Umndeni we-ambisto mncane, kufaka phakathi ama-amphibians ahlanganisiwe avela ku-5 genera nezinhlobo ezingama-28. Ama-Ambistomaceae angawalawo maqembu ama-amphibian aguquko lwawo lubukeziwe kakhulu emashumini eminyaka adlule. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980s, umndeni wawusunezinhlobo ezingama-35 nezinhlobo ezi-4 - i-Ambystoma, i-Rhyacosiredon, i-Dicamptodon, ne Rhyacotriton, kodwa-ke ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zofuzo ezihlolweni zocwaningo lwe-taxonomic kwalungisa ukuhlukaniswa kweqembu lonke kanye naphakathi kohlobo.
Abamele umndeni we-ambisto utholakala kuphela eNyakatho naseMelika Ephakathi. Emazweni akhuluma isiNgisi, ama-Ambistomovs abizwa ngama-mole salamanders. Ama-Ambistomes ayingozi eNyakatho Melika, lapho asakazeke khona ukusuka ezindaweni eziseningizimu yeCanada naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Alaska kuya eMexico.
Ama-Ambistomes athola ukuthandwa kwawo okubanzi nokuthandwa ngenxa ye-axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), ekuqaleni eyayisetshenziswa kabanzi ososayensi ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene njengesilwane eselabhorethri kuphela, yabe isifinyelela kuma-aquarists futhi yaqala ukwabiwa kabanzi. I-Axolotl yisibungu esisekude esinegama lendawo "axolotl", elihumusha ngokuthi "ukudlala emanzini."
Izinhlobo eziningi zama-ambistos yi-Ambysloma yohlobo lwezinhlobo ezingama-21, okukhona kuyo yonke indawo futhi yaziwa kakhulu ngama-mabuzi ayo angama-neotenic. Ezinye izinhlobo zofuzo zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezivamile entshonalanga kude naseNyakatho Melika: uhlobo lweRhacacrilon nezinhlobo ezi-1 kanye nohlobo lwe-Dicamptodon emelwe yizinhlobo ezi-2, noma eMelika Ephakathi: uhlobo lweRhyacosiridon lunezinhlobo ezi-4, kanti uhlobo lweBatysiridon - uhlobo lwe-1.
Ama-ambistomes asuselwa kubantu abadala ahlukaniswa yinhloko ebanzi, umzimba omningi omningi onama-bony grooves, amehlo amancane, izitho ezithobekile kanye nomsila oyindilinga esigabeni sesiphambano. Umbala womzimba wezinhlobo eziningi uyamangalisa kakhulu futhi u-motley: emzimbeni wabo ngokumelene nesizinda esimnyama kunamabala akhanyayo, anhlobonhlobo nemibala yezindawo: kusukela kwiziqeshana eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuphela kwemibambo emikhulu ephuzi.
Abantu abadala abaphila phansi komhlaba bachitha izimpilo zabo ngaphansi kwesihlahla sehlathi, baphila ngaphansi kokuchitheka kwamaqabunga noma ezimbanjeni abazimbela noma bahlala kuzimbobo ezishiywe ezinye izilwane. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho Melika emigodini efanayo nasebusika. Ama-Ambistomes ahlala yedwa, adla ama-invertebrates ahlukahlukene.
Ama-ambistomes abantu abadala abuyela emanzini kuphela esikhathini esifushane sokuzalela, akhethe lokhu okuyindawo efanayo lapho azalelwa khona. Ukuzalela i-amphibian kuvame ukwenzeka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kanti izinhlobo zezinhlobo eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, ama-ringed (A. annulatum) kanye nemabula (A. opacum) ambistomes, azalela ekwindla.
Zonke izinhlobo zibekwa amaqanda nge-ambist, zihlela amaqanda wazo inqwaba, futhi kwesinye isikhathi amakhulu ngamakhulu izingcezu, zifakwe ezikhwameni ezikhethekile. Ama-Ambistomy abeka amaqanda ngamaqanda emachibini amile noma ahamba kancane. I-marble ambistoma yenza okuhlukile: ibeka amaqanda emhlabeni ezindaweni ezihlukene zenhlabathi, ngokushesha okugcwalisa ngokushesha ngamanzi emvula yasekwindla.
Izibungu zihola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini, kodwa ngokulingana komzimba nokwakheka komzimba ziyefana kakhulu kubantu abadala. Umbala womzimba, njengomthetho, u-dim ne-monophonic. Izibungu ze-Ambisto zihlukile kubantu abadala lapho kukhona amabhangqa ama-3 wegill yangaphandle enamabhangqa ama-4 gill ngemuva kwekhanda. Ezintweni eziyizigaxa zitholakala kubomvu kusuka ezinhlafunweni eziningi ezigcwele igazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ku izibungu, ohlangothini dorsal, ohlangothini dorsal kusukela phansi kwekhanda kuze kube sekupheleni komsila ohlangothini lwe-ventral kusukela ekugcineni komsila kuya ku-cloaca, kunemikhawulo yesikhumba ephakeme eyakha i-caudal fin. Umsila uvame ukuphela ngentambo yomsila.
Amandla abakhona kusukela ngesikhathi kuzalwa izibungu, futhi kukhona iminwe emi-4 emabunzini, kukhona imilenze eyi-5 emilenzeni wangemuva kwamehlo.
Izibungu zibhukuda e-ambisto, zigobisa umzimba njengenhlanzi. Izibungu zezinhlobo ezithile, ikakhulukazi abantu baseningizimu yama-tiger ambistomes nezinye izinhlobo ezisondelene, ziyakwazi ukukhula zikhule zibe ngosayizi abadala ngaphandle kokuthola i-metamorphosis. Ukuba khona kwezihlahlana ezinkulu kubantu kuyinto eyenza izinhlobo eziningana zezilwane zibe ngama-amphibian ngokugcwele noma ngokwenxenye. Abantu abadala ezinhlotsheni ezinjalo abazishiyi izidumbu zamanzi, bagcine gill kanye nama-fold folds, yize amaphaphu abo ekhula, esebenza njengesitho esengeziwe sokuphefumula. Bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngaphandle kokubhekana ne-metamorphosis. Izidalwa ezi-Neotenic kanye nezinhlobo ezingama-ambistorant zatholakala ekuqaleni ezindaweni ezintabeni zase-United States naseCentral Plateau eMexico. Imibandela evumelana nokuvela kwe-neoteny yizindawo eziphakeme eziphakeme, ukungabikhona kwezidalwa zasemanzini kanye nezimo ezomile ngaphandle kwezidumbu zamanzi. Iningi labantu abahlanzekile bangamalungu ezinhlobo zama-tiger ambistoma - Ambystoma tigrinum, Ambystoma velasci, Ambystoma mavortium nezinhlobo ezihlobene. Izinhlobo ze-ambotos ezigcwele kahle zibizwa ngokuthi ama-axolotls - i-Ambystoma mexicanum, i-Ambystoma taylori, i-Ambystoma andersoni ne-Ambystoma dumerilii. AmaNeotenics agcina amandla akhulayo okuvuselela kabusha isimilo sezibungu ezisencane futhi angabuyisela imilenze elahlekile, umsila kanye nanoma yisiphi isitho sangaphakathi.
Ngenqubo ye-metamorphosis, ama-gill kanye nama-fold folds ayanyamalala, izibungu ziyazisika: lapho inqubo yokuncibilika, isikhumba siqala ukuthola umbala ojwayelekile kubantu abadala, bese kuvela izinkophe emehlweni. Amaphaphu ekugcineni akhula, alungiselela izilwane ukuba ziguqukele emhlabeni kanye nokuqala kobukhona bomhlaba ngokuphelele.
I-ambloist inenombolo yediploid yama-chromosomes - 28.
I-Axolotl namanye ama-ambistomes - i-Ambystoma tigrinum, i-Ambystoma mavortium, abathandi be-amphibian bagcina njengezilwane ezifuywayo.
Ukubukeka
I-Tiger ambistoma yi-ambistoma enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kukhona subspecies eziyisishiyagalombili okwamanje. Ikhanda likhulu, i-muzzle iyindilinga. Amehlo mancane azungeze, ahlukene phakathi. Izidladla ezine ezibunjiweyo, kanye eziyisihlanu emilenzeni yangemuva. Kukhona amashubhu amabili engalweni yama-paws kuphela. Isidumbu se-ambistoma sihlukaniswe izinhlangothi ngama-grooves ayi-13. Ama-vertebrae angama-biconcave, ithambo le-angular lesikhumba alikho, amazinyo e-palatine ayashintshana. Ngenxa ye-pineal gland (i-pineal gland) iqonde kahle esikhaleni, inenkumbulo enhle kakhulu yokubuka. I-pineal gland itholakala ngemuva kwamehlo.
Izici ze-Ombistoma nendawo yokuhlala
Ngokubukeka ifana nesibungu esaziwa ngabantu abaningi, futhi engxenyeni yamazwe aseMelika yaze yabizwa ngokuthi yi-mole salamander. Zihlala emahlathini anomswakama omningi, onomhlabathi othambile nodoti omningi.
Inqwaba yabantu abafakiwe inxusa lekilasi Itholakala eNyakatho Melika, eningizimu yeCanada. Umndeni walezi zizila ubandakanya izinhlobo ezingama-33 ezihlukile zama-ambistos, ngayinye inezimpawu zayo.
Abathandwa kakhulu kubo yilaba abalandelayo:
- I-Tiger ambistoma. Ingafinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angama-28, kuyilapho cishe u-50% womzimba uthathwa ngumsila. Kunezimpofana ezinde eziyi-12 ezinhlangothini ze-salamander, kanti imibala iyi-light light of green or brown. Imigqa namachashazi aphuzi atholakala emzimbeni wonke. Kukhona iminwe emilenzeni yangaphambili, eyisihlanu emilenzeni yangemuva. Ungahlangana nalolu hlobo lwe ambisto ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yeMexico.
I-isithombe esibonisa isithombe se-tiger ambistoma
Esithombeni kukhona i-ambistoma yemabula
I-Yellow Spotted Ambistoma
Ambistoma waseMexico
Okudwetshwe yi-Pacific Ambistoma
Ukubheka isithombe nge-ambist, ebibhalwe ngaphezulu, ungabona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo.
Uhlobo nendlela yokuphila ye-ambistoma
Njengoba kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-ambists, kungokwemvelo ukuthi ngamunye wabo abe nohlobo lwayo nendlela yakhe yokuphila. Ama-Tiger ambistomes usuku lonke athanda ukuhlala emiseleni, futhi ebusuku ahamba ayofuna ukudla. Njengoba benamahloni nje futhi benamahloni, sebezwile ingozi, bakhetha ukubuyela emgodini, noma ngabe bashiywe ngaphandle kokudla.
Ama-ambistomes emabula ayimfihlo, akhetha ukuzenzela izimbobo ngaphansi kwamaqabunga awile nezihlahla eziwile. Ngesinye isikhathi hlala emigodini elahliwe. Ama-salamanders angamabala aphuzi akhetha indlela yokuphila engaphansi komhlaba, ukuze uwabone ebusweni bomhlaba kuphela ngezinsuku zemvula. Ngasikhathi sinye, laba bantu base-amphibi abazakheli izindlu, basebenzisa okusele ngemuva kwezinye izilwane.
Zonke izinhlobo zalawa ma-amphibians zihlala emiseleni futhi zithanda ukuzingela ebumnyameni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abakubekezeleli ukushisa ngokweqile, izinga lokushisa elilungele bona lingama-degree angu-18 - 20, ezimeni ezibucayi, ama-24 degrees.
Lo mlingiswa ucacile, ngoba bayasithanda isizungu futhi bangavumeli muntu ukuba aziqonde. Ezingeni eliphezulu umuzwa wokuzikhusela. Uma ama-ambistomes ewela imichilo yomphangi, khona-ke ngeke anikele okokugcina, ayilume futhi ayikaze. Ngasikhathi sinye, wonke umshikashika we-ambistome uzohambisana nemisindo ephakeme, into efana nesibhali.
I-Ambistoma Nutrition
Ama-Ambistomes ahlala ezimweni zemvelo adla lezi zinto ezilandelayo:
Izibungu ze-Ambistome ezimweni zemvelo kudla ukudla okufana noku:
Labo bantu aqukethe isifiso sokuvelela e-aquarium banconywa ukuthi bayondle ngokudla okulandelayo:
- inyama enciphile
- inhlanzi
- izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene (izibungu, amaphela, izicabucabu).
Izibungu ze-Axolotl Kufanele idliwe nsuku zonke, kepha i-ambisto yabantu abadala akufanele bondliwe izikhathi eziphindwe kathathu ngeviki.
Izici zokubonakala kwe-ambisto
Ama-ambistomas abantu abadala anamakhanda abanzi ngamehlo amancane. Umzimba u-stocky futhi mnene ngama-grooves achazwe kahle, imilenze inciphile, isigaba somsila siyindilinga.
Isikhumba sibushelelezi. Emehlweni kunezinkophe ezihambayo. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-ambisto zinombala obukekayo onamabala obukhulu nemibala ehlukene. Izidumbu zama-ambitist zingahlotshiswa ngemichilo ekhanyayo noma imivimbo egcwele.
Ama-Ambistomes awumndeni wama-amphibians, abizwa nangokuthi ama-salamanders angama-mole, futhi asezingeni eNyakatho Melika.
Ukuzala kabusha kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwe-ambistoma
Ukuze i-ambistoma iphindaphindeke, kudinga ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu lamanzi. Kungakho, ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokuzalela, ama-ambistomes athuthela kulezo zingxenye zehlathi ezikhukhulwa ngesizini. Ingxenye eyinhloko yabantu balezi zinhlobo bathande ukuzala entwasahlobo. Kepha ama-ambistomes emabula nawaminyaka yonke azala ekwindla.
Ngenkathi yokuzalela, abesilisa babeka i-spermatophore nge-amphibian, futhi izinsikazi ziyithatha ngosizo lwe-cloaca. Ngemuva kwalokho izinsikazi ziqala ukubeka izikhwama ezinamaqanda, esikhwameni esisodwa zingaba namaqanda angama-20 kuye kwangama-500, kanti ububanzi bawo ngamunye bufinyelela kumamilimitha angama-2,5.
Ama-Ambistomes adinga amanzi amaningi ukuzala
Amaqanda afakwe emanzini afudumele akhula kusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-19 kuye kwezingama-50. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, kuvela izibungu emhlabeni, ubude bazo buhlukahluka kusuka ku-1.5 kuya ku-2 amasentimitha.
Ambistoma axolotl (izibungu) uhlala emanzini izinyanga ezi-2 kuya kwezi-2. Ngalesi sikhathi metamorphoses abalulekile nawo, okungukuthi, i-axolotl iphenduka isifiso sokuvelela:
- amaphiko nezinsimbi kunyamalala
- izinkophe zivela emehlweni ami
- ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphaphu kuyabonakala,
- umzimba uthola umbala wezinhlobo ezihambisanayo njenge-ambist.
Emhlabeni, izibungu zithola i-ambisto kuphela ngemuva kokuba zifinyelele kubude bamasentimitha 8-9. Ukuze uguqule i-aquarium axolotl ibe yi-amphibian, udinga ukuguqula kancane kancane i-aquarium ibe yi-terrarium.
Ku-axolotl yesithombe
Lokhu kudinga ukunciphisa inani lamanzi atholakala kulo futhi kwandise nenhlabathi. Izibungu ngeke zisaba nolunye uhlobo ngaphandle kokuphuma emhlabathini. Kulokhu, umuntu akufanele alindele ushintsho lomlingo, i-axolotl izongena esimweni se-ambistoma kungakapheli amasonto ayi-2-3.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ungaguqula i-axolotl ibe ngumuntu omdala ngosizo lwezidakamizwa ze-hormonal ezenzelwe i-gland yegilo. Kepha zingasetshenziswa kuphela ngemuva kokubonisana nodokotela wezilwane.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuze zibeke amaqanda, izinsikazi zingangeni emanzini nge-ambisto, zibeka izikhwama nge-caviar ezindaweni eziphansi, okuthi esikhathini esizayo ngokuqinisekile zizogcwala amanzi.
Amaqanda abekwa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, kuyilapho kukhethwa iziza ezingaphansi kwezihlahla eziwile noma inqwaba yamaqabunga. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ze-aquarium (ngokunakekelwa okufanele), i-ambistoma iyakwazi ukuhlala iminyaka eyi-10-15.
Indlela yokuphila yama-ambitist
Abantu abadala bahola indlela yokuphila esekwe emhlabeni, bachitha isikhathi esiningi ngaphansi kwamaqabunga awile noma emigodini. Bangazimba imisele ngokwabo noma bangene ezindlini zabanye abantu. Izinhlobo zaseNyakatho zama-ambistos ebusika emiseleni. Ama-Ambistomes zihlala zodwa. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe ama-invertebrates ahlukahlukene.
Ama-ambistomes abantu abadala abuyela emanzini kuphela ngenkathi yokuzala, futhi akhetha lawo magumbi lapho wona ekhule ngokwawo. Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwesinye isikhathi senzeka kakhulu entwasahlobo, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lwazo ziya ekwindla, ngokwesibonelo, ama-ambistomes emabula.
Zonke izinhlobo zama-ambistos zingama-oviparous. Amaqanda amaningana noma amakhulu amaningana afakwe emasakeni ahlukile. Izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda emanzini ahamba kancane noma aqinile.
Izibungu ze-Axolotl ezine-ambistot zihola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini. Ngokubukeka, afana nabantu abadala, kepha anamabili ama-gill angaphandle kanye namabili ama-gill slits. Kuma-gill kukhona amacembe abomvu, ngoba aqukethe ama-capillaries. Amehlo wezibungu awanamandla, ngaphandle kwamehlo, izinhlanzi.
Izibungu zibizwa ngama-ascolotles ngama-ambists; akhula kuphela emanzini.
I-larva iyakhula futhi ibhekana ne-metamorphosis: izinsephe, amaphiko nezinsimbi ziyanyamalala, izinkophe ziyavela emehlweni, amaphaphu athuthuka bese kuvela umbala ojwayelekile. Kepha amanye ama-axolotls akhula aze afike kusayizi wabantu abadala ngaphandle kokufakwa yi-metamorphosis.
Pacific Giant Ambistoma
Lolu hlobo luvame emahlathini osogwini eCalifornia naseColombia. Lawa ama-amphibians amakhulu, afinyelela ubude obufika kumasentimitha angama-30. Ama-ambistomes asePacific abukeka emabi ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu, kepha angakwazi ukukhwela izihlahla ngokuzikhandla futhi angazingeli ama-invertebrates kuphela, kepha nezihlobo zawo, izinyoka, amasele namagundane amancane.
Yethukile, i-ambistome enkulu enkulu yasePacific yenza umsindo omkhulu ofana nokukhonkotha. Izinsikazi zalolu hlobo azibeki amaqanda e-ambisto emanzini, kodwa emiseleni yamagundane noma imifantu emhlabathini.
Ama-ambistane amakhulu asePacific afinyelela ku-30 cm ubude, abe ngama-amphibians amakhulu impela.
I-ambistoma yama-Olimpiki
Le nhlobo ihlala eNyakatho Melika: isuka eCalifornia iye eWashington. I-ambyoma ye-olympic iyi-reptile encane efinyelela cishe amasentimitha ayi-10 ubude. Lesi isilwane esidlangalaleni esinomzimba omncane.
Ama-ambistomes ama-Olimpiki ahlala ngasogwini lwemifudlana, ecasha engcupheni phakathi kwamatshe. Njengoba la ma-amphibians ehlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama, ezipholile, amaphaphu awo athuthukisiwe, ukuphefumula kwenziwa ikakhulu ngenxa yesikhumba nomlomo womlomo.
Amawashi ama-Olimpiki ahlala eduze nemifudlana, acashe engozini ngaphansi kwamatshe.
Tiger Ambistoma
La ma-ambistomes ahlala eNyakatho Melika asuka eCanada aye eMexico. Ama-tiger ambistoma afinyelela amasentimitha angama-28 ubude, ngomsila owenza uhhafu walesi ubude.
Izindawo abahlala kuzo zingamahlathi ahlanganayo futhi anqumayo, amasimu, izihlambi, ogwadule, iziwugwadule kanye nezintaba. Emini bacasha emiseleni yamagundane, bondla ebusuku.
Ama-Tiger ambistomes, njengabameli abaningi balo mndeni, asebusuku.
I-ambistoma enomzimba omningi
Kutholakala i-ambistoma ebunjwe ngemvukuzane ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Atlantic: isuka eLouisiana naseNyakatho neKoloni iya e-Oklahoma, eNyakatho ne-Illinois, eTexas nase-Arkansas.
Izibungu ezisencane zigcina amandla okuphinda zisebenze futhi zingabuyisela imilenze elahlekile.
Ubude bomzimba we-ambistoma eyenziwe ngesimo somzimba ngamasentimitha ayi-8.5-9,5.Abamele le nhlobo bayaphawuleka ngoba ngaphezu kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, bahlala bemba emhlabathini, yingakho izinhlobo zayo zaba negama lazo. Izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda echibini lesikhashana elakhiwe ehlathini likaphayini.
Taylor Ambistoma
Le nhlobo igcwele echibini laseLaguna Alcicca, elibekwe phezulu ezintabeni futhi lisesifundeni saseMexico saseVeracruz, liyichibi elinosawoti ngokweqile, izinga lokushisa lamanzi kulo lingama-18-21 degrees. Ubude bomzimba we-Taylor's ambistoma ngamasentimitha ayi-15-20.
Amapulangwe nezinhlobo zezimbali zama-Ambisto ekuqaleni kwatholakala esifundeni sezintaba sase-United States naseCentral Plateau eMexico.
Isiliva Ambistoma
Le ambistoma isabalale e-United States: Massachusetts, Ohio, New Jersey naseMichigan.
Ngenqubo ye-metamorphosis, ama-gill kanye nama-fold folds ayanyamalala, imichilo yezilwane, isikhumba siqala ukuthola umbala ojwayelekile kubantu abadala.
I-ambistoma yesiliva ihlala emahlathini acijile, lapho inamachibi nemifula emincane. I-amphibian ephakathi nendawo enobude bomzimba ngamasentimitha ayi-12-20.
I-ambisoma ende-toed
I-ambistoma ende enezinyawo ihlala eNyakatho California iye e-Alaska, isuka eWestern Montana iye e-Idaho. Alukhuphuli ekuphakameni okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-2800. Igcinwa emahlathini acijile futhi acishe abe nezindawo ezishisayo, futhi itholakala emathafeni nasezimfundeni eziphakemeyo. Lesi i-ambistoma encane kunalokho, efinyelela ubude bamasentimitha angu-4.1-8.9.
I-ambistoma ende enamazinyo ithanda amahlathi acwebezelayo nezihlahla eziphakemeyo ezinezintaba.
Marble Ambistoma
Lolu hlobo luhlala eNyakatho Melika: ukusuka eGreat Lakes kuya eFlorida. Amarble ambistomes atholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene: amahlathi ahlanganisiwe, anqenqayo, amathafa asogwini, amagquma, indawo ezinde zotshani, izihlambi ezikhukhula ihlathi kanye nasemithambekeni wezintaba endaweni ephakeme engekho ngaphezu kwama-700 m.
Ngobude, ama-ambistomes emabula afinyelela ngamasentimitha angu-9-12. Iningi lezimpilo zabo bazifihla ngaphansi kwamatshe, izingodo, amaqabunga awileyo, kwizimbobo nasemigodini. Ngesikhathi esomile, abantu balesi zinhlobo bangena shí emhlabathini, lapho belinde khona isikhathi esingesihle.
I-ambbleoma yemabula ayizaleli emanzini, kodwa emhlabeni. Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka kanye ngonyaka. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ngaphansi komsele noma echibini elomile bese ivikela kuze kube yilapho ichibi ligcwele amanzi.
IMarble Ambistoma (Ambystoma opacum).
Uma lokhu kungenzeki, khona-ke ukukhula kwezibungu kuyama kuze kube sentwasahlobo, futhi ngaso sonke lesi sikhathi insikazi inakekela i-clutch, iguqula amaqanda futhi ivikele.
I-Ambistoma enamakhanda amafushane
Le nhlobo ihlala eMissouri iya e-Ohio. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile be-ambistoma enamakhanda amafushane cishe ngamasentimitha ayi-17,7.
Amamakhanda anamakhanda amafushane athande izindawo ezinomswakama, zitholakala ezindaweni ezinamanzi amaningi emifula, ezindaweni zezolimo, emasimini nasezindongeni, futhi kwesinye isikhathi abantu abadala bahlangabezana nemithambeka enamadwala. Ngonyaka, insikazi eyodwa inganikeza amaqanda angama-300-700.
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Habitat
Bahlala yonke indawo: amahlathi anqumayo futhi anobuhlakani, imithambeka ye-alpine ne-subalpine, amasimu, ama-semi-desertertert namahlane, izimpophoma zamanzi (akuvamile). Ingatholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile, amadlelo, amadlelo, amahlathi, amasimu, ngisho nasemadolobheni. Okokuzalela ama-ambistomes adinga amanzi (okushisa kwamanzi 18-24 ° C): amachibi, amachibi nezinye izidumbu zamanzi ezingapheli. I-Tiger ambistoma ithanda i-sandy noma i-imeyili evulekile.
Imininingwane ejwayelekile
Ama-Ambistomaceae, abizwa ngokuthi ama-mole salamanders emazweni akhuluma isiNgisi, asuka eNyakatho Melika, lapho asatshalaliswa esuka eningizimu yeCanada naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Alaska ayiswa eMexico. Ama-Ambistomas ayaziwa ngesigaba sawo se-larval - axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), eyayisetshenziswa kabanzi njengesilwane eselabhoratri ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene, ngemuva kwalokho yafika iseza kuma-aquarists. Amanye ama-ambistomes amahlosi (A. tigrinum, A. mavortium) - ama-amphibians ajwayelekile kakhulu emazweni amaningi aseMelika, futhi ngezinye izikhathi agcinwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo.
Abantu abadala abahlala emhlabeni, ama-ambistomes ahlukaniswa yinhloko ebanzi, amehlo amancanyana, umzimba ominyene onamasheya obukhulu obonakalayo, imilenze emincane nomsila oyindilinga esigabeni sesiphambano. Izinhlobo eziningi zinombala obukekayo: zinemibala nemibala ekhanyayo ehlukahlukene (kusuka kumachashazi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya kumaribhoni amakhulu aphuzi) amabala ngemuva ngemuva. Abantu abadala basemhlabeni bachitha iningi lezimpilo zabo ngaphansi kwesihlahla sehlathi ngaphansi kokudonswa kwamaqabunga noma emiseleni abayibambayo noma bayihlale ishiywe ezinye izilwane. Izinhlobo eziningi zasenyakatho zobusika kule mibango. Bahlala bodwa futhi bondla ama-invertebrates ahlukahlukene. Abantu abadala babuyela emanzini esikhathini esifushane sokuzala, bekhetha lokhu okugcina lapho bazalelwa khona ngasikhathi sinye. Imvamisa lokhu kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kepha izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo zanda ekwindla, ngokwesibonelo, i-ambistoma ene ringed (A. ukunqunyelwa) kanye nemabula (A. opacum).
Zonke izinhlobo zamaqanda we-oviparous, ezivalekile ngenqwaba, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izingcezwana ezingxenyeni ezihlukile, zibekwa endaweni yokugcina amadlangala noma egeleza kancane, kuphela i-ambistoma yemabula ibeka amaqanda ezindaweni ezihlukumezekile zenhlabathi emhlabeni, ezigcwaliswa ngokushesha ngamanzi ezimvula zasekwindla. Izibungu zasemanzini ziyafana ngokulingana nokwakheka kwabantu abadala. Bahlukaniswe ngamabili ama-gill angaphandle ngama-pair amabili we-gill slits ngemuva kwekhanda. Ezintweni eziyizigaxa zitholakala kubomvu kusuka ezinhlafunweni eziningi ezigcwele igazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela phansi kwekhanda kuze kube sekupheleni komsila kusuka ohlangothini lwe-dorsal futhi kusukela ekugcineni komsila kuya ku-cloaca kusuka ku-larva yesisu, izindonga zesikhumba eziphakeme ziyelulwa, zakha i-caudal fin. Umsila uvame ukuphela ngentambo yomsila. Amalambu akhona kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwalesi sibalo ngeminwe engu-4 ngaphambili neminye engu-5 ngemuva. Amehlo ezibungu awanawo amashiya futhi “awapheki”, “izinhlanzi”. Umbala ojwayelekile uvamisile futhi ucacile. Babhukuda, begoba umzimba njengenhlanzi. Izibungu zezinhlobo ezithile (ikakhulukazi izinhlanga zaseningizimu zama-tiger ambistomes nezinhlobo ezihlobene nazo) ziyakwazi ukukhula zikhule zibe ngosayizi abadala ngaphandle kokuthola i-metamorphosis. Ngenqubo ye-metamorphosis, amagilebhisi nama-fold folds ayanyamalala, imichilo yezilwane, isikhumba siqala ukuthola umbala ojwayelekile kubantu abadala, bese kuvela izinkophe emehlweni. Amaphaphu agcina ukukhula, elungiselela isilwane ukuba siphile emhlabeni.
Izincazelo Zensimu
Ama-amphibians afakwe usayizi omncane noma ophakathi. Isikhumba sibushelelezi. Kukhona amashiya angakwazi ukuhambisa. Umanyolo ungaphakathi. Abamele umndeni babonakala nge-biconcave (amphitic) vertebrae, ukungabikho kwethambo le-angular lesikhumba, ukuhlelwa okuguqukayo kwamazinyo we-palatine. Ukungabikho kwama-grooves phakathi kwamakhala nasemaphethelweni womhlathi ongenhla kwehlukanisa i-ambistome kwamanye ama-salamanders aseNyakatho Melika - i-lungless (Plethodontidae) I-diploid chromosome isethi - 28
Igebhezi
- amathambo we-premaxillary abhangqiwe (ossa premaxillaria) ayodwa, awahlanganisi ithambo elilodwa,
- amathambo emakhaleni (ossa nasalia) abhangqiwe, ayalingana, elinye nelinye livela kokunye, okugxilwe ekugcineni, inqubo yangemuva yothambo eliqhamile idlula phakathi kwabo futhi ibahlukanise ngokuphelele,
- amathambo maxillary (ossa maxillaria) akhule kahle,
- ukuba khona kwamathambo abhangqiwe nama-symmetric cloisonne maxillary (ossa septomaxillaria),
- ukuntuleka kwamathambo izinyembezi (ossa lacrimaria),
- ukuntuleka kwamathambo abalekayo (ossa quadratojugularia),
- kwethulwa ama-pterygoids (ossa pterygoidea,
- ukuvulwa komthambo we-carotid ongaphakathi kutholakala ku-parasphenoid kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane,
- ithambo le-angular (os angulare) lihlanganiswe ne-mandibular (mandibula),
- ikholamu (columella) ne-operculum zikhona njengamathambo endlebe ahlukile, ahlukaniswe yikhompiyutha yokuphawula kwezinye izinhlobo noma ikholomu ifakwa ku-capulethi kwezinye,
- amazinyo avulekile ayashintshashintsha, esikhundleni sawo kuqalwa kusuka emuva kwesivalo,
- amazinyo anomqhele ohlukile n koqweqwe lwawo,
- ingaphambili lomsipha eliphakamisa umhlathi ophansi (musculus levator mandibulae) lifaka phakathi izinto ezivela ekuqaleni.
Indlebe yangaphakathi
- Kwethulwa isakhi esiyinkimbinkimbi,
- i-amphibious recess (recessus amphibiorum) endlebeni yangaphakathi iqondiswe ngokuqondile,
- i-auditory vesicle (saccus oticus) ifakwa msipha futhi igcwele ngosawoti we-calcium,
- umsele we-amphibious perilymphatic (canalis perioticus) ngaphandle kwezicubu ze-fibrous,
- umgodi we-perilymphatic (cysterna periotica) omkhulu.
Umthambo wesigaxa kanye nemilenze
- i-scapula ne-coracoid kuhlungelwe ukwenza i-scapulocoracoid,
- imizimba ye-vertebral kukhona amphicelic,
- izimbambo ezinekhanda ezimbili
- izimbobo zemithambo yomgogodla zikule ndawo emaphakathi yayo yonke i-vertebrae, ngaphandle kwenhliziyo yomgogodla eqhubeka phakathi kwe-atlas nesiqu sokuqala, isiqu sokuqala kanye ne-vertebrae yesibili,
- i-glomeruli engaphandle yezinso iyancishiswa noma ingekho.
I-Neotenia
Ukuba khona kwezihlahlana ezinkulu kubantu kuyinto eyenza izinhlobo eziningana zezilwane zibe ngama-amphibian ngokugcwele noma ngokwenxenye. Abantu abadala ezinhlotsheni ezinjalo abazishiyi izidumbu zamanzi, bagcine gill kanye nama-fold folds, yize amaphaphu abo ekhula, esebenza njengesitho esengeziwe sokuphefumula. Bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngaphandle kokubhekana ne-metamorphosis.
Izidalwa ezi-Neotenic kanye nezinhlobo ezingama-ambistorant zatholakala ekuqaleni ezindaweni ezintabeni zase-United States naseCentral Plateau eMexico. Imibandela evumelana nokuvela kwe-neoteny ubukhulu bokuphakama okukhulu, ukungabi bikho kwezilwane ezinamanzi nezimo ezomile ngaphandle kwezidumbu zamanzi. Iningi labantu abahle bangamalungu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ze-tiger ambistoma - Ambystoma tigrinum, A. velasci, A. mavortium nemibono esondele.
Izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-neotenic ngokugcwele zibizwa ngama-ambistos i-axolotl — A. mexicanum, A. taylori, A. andersoni futhi A. dumerilii. AmaNeotenics agcina amandla akhulayo okuvuselela kabusha isimilo sezibungu ezisencane futhi angabuyisela imilenze elahlekile, umsila kanye nanoma yisiphi isitho sangaphakathi. (bheka futhi i-Tailed Amphibians - Regeneration)
Izitha:
Izitha zifaka izinyoni, ama-raccoon, ama-uwezekano. Izinhlanzi ezihlaselayo kanye nenkukhu yezinkukhu ezidla inyama kwizibungu kanye ne-caviar. Lapho isitha sisondela, i-ambistome yehlosi ithatha isikhundla sokuzivikela: umzimba ugoqeka ku-arc, umsila uyaphakanyiswa bese ulandelana usuka ngapha nangapha. Lapho unqikaza, i-toxin yobisi inyakaziswa emsileni, ewela isitha. Abanye abahlaseli badla izitha, yize zinobuthi, njengama-raccoon. Zigingqa i-amber odakeni kuze kube yilapho sekususwe wonke ubuthi esikhunjeni sayo.
Ukudla / Ukudla
I-Tiger ambistoma ingadla inyamazane, okungengxenye yesihlanu yobude be-amphibian uqobo. Kuze kube ngu-30-60 izisulu ezitholakele kulesisisu ngesigaxa esingu-9-10 cm ubude. Izingela ngosizo lwephunga, ihlasela izisulu ezihambayo nezingaguquki. Lapho lisondela inyamazane cishe, i-ambistoma iphakamisa umhlathi ongaphezulu, iphumele ngaphandle kolimi, ibambe inyamazane bese iyidonsela emlonyeni. Abadala kanye nezibungu badla yonke into encane ngosayizi: izibungu, ama-mollusks, namanye ama-invertebrates.
Ukuziphatha
Emini, i-ambistoma yamahlosi ifihla emiseleni yamagundane, ngaphansi kwezingibe, ngamatshe, bese iyahamba izingela ebusuku. Uma kungabikho lutho olufanele, angakwazi ukumba umgodi yedwa. Vikela ilanga nezikhala ezivulekile. Uncamela izindawo ezinomswakama, azisusi ezitolo. Ingena emanzini ngesikhathi sokuzalela. Ubusika buqala ngo-Okthoba. Ubusika emiseleni yamagundane.
Ukuzala
Umanyolo wokufuna ngaphakathi ungaphakathi. Insikazi ibamba i-cesspool of spermatophores ebekwa ngabesilisa futhi ibeke izikhwama zamaqanda lapho kufinyelela amaqanda angama-200-500 (1,9-2.6 mm ubukhulu). Ngesikhathi sonyaka, insikazi eyodwa ingazalela amaqanda ayi-100-1000. Ukunwebeka kuqala amahora angama-24-48 emva kokukhulelwa, ebusuku. Insikazi iphonsa amaqanda, inamathisele izinduku, iziqu zotshani, amaqabunga, amatshe, i-driftwood, i.e. konke okulele phansi kwendawo yokugcina amanzi. Ngokuhlangana okukhulu, abesilisa baqala ukulwa bodwa ngenxa yezindawo ezinhle kakhulu. Owinayo uvame ukuqeda onqobileyo. Kwesinye isikhathi owesilisa uqamba iqhinga futhi abeke amaspermatophores akhe phezu kwama-spermatophores amanye amadoda.
Intuthuko
Izibungu ezisanda kuzalwa zingama-13-16 mm ubude. Ikhanda lithambile, amehlo mancane. Ngezinsuku zokuqala ezingama-6 baphila ngamasheya we-yolk. Ama-larvae ama-tiger ambistomes angabadli, inyamazane yezinambuzane zasemanzini nama-invertebrates. Khetha amanzi afudumele - 23-26 ° C. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu ze-ambistoma emanzini kuyizinsuku ezingama-75-120. Sesifinyelele kubude obungu-80-86 mm, i- metamorphose yama-larva bese shiya idamu. Ezintabeni, izibungu ziyahlakulela isikhathi esingangonyaka. Imvamisa kuba nezimo ze-neoteny eziphelele. Uma kungekho okuphakelayo, amacala e-cannibalism ajwayelekile.
I-Salamander ne-algae
Ezicubu zezinhlobo ezithile (i-ambistoma ephuzi ebonakalayo Ambystoma maculatum njll.) Amangqamuzana e-algae aphile Oophila amblystomatis. Lawa ma-algae akhona ngaphansi kwegobolondo lamaqanda emibungu ngokwawo ngisho nakubantu abadala. Ngaphakathi kwamaseli we-amphibian lapho i-algae ihlala khona, eyokugcina izungezwe i-mitochondria. Lawa maqanda e-algae enza amabala kanye nemibungu eluhlaza. Ngasizathu simbe, amasosha omzimba we-vertebral awaphenduli kulezi zi-algae.