Marble Ambistoma
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi

• ISalamandra opaca Gravenhorst, ngo-1807

Marble Ambistoma (lat. Ambystoma opacum) - uhlobo lwe-ambistomaceous, olutholakala empumalanga ye-United States.

Incazelo

I-marble ambistoma iyi-salamander eyakhiwe kahle, enesitokwe ngemivimbo egqamile. Kwabesifazane imivimbo kungenzeka ibe nsundu, kwabesilisa imhlophe. Abantu abadala bakhula bafinyelele ku-11 cm, okuqhathaniswa kancane nabanye abamele uhlobo lohlobo. Njengama-ambistomites amaningi, baphila ngasese, bachitha iningi lempilo yabo ngaphansi kwezingodo noma ezimbobo. Imvamisa, lezi zilwane ziyabonakala ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwazo ziye emachibini, lapho zizalela khona.

Indawo yokuhlala nendawo yokuhlala

Ama-ambistomes emabula atholakala empumalanga ye-United States, ukusuka eningizimu New England kuye enyakatho yeFlorida, entshonalanga kuya e-Illinois naseTexas. Baphinde batholakala eNew Hampshire, yize batholakala abantu aba-2 kuphela lapho.

Zihlala emahlathini anomswakama, ezindaweni ezinomhlabathi othambile futhi omanzi. Ukuze zizalaniswe zidinga izindawo ezikhungethwe yizikhathi ezithile, kodwa izalunda ezingabantu abadala ngokuvamile aziangeni emanzini.

Incazelo

Ama-Ambistomia anomzimba onesitoko, ama-paws acinene, umsila omude oyindilinga, ikhanda elibanzi, lapho amehlo amancane akhiwe khona. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-amphibian anombala othakazelisayo, lapho imibala ekhanyayo ihlala ikhona. Konke lokhu kwenza izilwane zibe yinhle futhi zikhange. Imvamisa zisetshenziswa njengezilwane ezifuywayo e-aquarium.

Ubude bomzimba we-ambisto abude kakhulu, amasentimitha ayi-10 - 20. Ummeleli omkhulu womndeni - i-Tiger ambistoma, ingakhula ibe ngamasentimitha angama-28. Ngokuthabisisayo, cishe isigamu salokhu ubude siwela emsileni.

I-Axolotl: izithombe nencazelo

Ama-Ambistomes ayizilwane ezihlanzekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izibungu zabo zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngaphandle kokuthola noma iyiphi i-metamorphosis. Kakade esigabeni sezibungu, ama-ambistomes ayakwazi ukuzala.

Noma yiziphi izibungu ze-ambistoma ezikwazi ukwenza i-neoteny yi-Axolotl. Ukugqama kwabo kulele hhayi kuphela ekutheni bafika ekuvuthweni ekuqaleni, kodwa futhi naseqinisweni lokuthi bangaba kuleli banga lokuthuthuka isikhathi eside kakhulu. Eqinisweni, banquma ukuthi bangaphenduka umuntu omdala noma cha.

Iqiniso elithokozisayo ukuthi i-Axolotl inezinto okumangalisa kabusha. Izibungu ziyakwazi ukukhula noma yimiphi imilenze elahlekile nezinye izitho zangaphakathi.

Ama-Salamanders
Ama-salamanders aluhlobo lwe-amphibians enomsila, enezinhlobo ezi-7.

Izinduna
AmaSirens awumndeni wama-amphibians we-caudate afaka izinhlobo ezi-4 kuphela.

Ambistoma - incazelo, isimilo, isakhiwo

Ngaphandle, i-ambistoma ifana kakhulu namanye ama-ampudia ama-caudate - ama-salamander, kanye nezwe lakubo eMelika, kanye nasemazweni amaningi akhuluma isiNgisi, abizwa ngokuthi i-mole salamander, ngoba iningi lempilo yama-ambistomes lichithwa ngaphansi komhlaba.

I-ambistoma yabantu abadala inomzimba oqinile, omnyama onama-grooves obude obonakalayo ezinhlangothini nomsila omude ozungezwe esisekelweni. Isikhumba abushelelezi, ngaphandle roughness. Imilenze incane futhi imfushane. Amaphambili angaphambili aneminwe emi-4, imilenze yangemuva inemifino emihlanu. Ikhanda libanzi, lithambile, ngamehlo amancane.

Ama-ambistos amaningi anombala wesikhumba obabazekayo onemibala ecebile nezinhlobonhlobo zamaphethini: ukusuka kumabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya kwimichilo ebanzi ephuzi.

Onke amalungu omndeni abe ne-vertebrae e-concave ephindwe kabili futhi ahlukaniswa ukungabi khona kwethambo elingabonakali kusigaxa. Amazinyo we-Palatine ahlukahlukene.

Isikhathi sokuphila se-ambistoma sisukela eminyakeni eyi-10 noma ngaphezulu.

I-Axolotl, noma isibungu se-ambistoma

Ama-Ambistomes athole udumo ngenxa yesigaba sawo se-larval - i-axolotl, esivuthayo ukukhula ngokocansi futhi ikwazi ukuzala ngaphandle kokuqeda i-metamorphosis futhi ingaphenduki i-amphibian endala. Le nto ibizwa ngokuthi yi-neoteny futhi yenzeka ikakhulukazi uma izibungu kufanele zikhule emachibini ajulile namanzi apholile. Emanzini angajulile futhi afudumele, i-metamorphosis ephelele ivela nakanjani.

Imvamisa, igama elithi "axolotl" lisetshenziselwa izibungu ze-ambistoma yaseMexico. Eqinisweni, i-axolotl yizibungu zanoma iyiphi i-ambistoma. Ekuhumusheni okungokoqobo okuvela ezilimini zama-Aztec i-axolotl (axolotl) kusho "inja yamanzi (i-monster)", okuyiqiniso impela. Ngenxa yekhanda elikhulu kakhulu, umlomo obanzi kanye namehlo amancane, kubonakala sengathi i-axolotl ihlala imamatheka. Amagilo angaphandle anamathela ezinhlangothini, kwezinye izinhlobo amelwe izinqubo zegatsha, afezekisa umbono ongemuhle kakhulu. Ama-Axolotls, njengazo ezinye izibungu zama-amphibians omiyane, angabadli, ngaphezu kwalokho, ayakwazi ukuvuselela izingxenye zomzimba ezonakele noma ezilahlekile, ngisho nezitho zangaphakathi.

Ekhaya, ngokuba nesipiliyoni esidingekayo, i-axolotl ingashintshwa ibe yi-amphibian ngezindlela zokwenziwa, kancane kancane idlulise i-amphibian endaweni eyomile noma ingeza i-thyroxine yokudla ekudleni kwayo.

Izinhlobo ze-ambist, amagama nezithombe

I-biological systematics ye-ambistomia ibukezwa ngezikhathi ezithile. I-genus ambistome ifaka tinhlobo letingu-33, i-genus giant ambistome ifaka tinhlobo letingu-1 kanye nemikhakha leminyenti. Okulandelayo incazelo yabanye babo:

• Tiger Ambistoma(Ambystoma tigrinum)

ukhula ube ngu-28 cm, kuthi ubude bawo bube ngumsila. Kunemifuno eyi-12 ezinhlangothini ze-amphibian, futhi umbala wesikhumba ungaba nsundu omnyama noma oluhlaza okotshani ngemivimbo ophuzi noma amabala asakazeke emzimbeni wonke. Imilenze yangaphambili ineminwe emi-4, imilenze yangemuva - 5. Emini, ama-tiger agadli abambe izimbambo, ebusuku adle izibungu nezinyamazane kuma-mollusks nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Ama-Axolotls we-tiger ambistomes ngokuvamile agcinwa njengezilwane zasemanzini. Ethandwa kakhulu ama-albino - abantu bazalwa ngokungemthetho, abahlukaniswa ngamagill angaphandle anombala obomvu okhanyayo. I-Tiger ambistoma ihlala ogwini lwamachibi, amachibi nemifula kusuka enyakatho neMexico kuya eCanada.

• Marble Ambistoma(Ambystoma opacum)

ihluka emzimbeni oqinile, onesitoko nemivimbo ekhanyayo empunga emzimbeni: kwabesifazane kuyimpunga ethe xaxa, emadodeni amhlophe ngandlela thile. Ubude bomzimba we-ambistome endala ebunjiwe bube kuphela ngamasentimitha ayi-10,56. Abamele lezi zinhlobo bahola indlela yokuphila yobumfihlo emahlathini aminyene, anomswakama, phakathi kwamaqabunga awile, bacashe emiseleni nangaphansi kwezihlahla eziwile, futhi bavame ukutholakala ezigodini zezihlahla. Izibungu zama-ambisome zemabula zibhekana ne-metamorphosis ephelele ezinyangeni ezi-2-6, zidla isiphithiphithi, izimbokodo nezinye izilo. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zidla amaqanda amanye ama-amphibians. Ukudla kwama-ambitter abantu abadala kunamamilayidi, izibungu nama-gastropod, kufaka iminenke kanye nama-slugs. Ngokungafani namanye ama-ambistos, ama-ambistomes emabula azalela ekwindla. Indawo yokuhlala ye-marble ambistomy ihamba ngezindawo ezisempumalanga nasentshonalanga yase-US: isuka eConnecticut naseFlorida iye eTexas nase-Illinois.

• I-Yellow Spotted Ambistoma(Ambystoma maculatum)

izinhlobo zama-amphibians amancane, akhula aze afike ku-15-25 cm ubude. I-Amphibian ihlukaniswa isikhumba esimnyama esinamabala akhanyayo aphuzi ngemuva, yize kutholakala amasampula amnyama ahlanzekile. Isici esiyingqayizivele salezinhlobo iqiniso iqiniso elimangalisayo: I-Oophila amblystomatis algae ihlala emzimbeni we-ambistoma ngisho esiteji samaqanda, efaka amaqanda nemibungu eluhlaza. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa yisayensi, amasosha omzimba ezilwane awaphenduli nganoma iyiphi indlela phambi kobukhona bezinto zangaphandle. Amamakhosi anombala ophuzi ahlala ngaphansi komhlaba, futhi avele kuphela ezinsukwini zemvula. Ama-Amphibians adla izikelemu, ama-slugs nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Izinhlobo zezinhlobo zemvelo zidlulela ezindaweni ezisempumalanga ye-USA neCanada. I-ambistoma ephuzi ebonakalayo futhi iwuphawu lweSouth Carolina.

• I-ambistoma enomhlanga(Ambystoma annulatum)

izinhlobo ezifundwe kabi, abameleli babo bachitha iningi lempilo yabo ezindaweni zokukhosela. Ubude bomzimba we-ambistoma buyi-14-18 cm.I-amphibian idla izibungu, iminenke nezinambuzane. Uhla lwezinhlobo lukhawulelwe ku-deciduous futhi luhlanganiswe namahlathi kaphayini asendaweni yezintaba eningizimu nentshonalanga ye-United States ezifundeni zase-Arkansas, Oklahoma naseMissouri. I-ambistome ihlala emahlathini, ithanda ukuhlala eduze namachibi amancanyana.

• I-Ambistoma enamakhanda amafushaneyena i-Texas salamander(Ambystoma Texanum)

inhlobo eyathola igama layo ibonga ngekhanda elincane elinomfushane obanzi. Ubude bomzimba wabantu abadala busuka ku-10 kuye ku-18 cm, ama-grooves abizayo angama-14-16 adlula ezinhlangothini. Abesilisa bancishiswa kancanyana kwabesifazane ngosayizi futhi bahlukile emisileni ecindezelwa kakhulu kamuva. Umbala wesikhumba uhluka kusuka kokumnyama kuya kokumpunga okukhanyayo, ingemuva nezinhlangothi zimbozwe izindawo zesiliva. Ukudla kwe-ambistoma yabantu abadala enamakhanda amafushane yenziwa yizinambuzane (izimvemvane, izicabucabu, imichilo), kanye nemikhonyane, amasikhova kanye neminenke. Abamele lezi zinhlobo bahlala emahlathini anomswakama nasezithebeni eziseduze nemizimba yamanzi amasha; abantu abavuthiwe kwesinye isikhathi batholakala emithambekeni yezintaba. Izinhlobo ziqala ukusuka e-Ohio, zidlule eNebraska naseKentucky, yonke indlela eya eGulf of Mexico.

• I-Spotted Blue Ambistoma(Ambystoma laterale)

ithole igama layo ngenxa yamabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma amhlophe amboze umzimba wabantu abadala. Ubungako bezinhlobonhlobo ezivuthiwe azidluli ku-8-14 cm. Abesilisa abancane kunabesifazane. Intsha esanda kuqeda i-metamorphosis inombala onsundu omnyama enamabala aphuzi noma imivimbo emhlane wabo, yize umbala wesikhumba ungaba mnyama ngokuphelele. Ama-Ambistomes athola umthombo wawo oyinhloko wokudla, ama-invertebrates ahlukahlukene, kumakhasi awile, ngaphansi kwezingodo namatshe. Amamakhosi anombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka athanda amahlathi anomswakama, angaphansi kwenhlobo yohlobo oluhle futhi oluxubile, kwesinye isikhathi ahlala emapaki asemadolobheni, eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi. Izinhlobo ziyahlukahluka ukusuka eningizimu mpumalanga yeCanada, zidlula eNew England ziye e-Indiana naseNew Jersey.

• Mesh ambistoma(Ambystoma cingulatum)

luhlukahluka ngephethini le-mesh lemivimbo yesiliva emhlane ongemnyama noma omnyama, otholakala kuwo wonke umzimba, ngaphandle kwesisu. Kwabanye abantu, i-mesh yesiliva ithathelwa indawo ngamakhandlela akhanyayo ngemuva. Ubude bomzimba wabantu abadala, kucatshangelwa umsila, buyi-8-13 cm. I-ambicoma ebunjiwe iyisakhamuzi esijwayelekile esihlala emahlathini omanzi ezindaweni eziseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-US.

• I-Pacific Ambistoma (I-Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Izinhlobo zama-ambistos ezinkulu ezinobude bomzimba obungamasentimitha angama-30- 34. Indawo le idlula endaweni yaseNyakatho Melika, kufaka neCanada, iWashington, ihlanganisa izifunda zase-Oregon naseCalifornia. Ama-Amphibi akhetha ukuhlala emahlathini anomswakama, ngasemfuleni nakwizikhukhula zemifula, ezixhaphozini. Idla kuma-rodices amancane, amagundane nama-shrews, amanye ama-amphibians, iminenke, ama-slugs. Ama-ambistomes ePacific ayakwazi ukumba imisele ebanzi nejulile, lapho acasha khona ukukhanya nokushisa. Ngesikhathi sengozi, bavame ukwenza imisindo ephakeme efana neqhubu, futhi balume kabuhlungu.

Ahlala kuphi ama-ambistomes?

Amahlathi anomswakama ancibilikayo enenhlabathi ethambile kanye nemfucumfucu ayizintandokazi zokuhlala kwe-ambist. Iningi labameleli bohlobo likhona eNyakatho Melika: ububanzi buqala eningizimu yeCanada, kufaka phakathi indawo eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Alaska neMexico.

I-Ambistoma ihlala yodwa, emhlabeni, isondela emanzini kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa. Emini, i-amphibian icasha ezindaweni zokuzimela ezibambe ngokuzimela noma emiseleni eshiywe ezinye izilwane, bese ifika phezulu ebusuku, noma uma lina noma iqhwa lokuqala. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-ambistos ebusika emiseleni efanayo.

I-ambistoma idlani?

Izibungu ezingama-ambistome zinamandla amakhulu futhi, ngaphezu kwe-zooplankton ehlukahlukene (i-Daphnia, iBosmin, i-Cyclops), zidla amaqanda ezinhlanzi kanye nezihlobo zazo. Ukudla kwabalindi abadala abahlala emhlabeni kuqukethe ama-invertebrates ahlukahlukene kanye nezibungu zabo: izibungu, izintethe, amakhethini, ama-slgs, iminenke, imigilingwane, izicabucabu, amabhungane. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, ngokwesibonelo, lapho kunesomiso, i-ambistoma ingahamba isikhathi eside ingadli, icashe ezindaweni zayo zokuhlala.

Ukuzalela i-ambist

Ukuze zizalwe, ama-ambistomes adinga amanzi noma izindawo ezikhukhuleka ngezikhathi ezithile zehlathi, ngakho-ke phakathi nenkathi yokuza kokubeletha ama-amphibians angabonakala ngesikhathi sokufuduka kweziningi ukuya ezindaweni zokuzalela. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-ambistois zizalela entwasahlobo, kepha ezinye zenza lokhu ekwindla (ama-ambistomes anemigqa nemabula).

Abesilisa babeka i-spermatophore ene-ambish, kanti izinsikazi ziyithatha njenge-cesspool bese, ibeka izikhwama ze-caviar eziqukethe amashumi amaningana ukuya kumaqanda angama-500 ububanzi obungafika ku-2,6 mm.

I-Ambistoma caviar, efakwe emanzini afudumele, iba phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-19-50, ngemuva kwalokho kuvela izibungu kusuka ku-1,3 kuye ku-1.7 cm ubude.

Ama-larvae ayaqhubeka nokuphila nokukhula emanzini kusuka ezinyangeni ezi-2,5 kuye kwezingu-4, kuthi lapho amazinyo awo nezinsimbi ziwohloka kancane kancane, amehlo abo ambozwe amakhulu, amaphaphu athuthuke, kanti nomzimba uthola umbala obonakalayo walezi zinhlobo.

Ama-Ambistomes aya emhlabeni, akhula abe yi-8-8.6 cm, futhi athuthuke ngokuqhubekayo, ehola indlela yokuphila esekwe emhlabeni.

Izinsikazi ezizalela ekwindla azingene emanzini, kepha zibeka amaqanda ezindaweni eziphansi, okuthi entwasahlobo ngokuqinisekile zigcwale amanzi. Amaqanda abekwa izingxenye ngaphansi kwezihlahla eziwile kanye ne-driftwood, kwizimbobo ezincane ezimbiwe. Esimweni sezulu esinethayo, izibungu zidonsa ngokuwa okufanayo, kwezinye izimo, ziyazifihla futhi zizalwe ngokushesha nje lapho isidleke sesikhukhulwe.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-salamander yemabula.

IMarble salamander itholakala cishe kuyo yonke impumalanga ye-United States, eMassachusetts, enkabeni ye-Illinois, eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Missouri ne-Oklahoma, empumalanga yeTexas, naseningizimu ifinyelela eGulf of Mexico nasogwini olusempumalanga. Ukhona e-Florida peninsula. Izizwe ezihlukanisiwe zitholakala empumalanga yeMissouri, eCentral Illinois, e-Ohio, enyakatho-ntshonalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Indiana kanye nomngcele oseningizimu yeLake Michigan neLake Erie.

IMarble Salamander (Ambystoma opacum)

Izindawo zokuhlala ze-salamander yemabula.

Ama-salamanders amadala avutshiwe ahlala emahlathini anomswakama, imvamisa eduze kwamachibi noma imifudlana. Lezi salamanders kwesinye isikhathi zingatholakala emithambekeni eyomile, kepha hhayi kude nendawo enomswakama. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene, ukukhiqizwa kwe-salamander yemabula akwenzeki emanzini. Bathola amachibi omisiwe, amachibi, amachibi nemisele, bese izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda azo ngaphansi kwamaqabunga. Amaqanda akhula lapho kugcwaliswa kabusha amachibi nemisele ngamanzi emva kwezimvula ezinamandla. Ubumbene bumbozwe kancane ngesendlalelo senhlabathi, amaqabunga, usilika. Ezindaweni ezomile, ama-salamanders emabula angatholakala emadwaleni amatshe nasemithambekeni enamahlathi nasezindunduma zesihlabathi. Ama-amphibians amadala acasha emhlabeni ngaphansi kwezinto noma ngaphansi komhlaba.

Izimpawu zangaphandle ze-salamander yemabula.

IMarble salamander ingenye yezinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke emndenini i-Ambystomatidae. Ama-amphibians amadala anobude obungamasentimitha angama-9- 10,7. Le nhlobo kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-tape salamander, ngenxa yokuba khona kwamabala amakhulu amhlophe noma akhanyayo grey ekhanda, emuva nasemsileni. Abesilisa bancane kunabesifazane futhi banezigaba ezinkulu zesiliva-ezimhlophe. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, amabala aba mhlophe kakhulu nezindlala ezungeze ukwanda kwecala lesilisa.

I-Salamander ekuthuthukisweni

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-maram salamander.

I-salamander yemabula inesikhathi sokuzala esingavamile. Esikhundleni sokubeka amaqanda emachibini noma kwamanye amachibi ezinyangeni zasentwasahlobo, isalamander yemabula ibeka phansi. Ngemuva kokuthi owesilisa ahlangane nowesifazane, uvame ukuhamba embuthanweni naye. Ngemuva kwalokho owesilisa ugoba umsila wawo ngamagagasi futhi uphakamisa umzimba. Ngemuva kwalokhu, usakaza i-spermatophore emhlabathini, kuthi owesimame athathe ikiss.

Ngemuva kokuphola, insikazi iya endaweni yokugcina amanzi bese ikhetha ukucindezela okuncane emhlabathini.

Indawo yokwakha imvamisa itholakala ogwini lwechibi noma isiteshi esomile somgodi, kwezinye izikhathi isidleke sitholakala endaweni yokugcina okwesikhashana. Ku-clutch yamaqanda angamashumi amahlanu kuya kwayikhulu, insikazi itholakala eduze neqanda futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ihlala inomswakama. Lapho nje kuqala izimvula zasekwindla, amaqanda akhula, uma izimvula zingani, amaqanda ahlala elele ebusika, futhi uma izinga lokushisa lingaconsi phansi kakhulu, bese kuthi kufika intwasahlobo elandelayo.

Kusukela emaqanda avela izibungu zombala ompunga 1 cm ubude, akhula ngokushesha okukhulu, ondla ku-zooplankton. Izibungu ezikhulile zibuye zidle izibungu zabanye ama-amphibians namaqanda. Isikhathi lapho i-metamorphosis yenzeka ngokuya ngendawo. I-Larvae evele eningizimu yahlaselwa yi-metamorphosis ezinyangeni ezimbili nje kuphela; lezo ezikhula enyakatho ziguqulwa isikhathi eside ukusuka ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili kuye kwezishiyagalolunye. Ama-salamanders amancanyana amancanyana acishe abe ngu-5 cm, futhi afinyelele ekufinyeleleni eneminyaka eyi-15 izinyanga.

Umqondo we-salamander yemabula.

Ukuziphatha kwe-salamander yemabula.

I-Marble salamanders ama-amphibians angawodwa. Isikhathi esiningi bafihla ngaphansi kwamaqabunga awile noma ngaphansi komhlaba ekujuleni okufika kumitha elilodwa. Kwesinye isikhathi, ama-salamanders amadala afihla izilwane ezidla inyama emgodini owodwa. Kodwa-ke, zivame ukuba nolaka ngokwengeziwe komunye nomunye lapho kungekho kudla okwanele. Abesifazane nabesilisa ikakhulukazi baxhumana ngesikhathi sokuzalela. Abesilisa bavame ukuvela okokuqala ezindaweni zokuzalela, cishe isonto ngaphambi kwabesifazane.

Umjikelezo wokuphila

Abantu abadala bachitha iningi lezimpilo zabo emhlabathini, amaqabunga awile, kepha ngenkathi yokuzalanisa bafika phezulu ebusuku. Abantu abadala beza ebusweni ikakhulukazi esimweni sezulu esina imvula kanye / noma lapho iqhwa lokuqala lasekwindla liwa. Propagate ekwindla, imvamisa kusuka ngoSepthemba kuya kuZibandlela. Izinsikazi zifaka amaqanda ngamaqembu anezicucu ezifika ku-120 ngaphansi kwezingodo noma ezintangeni zezimila ezindaweni eziphansi, okungenzeka ukuthi zigcwele ngenkathi yezimvula zasebusika. Insikazi igaya ukucindezelwa okuncane enhlabathini ethambile bese ibeka amaqanda lapho. Uma lina, khona-ke izibungu zidonsa ekwindla noma ebusika obufanayo. Kodwa-ke, zingadlulela phambili ukuze zibambe kuqala entwasahlobo. Izibungu zesibungu ngokushesha nje lapho isidleke sesikhukhulwe. Banokukhulu ngosayizi ngaphezulu kwezibungu zeJefferson salamander ne-salamander ebonakalayo, njengoba beqala ukondla nokukhula ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambili. Izibungu zama-ambisome zemabula zivame ukubhekana ne-metamorphosis eneminyaka engu-2 izinyanga ezingxenyeni eseningizimu yebanga, kepha enyakatho yebanga zingahlala izibungu kuze kube izinyanga eziyisithupha. Njengezinye izinhlobo zohlobo, ama-ambisome zemabula ahlala isikhathi eside, iminyaka engama-8-10 noma ngaphezulu (uTaylor noScott, 1997).

Umsoco we-marble salamander.

I-Marble salamander, naphezu kosayizi omncane womzimba, izinyamazane ezidla iminyene, zidla ukudla okuningi. Ukudla kuqukethe izikelemu ezincane, izinambuzane, ama-slgs, iminenke.

I-Marble salamander ukuzingela kuphela inyamazane enyakazayo, idonswa iphunga lesisulu, ayondli ngokuthwala.

Izibungu zama-salamanders zemabula nazo ziyizidlamlilo ezisebenzayo, zibusa emizimbeni yamanzi yesikhashana. Zidla i-zooplankton (ikakhulukazi ama -epepodod nama-cladocerans) lapho ziqala ukuphuma amaqanda. Njengoba bekhula, baphendukela ekudleni kuma-crustaceans amakhulu (ama-isopods, ama-shrimps amancane), izinambuzane, iminenke, izibungu ezincane-bristle, caviar ye-amphibian, futhi ngezinye izikhathi badla ngisho nama-salamanders amancane emabula. Emachibini ehlathi, izibungu ezikhulayo zemarmam salam zidla amacimbi awele emanzini. Ama-salamanders emabula athungathwa izilwane ezidla amahlathi ezahlukahlukene (izinyoka, ama-raccoon, izikhova, izisoka, amaseki, ama-shrews). Izindlala ezinobuthi ezisemsileni zivikela isivikelo ekuhlaselweni.

Isimo sokulondolozwa kwe-maram salamander.

UMarble Salamander osengozini yokuvalwa nguMnyango Wezemvelo WaseMichigan. Kwezinye izindawo, lolu hlobo lwama-amphibians lwesatshwa okungenani futhi lungaba ngummeleli ojwayelekile wama-amphibians. Uhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN alunaso isimo sokulondolozwa.

Ukwehla kwenani le-salamander yemabula endaweni yamachibi amakhulu kungenzeka kubangelwe yokwehla kwezindawo zokuhlala, kodwa imiphumela yokwanda kokushisa kwamazinga okushisa kulo lonke iplanethi iyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekwehlekeni kwamanani.

Izinsongo ezibalulekile ezingeni lendawo zifaka ukugawulwa kwemithi okukhulu okungabhubhisi nje kuphela izihlahla ezinde, kepha indawo engaphansi, udoti wamahlathi okuchithilekile, kanye neziqu zemithi eziwile ezindaweni eziseduzane nezindawo zokudlela. Indawo etholakala ekubhujisweni nasekonakalisweni ngokudonswa kwendawo enomswakama, kuqhamukiswa imvelo yesalamander yemarble, ekugcineni engaholela ezingeni elonakalisayo leziphambano ezihlobene kakhulu kanye nokwehla kokuzala nokuzala kabusha kwezinhlobo.

Ama-salamanders emabula, njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, angalahleka ngokuzayo njengezinhlobo zesigaba se-amphibian, ngenxa yokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala. Lolu hlobo luyisihloko sokuhweba kwezilwane zomhlaba wonke, futhi inqubo yokuthengisa njengamanje ayikhawulwanga ngumthetho. Izindlela zokuvikela ezidingekayo ezindaweni ezihlala ama-salamanders zemabula zifaka nokuvikelwa kwamachibi kanye namahlathi aseduze, ngaphakathi kwamamitha angaphansi kwama-200-250 kusuka emanzini, ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukumisa ukuqhekeka kwehlathi.

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