Amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka edlule, abantu bebengasahlali eMhlabeni, kepha bekuhlalwa izilwane ezimangalisayo ezinsalela zazo ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke.
ESiberia, okungukuthi esifundeni saseKemerovo, enye yezindawo eziyi-10 kule planethi yatholakala lapho izinsalela zezilwane zesikhathi seJurassic (zaqedwa eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-145 ezedlule). Izidumbu zama-psittacosaurs angaba ngu-50 atholakala esigodini sase Shestakovo. Babizwa nangokuthi "ama-parrot lizards" futhi angusayizi wenkomo. Sekukonke, kwatholakala izinhlobo eziyi-6 zama-dinosaurs e-Shestakovo. Enye yezinhlobo zama-sauropods ayitholakalanga phambilini emhlabeni, ngakhoke yanikezwa igama elisha elithi Sibirotitan astrosacralis - Sibirotitan star-sacral. Yatholakala ngonyaka ka-2008 kwathi ama-vertebrae ayisihlanu we-oblique, izimbambo ze-sacral ezazisesimweni senkanyezi zachongwa kusukela ezinsaleleni. Le yinhlobo enkulu yama-dinosaurs we-herbivorous of the sauropod oda. I-dinosaur enjalo ingaba nesisindo samathani angama-50 ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo futhi ibe nobude bomzimba obungamamitha angama-20.
Azikho izilwane zasendulo ezihehayo ezitholakele kwezinye izindawo zezwe lethu. Esifundeni seVolga, kutholakala ithambo lamasosha aseMosasaurus. Wembiwa cishe inyanga. Futhi muva nje, kutholakala ithambo lesiphangi esinjalo esifundeni saseChelyabinsk, eselikhulisa indawo yaso yokuhlala. Lesi silwane sasolwandle safinyelela kumamitha angama-17 ubude. Baphila emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 edlule.
E-Perm Territory, kutholakale inqwaba yemithambo yezikhonkwane zasendulo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-estemmenozuhs nama-biarmosuhs. Iminyaka yabo icishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-267. Ama-Estemmenozuhids ayizilwane ezi-herbivorous futhi aholwa, njengemvubu, indlela yokuphila yasemanzini. I-Eotitanosuh idlozi elinobude obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2,5. Lezi zilwane zife ngenxa yezikhukhula futhi izidumbu zazo zazinamathele ezansi komfula odlayo. Ukwembiwa kwenziwa iminyaka eminingana, kepha akubona konke okumbiwe. Kusekhona amathambo amaningi amadinosaurs asendulo kuleyo ndawo.
Umhlaba wesikhathi esedlule ugcwele okutholakele nezimfihlakalo ongabhala futhi ubhale ngazo.
Uma ngabe uyithandile, yeseka isiteshi esisha!
Like, shiya imibono bese ubhalisa, ukuze ungaphuthelwa okuthile okuhehayo.
Inyoni endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni
Noma kunjalo, ososayensi bathola lokho eYurophu. Ukwenza isibonelo, lokhu kwenziwa nguKsepka kanye nozakwabo, befunda amasampula amatshe acwebile aqhamuka emgodini weRomontbos, oseduzane nedolobha laseBelgian eLiège. Lamadwala akhiwa ngasekupheleni kweCretaceous - ngaphambi nje kokuwa kwe-asteroid ebhubhise ama-dinosaurs.
Kula madwala, ososayensi bathola ngengozi imvuthuluka yamathambo emileni, nezinye izinsalela zenyoni encane, ebilingana nezinyoni zamanje zase-Europe. Ngenxa yokuthi izinsalela zezinyoni zasendulo azivamile ukutholakala ngaphandle kweChina neMonoglia, ukutholwa kusheshe kwaheha ukunakwa kososayensi.
Ngemuva kokuskena amasampula edwaleni lapho kwakukhona khona la mathambo, abakwa-paleontologists bathola kwesinye sawo inyanda eligcinwe kahle inyoni. Wafika ezinsukwini zethu ngesimo sazo sokuqala, engafiphazwanga ngaphansi kwengcindezi yamadwala azungezile. Igebhezi belingelesidalwa esidala esinemibala, esiyisihlobo esiseduze sokhokho bezinkukhu, amadada nezigwaca (Galloanserae). Ososayensi babiza inyoni I-Asteriornis maastrichtensis.
Lesi sidalwa singabhekwa njengenyoni yakudala yohlobo lwesimanje, eyayinazo zonke izici ezibalulekile zokutholwa kwezinyoni zesimanje. Ucwaningo lwayo, njengoba ososayensi bethemba, luzosiza ekuqondeni ukuthi idlozi elijwayelekile lezinyoni zanamuhla lavela kuphi futhi nini, ukuthi lidlani nokuthi inzalo yakhe yasinda kanjani ekuweni kwe-asteroid, engazange ichithe ama-dinosaurs kuphela, kodwa cishe nazo zonke ezinye izinyoni zasendulo ezachuma ngaphambi kwalesi sibhicongo.
Ikakhulu, yona kanye iqiniso lokutholwa kwale nyoni yakudala kanye nobudlelwano bayo obusondelene nazo zonke izinyoni zesimanje kubonisa ukuthi ukhokho wayo ojwayelekile wavela eMhlabeni kungekudala ngaphambi kokuphela kwenkathi yama-dinosaurs, futhi hhayi phakathi nenkathi yeCretaceous, njengoba izifundo zofuzo zibonisa. Ukutholwa okwalandelayo kwama-fossil anjalo, njengoba abathemba be-paleontologists, kuzoxazulula lokhu kungqubuzana.
Yikuphi ama-dinosaurs ayehlala eScotland?
Iminyaka yamathrekhi ilinganiselwa eminyakeni eyi-170 yezigidi, okungukuthi, yashiywa izidalwa zasendulo ndawo ndawo phakathi nenkathi yeJurassic. Ngokusho kwabaphenyi uSteve Brusatte noPage de Polo, iminonjana etholakala okungenani inezinhlobo ezintathu zama dinosaurs. Isibonelo, amathrekhi angamaphethelo amathathu anamawele amade ashiywe idayinaso evela ezinhlotsheni theropods. Njengomthetho, babengabadli futhi behamba ngokuqinile emilenzeni emibili. Ummeleli omkhulu waleli qembu lama-dinosaurs kwakuyi-spinosaurus engamamitha ayi-15 ubude, kepha izinsalela ezitholakele zibonisa ukuthi isakhamuzi sasendulo saseScotland sasilingana ne- “jeep” cishe amamitha amabili ukuphakama.
I-Theropods ifakiwe izikhonkwaneukuthi izigidi zeminyaka edlule bezihlala endaweni manje eyi-Antarctica
Izidumbu zedayimane elinezimpiko ezintathu elineminwe evuvukelekile latholakala naseBrath Point Rock. Ngokusekelwe ekwakhekeni kweminwe entula izindwani ezibukhali, kanye nezinye izici zomzimba, ososayensi baphakamise ukuthi bathola idayinaso eqenjini abalindi bezinyoni. Kwakuyizidalwa ezine-herbivorous futhi, ukuze zifinyelele emaqabunga ezihlahla ezinde, zazikwazi ukuma ngemilenze yazo yangemuva futhi zifinyelele ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-14. Kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi imilenze yabo yangemuva yayinamandla futhi ithuthuke kakhulu kunangaphambili, ngakho isikhathi esiningi babehamba ngemilenze emibili.
Ama-Ornithopod bekungokwawo ama-iguanodonsababekwazi ukusukuma bafinyelele ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-10
Kodwa-ke, iningi lososayensi lamangala ukuthi izidumbu ze-stegosaurus zatholakala eScotland. Zibhekwa njengenye yamadayinaso abonakala kakhulu emhlabeni ngoba ayabonakala kalula ngamacwecwe amathambo emhlane wawo kanye nomsila we-spiky. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsalela ezitholakele, umuntu owashona edwaleni laseBrath Point wayefana nenkomo. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye enkulu, la ma-dinosaurs ama-herbivorous ayehlala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeNorth America yamanje, futhi osayizi bawo afinyelela kumamitha ayi-9.
Ama-Stegosaurs abhekwa njengenye yama-dinosaurs abonwa kakhulu. Yize ama-tyrannosaurs cishe esaziwa kangcono
Dinosaurs eRussia
Kepha kungenzeka yini ukuthola amathambo we-dinosaur eRussia? Isikhathi eside bekukholelwa ukuthi ezweni lethu cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola izinsalela zama-dinosaurs. Mayelana nalokhu, okungenani iminyaka engu-120 edlule, isazi semvelo saseMelika u-Otniel Charles Marsh sathi. Lapho efika esifundeni sethu, wamangala ukuzwa ukuthi eRussia amathambo eziqhwaga zasendulo ayengakaze atholakale. Futhi lokhu kwakuqondakala, ngoba izigidi zeminyaka edlule indawo yaseRussia yayimbozwe olwandle olungashonile. Kunombono wokuthi ama-dinosaurs asendulo ayatholakala ezansi, kepha izinsalela zawo zazinomhlabathi ngesihluku nodaka.
Kulesi sithombe sika-1872, isazi se-paleontologist u-Otniel Charles Marsh (phakathi emgqeni ongemuva) umi nabasizi bakhe
Kodwa-ke, iqiniso lokuthi ukuthola amathambo e-dinosaur eRussia kunzima kakhulu akusho ukuthi izidalwa zasendulo zazigwema ngokuphelele izindawo zethu. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-dinosaurs ayefa ngaphansi kwezimo lapho amathambo awo angagcinwa kahle. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka we-2015, isazi sethu se-paleontologist saseRussia u-Anatoly Ryabinin wethu esifundeni saseChita sathola izingcezwana zesikhumba samadina esidla inyama Allosaurus sibiricus. Ukufakazela nje kuphela ukuthi izinsalela ezikule dayinaso kunzima kakhulu ngenxa yokushoda kwamanye amathambo.
Lokhu yilokho u-Allosaurus sibiricus abukeka ngakho
Futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XX, osebeni lomfula i-Amur, izinsalela zedayinosa yezinhlobo zezilwane zitholakele. I-Mandschurosaurus amurensis, eyaziwa nangokuthi "Amur manchurosaurus". Kuphela manje, amathambo ambalwa kakhulu atholakele kulokhu, ngakho-ke igebhezi nezinye izingxenye eziningi zomzimba wendalo yasendulo kwakufanele zenziwe nge-gypsum, yingakho lokho kutholwa kwabizwa ngokuthi yi- "gypsosaurus". Noma kunjalo, la ma-dinosaurs ngokusobala ahlala endaweni yezwe lethu futhi ayeyizidalwa ze-platypus ezazidla ngezimila futhi zafinyelela kumamitha ayi-3 ukuphakama.
Kukuphi okusele kakhulu dinosaur?
Ngokumangazayo, iningi lama-dinosaurs latholakala eNyakatho Melika. Kukholelwa ukuthi omashiqela abadumile babehlala lapho, ezithathwa njengelinye lama-dinosaurs anegazi kakhulu emlandweni weplanethi yethu. Umthambo omkhulu kunayo yonke we-tyrannosaurus unobude obulingana namamitha ayi-12,3 nokuphakama okungamamitha amane. Isisindo somzimba salaba bameleli abayingozi babahlaseli beJurassic silinganiselwa kumathani ayi-9.5.
Kukholelwa ukuthi omashiqela bangabaphangi abayingozi kakhulu, kepha emlandweni bekunama-dinosaurs egazi amaningi
Ngokuvamile, izinsalela zama-dinosaurs asendulo zingatholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zezwekazi laseMelika. Isibonelo, muva nje esifundazweni saseCanada e-Alberta, kutholakale izinsalela zedayinaso, ezinikezwe igama Thanatotheristes degrootorum. Ngokweqiniso, leli gama lihumusha ngokuthi "umvuni wokufa" futhi ama-paleontologists abelibiza kanjalo ngesizathu. Iqiniso ngukuthi lesi siqhwaga sasingesinye sezidalwa ezinonya kakhulu zesikhathi sokugcina sama-dinosaurs futhi sasesabisa zonke izilwane. Sabhala kabanzi ngamandla akhe nangendlela yakhe yokuphila ezintweni zethu ezikhethekile.
Amathambo dinosaur ukujula kangakanani?
Njengoba umkhuba ukhombisa, abantu abaningi bavame ukukhubeka ngezinsalela zezidalwa zasendulo ezindaweni lapho kungabonakala khona amadwala ahlukahlukene ebusweni. Ngalesi sikhathi kuyisiko ukuqonda izinto eziphilayo ezinjenge granite, i-basalt ne-limestone, ezakha ingaphezulu lomhlaba wethu. Imvamisa kudalulwa ezindaweni ezinamatshe, amawa nezindawo zokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ekuqaleni abantu bathola ingxenye encane yedayinaso bese kuphela lapho bemba yonke eminye yamathambo besebenzisa umgodi neminye imishini. Isibonelo, ngonyaka we-1982, indoda ethile yathola uzipho lweBaryonyx, okwase kungasaziwa umphakathi wesayensi isikhathi eside. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abacwaningi bakwazile ukuthola izitho ezisele zomzimba womhlaseli wasendulo.
Izinsalela ze-baryonyx zatholakala kuphela ngonyaka we-1982
Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi amathambo e-dinosaur angaphansi kwamamitha ayikhulu. Kwezinye izimo, lokhu kuyiqiniso, kepha ngesikhathi senqubo yokumba umhlaba, izinsalela zingaphuma zodwa, ngakho-ke akufanele kube nazinkinga zokumba ezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Into esemqoka kulokhu ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi ungalimazi ngephutha amathambo aseyelele izigidi zeminyaka emhlabathini. Kwezinye izimo, umgubhisi ungena esenzweni, ngoba kungathatha amandla amaningi ukutakula izinsalela ekudingisweni komhlaba.
Muva nje, ngesikhathi kwakhiwa umgwaqo omkhulu, kwatholakala into endala yakhuni eyenziwe ngomuntu
Yini okufanele ngiyenze uma ngithola amathambo e-dinosaur?
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ngemuva kokuthola amathambo edayinaso noma elinye inani lomlando, awunakuvele uzithathele yona bese uqala ukuzithengisa. Iqiniso ngukuthi, ngokomthetho, konke okutholwe ngemivubukulo kungokwombuso, futhi lapho kutholakala, kufanele uthintane neziphathimandla zamagugu amasiko wedolobha lakho. EMoscow, ungakwenza lokhu ngokushayela ucingo +7 (916) 146-53-27olutholakala ubusuku nemini.
Uma uthola ithambo lomuntu, qiniseka ukwazisa amaphoyisa ngakho.
Ngemuva kwalokho, abavubukuli kufanele beze lapho betholwe khona amathambo noma ezinye izinto zasendulo. Uma ukutholwa kubalulekile, umuntu okutholile akanalo ilungelo lokukuthatha kuye. Kodwa uma ochwepheshe bethatha isinqumo sokuthi lokhu akuyona into engatholakali kangako, khona-ke into idlulela ezandleni zalowo otholayo.
Ungawathenga noma uwathengise kuphi amathambo we-dinosaur?
Izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zamathambo e-dinosaur zingathengwa ku-Intanethi, kodwa ngaphambi kwalokho kubalulekile ukuthi uqiniseke ukuthi zingokoqobo futhi zithengiswa ngokusemthethweni. Izimemezelo zokuthengisa amathambo weDinosaur zivame ukutholakala ku-eBay. Isibonelo, izinyo elincane le-spinosaurus ezitolo eziku-inthanethi kungenzeka ukuthola ama-ruble ayi-10,000. Kodwa ikhophi logebhezi kwesinye sezithambo eziphelele kunazo zonke zabaphikisi bangabiza ama- $ 100,000, futhi lokhu, ngesilinganiso samanje, kungaphezu kwama-ruble ayi-7,000,000.
Ungathola izingcezu ezahlukahlukene ze-dinosaur ku-eBay.
Uma ungenayo imali eningi, kepha usafuna ukuthola ucezwana lwesidalwa sakudala, kubalulekile ukunaka amazinyo eMosasaur. Lezi zidalwa zasemanzini zaziphila ngesikhathi sama-dinosaurs kodwa, ngeshwa, azihlangani nazo. Kepha izinsalela zamaMosasaurs zivame ukutholakala eMorocco zidluliselwe eRussia. Kwesinye isikhathi angatholakala embukisweni waseMoscow "Gemstone Collapse" cishe ama-ruble ayi-1000.
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Ngesikhathi sokuhamba, u-Andrey Skvortsov utshele ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi lolu hambo lwe-paleontological luqhubeke, ngubani ophinda aqambe ukwakheka kwama-dinosaurs asesithanjeni futhi awanikeze amagama, ukukuphi imininingwane yolwazi lwamadayinisthi wePietian atholakalayo nokuthi lokhu kuseshwa kanjani - udinga nje ukuhamba ngasogwini futhi ubheke amatshe.
Amalungu ohambo oluvakashekile avakashela indawo edumile yase-Opoki (esifundeni saseVeliky Ustyug) ngamaphethelo asendlalekile, okuthi, minyaka yonke, kubhidlika, anikeze okutholakele okusha. Eduzane ne-Opok, bake bathola amathrekhi amathambo owomile. Ngemuva kwalokho leli qembu laqhubeka emlonyeni kaStrelna, lapho bathola khona izinsalela zelinye lamathrafikhi. Abasebenzi beTotem Museum Association no-Andrei Skvortsov babuye bavakashela e-Ustye-Gorodishchenskoye (wesiFunda saseNyuksensky) - lapha, ngaphesheya kwebhange eliphakeme lomfula iSukhona, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970, bathola izingxenye zamathambo aseNyuksenitiya.
Umqondisi weTotem Museum Association u-Alexei Novosyolov:
- Ukutholwa okutholwe ngezidakamizwa kwezilwane ezazihlala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-300 ezedlule, esikhathini se-Permian yesikhathi se-Paleozoic (ngaphambi kwama-dinosaurs), kutholakala njalo eduze komfula iSukhona. Le miphumela iwela emaqoqweni ezikhungo zokucwaninga namanyuvesi ahlukahlukene, futhi thina - iminyuziyamu yendawo - besingenayo imininingwane enjalo.
Ngo-2016, sifunde kubasebenzi baseMyatka Paleontological Museum ukuthi eSukhon ezifundeni zaseTotem naseNyuksensky, kutholakale izinsalela zezilwane ezinjalo, ezihlukile futhi ezifanayo nalezo esezitholakele, kanye namathrekhi abo abhalwe phansi. Ososayensi baqamba lezi zilwane ngokuya ngezindawo okwatholakala kuzo izinsalela: umhlaba owomile, umhlabathi owomile (Sukhona), obirkovia (Obirkovo), serudica (Mica), nenyuksenitiya (Nyuksenitsa).
Vele, sanquma ukuthi amaqiniso athakazelisa kakhulu kufanele ethulwe emnyuziyamu wolwazi lwendawo futhi ayalelwe ukubonwa ngeso lokhozi ayalwa ama-20 izibalo zama-dinosaurs. Sisizwe yisibonelelo sikaMongameli esathola ngonyaka we-2018 ukuqaliswa kwephrojekthi yeSukhon Lizards. Manje sesiqedela ihholo. Isilo esikhulu kunazo zonke, i-leorgon, empeleni singamamitha amane ukuphakama. Zonke ezinye zincanyana kakhulu (nokho aziwona ama-dinosaurs).
Lezi zibalo zakhiwa ngumculi we-art-paleontologist u-Andrei Skvortsov, ubuyisela ukubukeka kwezilwane kusuka emathanjeni nasekulandeleni. Ukuphela kwento engenakulungiswa: umbala wabo, ngakho-ke kunesikhalazo ku-flora yendawo kanye nokuvela kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
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Isazi se-paleontologist saphawula ukuthi kuze kube muva nje, eminyuziyamu yakulesi sifunda, izici zokukhishwa kwemvelo kanye nomlando wokutholile azange zethulwe nganoma iyiphi indlela. Manje ihholo le-paleontology lifakwe eTotma Museum of Local History, futhi umlando wezigidi zeminyaka uvela ngaphambi kwezivakashi ngesimo sezibalo ezakhiwe ngu-Andrey Skvortsov.
Ngalesi sikhathi, usosayensi waletha futhi wagcwala ehholo le-paleontology exhumana nesilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke esinjenge-reptile yesikhathi semvume ye-Permian - leorgon.
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ETotma, umbhali wezingoma ezibunjiwe akakhulumanga nje nozakwabo, kodwa futhi nezakhamizi zedolobha. Komunye wemicimbi yemetro, i-paleonjipus yahlangana nabafana abavela ekamu lasePatriot. Utshele abasebasha ngomsebenzi wakhe, mayelana nokuya ngasethunjini, ngezimbali nezilwane zesikhathi se-Permian futhi waphendula imibuzo eminingi.
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UZinaida Selebinko, Umqondisi weSikhwama Sokuthuthukiswa Kwasawoti Somphakathi, uZinaida Selebinko:
- Siyajabula ukubona ukuthi, phambi kwamehlo ethu, kuzalwa kanjani uhlobo olusha lweTotma oluhle - ikhaya lokhokho “dinosaurs Sukhon”. Kubukeka kimi ukuthi leli yikhasi elisha emlandweni wedolobha, ngokwesiko elimelwe ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kasawoti nokuzulazula. AbakwaTotmichi banentshisekelo kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwephrojekthi ye-paleontological, futhi sethemba ukuthi ukubambisana okuphumelelayo nochwepheshe osezingeni eliphakeme njengo-Andrei Skvortsov kuzoqhubeka!