla ukudla kwezilwane. Imvamisa zihamba emanzini angajulile, ziphonsa uqhwaku lwazo emanzini bese zibahola kusuka ngapha nangapha. Zonke izilwane ezincane eziwela emqhonyeni zidliwe. Baphinde bahlole inhlabathi yabo kanye nokungcola kwabo ngemilomo yabo emide beyofuna izikelemu nemollusks, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile bangadla isele elikhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-ibis abamba izinambuzane (isikhonyane) emhlabeni futhi angadla ngisho ne-carrion.
Isinkwa (Plegadis falcinellus).
Lezi zinyoni zizalela kanye ngonyaka: ezinhlotsheni zasenyakatho, isikhathi sokuzalela ziqala entwasahlobo, ezinhlotsheni ezishisayo ziba kuphela esikhathini semvula. Ama-Ibise ayazilandela, okusho ukuthi, akha imibhangqwana ehlala njalo lapho bobabili abazali beba nengxenye ekukhuliseni izingane. Izidleke ze-spisical ibis zenziwa ngamagatsha noma ngeziqu zomhlanga. Imvamisa, izidleke zitholakala ezihlahleni, zivame ukusondelana nezidleke zezinye izinyoni. Uma zingekho izihlahla ogwini, zakha isidleke emathangeni aminyene omhlanga, i-papyrus kanye nomhlanga. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-2-5. Bobabili abazali bafaka i-clutch futhi bondle amaphuphu.
Scarlet ibis endizeni.
Emvelweni, okhozi luzingelwa yizinkozi, amakhayithi, amankonyane, izidleke ezitholakala ebusweni bomhlaba, zingabhujiswa izingulube zasendle, izimpungushe, izinja ze-raccoon, imifino. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu babezingela izithixo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, badunyiswa ngobuhle babo (ngokwesibonelo, ihlelo lama-ibis lalikhona eGibhithe Lasendulo).
Ama-ibis angcwele athole igama lawo ngoba lalisetshenziswa emasikweni eGibhithe lasendulo.
Kepha ingozi eyinhloko yama-ibis ilele ekuncishisweni kwezindawo zokuhlala zemvelo: ukugeleza kwamanzi, ukuphinda kumiswe umhlaba, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukuncipha kwemithombo yokondla kuholela ekunciphiseni kwamanani abo. Isibonelo, ama-bald ibis, ayekade ehlala lonke elaseningizimu yeYurophu neNyakatho ne-Afrika, manje atholakala ecebeni elincanyana eMorocco. Ubuningi balezi zinhlobo babuthinteka ekuzingeleni kwamachwane, okwakuvame ukwenziwa ngezikhathi zeNkathi Ephakathi, bese kuthi ukuqhuma okujwayelekile ezindaweni zabantu. Amabala e-European bald ebusika ogwini lwaseNyakatho ne-Afrika, kepha ededelwa enkulisa, aphelelwa yinkumbulo yemizila yokufuduka. Ososayensi kwakudingeka bakhombise amawadi abo indlela efanele endizeni ekhanyayo ukuze kubuyiswe imikhuba yabo yemvelo.
Bald ibis (Geronticus eremita).
Ama-ibis aseJapan asongelwa nangokwengeziwe. Kwake kwathi lapho le nyoni isabalele eJapan, eChina, ePeninsula yaseKorea. Ngenxa yokuzingela, abantu bakhona bancishiswa kakhulu kangangokuba kwathiwa kababili siphelile! Izikhathi zombili, ngesimangaliso sesayensi, bekunokwenzeka ukuthola abantu abaningana ngemvelo, kepha lapho bezama ukuzixazulula e-zoo, cishe zonke izinyoni zafa. Kuphela kwentengo yemizamo emangalisayo, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile kakhulu bokufaka, kungenzeka ukwandisa inani labantu ngamashumi amaningana abantu, kepha ngisho namanje usongo lokuqothulwa kwalolu hlobo aludlulanga.
I-ibis yaseJapan (ingono yeNipponia).
I-ibis engcwele ingeyama-oda we-Ciconiiformes, umndeni we-ibis, uhlobo lwe-ibis enomkhawulo omnyama, izinhlobo ze-ibis ezingcwele. Wathola leli gama ngenxa yokuthi eGibhithe lasendulo, wayethathwa njenge nyoni engcwele. I-ibis yayiwuphawu lukaThoth, owayengunkulunkulu wokuhlakanipha nobulungisa. Wayevame ukukhulekelwa ngohlobo lwama-ibis. UThoth wayefanekiswa nekhanda le-ibis, ngaphezu kwalokho, le nyoni yayingukuqanjwa kwegama lakhe ngendlela eyingqayizivele. Ethempelini likankulunkulu wokuhlakanipha nobulungiswa, babemaningi abamele le nhlobo. Izidumbu zabo zaze zagqunywa.
Habitat
Kuhlala isifunda esingcwele sase-Ethiopia i-ibis, esisendaweni eseningizimu yeSahara, kanye neziqhingi zase-Aldabra kanye nogu lwaseMadagascar. Kukhona imininingwane yokuthi kunendawo encane yohlu lokuzalela e-Iraq, futhi ngokuqondile e-Ewufrathe ephansi naseTigris. Kunemininingwane futhi yokuthi lolu hlobo lwe-ibis lwangeniswa eFrance, eSpain, e-Italy, eTaiwan naseBahrain. Lapho, amanani abo akhula kahle. Ngokwezinga lokuthi baqala ukubanga ukuphazamiseka kwezinye izinyoni zalezi zindawo, babeka amabanga abo okwakha izidleke. Izinhlobo ezingama-moadic nezinzinzile zama-ibis angcwele ngesikhathi esomile zishiya izindawo ezidlekayo bese zibuyela kuphela ngenkathi yemvula.
Umsoco
Ifuna ukudla emanzini angajulile amachibi, amadamu, amachibi, ogwini lwamachibi ahlukahlukene nasemasimini elayisi. Imvamisa zibonakala ezindaweni zokuhlatshwa, ezinqenqemeni zomhlaba, emapulazini. Kwesinye isikhathi zingatholakala kude namanzi, ethafeni elinotshani obushisiwe. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwezinyoni izinambuzane (amakhethini, izinkumbi, izimbungulu zamanzi) kanye nezibungu, izicabucabu, ama-crustaceans, ama-mollusks, amasele, inhlanzi, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, izibankwa. Kwesinye isikhathi angabanjwa edla amaqanda ezinyoni namachwane ngokwawo. Futhi kwesinye isikhathi ukudla udoti kanye nokuwela emapulangweni. Badla phakathi nosuku, bahlangana ngamaqembu abantu abangu-2 kuya kwabangu-20. Ukudla kuqoqwa ebusweni benhlabathi, noma ngokuhamba kancane, ngoqhwaku lwawo, isludge lihlolwe emanzini angajulile.
Ukuzalela inzalo
Ama-ibis angcwele azala amachwane kanye ngonyaka. Ngokuvamile, ukuzala kuqala ngesikhathi semvula. Zingaqala ukuzalaniswa ngenkathi eyomile uma izidleke zazo zikusendaweni emanzi. Zihlala emahlathini, ezihlahleni, ezweni, phakathi kweziqubu noma eziqhingini ezinamadwala. Yakha izidleke ikakhulukazi kusuka ezindongeni nasegatsheni, futhi ifakwe amaqabunga, utshani, kanye nezimpaphe ezingavamile kakhulu ezivela ngaphakathi. Ku-clutch ungabala amaqanda ayi-1-5. Ngokwesilinganiso, inani labo lilinganiselwe kumaqanda ama-2-3. Usayizi weqanda ungaba ngu-43-63 mm.Amaqanda ayindilinga noma ayindilinga kancane futhi anegobolondo eliqinile. Anombala obuthuntu, omhlophe, onombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okotshani. Kwesinye isikhathi, amachashanyana amancane abomvu ansundu angangezwa kulo mbala. Isikhathi sokubopha siyizinsuku ezingama-21-28. Hatch amaqanda nowesifazane nowesilisa. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwamachwane, omunye wabazali uhlala nabo izinsuku ezingama-7-10, kuthi omunye ngalesi sikhathi akhiqize ukudla. Amapayipi amachwane avela emva kwezinsuku ezingama-35- 40. Abantu abasha bathola inkululeko ngosuku lwe-44-48 lokuphila, ngenkathi bengahlali nabazali babo, kepha bahlangana emaqenjini abo amancane ahlukile. Ubusuku, bavame ukubuthana ezihlahleni eziseduze namachibi.
Izimbungulu zezithixo ezingcwele ngenkathi kusakhiwa isidleke
Inombolo
E-Afrika, i-ibis engcwele ibhekwa njengenhlobo yezinyoni ezijwayelekile, ezijwayelekile neziningi. Inani le-ibis likhona elizinzile futhi ngokusho kwedatha ye-1994 okungenani abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-200. E-Iraq, ngokusho kwedatha ka-1990, isibalo sasingabantu abangama-200, kodwa ngokusho kwedatha yango-1998, isimo se-ibis e-Iraq asicaci ngokuphelele. Njengamanje, awuvamile ukubona ama-Ibis angamaGibhithe angcwele eGibhithe (asatholakala eningizimu yeKhartoum), futhi eGibhithe lasendulo inani labo labantu laliningi kakhulu (ama-ibis angcwele ayizigidi eziyi-1.5 ayengcwatshwe emakhathatini eSahara) futhi ayengasekelwa nhlobo emadolobheni. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, wayesabonana eGibhithe, kwathi ngo-1850 wayesecishe wanyamalala. Inani laseFrance ngonyaka we-1994 lalingamabhangqa angama-280. Uma sithatha isimo eRussia, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, abantu baqala ukwanda ezindaweni ezinkudlwana, bagxobhoza amaxhaphozi, bagawula amahlathi, okungukuthi, bathatha izikhala ezilungele ukudala izindawo zokuhlala. Kulokhu, lolu hlobo lwe-ibis lubhekwa njengenyoni engavamile kakhulu eRussia. Eminyakeni yama-20s yekhulu edlule kwesinye isikhathi wayehlangana emfuleni. IGreat Ussurke, eduzane neLake Khanka naphaya ogwini lwe-Amur Bay. Ukunyamalala kwalolu hlobo lwe-ibis kusuka ezinhlanzini zaseRussia nakho kungenxa yokuthi inani lalezi zinyoni emngceleni osenyakatho webanga - iGibhithe ne-Iraq, eduze komngcele we-Azerbaijan - selinciphile. Kulezi zinsuku, umhlangano nale nyoni enhle eRussia ungabizwa ngokuthi yi-rarity emangalisayo kanye nenhlanhla.
Ibis i-bald iyinyoni engajwayelekile ehlekisayo. Izinhlobo zezilwane ezingefani - i-athikili mayelana nezinhlobo ezingaqondakali nezingavamile zezilwane ezihehayo ekubukekeni, futhi ezingandile esikhathini sethu - inyoni ebomvu yasenyakatho - ngabe wake waba nento enjalo uma ubheka isilwane esithile futhi ungaqondi ukuthi sivela kuphi, noma izizathu zangempela zokubonakala kwakhe?
Bahlala beyimfihlakalo kuze kube phakade, futhi banelungelo lokubizwa ngokuthi yizimfumbe ngokwabo. Kungenxa yezimfumbe lapho iqhawe le-athikili, i-Ibis inyoni eyimpandla, ingeyakhe.
I-Ibis bald bird - incazelo ngezithombe nevidiyo
I-bald ibis yasenyakatho iyinyoni engavamile ehlala eTurkey. Lapho amachwane enyoni ibis, amakhanda awo embozwe izimpaphe, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ayawa. Ngakho-ke, ukusuka lapha bathola leli gama, futhi nalo linomfanekiso ongaqondakali.
Izimpaphe ezisele ze-ibis zimnyama, lapho elangeni zinika khona ubumpunga bethusi. Futhi ekhanda labo eliyimpandla banokukholwa, okubanika ukungathí sina.
Lezi zinyoni zidla izinambuzane, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane kanye nezikhala. Ama-Ibis aphila iminyaka engama-30, ngonyaka wesine asevele afinyelele ebusheni. Unyaka nonyaka, insikazi ithwala amaqanda amaningi kuya amathathu, aqandusela amasonto amane.
Futhi, amadlozi asemakhanda amangale kakhulu ngesici sawo esimangalisayo semonogamous, akhetha ibhangqa kanye kuphela, futhi uma ngokuzumayo kwenzeka inyoni eyodwa kwababili, enye ilangazelela kangangokuba angadli futhi afe yindlala.
Futhi nje ngokuvamisile ukuthi i-bald ibis - ishiywe ngaphandle kombhangqwana, yaziphonsa edwaleni, yashayeka yaze yafa.
Eminyakeni engama-50s, abantu bahlala endaweni yenyoni yebis, baqala ukusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane emisebenzini yabo yasemakhaya, okunciphisa inani lezinyoni. Kulokhu, ngonyaka we-1977 edolobheni laseTurkey iBirejik kwenziwa indawo yezinyoni.
Izinyoni zazinganqunyelwe ezindizeni, futhi zazithutha njalo ngonyaka, kuze kube ngo-1990 kuphela ama-ibis ambalwa abuyela ekhaya, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho izinyoni azivunyelwe ukundiza. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bekukhona ama-ibis amaningi, futhi sekukhululwe izinyoni ezingama-26, kodwa ngokuzisola kwethu okukhulu, akekho noyedwa wazo owabuya. Izinyoni manje zigcinwa ezindaweni ezivalekile ukuvikela ukufuduka. Njengamanje, cishe ikhulu ibhibhi lihlala kule ndawo.
Noma kunjalo, isimo sezinyoni siziphoqa ukuba zifuduke, kanti ezinye izinyoni sezikhululiwe, kepha yileso naleso manje sisetshenziswa kokulandela umkhondo wesathelayithi emlenzeni waso, ukuqinisekisa okungenani ukuphepha okuthile kwalezi zinyoni ezimangalisayo.
Ama-bald asenyakatho ayizinyoni ezingandile, inani labantu lincane kakhulu, ngakho-ke kudingeka uwavikele futhi udinga ukwazi ngawo, ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa azonyamalala ngokuphelele ebusweni bomhlaba, futhi abe imfihlakalo yemvelo. Kepha sinethemba lokuthi ososayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje buzobasiza ukuthi bahlale, futhi baphinde bamangaze abantu ngemfihlo yabo emangalisayo.
I-Ibis (Threskiornithinae)
Ibis, noma yiziphi izinhlobo ezingama-26 zezinyoni ezinamaphiko aphakathi nendawo ezihlanganisa i-subfamily Threskiornithinae yomndeni iTreskiornithidae (i-oda le-Ciconiiformes), elihlanganisa nezipuni. I-Ibises ibanga ubude ukusuka ku-55 kuya ku-75 cm (ama-intshi angama-22 kuye kwangama-30). Zenzeka kuzo zonke izifunda ezifudumele ngaphandle kwesiqhingi saseNingizimu Pacific. Zigudla izichibi ezingashoni, amachibi, amakhethini, kanye nemishayo bese zisebenzisa amabhlogo alo amancane, angashoni phansi ukondla izinhlanzi ezincane namamollus athambile. Zindiza ngentamo nemilenze enwetshiwe, ngokushintshana ngokundiza nokuhamba ngomkhumbi. Ama-Ibise avame ukuzalanisa emikhondlwini enkulu, akha izidleke ezinamathele eziphansi emithini noma ezihlahleni futhi abeke amaqanda amathathu kuya kwayisihlanu, ngokuvamile amhlophe qhwa noma afakwe ngombala onsundu.
Ibis ecwebezelayo (Plegadis falcinellus) nesihlobo sayo esiseduze i-ibis ebheke kobuso obumhlophe (P. chihi) amafomu amancane anombala onsundu obomvu onsundu futhi acwebezelayo. Njengeqembu zitholakala kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlaba ezifudumele.
Ama-hadada ibis, noma ama-hadada (Hagedashia hagedash), wase-Afrika, ibis eluhlaza okotshani eyaziwa ngokukhala kwayo okukhulu.
Imithi ebotshwe ngotshani (I-Threskiornis spinicollis) akaziwa ngaphandle kwe-Australia. Amanzi angaphansi kolwandle kunezinye izinhlobo. Ukudla kwalo okuyinhloko izinhlanga.
I-hermit ibis (Geronticus eremita), uhlobo olusengozini, ehlala enyakatho ye-Afrika naseMiddle East. Isigaxa sayo nesikhumba esingenalutho ekhanda lakhe zibomvu. Amakoloni azalanayo ayekhona enkabeni naseningizimu yeYurophu, eSyria nase-Algeria kodwa manje aseyaziwa eTurkey naseMorocco kuphela.
AmaJapan, noma aqanjiwe, ama-ibis (Ingono ye-Nipponia) imhlophe inobuso obomvu. Uhlobo olusengozini, lwalubhekwa njengolusengozini yokuqothulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20.
I-ibis engcwele (I-Threskiornis aethiopica), ye-Arabia eseningizimu ne-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara futhi eyake yaba yiGibhithe, yayingcwele kwabaseGibhithe lasendulo. Lungaba ngamasentimitha angama-75 ubude, mhlophe ngamnyama ngamaphiko alo, futhi lunamapulangwe amnyama emuva engezansi nekhanda nentambo emnyama engenalutho.
I-ibis ebomvu (I-Eudocimus ruber) uhlala enyakatho Melika, kanye nabis abamhlophe (E. albus) amabanga aphakathi naseNyakatho Melika.
Okwezikhumba zezinkuni, kwesinye isikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkuni, bheka ingwamza.
Le ndatshana isanda kubukezwa futhi yavuselelwa ngu-Amy Tikkanen, Umphathi Wezokulungiswa.
Umnotho
Umndeni iThskiornithidae ngaphambili wawaziwa njengoPlataleidae. Ama-spoonbill kanye ne-ibise kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ahlobene namanye amaqembu ezinyoni ezinde ezinemilenze emide ngokulandelana kwe-Ciconiiformes. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje lutholile ukuthi bangamalungu ama-oda we-Pelecaniformes. Ukuphendula kulokhu okutholakele, i-International Ornithological Congress (IOC) muva nje [ nini? ] baphinde bafaka kabusha iTreskiornithidae kanye nodadewabo ka-taxa Ardeidae ngaphansi kwe-oda Pelecaniformes esikhundleni se-oda langaphambilini leCiconiiformes. Ukuthi le mindeni emibili engaphansi iyimpendulo eyindabamlo ngumbuzo ovulekile. Ukungena kweKomiti Lokubheka Izwe laseNingizimu Melika iThreskiornithidae kufaka phakathi lokhu kuphawula okulandelayo "Imindeni emincane engaphansi kwesiko (ngokwesiko, uMate & del Hoyo 1992) iyaqashelwa: I-Threskiornithinae yezinsizakalo kanye nePlataleinae ukuthola amapulangwe, ngoba umehluko omkhulu uhlobene nokwakheka komthethosivivinywa, imininingwane eyengeziwe , ikakhulukazi ufuzo, luyadingeka ukuqaphela ukuhlukana okukhulu, okujulile emndenini. "
Ucwaningo lwe-mitochondrial DNA yezipuni kanye nezingcwele ezingcwele nezibomvu bathola ukuthi izipuni zakha umucu nohlobo oludala lwezwe I-Threskiornis, nge Ingono ye-Nipponia futhi I-Eudocimus njengoba izifuyo ziqhubeka njalo nezihlobo ezikude kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho zingabaza ukuhlelwa komndeni emikhayeni engaphansi kwewisis nezipuni. Izifundo ezalandela zisekele lokhu okutholakele, izithonjana ezakha umucu wokuqhafaza ngaphakathi kohlu olubanzi "olubanzi", kubandakanya I-Plegadis futhi I-Threskiornis, ngenkathi umugqa omusha "Wokuphela Komhlaba" ubunjwe nge-genera ekhawulelwe kumaMelika anjenge I-Eudocimus futhi Theristicus.
Incazelo
Amalungu omndeni anamaphiko amade, abanzi anezimpaphe eziyisisekelo eziyi-11 kanye nama-sekeli angaba ngu-20. Bangabadlali abanohlonze, futhi, ngokumangazayo, banikezwe usayizi wabo nesisindo, abafuduki abanekhono kakhulu. Umzimba uvame ukwelulwa, intamo kakhulu, ngemilenze emide. Umthethosivivinywa futhi mude, uqinisekisiwe esimweni sezithixo, uqonde futhi uhlukaniswe ngendlela ephansi emgqeni wezipuni. Ziyizinyoni ezinkulu, kepha ziphakathi nendawo ngamazinga wokuhleleka kwazo, ezisukela kubis emnqumo omude (I-Bostrychia bocagei), ku-45 cm (18 in) no-450 g (0.99 lb), kuyi-ibis enkulu (Thaumatibis gigantea), ngamasentimitha ayi-100 (39 in) no-4.2 kg (9.3 lb).
Ukusatshalaliswa kanye nemvelo
Zisatshalaliswa cishe emhlabeni wonke, zitholakala cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo yokuma noma okugeleza kancane noma kwamanzi okuhamba kancane. Ama-Ibise ayatholakala nasezindaweni ezomile, kufaka phakathi ukuthathwa kwenhlabathi.
AmaLlanos ayaphawuleka ngoba la amathafa manzi asekela izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zama-ibis esifundeni esisodwa.
Zonke izithiyo zi-diurnal, zichitha usuku lonke zondla ezinhlobonhlobo zama-invertebrates nama-vertebrates amancane: izithiyo ngokufuna umhlaba othambile noma udaka, isipuni ngokushintsha umthethosisekelo ovela ngapha nangapha emanzini angajulile. Ebusuku, zihlala ezihlahleni eziseduze namanzi. Ziyathandana, ziyondla, zinezimpande futhi zindiza ndawonye, imvamisa ekwakhiweni.
I-Nesting iyikoloni emabhunjini, imvamisa ngamaqembu amancane noma i-spoonbill, cishe njalo ezihlahleni ezigcwele amanzi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi eziqhingini noma eziqhingini ezincane ezixhaphozini. Ngokuvamile, insikazi yakha isakhiwo esikhulu ngaphandle komhlanga nezinduku ezilethwe owesilisa. Ubungako be-clutch ejwayelekile buwubili kuya ku-5, ukuketwa yi-asynchronic. Bobabili ubulili bafaka amashifu, bese kuthi ngemuva kokubopha bondle abancane ngokuzitholela okuyingxenye. Emavikini lamabili noma lamatsatfu ngemuva kwekuhlafunwa, letincane azisadingi kucuketwa ngalokuchubekako bese tingahle tishiya isidleke, tivame kwakha ematfuba kepha bese tibuyela kutondziswa batali.