Izikhala ezivulekile zamahlathi zaseRussia zibonakala zingenamkhawulo. Kepha noma ngezinga elinje, umuntu oqhubeka nomsebenzi wezomnotho uyakwazi ukuzilimaza.

Ithimba labahleli be-Promdevelop: Ukunikeza Imibhalo Eliwusizo Kubafundi Bathandekayo

Okthoba 11, 2017

Ukusika phansi ukuze bavune izinkuni kwezinye izindawo sebeba banzi. Ukusetshenziswa okunamandla okunjalo nokungacabangi kancane kancane kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi isikhwama sehlathi siqala ukuncipha. Lokhu kuyabonakala ngisho nasendaweni ye-taiga.

Ukubhujiswa okusheshayo kwamahlathi kuholela ekushabalaleni kwezimbali nezilwane ezihlukile, kanye nokuwohloka kwesimo semvelo. Lokhu kuthinta ikakhulukazi ukwakheka komoya.

Izimbangela eziphambili zokuqunjelwa kwamahlathi

Phakathi kwezimbangela ezinkulu zokuqunjelwa kwamahlathi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela okokuqala ukuthi kungenzeka ukusetshenziswa kwayo njengezinto zokwakha. Futhi, amahlathi avame ukugawulwa ngenhloso yokwakha noma ukusebenzisa umhlaba wokulima.

Le nkinga yayinkulu kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, imishini yaqala ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi yokusika. Lokhu kuvunyelwe ukukhuphula kakhulu umkhiqizo, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, inani lezihlahla lanqunywa.

Esinye isizathu sokugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu ukudala amadlelo ezilwane zasepulazini. Le nkinga isebenza ikakhulukazi emahlathini ashisayo. Ngokwesilinganiso, idlelo elilodwa lenkomo lizodinga ihektha elilodwa lamadlelo, futhi lokhu kuyizihlahla ezingamakhulu amaningana.

Kungani amahlathi kufanele anakekelwe? Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuholela kuphi

Leli hlathi aligcini nje kuphela ukuba linezimbali namakhambi, kodwa futhi liyizinkulungwane zezinto eziphilayo. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kungenye yezinkinga zemvelo ezivamile. Ngokubhujiswa kwezihlahla ohlelweni lwe-biogeocenosis, ukulingana kwemvelo kuyaphazamiseka.

Ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi okungalawulwa kuholela emiphumeleni emibi elandelayo:

1. Ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ziyanyamalala.
2. Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo kuyancipha.
3. Inani lekhabhoni dioxide liqala ukwanda emkhathini (mayelana nemiphumela yokushisa komhlaba).
4. Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kwenzeka, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezingwadule.
5. Ezindaweni ezinamazinga aphezulu amanzi asemhlabathini, ukubhala amanzi kuyaqala.

Izibalo ngokuqothulwa komhlaba kanye naseRussia

Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kuyinkinga yomhlaba wonke. Akufanelekile hhayi eRussia kuphela, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe athile. Ngokwezibalo zokugawulwa kwamahlathi, cishe ama-200 000 km amahlathi akhanywa emhlabeni wonke ngonyaka. Lokhu kuholela ekufeni kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zezilwane.

Uma sicabangela imininingwane ngama-ha ayinkulungwane emazweni ngamanye, zizobukeka kanjena:

1. IRussia - 4.139,
2. ECanada - 2.45,
3. EBrazil - 2,15,
4. I-USA - 1.73,
5. I-Indonesia - 1.6.

Le nkinga idlangayo ithinta iChina, iArgentina neMalaysia. Ngokwesilinganiso, cishe amahektha angama-20 amahlathi amahlathi abhujiswa kuleplanethi ngomzuzu owodwa. Le nkinga ibucayi ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo. Isibonelo, eNdiya, ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50 yobudala, indawo embozwe yihlathi inciphile izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezi-2.

EBrazil, izindawo ezinkulu zehlathi ziye zagawulwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe. Ngenxa yalaba bantu, izingxenye zezinhlobo zezilwane zincishiswa kakhulu. I-Afrika ibala cishe i-17% yezindawo ezigcinwa emahlathini emhlabeni. Ngokuya nge-ha, lokhu kufinyelela ezigidini ezingama-767. Ngokwemininingwane yakamuva, cishe amahektha ayizigidi ezintathu anqunywa minyaka yonke. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, ngaphezulu kwama-70% amahlathi abhujisiwe e-Afrika.

Ukuqalwa kwezibalo eRussia nakho kuyadumaza. Ikakhulu izihlahla eziningi zeConiferous ziyabhujiswa. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu eSiberia nase-Urals kwaba nomthelela ekwakhekeni kwenqwaba yamaxhaphozi. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi iningi lokuwa akukho emthethweni.

Ukubaluleka kwamahlathi esintwini

Imifino ingumthombo wokuhlanza umkhathi emagemeni ayingozi. Njengomphumela we-photosynthesis, umoya-mpilo uyacetshiswa emoyeni, bese kudonswa isikhutha. Ngokombono wemvelo, ihlathi liyinto edingekayo yezinqubo zezinto eziphilayo ezenzeka emvelweni. Amahlathi ayikhaya lezigidi zezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yokutshala kwamahlathi, ukwahlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuqina kwemvelo kuyaqinisekiswa.

Izinkuni ziyinto yokwakha, ethunyelwa emazweni aseYurophu. Ukusuka kulo yenza iphepha, ifenisha, uphethiloli, izinto zokusetshenziswa kwemboni yamakhemikhali, imithi. Amacembe abalulekile, izinaliti, amagxolo.

Kuyadingeka ukuthi unake kakhulu izinkinga zokuqothulwa kwamahlathi nokuchithwa kwamahlathi, ukubukeza imithetho nemithethonqubo yokulawulwa kwamahlathi. Ukusetshenziswa okungekho emthethweni kwemithombo yemvelo nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi kuholela emiphumeleni emibi kwezomnotho nasekukhiqizweni, futhi kukhubaze ukulingana kwemvelo. Izinhlobo ezingafani zezitshalo nezilwane ziyashabalala. Izinga lempilo yabantu liyawohloka.

Izizathu zokuchithwa kwamahlathi

Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okuhlosiwe noma okungekho emthethweni kwenzeka ngenhloso:

• ethola izinto zokwakha,
• ukucubungula izinto zokusetshenziswa ngephepha, ifenisha,
• Ukuthola izinkuni, amaqabunga, izinaliti ezisetshenziswa embonini yezokwelapha, embonini yamakhemikhali,
• ukukhululwa komhlaba ngenhloso yokusebenzisa izifuyo zokufuya, ukulima izilimo, izimayini,
• ukucekelwa phansi komhlaba ngentuthuko, "ennoblement" (ezindaweni zasemadolobheni).

Izinhlobo zokuwa

Akuzona zonke izindawo ezivunyelwe ukuba zenziwe ngamahlathi. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokutshala umuntu axhumana nazo:

• kunqunyelwe ukusetshenziswa (izinqolobane),
• ukuwa okukhawulelwe (ukulawula okuqinile kokubuyisela),
• ukusebenza, indlu (ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okuphelele okulandelwa ukuhlwanyelwa komhlaba).

Ipulazi lisebenzisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zokuwa: ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko, ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo, ukuhlanganiswa, ukuhlanzeka. Ukukhethwa kwendlela kuncike enjongweni yokuwa, izici zendawo lapho ibhande lehlathi litholakala khona.

Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu emazweni amaningi

Ukusika Okujwayelekile

Ukukhetha kona kusebenza kuphela ngokhuni oluvuthiwe. Ilungiselelwe ukusetshenziswa kamuva. Kusetshenziswa izindlela ezilandelayo:

• ukukhetha (kwakhiwa amapulani akhiqizayo, izihlahla ezonakele zomile zichithiwe),
• kancane kancane (ukuncipha kwenqwaba kuvela izikhathi ezingama-2-3 ngesikhawu seminyaka engama-5 ukuya kwengama-10: okokuqala basusa izinkuni ezifile, eziphazamisa ukukhula kwamahlumela amasha, bese kuthi ezinye izitshalo ezinesici),
• okuqhubekayo (konke ukutshala kugawulwa, ngaphandle kokukhula okusha).

Ukulimala kweplanethi ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi

Ihlathi lingumthombo ovuselelekayo. Kepha kuzothatha isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba amasimu abuyiselwe. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kudlula inani elifanelekile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezahlukahlukene kuholela ekwandeni kwendawo yezihlahla ezigawuliwe. Minyaka yonke, izigidi zamahektha ama-stand ayabhujiswa emhlabeni wonke. Izinhlobo ezibalulekile nezinqabileyo ziyafa: umhlaba onomnqumo, umsedari, umhlaba onqenqemeni.

Inkinga yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi yinkinga enkulu kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba.

Amahlathi atshabalala ngokushesha. Amahlathi emvula asengozini enkulu. Zigawulwa phansi ukuze kukhululeke umhlaba wokwakhiwa kwamadlelo nezindawo zezomnotho. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamahektha ehlathi alahlekile ngokungenakuphikiswa. Lo mkhuba uyanda minyaka yonke.

Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi

Ukusika kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nemithetho yaseRussia. Ukulwa nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi eRussia kwenziwa ezingeni lombuso. Kunezindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokutshala amahlumela amasha. Kepha ukutshala isihlahla akusho ukubuyisa ihlathi. Umsebenzi ohlelekile nohlelekile uyadingeka ukusindisa, ukubuyisela, ukuvikela umhlaba.

Izinyathelo zokuqeda umonakalo odalwe ukugawulwa kwamahlathi

Enye yezindlela zokuxazulula inkinga esetshenzayo ukutshala izikhala eziluhlaza. Kepha le ndlela ayisebenzi uma kukhulunywa ngezindawo ezinkulu zezitshalo ezonakalisiwe. Okokuqala, indlela enengqondo yokusetshenziswa kwezimila nezinye izinto zemvelo iyadingeka.

Izinyathelo zokulwa nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi ngokungemthetho, ukuze kulondolozwe isikhwama sehlathi kwenziwa kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:

• ukuhlela, ukuqapha ukusetshenziswa kwehlathi,
• ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe, ukulawulwa kwamahlathi,
• ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokubalwa kwezimali zehlathi,
• Ukubuyekezwa kwemithetho emkhakheni wezokukhiqiza amahlathi, ukwenziwa kwezingodo.

Ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezithathiwe, indawo yomhlaba iyaqhubeka nokuwohloka okusheshayo emhlabeni wonke. Ubuholi bamazwe buthatha izinyathelo ezengeziwe ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuqothulwa kwamahlathi:

• izihlahla ziyatshalwa
• izindawo ezivikelwe zokutshala, izindawo ezivikelwe,
• kuthathwa izinyathelo zokulwa nomlilo,
• kwethulwa ubuchwepheshe obusha bokusebenza kwezinkuni, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezenziwe kabusha ngokhuni ukwenza izinto zokwakha,
• ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi ekubhujisweni kwezimila nokugawulwa kwamahlathi,

Indlela ehlanganisiwe iyadingeka ekuhleleni imisebenzi yokuvikela nokubuyisa isikhwama.

Imiphumela yokuqunywa kwamahlathi

Ukubhujiswa kwezitshalo kuyinkinga yomhlaba wonke ethinta impilo yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Imiphumela yokuqothulwa kwesihlahla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuzoholela ekungazinzileni kwezomnotho nakwezemvelo. Ihlathi lingumthombo wemvelo wezinto zokusetshenziswa, uphethiloli, nezakhi zemithi. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kuthinta umjikelezo wamanzi endalweni, isembozo somhlaba, umkhathi, nokwehlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Inani lehlathi lemvula

Kungani ihlathi libaluleke kangaka? Inani lehlathi lomvula weplanethi lingabhalwa unomphela, kepha gxila kumaphuzu abalulekile:

p, blockquote 3,1,0,0,0 ->

• ihlathi lithatha ingxenye enkulu kumjikelezo wamanzi,
• izihlahla zivikela inhlabathi ekulembeni nasekushayweni komoya,
• ihlathi lihlanza umoya likhiqize nomoya-mpilo,
• Ivikela insimu ekushintsheni okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa.

p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,0 ->

Amahlathi emvula awumthombo ovuselela kancane, kepha ukugawulwa kwamahlathi konakalisa inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kuholela ekuweni kwamazinga okushisa abukhali, izinguquko ngesivinini somoya nemvula. Izihlahla ezimbalwa ezikhula kule planethi, ikhabhoni diokithimu eyengeziwe ingena emkhathini futhi nomphumela wokugcina ukushisa uyakhula. Izindawo zokubhukuda noma zamahhovisi asogwadule kanye nogwadule endaweni yokugawula amahlathi ashisayo, izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane ziyanyamalala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuqhamuka amaqembu ababaleki bemvelo - abantu ihlathi elalingumthombo wokuziphilisa, futhi manje baphoqeleka ukuba babheke indlu entsha nemithombo yemali engenayo.

p, blockquote 5,0,0,1,0 ->

p, blockquote 6.0,0,0,0,0 ->

Ungasindisa kanjani ihlathi lemvula

Namuhla, ochwepheshe banikeza izindlela eziningana zokulondoloza ihlathi lemvula. Wonke umuntu kufanele ahlanganyele nalokhu: sekuyisikhathi sokushintsha kusuka kuziphathi zephepha ezinolwazi zisetshenziswa ngezogesi, ukunikezela iphepha lokungcola. Ezingeni likahulumeni, kuhlongozwa ukuthi kwakhiwe uhlobo lwamapulazi asehlathini lapho izihlahla ezidingwa khona zizokhula. Kuyadingeka ukwenqabela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ezindaweni ezivikelwe futhi uqinise isijeziso sokwephulwa kwalo mthetho. Ungangeza futhi umsebenzi wombuso ngokhuni lapho uwuthumela phesheya, ukwenza ukuthi ukuthengiswa kwezinkuni kungaluleki. Lezi zenzo zizosiza ukugcinwa kwamahlathi emvula emhlabeni.

Amaqembu amahlathi

Onke amahlathi eRussia ngokwenani lawo lezemvelo nezomnotho angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ama-3:

1. Leli qembu lifaka izitebhisi ezinokuvikela amanzi nomsebenzi wokuzivikela. Isibonelo, ingaba ngamabhande asehlathini ngasogwini lwezidumbu zamanzi noma izindawo ezinamahlathi emithambekeni yezintaba. Kufakwe futhi kuleli qembu kukhona amahlathi enza umsebenzi wokuhlanzeka kanye nokwenza impilo ibe ngcono, izindawo ezigcina izwe kanye namapaki, kanye nezigodlo zemvelo. Amahlathi eqembu lokuqala enza i-17% yendawo yonke yamahlathi.
2. Iqembu lesibili lifaka amasimu ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi futhi inethiwekhi yezokuthutha ethuthukisiwe. Lokhu futhi kufaka phakathi amahlathi angenazo izinsiza zehlathi ezinganele. Iqembu lesibili libala cishe i-7%.
3. Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke esabelweni salo esikhwameni sehlathi libala ama-75%. Lesi sigaba sifaka amasimu ngezinhloso zokusebenza. Ngenxa yabo, izidingo zokhuni ziyaneliswa.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamahlathi ngamaqembu kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe ku “Fundamentals of Forest Legislation”.

Izici ze-anthropogenic

Isikhathi eside, isintu sigawule ihlathi, sanqoba umhlaba ehlathini ukulima futhi sithathe izinkuni zokubasa. Kamuva, umuntu waba nesidingo sokwakha ingqalasizinda (amadolobha, imigwaqo) nezimayini, okwakhuthaza inqubo yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi. Kodwa-ke, isizathu esiyinhloko sokuqothulwa kwamahlathi yisidingo esikhulayo sokudla, okungukuthi, indawo yamadlelo nokutshala izitshalo, ezingapheli futhi eziguqukayo.

Amahlathi awakwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla okuningi njengezihlahla ezisulwe ezihlahleni. Amahlathi ashisayo ne-taiga cishe awakwazi ngokuphelele ukusekela inani labantu, ngoba izinsiza ezidliwayo zisakazeke kakhulu. Umhlaba wethu ubungeke ukwazi ukusekela inani lamanje kanye nezinga lokuphila uma izinqubo zokuhlakazwa kwamahlathi bezingatholakali. Indlela yokulima eshisayo netshisayo, esetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kwenhlabathi enomlotha omfushane, isetshenziswa ngabantu bomdabu abazizigidi ezingama-200 emhlabeni jikelele.

Ngokusho kwesazi sezemvelo saseBrithani uNorman Maers, ama-5% okugawulwa kwamahlathi kumadlelo ezifuyo, ama-19% kungenxa yokugawulwa kwemithi, ama-22% kungenxa yokwanda kwamahlathi ka-oyela atholakala emafutheni, kanti ama-54% kungenxa yezolimo ezisheshayo nezishisayo.

Izinto ezinamakhemikhali nezingemuva

Izihlahlana, izitshalo ezine-herbaceous, kanye nama-lichens kanye nama-mosses kungaphazamisa ukubuyiselwa kwamahlathi futhi kungazidlula. Amathanga avela ezihlahleni, futhi kwesinye isikhathi aze aqhamuke okusanhlamvu noma amanye amakhambi, njenge-goldenrod noma i-asters, angathintela ukuhlalwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla. Ngenxa yalokhu, ezinye izindawo zihlala zingenamsebenzi isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engama-30. Kwenziwa ucwaningo olukhombisa ukuthi izitshalo eziningi zifihla izinto ezivimbela ukuhluma kwembewu yesihlahla.

Ezinye izilwane, njengonogwaja e-UK, emabhasikidini adlule ezindaweni eziseMidwest of North America, izidalwa zasendle ezingalondoloziwe emvelo e-Altai nasezindaweni zokuzingela, ngisho nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezinjengamagundane, zingadla imbewu ukuvikela ukuqotywa kwamahlathi, izindawo ezishisiwe, nokulahlwa kwamapulazi. futhi nibble izithombo zezihlahla. Noma kunjalo, ithonya elinamandla kakhulu emahlathini lithathwa ngumuntu, kufaka phakathi amadlelo ehlathini lemfuyo.

Imiphumela ye-Atmospheric

Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kunomthelela ekufudumaleni komhlaba futhi kuvame ukubizwa ngesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokwanda komphumela wokushisa komhlaba. Emkhathini woMhlaba ngesimo sekhabhoni dayibisi uqukethe cishe i-800 gt yekhabhoni. Izitshalo zasemhlabeni, iningi lazo zingamahlathi, aqukethe i-550 gt yekhabhoni. Ukubhujiswa kwamahlathi ashisayo kunesibopho cishe sama-20% samagesi abamba ukushisa. Ngokusho kwepaneli likahulumeni lokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi (ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo) kunomthelela wokukhipha kokuthathu kokukhishwa komoya okukhiqizwa yi-carbon dioxide. Ekuhambeni kwezimpilo zabo, izihlahla kanye nezinye izitshalo zisusa isikhutha emhlabeni emkhathini womhlaba phakathi ne-photosynthesis. Izinkuni ezijikelezayo nezishisayo ziqoqele i-carbon zibuyele emkhathini (bheka umjikelezo wekhabhoni). Ukuze ugweme lokhu, izinkuni kufanele zicutshungulwe zibe yimikhiqizo eqinile namahlathi angatshalwa kabusha.

Umthelela we-Hydrological

Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kuphinde kube nomthelela ongemuhle kumjikelezo wamanzi, kuthinte kabi i-hydropower kanye nezolimo eziniselwe, kukhulisa umbuso wamanzi wemithombo. Izihlahla zidla emanzini omhlaba ngokusebenzisa izimpande, futhi amanzi akhuphuka aya emaqabungeni awo futhi aqhume. Lapho ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, le nqubo yokuguqulela iyeka, okuholela eqinisweni lokuthi isimo sezulu siba sesomile.Ngaphezu komswakama osemkhathini, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuthinta kabi amanzi asemhlabathini, kunciphisa amandla endawo yokugcina imvula. Kungamahlathi anikezela ngokudluliselwa okuqinile kokuswakama kusuka olwandle kuya phakathi kwezwekazi, kuqinisekiswe ukugeleza okugcwele kwemifula, amanzi asemhlabeni kanye nezixhaphozi. Ngaphandle kwamahlathi, ukungena kwamanzi ekujuleni kwamazwekazi akuqinile futhi kubuthakathaka.

Ngifuna ukwazi konke

Kulesi sithombe sangezithombe ezisukela ngo-1975 kuya ku-2012 sisuka kuma-satellites e-Landsat 5 no-7, amapheshana amakhulu ehlathi lase-Amazonia ayanyamalala esifundazweni saseBrazil, eRondonia.

Ngokwemininingwane enikezwe uhulumeni waseBrazil, ukuncipha kwemvula e-Amazon kukhuphuke ngo-28% ngonyaka owedlule. UNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikelwa Kwemvelo u-Isabella Teixeira uthe amakhilomitha angama-5843 ehlathi lamahlathi emvula acekelwa phansi phakathi kuka-Agasti 2012 noJulayi 2013.

Abezemvelo basola ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kokunciphisa unswinyo ezinkampanini ezibandakanya ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda, kubandakanya nokwakhiwa kwamadamu, imigwaqo emikhulu nojantshi. NgoLwesithathu, uNksz Teixeira uthe bazofuna incazelo kubaphathi besifunda uma sebebuya engqungqutheleni ye-UN ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu eWarsaw.

“Uhulumeni waseBrazil akufanele ubekezelele inkinga yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi ngokungemthetho. Kumele siyeke ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi, ”kusho uNkk Teixera, futhi wengeza ngokuthi ukholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi umonakalo wamahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo usengalungiswa.

Izithombe 1.

Izindawo ezisetshenziselwa ukukhipha amalahle zibonakala endizeni enophephela emhlane ngesikhathi se-Operation Hileia Patria eNova Esperanza do Piria. I-RICARDO Moraes / ama-REUTers.

Kunezizathu eziningana ezisheshisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi:

Okokuqala, ngenxa yokukhiqizwa okukhula njalo kwesosi nezinongo e-Brazil.
Izithombe 2.

Ukubuka kwe-AIR kukhombisa ukunwetshwa kwehlathi lemvula laseAmazon elicekelwe ezolimo eduze neSantarem. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Okwesibili: Ngokusho kwabaphenyi eStony Brook University, ukukhiqizwa kwe-cocaine eColombia kunomthelela omkhulu ekwandiseni ukulahleka kwamahlathi. Ukusheshiswa kokubhujiswa kwabo kunomthelela ekusakazekeni kwesihlahla se-cocaine, okuthi kulezi zisanda zezimvula kube kakhulu.

Enye yezimbangela eziphambili zokusebenzisa ngokweqile ukugawulwa kwamahlathi e-Amazon kubuye kube nokwanda kokuthengiswa kwenyama yenkomo yaseBrazil. Kuvela ukuthi amaphesenti angama-60-70 omhlaba ngaphandle kokumbozwa kwamahlathi asetshenziselwa ukufuya izinkomo, ikakhulukazi ngabalimi abanamapulazi amancane.

Amahlathi amunca cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamandla akhipha uphethiloli (asusa amathani acishe abe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2,4 ngonyaka emkhathini). Futhi ukuze izazi zemvelo zithole ithuba lokubhekana ngqoukuguquka kwesimo sezulu - Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi komhlaba kumele kumiswe. Yebo, noma okungenani kuncishisiwe.

Ukubuka kwe-AIR kukhombisa ukunwetshwa kwehlathi lemvula laseAmazon elicekelwe ezolimo eduze neSantarem. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi e-Amazon sekuvele kungaphezu kwenkinga yesifunda. Le yinkinga yomhlaba wonke ngoba ihlathi lemvula lase-Amazon libamba iqhaza elikhulu ohlelweni lomhlaba lwe-hydrological and sezulu futhi linomthelela omkhulu esimweni sezulu sezulu somhlaba.

Izithombe 3.

Ihlathi lemvula laseAmazon limboza umhlaba omkhulu futhi lidlulela kulo lonke elaseBrazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Suriname, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana kanye neFrench Guyana, emele cishe ama-40% aseNingizimu Melika futhi engaqhathaniswa nosayizi wezindawo ezingama-48 ezisezwenikazi laseNyakatho Melika . Ihlathi lemvula lase-Amazon libhekise emfuleni i-Amazon River Basin, lapho umfula wesibili omude kunawo wonke emhlabeni wonke ngemuva kweNayile kanye nomfula omkhulu emhlabeni jikelele, kufaka phakathi izinkulungwane ezingaphezu kuka-1,100, okuwumthombo obalulekile wesinkwa semihla ngemihla wezitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu. Yize abantu befinyelela ihlathi lemvula lase-Amazon futhi bathinteka ngokuba khona kwabo, ukubaluleka kwaleli hlathi lemvula ezweni kuyaqhubeka ukuqashelwa. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemifino nezitshalo zemvelo ehlathini lemvula lase-Amazon, ezinye zazo okungama-savannah, amahlathi anqabayo, amahlathi emvula, amahlathi agcwele izikhukhula kanye namahlathi agcwele amanzi.

Izithombe 4.

Indlu yomdobi ibonakala eceleni komfula iTapajos eduze kwaseSantarem. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Ihlathi elibaluleke kakhulu e-Afrika manje seliseCongo Basin. Imvula yaseCongo ingeyesibili ngobukhulu emahlathini emvula ase-Amazon, futhi ifinyelela nakwamanye amazwe anjengeGabon, i-Equatorial Guinea, neCentral African Republic neCameroon. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zehlathi lemvula, ezisalondoloziwe, kodwa ihlathi lemvula, lisengozini yokungenelela komuntu. Ihlathi lemvula laseCongo likhaya lama-gorilla, ama-bonobos, amapiyane, amachwane, izindlovu nezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni, izinambuzane, ingqikithi yezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-600 zezihlahla nezinhlobo zezilwane ezingaba ngu-10 000, okuyi-70% yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zase-Afrika, ezemvelo kanye namahlathi ashisayo. Abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye eDemocratic Republic of Congo, enabantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezingama-60, bathembela ehlathini lemvula ukusinda. Ihlathi lemvula liyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko, ukudla, amabika, izindlu nezindlela zendabuko. Amahlathi emvula aseCongo abuye abe nomlando omude kakhulu futhi othokozisayo wempi yezizwe, udlame lobuzwe, kanye nokuhweba ngezigqila ngendlovu kwama-Arabhu. Ukugawulwa kwemithi nokuqothulwa komphakathi kuyingozi enkulu eqoqweni lemvula.

Kudala, amahlathi emvula amboza amapheshana amakhulu eMelika Ephakathi, enza ukusuka endaweni embozwe ngamahlathi emvula ajulile. Amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo aseMelika Ephakathi anikezwa izinhlobo eziningi ezingandile nezicacile zezitshalo, izihlahla nezilwane. ENingizimu-ntshonalanga Costa Rica, ngokwesibonelo, i-Osa Peninsula yaziwa ngezimbali zayo ezinhlobonhlobo nezilwane nezilwane ezinjengeHarpy Eagle, ama-jaguars, ama-tapir, ama-macaws, ama-cougars, amaxoxo omcibisholo kanye ne-de-de-lance, inyoka ebulala yaseCosta Rica. Ezinye zezinyoni kuleli hlathi lemvula azivelwanga futhi kuye kwathiwa ziyizilwane ezisengozini yokuphela. Ihlathi lemvula le-Osa Peninsula lichazwe yi-National Geographic ngokuthi 'yenye yezindawo ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni'.

Izithombe 6.

Indawo yamafu omusi wehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon elishiswa ukusula indawo yezolimo eduze naseNovo Progresso. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 7.

Ukubuka kwe-AIR kukhombisa ukunwetshwa kwehlathi lemvula laseAmazon elicekelwe ezolimo eduze neSantarem. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 8.

Ugandaganda usebenza endaweni yokutshala ukolweni kulokho okwakuyihlathi lase-Amazon eduze nase-Uruar. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 9.

Indawo yamafu omusi wehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon elishiswa ukusula indawo yezolimo eduze naseNovo Progresso. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 10.

Izihlahla zamanzi ezibheka izihlahla ezingemthetho ezingekho emthethweni ezivela ehlathini lemvula lase-Amazon ziyabonakala eduze nase-Uruar. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 11.

Umshayeli weloli udla ukudla okusemathinini eduze kweloli lakhe ngemuva kwesivunguvungu semvula eduzane nase-Uruar. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 12

Izithombe 14.

Iloli liphethe umgibeli wamabhakede owodwa endaweni eyenziwe ngamapulangwe eduze neMorais Almeida. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 16.

Indoda idlula imoto ilungele ukudonsa ilog ivela ehlathini eZhamanshim National Park eduze naseNovo Progresso. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 17.

Ugandaganda usebenza endaweni yokutshala ukolweni emhlabeni owawuyihlathi lase-Amazon eduze neSantarem. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 18.

Owesilisa uthwele izihlahla zakhe eziwexekile ezidlule eZhamanshim National Park eduze naseNovo Progresso. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 19.

Ukubuka kwendiza ngesiza sokwakhiwa sedamu lama-hydroelectric eduze komfula iTele Pires, ogeleza ungene e-Amazon, eduze kwe-Alta Forest, Para, ngoJuni 19, 2013. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 20.

Izithombe 21.

Indawo eyakhiwe ngamapulangwe engekho emthethweni yabonwa ngendiza enophephela emhlane ngesikhathi se-Operation Hileia Patria eNova Esperanza do Piria. I-RICARDO MORAES / REUTers.

Izithombe 22.

Indawo yasehlathini yemvula yaseAmazon, eyashiswa yasusa indawo yamadlelo, ibonakala eduze naseNovo Progresso. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 23.

Izithombe 25.

Izithombe 26.

Isihlahla esilele phansi ehlathini lemvula lase-Amazon eZhamanshim National Park eduze kwedolobha laseNovo Progresso. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 13.

Ugandaganda, ngaphambili obusetshenziselwa ukuthutha izingodo usuka ehlathini lemvula lase-Amazon, ushiswe ngamaphoyisa eduzane naseNovo Progresso. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Izithombe 27.

Iphoyisa lihlola isihlahla esigawulwe ngokungemthetho ehlathini lemvula lase-Amazon eZhamanshim National Park eduzane naseNovo Progresso. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Amaphoyisa agada indoda ngemuva kokuboshwa kwayo yokugawula izihlahla ngokungemthetho endaweni eyihlathi lase-Amazon eduze neMoraish Almeida. I-NACHO DOCE / REUTers.

Lapha, ngendlela, ngesinye isihloko semvelo: IGolide Elimnyama laseNigeriafuthi lapha Imayini inethala elikhulu kunawo wonke eGuatemala, kahle, kungithusile okuthile Olunye uhlangothi lwepharadesi

Amandla

Kunzima impela ukuthola inani langempela lokuqothulwa kwamahlathi, ngoba le nhlangano (Inhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeZizwe Ezihlangene, i-FAO) isuselwa kwidatha esemthethweni evela kwizinkonzo ezithile zamazwe athile. Ngokwezibalo zale nhlangano, ukulahleka okuphelele emhlabeni kuleminyaka eyi-5 yokuqala yekhulu lama-21 kufinyelela kumahektha ayi-6 ezihlahla zamahlathi minyaka yonke. Ngokuqagela kweBhange Lomhlaba, ama-80% okungena ngemvume ngokungemthetho ePeru naseBolivia, no-42% eColombia. Inqubo yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi ama-Amazonia eBrazil nayo ishesha kakhulu kunalokho ososayensi abecabanga.

Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kwafika ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu kuleli khulu lama-20. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XXI, ukuncishiswa kwama-75% endaweni yamahlathi kwakuyikhulu se-XX, okuhambisana kakhulu nesidingo sokuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu abakhula ngokushesha eMhlabeni. Ngo-2000, ama-50% endawo yamahlathi asemhlabeni ayesevele ancishisiwe ngokuphelele abantu, angama-22% kuphela amahlathi asele asesimweni esingakaze sithintwe. Ingxenye eyinhloko yamahlathi asele itholakala emazweni amathathu - iRussia, iCanada kanye neBrazil. Ukulahleka okukhulu kwamahlathi kwaqoshwa e-Asia, kwalandelwa yi-Afrika kanye neLatin America. Eminyakeni engama-40 eyedlule, indawo ehlathini emhlabeni jikelele yehle ngo-50%, ukusuka ku-1,2 ha kuye ku-0.6 ha ngomuntu.

Ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane yezithombe zesiphuphutheki zeminyaka engu-12 kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuchaza amandla ezinguquko ezenzeka endaweni yehlathi emhlabeni. Ngokwesamba sonke sokuwohloka nokukhula, okokuqala kuthatha: indawo yamahlathi incipha ngokuqinile, ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyishumi yehle ngo-1.4 wezigidi zamakhilomitha 2. Ukulahleka okukhulu kwendawo yamahlathi maqondana nokukhula kwabhalelwa indawo ezishisayo, okuncane kakhulu - kwabaphakathi. Izibalo esibonelweni saseBrazil zikhombisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinyathelo zikahulumeni ezenziwayo ukonga amahlathi asasele emvula. Kubalulekile futhi esimweni sokwandisa ubudlelwano bamanye amazwe ukulawula ukwethulwa kwezinhlobo zezinhlaka, ngoba ezindaweni ezintsha kungadala i-epiphytosis yezihlahla zehlathi [ umthombo ongagunyaziwe? ] .

Sekukonke, ngonyaka ka-2000-2005, izinga lamahlathi (amahektha ayizigidi eziyisithupha ngonyaka) lenyuka uma liqhathaniswa neminyaka eyi-1990-2000 (amahektha ayizigidi ezintathu ngonyaka), ukusuka ngonyaka we-1990 kuya ku-2005 indawo ephelele yamahlathi emhlabeni yancipha ngo-1 , 7%.

Amanani wokuqothulwa kwamahlathi ahlukahluka kakhulu ngesifunda. Njengamanje, amanani okugawulwa kwamahlathi aphakeme kakhulu (futhi ayanda) emazweni asathuthuka akhiwe ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ngeminyaka yama-1980s, amahlathi ashisayo alahlekelwa amahektha ayizigidi eziyi-9,2, kwathi kule minyaka eyishumi edlule yeXX century - amahektha ayisigidi esingu-8,6. Isibonelo, eNigeria, kusukela ngo-1900 kuya ku-2005, ama-81% amahlathi asendulo acekelwa phansi. ECentral America, kusukela ngo-1950, 2/3 yehlathi lemvula seliguqulwe laba lidlelo. Ingxenye yesifundazwe saseBrazil iRondonia (indawo ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-243 000) iye yahlakazwa eminyakeni yamuva nje. Izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi emvula zilahlekelwe amazwe anjengeMexico, India, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, neMyanmar, iMalaysia, iBangland, China, iSri Lanka, iLaos, iCongo, iLiberia, iGuinea, iGhana neCôte d'Ivoire.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqala kweminyaka yama-2000s, indawo engaphansi kwesihlahla sehlathi ngo-2017 inyuke ngo-5%. I-China ne-India kubalwa ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yokuhlatshwa kwezwe, kepha la mazwe amele ama-9% kuphela ezindawo zomhlaba ezimbozwe izimila. Ukukhula kwezimila okubonwa emhlabeni wonke futhi kubuswa yiNdiya neChina akuhambelani nomonakalo odalekile ekulahlekelweni kwezimila zemvelo ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinjengeBrazil ne-Indonesia.

Amazwe ngokulahleka okukhulu kwamahlathi

E-Russia, kusuka ngo-2001 kuya ku-2014, kwaba nokuncipha kwamahlathi endaweni engamahektare ayizigidi ezingama-40.94, ukubuyiselwa komhlaba - amahektha ayizigidi eziyi-16,2 (kuzo zombili izinkomba - indawo yokuqala emhlabeni, ngenxa yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zamahlathi - amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-761), ukulahleka kwamanethi - Amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-24,74, okungama-3.25% endawo yonke yamahlathi (uma kuqhathaniswa, eBrazil, ukulahleka kwe-net kufinyelela kumahektha ayizigidi ezingama-31.21, e-United States - amahektha ayizigidi eziyi-15,4, eCanada - amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-22.09). Ngakho-ke, eTanzania, indawo isiyonke yezindawo ezinamahlathi icishe ibe ngama-52%, ukuncishiswa kwamahlathi minyaka yonke kungamahektha angama-685, i.e. ukuncishiswa kwamahlathi minyaka yonke kwendawo yonke enamahlathi kungama-0.71%. EColombia, lezi zibalo zingama-53%, amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-308, no-0.53% ngokulandelana. E-DR Congo - ama-68%, amahektha ayinkulungwane angama-311, ama-0.20% ngokulandelana.

Ukuzisika okukhulu

Ukuwa okuyinhloko kwenziwa kuphela kuzindawo ezifike esikhathini sokuvuthwa. Bahlukaniswe yizinhlobo ezilandelayo:

1. Kuqinile. Ngale hlobo lokugawula yonke into inqunywa ngaphandle kobucwebe. Bakhiphe ngokuhamba kanye. Umkhawulo ekusetjenzisweni kwabo ubekiwe emahlathini wokubaluleka kwemvelo kanye nemvelo, kanye nasezindalini naseziqiwini.
2. Kancane kancane. Ngale hlobo lokuwa, ukuma kuvunwa ngezinyathelo eziningana. Ngasikhathi sinye, izihlahla eziphazamisa ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezilwane ezisencane, ezilimele nezinezifo, ziyagawulwa kuqala. Imvamisa phakathi kokumukelwa kwalokhu kuthathwa kuthatha iminyaka eyi-6 kuye kweli-9. Esinyathelweni sokuqala, cishe ama-35% wokuma okuphelele asusiwe. Kulokhu, izihlahla eziningi kakhulu ziyizihlahla ezikhudlwana.
3. Ukukhetha. Injongo yabo eyinhloko ukwakheka kwamahlathi akhiqiza kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sazo, abagulayo, abafile, abaphuka umoya nezinye izihlahla eziphansi bayanqunywa. Konke ukuthamba kuhlukaniswe izinhlobo ezilandelayo: ukucaciseleka, ukuhlanza, ukuthamba nokuhambahamba. Kuya ngesimo sehlathi, ukuncipha kungaqhubeka njalo.

Ukungena ngemvume okusemthethweni nokungekho emthethweni

Konke ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kulawulwa ngokuqinile ngumthetho waseRussia. Ngasikhathi sinye, idokhumenti ebaluleke kunazo zonke yithi "Ithikithi Lokudubula". Ngomklamo wayo uzodinga amadokhumenti alandelayo:

1. Isitatimende esikhombisa isizathu sokuwa.
2. Uhlelo lwendawo ngokwabiwa kwesakhiwo esakhelwe ukusikwa.
3. Ukuchazwa kwentela kwamabhokisi asikiwe.

Ithikithi lokuwa nalo lizodingeka ukuze kuthunyelwe izingodo ezivunwayo. Intengo yayo ihambelana nezindleko zesinxephezelo sokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo. Ukugawula izihlahla ngaphandle kwamadokhumenti afanele kubalwa njengokugawula ngokungemthetho.

Ukuzibophezela kuyo kuhlinzekelwe eSigabeni 260 seNgxenye 1. Kusebenza kuphela ezimweni lapho inani lomonakalo lidlula ama-ruble ayi-5,000. Uma kwenzeka ukwephulwa okuncane, isikweletu sokuphatha siyasebenza. Kusho ukuthi inhlawulo yama-ruble ayi-3,000 kuye kwangama-3 500 ezakhamizi futhi kusuka ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-20 kuye kwezingama-30 izikhulu.

Imiphumela yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi

Imiphumela yokuqunywa kwamahlathi yinkinga ehamba phambili. Ukubhujiswa kwamahlathi kuthinta yonke imvelo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngenkinga yokuhlanzwa nomoya wokugcwala komoya.

Izifundo zakamuva zithole nokuthi ukuwa okukhulu kunomthelela ekushiseni komhlaba ngokweqile. Lokhu kungenxa yomjikelezo wekhabhoni owenzeka ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ngomjikelezo wamanzi ngesimo. Izihlahla zibamba iqhaza kuyo. Umswakama ogcwele umswakama ngezimpande zawo, awufaka emkhathini.

Ukuguguleka kwezingqimba zenhlabathi kungenye inkinga ehambisana nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi. Izimpande zezihlahla zivimbela ukuguguleka kanye nesimo sezulu sezingaphezulu zenhlabathi evundile. Lapho kungekho khona kwamahlathi, umoya nemvula ziqala ukucekela phansi ungqimba olungaphezulu, ngaleyo ndlela luguqula umhlaba ovundile waba ugwadule olungaphili.

Inkinga yokuqunjelwa kwamahlathi nezindlela zokuyixazulula

Enye indlela yokuxazulula inkinga yokuqedwa kwamahlathi kungaba ukutshala izihlahla. Kodwa ngeke ikwazi ukuwanxephezela ngokuphelele ngomonakalo owenziwe. Indlela yale nkinga kufanele ibe ephelele. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufanele unamathele kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:

1. Hlela ukuphathwa kwehlathi.
2. Qinisa ukuvikelwa nokulawulwa kokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zemvelo.
3. Ukwakha uhlelo lokuqapha kanye nokubalwa kwemali kwesikhwama sehlathi.
4. Thuthukisa imithetho yezamahlathi.

Esikhathini esiningi, ukutshala izihlahla akuwona umkhawulo womonakalo. Isibonelo, eSouth America nase-Afrika, yize zikhona zonke izinyathelo ezithathiwe, indawo yamahlathi iyaqhubeka incipha ngokungaphezi. Ngakho-ke, ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi yokuwa, kubalulekile ukuthatha uhla lwezinyathelo ezengeziwe:

1. Khulisa indawo yokutshala minyaka yonke.
2. Dala izindawo ezivikelwe ngombuso okhethekile wokuphathwa kwamahlathi.
3. Qondisa imizamo ebalulekile ukuvimbela imililo yehlathi.
4. Yethula ukuvuselelwa kwezinkuni.

Ukulawulwa Kokugcwala Komhlaba Wonke

Izinqubomgomo zokuvikela amahlathi emazweni ahlukene zingahluka kakhulu. Othile ubeka umkhawulo ekusetshenzisweni, futhi umuntu umane akhuphule ivolumu yokufika. Kepha, indlela entsha ngokuphelele yale nkinga iye yathuthuka ENorway. Uhlela yeka ngokuphelele ukusika.

Izwe leli selimemezele ngokusemthethweni ukuthi inqubomgomo ebizwa ngokuthi yi- "zero deforestation" izosetshenziswa endaweni yayo. Eminyakeni edlule, iNorway ibilokhu isekela ngentshiseko izinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zokongiwa kwamahlathi. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, ngonyaka we-2015, yabela ama-ruble ayi-1 billion eBrazil ukuze alondoloze amahlathi emvula ase-Amazon. Ukutshalwa kwemali yiNorway namanye amazwe amaningi kusize ukwehlisa ukugawula izingodo ngamaphesenti angama-75.

Kusukela ngo-2011 kuya ku-2015, uhulumeni waseNorway wabela ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-250 kwelinye izwe lasezindaweni ezishisayo - iGuyana. Futhi kusukela kulo nyaka, iNorway imemezele ngokusemthethweni "ukubekezelela zero" ukungena ngemvume. Lokho wukuthi, ngeke esathenga imikhiqizo yehlathi.

Ochwepheshe bezemvelo bathi iphepha lingakhiqizwa kabusha ngokulahlwa kabusha kwemfucuza efanele. Futhi ezinye izinsiza zingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha nezokwakha. Isikhwama sempesheni yombuso waseNorway siphendule lesi sitatimende ngokususa endaweni yaso yonke imisebenzi yamabhizinisi ahlobene nomonakalo esikhwameni sehlathi.

Ngokusho kwesikhwama semvelo yasendle, njalo nje amahlathi aphela kancane ebusweni bomhlaba nendawo efana nezindawo zebhola ezingama-48. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuphuma kwamagesi abamba ukushisa abamba iqhaza ekufudumaleni komhlaba nakho kukhuphuka kakhulu.