Kakhulu gibbons uhlale eSoutheast Asia. Phambilini, indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwawo ibibanzi kakhulu, kepha ithonya lomuntu linciphise kakhulu. Ungahlangana nenkawu emahlathini aminyene asezindaweni ezishisayo, kanye nasezihlahleni zezihlahla ezisemithambekeni yezintaba, kodwa hhayi ephakeme kunamamitha ayi-2 000.
Izici zesakhiwo esibonakalayo sabamele izinhlobo zalezi zinhlobo zifaka ukungabikho komsila kanye nobude obukhulu bezandulelo maqondana nomzimba kunezinye izinduna. Ngenxa yezingalo ezinde eziqinile nesithupha esinezimpande eziphansi ezandleni, ama-gibbons angakwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwezihlahla ngejubane elikhulu, eguqukela emagatsheni.
Use isithombe gibbons kusuka ku-Intanethi ungahlangana nezinkawu ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala, kepha-ke, lokhu kuhlukahluka kutholakala ngokusebenzisa izihlungi kanye nemiphumela.
Empilweni, kunezindlela ezintathu zokukhetha imibala - ezimnyama, ezimpunga nezinsundu. Ubukhulu buxhomeke kumuntu ngamunye wohlobo oluthile lokubhaliselwe okuthile. Ngakho-ke, i-gibbon encane kunazo zonke lapho ikhulile ine-cm engu-45-5 enesisindo esingu-4-5 kg, ama-subspecies amakhudlwana afinyelela ukuphakama okungama-90 cm, ngokulandelana, futhi isisindo sanda.
Uhlobo nendlela yokuphila yegibbon
Esikhathini sasemini, ama-gibbons asebenza kakhulu. Zihamba ngokushesha phakathi kwezihlahla, zithambekele ebuntshini bazo obude futhi zigxume zisuka egatsheni ziye egatsheni ziye kufinyelela kumamitha amathathu ubude. Ngakho-ke, ijubane labo lifinyelela ku-15 km / h.
Izinkawu azivamile ukwehlela emhlabeni. Kepha, uma lokhu kwenzeka, indlela yokunyakaza kwabo imnandi kakhulu - bemi ngezinyawo zabo ezingemuva bahambe, balinganise abangaphambili. Imibhangqwana ehloniphekayo ihlala nezingane zayo endaweni yayo, eziyigcinayo ngentshiseko.
Ekuseni kakhulu monkey gibbons gibela umuthi ophakeme kakhulu futhi wazise wonke amanye amasimu ngengoma ekhombisa ukuthi lesi sikwele sihlala kuso. Kunezinhlobo zokuthi ezinye izizathu azinayo insimu nomndeni. Imvamisa kakhulu laba abesilisa abancane abashiya ukunakekelwa kwabazali beyofuna abalingani bezempilo.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uma owesilisa osemncane ekhulile engashiyi yedwa indawo yakhe yobazali, uxoshwa ngenkani. Ngakho-ke, iduna lingazulazula ehlathini iminyaka eminingana kuze kube yilapho lihlangana nokukhethiwe, kuphela lapho bobabili behlala endaweni engenalutho futhi bakhulisa izingane lapho.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abantu abadala bezinye izingxenyana ezithile bahlala futhi bavikele izindawo zezizukulwane zabo ezizayo, lapho owesilisa omncane ezokwazi ukuletha insikazi ukuqhubeka nempilo, eseyivele isezimele.
Kulesi sithombe, iGibbon enomhlophe
Kunolwazi mayelana nokukhona phakathi gibbons ezimhlophe ezimhlophe inqubo eqinile yansuku zonke, elandelwa cishe zonke izinkawu ngaphandle kokukhetha. Ekuntweleni kokusa, phakathi nesikhathi phakathi kwamahora angama-5-6 ekuseni, izinkawu zivuka ziphume ziyolala.
Ngokushesha ngemuva kokukhuphuka, intengo iya endaweni ephezulu kakhulu yendawo yakhe ukuze ikhumbuze wonke umuntu ukuthi le nsimu imatasa futhi akufanele igxishwe. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho lapho i-gibbon yenza khona indlu yangasese yasekuseni, icoceke ngemuva kokulala, iqale ukwenza ukunyakaza okusebenzayo bese iya emagatsheni ezihlahla.
Le ndlela ivame ukuholela esihlahleni sezithelo, esivele sikhethwe yinkawu, lapho onjiniyela bejabulela khona isidlo sasekuseni esinenhliziyo. Ukudla kwenziwa kancane, i-gibbon idlulisa yonke ingxenye yezithelo ezinamanzi. Lapho-ke, isivinini esivela kancane, intengo iya kwenye yezindawo zakhe zokuphumula ukuze iphumule.
Isithombe igibbon emnyama
Lapho, usika esidlekeni, elele cishe ngaphandle kokunyakaza, ujabulele ukugcwala, ukufudumala nokuphila ngokujwayelekile. Lapho iphumula kakhulu, igibbon inakekela inhlanzeko yejazi layo, uyihlanganisele ngaphandle, iqoqe kancane kancane ukuze iqhubeke ekudleni okulandelayo.
Ngasikhathi sinye, isidlo sasemini sesivele kwesinye isihlahla - kungani udla okufanayo uma uhlala ehlathini lemvula? Izibhedlela ziyayazi indawo yazo nezindawo zayo ezimbi. Umbhangqwana olandelayo, inkawu iphinda ivuselele izithelo zayo ezinamafutha, ifake isisu bese, isinda, iye endaweni yokulala.
Njengomthetho, ukuphumula kosuku nokudla okubili kuthatha usuku lonke lwe-gibbon, kufinyelela esidlekeni, kuya embhedeni ukwazisa isifunda ngamandla avuselelekile ukuthi le ndawo ihlalwa yisimo esingenasibindi futhi esiqinile.
Ukuzalela nokuphila isikhathi eside kwe-gibbon
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ama-gibbon ayimibhangqwana engabodwa lapho abazali behlala khona nezingane kuze kube yilapho izingane sezikulungele ukudala imindeni yazo. Ngokubona ukuthi ukuthomba kufinyelela ezinganeni ezineminyaka engu-6 kuya kweli-6, umndeni uvame ukuba nezingane zezeminyaka ehlukene nabazali.
Kwesinye isikhathi zihlanganiswa nezinduna zakudala, ezithi ngesizathu esithile zihlale zinesizungu. Iningi lama-gibbon, njengoba elahlekelwe ngumlingani, alisakwazi ukuthola okusha, ngakho-ke lichitha impilo yalo yonke linganandoda. Kwesinye isikhathi lesi isikhathi eside impela, njengoba gibbons bukhoma kuze kube yiminyaka engama-25-30.
Abamele umphakathi owodwa bayazana, balale badle ndawonye, banakekelane. Izinsimbi ezikhulayo zisiza umama ukuba aqaphe izingane. Futhi, ngokwesibonelo sabadala, izingane zifunda ngokuziphatha okufanele. I-cub entsha ivela kulo mbhangqwana njalo eminyakeni engama-2-3. Masinyane ngemuva kokuzalwa, ugoqa izingalo zakhe okhalweni lukanina abambelele kuye.
Gibbon enesithombe esimhlophe
Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba ngisho nengane isezingalweni zayo, insikazi ihamba ngendlela efanayo - ijika kakhulu futhi igxuma isuka egatsheni iye kwelinye igatsha endaweni ephakeme kakhulu. Owesilisa ubuye futhi anakekele abancane, kepha imvamisa lokhu kukhathazeka kuphela ekuvikelweni nasekuvikeleni insimu. Yize iqiniso lokuthi ama-gibbons ahlala emahlathini agcwele abagwebi abathukuthele kakhulu, iningi lomonakalo owenziwe yilezi zilwane wenziwe ngabantu. Inani lezinhlobonhlobo lincishiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokwehla kwendawo yezindawo ezihlala khona.
Amahlathi agawulwa futhi ama-gibbons kufanele ashiye izindawo zawo lapho eyofuna okusha, okungelula kangako ukwenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, muva nje kuye kwaba nomkhuba wokugcina lezi zilwane zasendle ekhaya. Ungathenga igibbon ezinkulisa ezikhethekile. Intengo ye-gibbon kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngeminyaka nobungako bomuntu ngamunye.
Habitat
Kuze kube manje, indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwalesi silwane incane kakhulu kuneminyaka eyikhulu edlule. Manje indawo yokuhlala ye-gibbon ikhawulelwe kuphela eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ukusatshalaliswa kwemisebenzi yabantu kuholele ekwehleni kwendawo yokusatshalaliswa. Iningi le-gibbon litholakala emahlathini ashisayo nasezihlahleni ezitholakala emithambekeni yezintaba. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lezi zindondo azikaze zihlale ezintabeni endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kwamabili ngaphezu kolwandle.
Izici zomzimba zomndeni
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zasendulo, izindlulamithi zihlukaniswa ngokubonakalayo ngokungabikho komsila nokuphakama okwandulelayo. Ngenxa yobude namandla ezandla, abamele lo mndeni bayakwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwemqhele yezihlahla ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu.
Emvelweni, inkawu yeGibbon itholakala ngezinketho ezintathu zemibala - grey, brown and black. Ubungako babantu bunye bunquma ukunqunyelwa kwayo okuyi-subspecies. Elincane kakhulu lama-gibbons lapho usakhula lifinyelela uhhafu wemitha ukuphakama futhi linesisindo esingamakhilogremu amahlanu. Abantu bengxenye enkulu yokubhaliselwa okungaphezulu bangaba nesisindo esingafika kumasentimitha ayi-100, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, babe nesisindo esikhudlwana.
Indlela yokuphila
Umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu wezinduna wenzeka ngesikhathi sasemini. Ama-Gibbons ahamba ngokushesha phakathi komqhele wezihlahla, ngesinye isikhathi enza ukweqa aze afike kumamitha amathathu. Ngenxa yalokhu, ijubane lokuhamba kwama-primates phakathi kwamagatsha esihlahla lingafinyelela amakhilomitha ayi-15 ngehora. Njengoba bekwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha nje ngezihlahla, lapho, nabo, bethola khona ukudla okudingekayo, abanasidingo sokwehla emhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuyaqabukela. Kepha uma lokhu kwenzeka, kubukeka kuthakazelisa kakhulu futhi kumnandi. I-Gibbons ihamba ngemilenze yazo engemuva, kuyilapho eyaphambili ibhalansi.
Izimbhangqwana zabantu abadala bezilwane ezihlangene zihlala namawundlu azo kuleyo ndawo, eziyicabanga njengeyazo nokuzivikela kakhulu. Njalo ekuseni, owesilisa ugibela esihlahleni esikhulu kunazo zonke futhi enze imisindo enkulu, emibuthanweni yesayensi ibizwa ngokuthi iculo. Ngalesi siginali, owesilisa wazisa eminye imindeni ukuthi le ndawo ingeyakhe nomphakathi wayo. Imvamisa ungathola izimbungulu ezinesizungu ezingenamuntu ngaphandle kwezinto zazo nomndeni. Ezimweni eziningi, laba abesilisa abasebasha abashiya umphakathi beyofuna umlingani empilweni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izingane zishiya umndeni hhayi ngokuthanda kwazo, kepha zixoshwa ngumholi. Ngemuva kwalokho angakwazi ukuhamba ehlathini iminyaka eminingana. Kuze kube manje lapho ehlangana nowesifazane. Lapho umhlangano ufika, umphakathi osemusha uthola insimu engafinyeleleki futhi usuvele uzale futhi ukhulise inzalo yakhe lapho.
Zidlani i-gibbons?
Izinkawu zezinhlobo ezifundwayo zisetshenziselwa ukuhlala emagatsheni ezihlahla ezinde ezishisayo, zithola ukudla lapho. Unyaka wonke, ama-gibbons adla izithelo ezinhlotsheni zezithelo zemivini nezihlahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zidla amahlamvu nezinambuzane, okuwumthombo wazo oyinhloko wamaprotheni.
Ngokungafani nezinye izinduna, lezi zinkawu zikhetha kakhulu ngokudla. Isibonelo, inkawu iyakwazi ukudla izithelo ezingavuthiwe, futhi kuphela izivuno ezivuthiwe kuphela. Zizoshiya izithelo ezingavuthiwe emagatsheni, zizinike ithuba lokuvuthwa.
Ukufuya kwe-gibbon nokuthi kuphila kanjani
Lezi zinkawu zakha ngababili abesilisa abangamadoda. Ngasikhathi sinye, intsha ihlala emndenini owodwa nabazali bayo ize ifinyelele ebusheni. Lesi sikhathi ngokuvamile siqala ngonyaka we-10 wokuphila. Kwesinye isikhathi abantu abadala bakwamanye amazwe bahlanganisa imindeni. Lokhu kungenxa yesizungu. Njengoba ilahlekelwe umlingani, igibbon njengomthetho ayitholi entsha futhi iphile impilo yonke ibe yodwa. Imvamisa, lokhu kuhlala isikhathi eside impela, ngoba isikhathi esiphakathi salolu hlobo lwenkawu siyiminyaka engama-25. Emphakathini we-gibbon, ukunakekelana kujwayelekile. Abantu abathathe ukudla ndawonye, badle, futhi ukukhula okuncane kusiza ukulawula amalungu amancane omndeni. Ku-monkey gibbon wensikazi, kuvela iwundlu elisha njalo eminyakeni engama-2-3. Lapho nje umntwana ezalwa, ubamba umzimba wakhe kanina unamathele kuye. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ngisho nengane isezandleni zayo, insikazi ihamba ngokushesha kakhulu ezihlahleni, futhi lokhu kwenzeka ukuphakama okukhulu. Futhi, owesilisa naye unakekela inzalo, kepha indima yakhe ukuvikela insimu yomndeni.
Ukuvikela ama-Gibbons Endle
Ukuhlakazwa kwamahlathi eSoutheast Asia kusongela amaGibbons ngokubhujiswa okuphelele esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Ngokwemininingwane etholwe ososayensi, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, inani lalezi zilwane lalingabantu abayizigidi ezine kuphela. Kepha kuze kube manje, izibalo zibonisa ukuthi usongo lwangempela lokuqothuka lubangelwa yilezi zinhlobo zezilwane. Ukugawulwa kwemithi njalo futhi kubanzi kufaka isandla ekufudukeni kwabantu okungenani abayinkulungwane unyaka nonyaka, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwabantu bezinhlobo. Izindlela ezincanyana ezifana neKloss's Gibbon sezisondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni. Isikhathi sokuthi abantu bakhathazeke ngalokhu!
Ukusindisa izilwane ezimangazayo, okokuqala, ukuvikela izindawo lapho kuhlala khona ama-gibbons kusuka ekungeneni nasekuzingeleni. Lezi zindawo zingabantu abahlala emahlathini kuphela, ezingalimazi abantu ngokuphelele. Akuzona ezithwala izifo namagciwane, okubenza babe omakhelwane abaphephile ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, e-Indonesia, ama-gibbons ahlonishwa kakhulu njengemimoya yehlathi ngenxa yokufana kwawo nabantu nezinga eliphakeme lobuhlakani. Ukuzingela kwalezi zilwane akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele ezweni. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izingxenye zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ama-gibbons aqhubeka nokufa ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu.
Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-gibbons?
Ezibhebheni, imilenze yezandla ingemfishane kakhulu kunangaphambili. Izingalo ezinde zivumela lezi zimbobo zakudala ukuba zikhuphuke ngokushesha ngamagatsha ezihlahla. Izithupha ezisemboniselweni zibanga kude ukusuka kwenye iminwe, ngaleyo ndlela zinikeze isithombe esihle sokubamba. Lezi zinhlwayi zinezimfushane ezinamehlo amancane. Izinkawu zalo mndeni zinezikhwama zomphimbo ezikhule kahle, ngakho-ke zingakhala kakhulu.
Ubukhulu bomzimba wama-gibbons buyehluka phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-48-92. Abamele lo mndeni banesisindo esisuka kumakhilogremu amahlanu kuya kwayi-13.
IGibbon ehlome ngezikhali ezimnyama (iHylobates agilis).
Uboya bukhulu. Umbala ungasuka koku nsundu okhanyayo ube nsundu. Kwamanye ama-gibbons, umbala ungacishe ube mhlophe ngokukhanyayo, noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ube mnyama. Kodwa ama-gibbons nge-fur emnyama noma elula ayijwayelekile. Ukubona igibbon emhlophe kunzima kakhulu. Lezi zinkawu zinezithelo zesayensi.
Ukusakazeka kwama-gibbons emhlabeni
Ama-Gibbons ahlala ezindaweni zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo nasendaweni esishisayo ukusuka e-Indonesia kuya eNdiya. Enyakatho yebanga, ama-gibbons ahlala ezindaweni ezincane zase China. Zitholakala naseziqhingini zaseBorneo, Sumatra naseJava.
I-gibbon yengane emhlophe ehlomile (iHiglobates lar).
Izingoma zeGibbons. Kungani becula?
Phakathi kwezinye izinkawu, ama-gibbons adume ngokuyinhloko ngokukhala kwawo, noma izingoma. Mhlawumbe lo ngomunye wemisindo emangalisa kakhulu futhi engajwayelekile ezwakala emahlathini ashisayo ase-Asia. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukucula kusatshalaliswa amakhilomitha amaningi.
Ukucula kowesilisa oyedwa kuvame ukuzwakala kakhulu ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga. I-aria iqala ngochungechunge lwama-troll alula akhula kancane kancane abe uchungechunge lwemisindo ephakeme eyinkimbinkimbi. Ingoma iphetha ngokusa. Kwi-gibbon esheshayo, ngokwesibonelo, ingxenye yokugcina ye-aria iphindwe kabili kunengxenye yokuqala futhi iqukethe amanothi amaningi izikhathi ezi-2. Ukukhala kokugcina kweKloss's Gibbon kubizwa ngokuthi "ingoma enkulu."
Abesifazane bavame ukuqala ukucula ekuseni kakhulu. Ingoma yabo imfushane futhi ayifani. Bavele baphinda umnyakazo ofanayo kaninginingi. Kepha noma ngabe ephindaphindwa, wenza umbono ohlala njalo. Ingoma ebizwa ngokuthi "iculo elikhulu" lowesifazane ihlala kumasekhondi ayi-7 kuye kwangama-30.
Mhlawumbe iculo elizwakala kakhulu lowesifazane uKloss Gibbon, ochazwa ngokuthi "yimisindo emnandi kakhulu engenziwa isilwane esinyisayo."
Yize ukuphindiselwa kwabesilisa kuhluke kakhulu, ingoma ihlala yenziwa kukhiye ophansi. Abesifazane yibo “izindlovukazi” zangempela uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa.
Ama-Gibbons futhi ayahlabelela phakathi nosuku, ekhetha umuthi omude lapho kudlalwa khona konke, kubandakanya, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukushaya amagatsha. Ngesikhathi "sokusebenza", lapho ingoma ifinyelela umvuthwandaba wayo kanye nomqondo “wengoma enkulu” yemisindo yabesifazane, amagatsha omile ayaphuka futhi awele phansi.
Kungani ukucula gibbons? Bakwenza ngezinhloso ezingefani. Okokuqala, ukwazisa amanye amalungu eqembu ukuthi akuphi.
Kwakuvame ukuthi abesilisa bezinsimbi bahlabelele ukuze bavikele indawo yabo yezintombi zabo, kepha manje iningi lezazi zezokwelapha lithambekele ekukholweni ukuthi inhloso esemqoka yokucula ukuvikela intombi entombini ekufakweni kwabesilisa abangashadile.
Abesilisa bahlabelela kaningi, njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-2-4, lapho kukhona abesilisa abaningi abanesizungu nxazonke, futhi lapho inani labo lilincane, bangahle bangaculi. Ngokulalela ukucula, ama-bachelor angahlola isimo sezimbangi zabo “abashadileyo,” futhi ngenxa yalokho amandla abo okuvikela abangane babo.
Amasu wezingoma zowesifazane ancike ekutheni omakhelwane bathambekele kanjani ukungena esifundeni sakhe futhi bantshontshe izithelo. Nge-repertoire yakhe, wazisa abaqhudelana ngokudla ngokuba khona kwakhe nokuthi akafuni ukubabona esizeni sakhe. Imvamisa baqala izingoma zabo njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3. Uma kunezihlobo eziningi ezizungezile, izintokazi zingahlabelela nsuku zonke.
Emiphakathini eminingi, abesilisa bahlabelela kanye nabesifazane e-duet eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlehlela ezintweni ezifanayo: isingeniso, lapho abesilisa, abesifazane nabancane “befudumala”, kushintshana ukukhala kowesilisa nowesifazane (uma bevumelana ngezingxenye zabo), " iculo elikhulu "abesifazane nezikhodi zokugcina.
Izinga lokuvumelanisa nokubumbana phakathi kwabalingani liyanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke ikhwalithi yodonga lungasebenza njengesinkomba sobude bokuthi isikhathi sokuhlala kombhangqwana sikhona.
Ezinye izazi ziphakamise ukuthi ama-duets akhuthaza ukubhanqa futhi asize ukugcina ukuxhumana phakathi kwabalingani.
Manje sekwamukelwa ukuthi imibhangqwana yenze okufaneleyo emiphakathini lapho ukuhlasela komhlaba kwenzeka khona. Ngakho-ke, abanikazi bensimu bememezela amalungelo abo akhethekile kule ndawo. Ukusekela lona wesifazane ngenkathi kuculwa, owesilisa utshengisa omakhelwane bakhe ngokuba khona kwakhe endaweni yakhe, okunciphisa ingozi yokushayisana kwezwe.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Ama-Gibbon angawezilwane ezilandelanayo, izilwane ezincelisayo, i-oda lesimilo, kanye ne-Gibbon subfamily eyabelwe ikilasi. Kuze kube manje, imvelaphi yama-gibbons ifundelwa kancane kancane ososayensi ngokuqhathanisa nemvelaphi nokuvela kwezinye izinhlobo zezinduna.
Ukutholwa okwatholakala kudala ukuthi akhona ngesikhathi sePliocene. Idlozi lakudala lama-gibbons anamuhla kwakuyi-yuanmopithecus, eyayikhona eningizimu yeChina cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-7-9 eyedlule. Ngalezi okhokho bahlanganiswa ngokubukeka nangendlela yabo yokuphila. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ukwakheka komhlathi akukashintshi kakhulu kuma-gibbons anamuhla.
Ividiyo: IGibbon
Kukhona enye inguqulo yemvelaphi yama-gibbons - kusuka kuma-plyobates. Lezi yizicucu zasendulo ezazikhona emkhakheni we-Europe yanamuhla cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-11-11,5 edlule. Ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola izinsalela zamaPlyobates asendulo.
Wayenesakhiwo esithile samathambo, ikakhulukazi, igebhezi. Zinebhokisi lobuchopho elikhulu kakhulu, eliqinile, elixinzekile. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ingxenye engaphambili incane impela, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, inezikhoxe ezinkulu zamehlo eziyindilinga. Yize i-cranium inamandla, igcokama lobuchopho lincane, okukhombisa ukuthi ubuchopho babuncane. Ama-Plyobates, kanye nama-gibbons, ayengabanikazi bezitho ezinde kakhulu.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-gibbon?
Ubude bomzimba womuntu oyedwa omdala busuka kumasentimitha angama-40 kuye kwangama-100. Ezilwaneni, i-dimorphism yezocansi kuthiwa. Abesifazane bancane futhi banesisindo somzimba esiphansi kunabesilisa. Izilinganiso zomzimba kusuka ku-4,5 kuye ku-12,5 kilos.
I-Gibbons ihlukaniswa ngumzimba omncane, omncane, ophakeme. Izazi ze-zoologists ziphawula ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezinhlobonhlobo lufana kakhulu nabantu. Banendlela efanayo njengoba abantu benamazinyo angama-32 nesakhiwo esifanayo semihlathi. Zinezinsimbi ezinde futhi ezibukhali kakhulu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Izibalo zinezinhlobo zegazi - 2, 3, 4, njengabantu. Umehluko ulele lapho iqembu lokuqala lingekho.
Ikhanda lama-gibbons lincane ngengxenye yangaphambili ekhombisa kakhulu. Ezinduneni, emakhaleni asondele komunye nomunye, futhi kumnyama, amehlo amakhulu nomlomo obanzi. Umzimba wezinkawu umbozwe ngoboya obukhulu. Izinwele azikho endaweni engaphambili lekhanda, izintende zezinyawo, izinyawo nengxenye yesayensi. Umbala wesikhumba wabo bonke abameleli balo mndeni, kungakhathalekile ukuthi hlobo luni lwezinhlobo, lumnyama. Umbala wejazi uyehlukahluka kuma-subspecies ahlukene alo mndeni. Kungaba kungaba yi-monophonic, kuvame ukuba mnyama, noma kube nezindawo ezilula ezingxenyeni ezihlukile zomzimba. Kukhona abamele ezinye izingxhaso lapho, ngaphandle kokunye, uboya obulula bunqoba.
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu yizitho zozalo. Banembali ende ende. Ubude bawo bucishe bube yizingalo zombili ezingemuva. Kulokhu, ama-gibbons angakwazi ukuphumula kalula emabunzini awo lapho emile noma ehamba. Imilenze yangaphambili yenza umsebenzi wezandla. Izintende zinde kakhulu futhi zimincane. Zineminwe emihlanu, ngomunwe wokuqala ufakwe uhlangothi.
Ihlala kuphi i-gibbon?
Photo: Gibbon emvelweni
Abamele abahlukahlukene bale nhlobo banendawo yokuhlala ehlukile:
Ama-Gibbons angazizwa ekhululekile impela kunoma yisiphi isifunda. Iningi labantu lihlala emahlathini emvula ashisayo. Ungahlala amahlathi omile. Imindeni yezindlamlenze ihlala ezigodini, ezintabeni noma ezintabeni. Kukhona abantu abangakhuphuka ngamamitha ayi-2000 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Umndeni ngamunye wezikhulu uhlala endaweni ethile. Indawo ehlala umndeni owodwa ingafinyelela kumakhilomitha-skwele angama-200. Ngeshwa, ngaphambi kwendawo yokuhlala ama-gibbons kwakubanzi kakhulu. Namuhla, izazi zezilwane ziphawula ukuncipha konyaka konyaka kwendawo yokusatshalaliswa yozimele. Isidingo sokwenza imisebenzi ejwayelekile yezinduna ukuba khona kwezihlahla ezinde.
Manje uyazi lapho ihlala khona igibbon. Masibone ukuthi udlani.
Ngabe idlani i-gibbon?
Isithombe: Monkey Gibbon
Ama-Gibbons angabizwa ngokuphephile ngokuthi ngama-omnivorous, njengoba adla ngokudla kokudla kwezitshalo nemvelo. Bayihlolisisa ngokucophelela insimu okuhlalwa kuyo ukuze bathole ukudla okufanele. Ngenxa yokuthi bahlala emqheleni wamahlathi ahlala ezihlala ziluhlaza, bangakwazi ukuzihlinzeka ngokudla unyaka wonke. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, izinkawu zikuthola ukudla kwazo cishe unyaka wonke.
Ngaphezu kwamajikijolo nezithelo ezivuthiwe, izilwane zidinga umthombo wamaprotheni - ukudla kwemvelaphi yezilwane. Njengokudla kwemvelaphi yezilwane, ama-gibboni adla izibungu, izinambuzane, amabhungane, njll. Kwezinye izikhathi, angazidla ngamaqanda anezinwele, enza izidleke zazo emqheleni wezihlahla ezihlala kuzo izikhulu zokuqala.
Abantu abadala bayaphuma beyofuna ukudla okwenziwe ekuseni ekuseni ngemuva kwendlu yangasese yasekuseni. Abagcini nje ngokudla imifino eluhlaza enomhluzi noma izithelo, bayicofa kahle. Uma izithelo zingakavuthwa, ama-gibbon ayishiya esihlahleni, ayivumele ukuba ivuthwe futhi igcwaliswe ngejusi. Izithelo namaqabunga enkawu kudingidwa ngaphambili, njengezandla.
Ngokwesilinganiso, okungenani amahora angama-3-4 ngosuku abelwa ukusesha nokudla ukudla. Izinkawu azivamile ukukhetha izithelo kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuhlafuna ukudla. Ngokwesilinganiso, umuntu oyedwa omdala udinga ama-kilogramu ama-3-4 wokudla ngosuku.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
I-Gibbons iyizinhlobo zosuku. Ebusuku, baphumula kakhulu, balala phansi emiqhele yezihlahla nomndeni wonke.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Izilwane zinendlela ethile yansuku zonke. Bayakwazi ukusabalalisa isikhathi sabo ngendlela yokuthi kwehle ngokufanayo ekudleni, ekuphumuleni, ekuqeqesheni uboya komunye nomunye, ekuzalweni kwenzalo, njll.
Lolu hlobo lwentengo lungabikwa ngokuphepha ngezinkuni. Akuvamile ukuba zihambe ebusweni bomhlaba. Izandulelo zangaphambili zenza ukuba sikwazi ukujuluka ngokuqinile futhi ugxume usuka egatsheni uye kwelinye igatsha. Ubude bokuxhuma okunjalo bufika kumamitha amathathu noma ngaphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ijubane lokuhamba kwezinkawu ngamakhilomitha ayi-14-16 ngehora.
Umndeni ngamunye uhlala endaweni ethile, egadiwe ngamalungu ayo. Ekuntweleni kokusa, ama-gibbons akhuphuka phezulu esihlahleni futhi acule izingoma zokubhoboza okukhulu, okuwuphawu lokuthi le ndima isivele ihleliwe, futhi akufanelekile ukungena kuyo. Ngemuva kokuphakamisa, izilwane zizibeka ngokulandelana, zenze izinqubo zokugeza.
Ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile, abantu abanesizungu bangathathwa bangene emndenini, okuthi ngesizathu esithile balahlekelwe yingxenye yabo yesibili, futhi namawundlu avuthiwe ngokobulili ahlukanisa futhi adala imindeni yabo. Ngalezo zimo lapho, ekuqaleni kokuthomba, intsha yayingashiyi umndeni, isizukulwane esidala sibaxosha ngamandla. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi kaningi abazali abadala bahlala futhi baqaphe izindawo ezengeziwe lapho izingane zabo zihlala khona kamuva, zidala imindeni.
Ngemuva kokuba izindondo zisuthisiwe, bayajabula ukuya eholidini baye ezidlekeni abazithandayo. Lapho zingalala zingagudli amahora amaningi, zigcwele ilanga. Ngemuva kokudla nokuphumula, izilwane ziqala ukuhlanza uvolo wazo, zona zichitha isikhathi esiningi kuzo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Gibbon Cub
Ngokwemvelo yazo, ama-gibbons ayinto eyodwa. Futhi kujwayelekile ukudala umbhangqwana futhi uhlale kuwo iningi lezimpilo zawo. Babhekwa njengabanakekeli futhi abahlonipha kakhulu abazali futhi bakhulisa amawundlu abo kuze kube yilapho sebefikisa, futhi abakakulungeli ukudala owabo umndeni.
Ngenxa yokuthi ama-gibbons afinyelela ekukhulelweni ngokwesilinganiso eneminyaka eyi-5-9 yeminyaka, imindeni yawo inabantu bobulili obuhlukile nezizukulwane. Kwezinye izimo, izinkawu ezindala, ezasala zodwa, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, zingajoyina imindeni enjalo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Imvamisa, ama-primates ahlala enesizungu ngenxa yokuthi ngasizathu simbe alahlekelwa abalingani bawo, futhi ngokuzayo ngeke esakwazi ukudala entsha.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana asibekelwe isikhathi esithile sonyaka. Owesilisa, ofinyelela eminyakeni engama-7-9 ubudala, ukhetha insikazi ayithandayo komunye umndeni, futhi uqala ukubonisa izimpawu zokumnaka. Uma naye ezwelana naye, futhi esekulungele ukuzala izingane, bakhela izithandani.
Kumabhangqwana abunjiwe, njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu, kuzalwa iwundlu elilodwa. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha izinyanga eziyisikhombisa. Isikhathi sokondla izingane ngobisi lwebele siyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho iminyaka emibili ubudala. Bese kuthi kancane kancane izingane zifunde ukuzimela zizitholele ukudla kwazo.
Izibhedlela ngabazali abakhathalela kakhulu. Inzalo ekhulayo isiza abazali ukuba banakekele amazinyane abo ngokuzalwa aze azimele. Masinyane ngemuva kokuzalwa, izingane zinamathela ezinweleni zikamama bese zihamba eziqongweni zezihlahla nalo. Abazali baxhumana namawundlu abo ngezimpawu ezinemisindo nezibonakalayo. Isikhathi sokuphila sama-gibbons asukela eminyakeni engama-24 kuye kwengama-30.
Izitha zemvelo ze-gibbon
Isithombe: IGibbon Yabadala
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-gibbons ayizilwane ezihlakaniphe kakhulu nezisheshayo, futhi ngokwemvelo anikezwe amandla okushesha nokukhwela phezulu izihloko zezihlahla ezinde, namanje azinazo izitha. Abanye abantu abahlala endaweni engokwemvelo yezinduna bayazibulala ngenxa yenyama noma ngenjongo yokufuya inzalo yabo. Minyaka yonke, inani labazingeli abazingela amaGibbon cubs liyakhula.
Esinye isizathu esikhulu sokwehliswa kwenani lezilwane ukubhujiswa kwendawo yazo yokuhlala yemvelo. Izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi emvula zigawulwa ngenhloso yokutshala, umhlaba wezolimo, njll. Ngenxa yalokhu, izilwane zilahlekelwa ngumuzi wazo nokudla. Ngaphezu kwazo zonke lezi zinto, ama-gibbons anezitha eziningi zemvelo.
Abasesichengeni kakhulu ngamawundlu nokuthi abantu abadala bayagula yini. Imvamisa ama-primates angaba yizisulu zezicabucabu ezinobuthi noma eziyinyoka, ezinkulu kulezi zindawo zokuphamba. Kwezinye izindawo, izimbangela zokufa kwama-gibbons wukushintsha okukhulu kwezimo zezulu.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-gibbon?
Kuze kube manje, imininingwane eminingi yalo mndeni ihlala ezifundeni zezindawo zemvelo ngamanani anele. Kodwa-ke, ama-gibbons aseBelorussia abhekwa njengasesimweni sokuqothulwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inyama yalezi zilwane idliwa emazweni amaningi. Ama-Gibbons avame ukuba inyamazane yezilwane ezinkulu ngokwengeziwe nezisindayo.
Izizwe eziningi ezihlala engxenyeni yezwekazi lase-Afrika zisebenzisa izitho ezahlukahlukene kanye nezitho zomzimba wama-gibbon njengezinto ezingavuthiwe, ngokwesisekelo okwenziwa ngazo imithi ehlukahlukene. Ikakhulu umqubuko uwumbuzo wokulondolozwa kwabantu balezi zilwane ezifundeni eziseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
Ngo-1975, izazi zezilwane zaqopha lezi zilwane. Ngaleso sikhathi, inani labo lalingaba yizigidi ezine. Ukuchithwa kwamahlathi amahlathi ashisayo ngobuningi kuholela ekutheni unyaka nonyaka abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziningana balahlekelwa yimizi yabo nemithombo yokudla. Mayelana nalokhu, ngisho nanamuhla izazi zezilwane zithi okungenani izinkomba ezine zalezi zilimi zibangela ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuncipha kwenamba. Isizathu esiyinhloko salesi simo yimisebenzi yabantu.
Ukuqapha kweGibbon
Photo: Gibbon kusuka Encwadini Ebomvu
Ngenxa yokuthi iningi lezinhlobo ezithile zamabhisikidi lisemngceleni wokubhujiswa, libhalwe ku-Red Book, banikezwe isimo "sezilwane ezisengozini, noma uhlobo olusengozini yokuqothulwa."
Izinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo ezifakwe ku-Red Book
- I-Belgsian gibbons
- UKloss Gibbon,
- igolide lesiliva,
- igibbon ehlomile.
Inhlangano Yezizwe Yezokuvikelwa Kwezilwane yathuthukisa isethi yezinyathelo ezizothi, ngokubona kwayo, ezizosiza ukugcina nokukhulisa usayizi wabantu. Ezindaweni eziningi zokuhlala lezi zilwane zivinjelwe ukugawulwa kwamahlathi.
Abamele abaningi bezinhlobo ezisengozini yathuthwa bayiswa endaweni yamapaki kazwelonke nasezigcinweni, lapho izazi zezilwane zizama ukudala izimo zikhululekile kakhulu futhi ezamukelekayo zokuba khona kwezixuku. Kodwa-ke, ubunzima bukhona lokuthi ama-gibbons aqaphela kakhulu ekukhetheni abalingani. Ezimweni ezenziwe ngobuciko, bavame ukunganaki omunye komunye, okwenza inqubo yokuzala ibe nzima kakhulu.
Kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi e-Indonesia, ama-gibbons abhekwa njengezilwane ezingcwele eziletha inhlanhla futhi zibonisa impumelelo. Abantu bendawo baqaphela kakhulu lezi zilwane futhi ngazo zonke izindlela bangazama ukungaziphazamisi.
IGibbon - isilwane esihlakaniphe kakhulu futhi esihle. Bangabalingani abayizibonelo nabazali. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yamaphutha abantu, ezinye izinhlobo zezinsimbi zisemcimbini wokuqothulwa. Namuhla, isintu sizama ukuthatha izindlela ezahlukahlukene ukuzama ukusindisa lezi zinhlobo.
Incazelo
Ama-Gibbons ayimisila engenacala. Kuyaphawuleka ikakhulukazi ukuthi izimpande zangaphambili zazo zinde kakhulu kunemilenze yazo yangemuva. Lesi simo sibavumela ukuba bakwazi ukuzungeza ngosizo lwe-brachiation, okuyindlela ehlukile yokuhamba embusweni wezilwane, lapho beguqukela khona izandla, begxuma besuka egatsheni baye kwelinye. E-gibbons, isithupha sisuselwa kude ekude kunasebantwini, ngenxa yokuthi bangabamba ngokuqiniseka amagatsha awugqinsi. Uboya obunciphile beGibbon umnyama, mpunga noma nsundu. Isizalo simfishane enamehlo amakhulu aqonde phambili. Emakhaleni, ngokungafani nezinye izinto zasendulo zoMhlaba Omdala, zihlukaniswe zodwa. Ifomula yezinyo ijwayelekile kuma-hominids. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-gibbon ziye zakha ama-sacs omphimbo asebenza njengethoni lokukhalaza okukhulu. Ubukhulu be-gibbon ukusuka ku-45 kuye ku-90 cm, isisindo sabo kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-13 kg. Uhlobo olukhulukazi nolusindayo kunazo zonke yi-siamang. Yize izinsimbi ezishubile zisondele ngokushesha kuma-Hominids, zinezimpawu eziwasondeza ezinkomeni ezingezansi ezinamabala amancanyana (izinkawu): ubuchopho obuncane, ubukhona bezommbila zesayensi nezinto zesakhiwo zokuzwa.
Ukuziphatha
Igama lesi Latin I-Hylobatidae kusho "abahlala ezihlahleni", okubonisa indawo yokuhlala yama-gibbons atholakala kuphela emahlathini. Ngenxa yezingalo zabo ezinde nezithupha, eziphansi kakhulu kunezinye izindondo, zivumelaniswa kahle nokuphila ezihlahleni, ikakhulukazi ukunyakaza okungalawuleki. Ishaye izandla, yenza gxuma isuka egatsheni iye kwelinye igatsha, inqamule igxuma elilodwa elingamamitha amathathu, bese ihamba ngale ndlela ngesivinini esingu-16 km / h. Emhlabathini, ama-gibbon ahamba ngezinyawo zawo, aphakamisela izingalo zawo phezulu ukuze alondoloze ibhalansi. Zisebenza ikakhulu ngesikhathi sosuku.
Ama-Gibbons ahlala ngokuxwayekile.Imibhangqwana enzala yayo ihlala ebangeni layo (kusuka kumahektha ayi-12 kuye kwangama-40), esivikela kubafokazi. Ukuthi insimu ihlala abantu, babika entathakusa besuka ezihlahleni ezide kakhulu ngezingoma eziphakeme, besakaza endaweni engaba ngu-3-4 km (eduze kwe-siamang). Kwesinye isikhathi abantu abahlala bodwa bayatholakala futhi - laba, ngokomthetho, ngabathengisi abasha abasanda kushiya abazali babo. Uma zifuna umlingani wazo, inzalo ishiya abazali bayo bebodwa noma bexoshwa ngamandla. Ukufuna umlingani kungahlala iminyaka eminingana. Kwezinye izinhlobo, abazali basiza izingane zabo “ngokubekela” uhla lwazo olukhululekile.
I-Zoologist Carpenter ibona inqubo yansuku zonke yegiboni ehlomile:
- 5: 30-6: 30 - isikhathi lapho igibbon ivuka,
- 6: 00–8: 00 - Ngalesi sikhathi, igibbon iyakhala ukwazisa indawo ezungezile ngezinto zayo, bese iyazinakekela futhi izivocavoce ekuseni, ilandelwe ngokugxuma igatsha isiya egatsheni,
- 8: 00–9: 00 - iya “egumbini lokudlela” - umuthi udla izithelo kuwo,
- 9: 00–11: 00 - ukudla,
- 11: 00–11: 30 - indlela eya endaweni yokuphumula ntambama,
- 11: 30-15: 00 - ukuphumula kwantambama cishe nangaphandle kokunyakaza, bese kuxubha uboya,
- 15: 00 - 17: 00 - ukudla endaweni ehlukile kweyokuqala,
- 17:00 - 19:00 - indlela eya endaweni yokulala,
- 18:00 nangaphambi kokushona kwelanga - ukulungiselela umbhede,
- 18: 30–5: 30 - iphupho.
Lalela izwi le-gibbon
Zonke lezi zinhlobo zezinkawu ziyizilwane nezindawo ezikuzo, futhi nemikhuba yazo ziyefana. Lapho izinkawu ziphethe impahla, zibika lokhu kwezinye izinyoni ngokukhala okukhulu okuzwakala kude ngamakhilomitha amaningi.
Ama-Gibbons awazakheli izidleke zokuzijabulisa, yile ndlela ahluke ngayo kumakati amakhulu ama-humanoid. Lo mndeni awunazo imisila.
Lezi yizilwane ezisheshayo ezihamba ngekhono emiqhele yezihlahla. Eqa egatsheni eya kwelinye igatsha, anqoba amabanga afinyelela kumamitha ayi-15. Bangakwazi ukuhamba ngale ndlela ngesivinini esingafika kumakhilomitha angama-55 ngehora.
I-Gibbons yi-herbivores.
IGibbons ingagxuma isuka endaweni iye kubude bamamitha ayi-8. Lezi zinkawu zihamba kahle ngemilenze emibili, futhi ngasikhathi sinye yezilwane ezincelisayo ezisheshayo ezihlala emiqhele yezihlahla.
Njengoba gibbons zihamba ngokushesha emagatsheni, ukuwa akunakugwenywa. Ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi yonke inkawu iphule amathambo amahlandla amaningana empilweni yayo.
Ama-gibbons abantu abadala ahlala ngababili, futhi uhlala nabantu abasha kuze kube iminyaka eyi-8. Ngemuva kwalokho, izintokazi nezinsizwa zishiya umndeni bese zihlala zodwa isikhashana zize zithole ekhethiwe noma ekhethiwe. I-Gibbons ingathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-2-3 ukuthola i-pair.
Amagiboni ayizilwane emhlanjini obusa kuwo.
Ngokuvamile abazali basiza izingane zabo ukuba zikhethe indawo efanele yokuhlala. Lapho unensimu yakho, lapho-ke kuzoba lula kakhulu ukuthola umlingani.
Ukudla kwama-gibbons ikakhulukazi kuqukethe ukudla kwezitshalo: amaqabunga nezithelo. Kepha ama-primates nawo adla izinambuzane, amaqanda nezimpawu ezincane zezinja.
Ukuhlukaniswa
Ama-Gibboni enza itekisi elihlobene nekhaya. Ukwahlukana kwabo, ngokuya ngocwaningo lwe-mitochondrial DNA, kwenzeka kusuka ezigidini eziyi-15 kuye kwezingama-20 ezedlule. IGibbon ihlukaniswe ngama-genera amane, okuyizinhlobo eziyi-16.
Umusa Nomascus ahlukaniswe kwezinye izinhlobo ze-gibbons cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-8 edlule. Ukuzalwa kwengane I-Symphalangus futhi Ama-Hluthi Kwathengiswa amalitha ayizigidi eziyisikhombisa. n Ezingeni lezinhlobo I-Hylobates pileatus ahlukaniswe H. lar futhi H. agilis KULUNGILE. Amalitha ayizigidi eziyi-3.9 use H. lar futhi H. agilis ehlakazekile i-approx. Eminyakeni engu-3.3 million edlule. Izinhlobo ezingapheli ku-Middle Pleistocene I-Bunopithecus sericus okuhlobene kakhulu nobulili Hoolock .
Kungahlobo oluhlukile kufaka phakathi izinhlobo Junzi imperialis kusuka ethuneni likaNks Xia (ugogo wenkosi yokuqala ye-China ebumbene, uQin Shihuandi), kepha iDNA yalezi zinsalela ayikaphenywa.
Izinhlobo, izici zangaphandle nezindawo zokuhlala kwama-gibbons
Ama-Gibbons angawezinkawu ezincane ezi-humanoid: ubude bawo bomzimba, ngokuya ngohlobo lwenhlobo, bungama-45-65 cm, isisindo esiphakathi sisuka ku-5.5 kuye ku-6.8 kg. Yizinhlobo ezinjenge-siamang kuphela ezinobukhulu obukhulu: ubude bawo bungafinyelela ku-90 cm, futhi ubunzima bawo bungafinyelela ku-10.5 kg.
Ngokungafani nezinkawu ezinkulu, ezibonakaliswa yi-dimorphism yezocansi ngosayizi womzimba, izinsikazi nezinsikazi ze-gibbons empeleni azifani ngosayizi.
Amagiboni ayizinkawu ezincane futhi ezinomusa ngezingalo nemilenze emide. Wonke ama-apile amakhulu anezingalo ezinde kanye namajoyinti wehlombe aselula, kepha amaqhawe ethu kuphela anezandla ezibamba iqhaza elibaluleke kangaka ekuqhubekeni phambili. Ama-primates aqhubekela phambili emilenzeni yasemuva uma, ngokwesibonelo, igatsha likhulu kakhulu ukuba lingakwazi ukuzilengamela. Ngendlela efanayo, zihamba emhlabeni.
Ama-Gibbons abonakala ngendlela ephawulekayo yokuhamba, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-brachiation, kanye nomzimba oqondile - amadivaysi okhiye wokumiswa kwawo okuhlukile kumagatsha.
Uboya balezi zinkawu bukhulu. Umbala wayo, ikakhulukazi ebusweni, wenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kunqume ubulili. Ezinye izinhlobo zinezikhwama zekhanda ezithuthukiswe kahle, ezisebenzela ukuthuthukisa imisindo eyenziwe. Ngokukhala kwabesifazane abadala, izinhlobo zezinsimbi zingabonakala ngokunemba okukhulu.
Ama-Gibbons ahlala ikakhulukazi e-Southeast Asia. Zitholakala ukusuka empumalanga e-India iye eningizimu yeChina, eningizimu kuye eBangladeshi, eBurma, e-Indochina, ePhalamende laseMalay, eSumatra, eJava naseKalimantan.
Sekukonke, izinhlobo eziyi-13 zama-gibbons ziyaziwa kuze kube manje. Yazi eminye engezansi eduze.
IGibbon emnyama uhlala enyakatho yeVietnam, eChina naseLaos.
Ijazi emadodeni limnyama ngezihlathi ezi mhlophe, ziphuzi noma zibomvu, kwabesifazane umbala umbala uphuzi onsundu noma wegolide, kwesinye isikhathi unamamaki amnyama. Intsha imhlophe.
Esithombeni: i-gibbons emnyama eqanjiwe - isibonelo sokufiphazwa kocansi ngombala woboya. Iduna linobusi obumnyama obunezihlathi ezimhlophe. Ijazi lowesifazane lifakwa ngombala wegolide elihlukile.
Abesilisa bayabubula, bashaye ikhwela futhi bathambe, izinsikazi zenza imisindo ephakeme noma uhansi. Uchungechunge ngalunye lwemisindo luhlala imizuzwana eyi-10.
Siamang uhlala enhlonhlo yeMalacca nasesifundeni saseSumatra.
Ijazi labesilisa nabesilisa nabesilisa nabancane limnyama; umphimbo wesikhumba wompunga ungmpunga noma onsomi.
Amadoda anciphayo, izinsikazi zenza uchungechunge lwemisindo yokukhonkotha, uchungechunge ngalunye luthatha imizuzwana engu-18.
Hulok (beaver-gibbon) kutholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya.
Abesilisa banezinwele ezimnyama, izinsikazi ziyigolide ngezihlathi ezimnyama, bobabili abesilisa nabesilisa banezinwele ezikhanyayo. Intsha imhlophe.
Abesilisa bakhipha i-biphasic, ukukhala okuqinisa, ukukhala kwabesifazane kuyafana, kodwa ngezwi eliphansi.
I-Dwarf (Kloss gibbon) uhlala eziqhingini zaseMentawai nasentshonalanga yeSumatra.
Ijazi linombala omnyama kwabesilisa, abesifazane nabancane (okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo ezinombala ofanayo).
Amadoda abubula, enze i-hoot ethuthumela noma i-hoot, imvamisa yomsindo iya ngokuya ikhuphuka kwabesifazane, bese iyancipha, ukukhala kufakwe ngaphakathi ngokububula nokudlidliza. Isikhathi sochungechunge ngalunye yimizuzwana engama-30-45.
Isiliva legolide etholakala entshonalanga yeJava.
Ijazi limpunga ngokwesiliva emadodeni, kwabesilisa nabasha, isifuba nesifuba simnyama.
Owesilisa wenza amarobhothi alula, insikazi - imisindo ifana nokububula.
Ukushesha (okuhlome ngomnyama) i-gibbon etholakala iningi leSumatra, ePhalamende laseMalacca, esiqhingini saseKalimantan.
Umbala uguquguqukayo, kepha esintwini ngasinye kuyafana kuwo womabili ubulili: nsundu okhanyayo nge-hue ebomvu yegolide, nsundu, nsundu obomvu noma omnyama. Abesilisa banezihlathi ezimhlophe namashiya, izintokazi zinsundu.
Abesilisa benza i-hoot enezigaba ezimbili, izinsikazi zibe nokumemeza amafushane, imisindo ikhuphuka kancane ithoni ize ifinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme.
ULer noma igibbon enamakhanda amhlophe ehlala eThailand, iMalacca peninsula, iSumatra.
Umbala uyahluka, kepha kuyafana kubo bobabili ubulili endaweni ngayinye. E-Thailand, ngokwesibonelo, imnyama noma ilambu ansundu, indandatho yobuso, izingalo nemilenze imhlophe. EMalaysia, kuhlala abantu abamnyama ophuzi noma abamnyama ophuzi; eSumatra, umbala woboya beGibbon usuka ku-brown uye obomvu noma uphuzi omnyama.
I-repertoire yezwi yinto elula yokuthuthumela.
Umsoco
IGibbons yajwayela ukuhlala emiqhele yezihlahla zezihlahla zehlathi ezihlala ziluhlaza. Lapha nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka ungathola izinhlobo zezithelo zemivini nezihlahla, ukuze ontanga banikezwe izithelo abazithandayo unyaka wonke. Ngaphezu kwezithelo eziningi, zidla amaqabunga, kanye nama-invertebrates - umthombo oyinhloko wamaprotheni ezilwane kuwo.
Ngokungafani nezinkawu, ezivame ukondla ngamaqembu amakhulu futhi zingagaya ngisho nezithelo ezingavuthiwe, ama-gibbons akhetha izithelo ezivuthiwe kuphela. Ngaphambi kokukhetha ngisho nesithelo esincane, inkawu ihlala ihlola ukuthi iyavuthwa yini, inyibilika phakathi kwesithupha nembotshana. Izithelo ezingavuthiwe ze-primvit zishiywa esihlahleni ukuze zinikwe ithuba lokuvuthwa.
Izinkawu ze-anthropoid
Lo mndeni uhlanganisa izinkawu ezithuthuke kakhulu, ezinamasayizi amakhulu impela, umsila ongacacisiwe nobude obude bembeleko. Ama-cornea weSayensi kanye nama-buccal sacs awekho, kanti nengqondo inesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Futhi banenqubo ye-cecum.
Uzoba nentshisekelo: Kangaroo - lokhu. Incazelo, indawo yokuhlala, izinhlobo, izici, isithombe
Lo mndeni uqukethe izinhlobo ezintathu zezinkawu zohlobo ezintathu zohlobo oluthile: i-gorilla, i-orangutan ne-chimpanzee.
I-gorilla inokukhula okukhulu kunalokho, ubude obungamaphakathi bezindlebe nezindebe ezincane, kanye namabhangqa ayi-13. Itholakala emahlathini ase-Afrika anenkabazwe.
I-orangutan ibonakala ngemihlathi emide kakhulu, amabala amade kakhulu, ama-auricles amancane, izimbambo eziyi-12 zezimbambo kanye nama-3 kuphela we-caudal vertebrae. Le nhlobo ihlala eziqhingini zaseSumatra naseBorneo futhi ihola indlela yokuphila yasemandulo.
I-chimpanzee inesincane isibalo esincane nesandulelayo esifushane. Unezindlebe ezinkulu (ezifanayo nezomuntu) nezimbambo eziyi-13 zezimbambo. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, uhlala emahlathini asengxenyeni yezwekazi lase-Afrika.
Umndeni weGibbon
Ama-Gibbons awumndeni wezinhlobo zezinkawu eziyi-13. Siqukethe iziqu zemithi ephakathi nendawo, ebonakala ngezibonakaliso ezinde kakhulu, ngazo ezigxuma isikhathi eside, zindiza zisuka kwesinye isihlahla ziye kwesinye. Azinazo izikhwama zomsila kanye nomsila, kodwa zinamabele amancane amancane esayensi.
Basondela kwezinkawu ezi-humanoid (ngaphambili babehlanganiswe emndenini owodwa) ngokwezibonakaliso eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, ngokwakheka kobuchopho babo. Namuhla, kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-gibbons ajwayelekile eSoutheast Asia nakwezinye iziqhingi zeBig Sunda (esiseduzane nezwe).
Imikhondo, indlela yokuphila kanye nesimo
Ama-Gibbons (isithombe sezinkawu afakwa ku-athikili) ahlala emahlathini aminyene futhi anomswakama waseSunda Islands (Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan) nase Southeast Asia (Burma, India, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand neMalaysia). Akhuphukela ezifundeni zezintaba afinyelela kumamitha ayi-2000. Lezi zinkawu zisebenza kuphela ngesikhathi sosuku.
Lawa ama-primates amancane, omzimba wawo ubude buyimitha eyodwa, futhi isisindo asidluli amakhilogremu ayi-10. Ngosizo lwezandla zabo eziqinile nezinde, bangasuka egatsheni baye kwelinye igatsha ebangeni lamamitha ayishumi noma ngaphezulu. Imodi efanayo yokunyakaza (i-brachyation) kubuye kuvezwe ezinye zezinkawu ze-anthropoid.
Ezinye izinhlobonhlobo zalolu hlobo zinekhono lokucula ngokudabukisayo ("ukucula izinkawu"). Bahlala ngamaqembu amancane emindeni, izinhloko zawo zingabaholi besilisa. Ukuthomba kweGibbon kwenzeka cishe phakathi kweminyaka engama-5-7.
Elinye iqiniso elijabulisayo ukuthi iwundlu lizalwa ngemuva kokukhulelwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-210, licishe libe nqunu futhi linesisindo esincane kakhulu. Umama uyifaka esiswini sayo iminyaka engaba mibili, ayifudumele ngokufudumala kwayo.
Ekuphetheni, isici esisodwa esibalulekile sama-gibbons
Ama-Gibbons ayizilwane ezihlukile kwezinye izinkawu ngesici esingajwayelekile - ziyizidalwa ezithandekayo. Bahlala ngokuqinile ngababili noma ngamaqembu amancane ahlanganisa owesifazana, owesilisa namawundlu abo (kwesinye isikhathi izihlobo ezindala ezinomzwangedwa zibajoyina). Lo mbhangqwana uhlala uthembekile komunye nomunye empilweni yabo yonke, ubude besikhathi sayo esimweni semvelo cishe siyiminyaka engama-25.
Impilo yomndeni
I-gibbons yabantu abadala izala ikonyana elilodwa njalo eminyakeni engama-2-3. Ngakho-ke, eqenjini lomndeni, imvamisa abantu aba-2 kuya kwabangu-4 abangaguganga bakhona.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezingama-7-8, umama wondla iwundlu kuze kube sekupheleni konyaka wesibili wokuphila.
Ama-Siamang anakekela izingane ngendlela engavamile. Iwundlu lizimela kuphela lapho lineminyaka emithathu. Lapho ineminyaka eyisithupha, ama-gibbons asemancane akhula ngokugcwele futhi aqale ukuxhumana nontanga ngendlela enobungane. Banokuxhumana okunobungane nokunenzondo nabesilisa abadala, futhi bazama ukungakwazi ukuxhumana nabantu besifazane abadala nhlobo. Kungabe kuphela kweminyaka yobudala engama-8 abantu abasha abahlukane ngokuphelele nemindeni yabo.
Abesilisa abasebasha bavame ukucula bodwa, bezama ukuheha insikazi. Imvamisa bayamfuna, bazulazula ehlathini. Kuyacaca ukuthi umuntu osebenza naye okokuqala akufakazeki ukuthi ungumlingani ofanelekile; kuzodingeka imizamo engaphezu kweyodwa ukuze kutholwe "owukuphela kwakhe".
Ama-Gibbons awazona izinkawu ezinobudlelwano njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, amashimpanzi. Eqenjini, abashintshisani amasignali azwakalayo noma abukwayo kaningi. Lokhu kusebenza ngisho naku-siamangs enobuso obuzwakalayo kanye ne-repertoire ecebile yezwi. Ukuhlanganisa oboya obuhlanganayo mhlawumbe kungenye yezinhlobo eziphambili zokuxhumana komphakathi phakathi kwama-gibbons.
Kepha okubonakaliswa kakhulu kwezenhlalo ukucula, okuvele kuchazwe ngenhla.
Imvamisa, kusuka emindenini emibili kuya kwemine kuhlala kumakhilomitha skwele ngalinye. Imindeni ihamba ibanga eliyi-1.5 km ngosuku endaweni yakubo, endaweni yayo engamahektare angama-30- 40. Yize ama-siamangas ecishe aphindeke kabili kunamanye ama-gibbons, anendawo yokudla encane, futhi ahamba kancane, futhi adla nokudla okufinyeleleka okuningi - amaqabunga.
Ukulondolozwa kwama-gibbons emvelweni
Ukubhujiswa kwezihlahla zemvula ezihlala zihlala njalo e-Southeast Asia kungabaza ukuba khona kwama-gibbons kungekudala.
Ngo-1975, inani lazo lalilinganiselwa ezigidini ezine, kodwa manje kunokwesaba ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo ngeke zikwazi ukugcina ngisho nenani elincane elanele lokusinda. Ukuvunwa kwezinkuni okuningana kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi unyaka nonyaka kugaywa ama-gibbon angama-1000 ukuba ashiye izindawo ahlala kuzo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhona ukuncipha okukhulu kwamanani abo. Kodwa-ke, kusobala ukuthi ngesiliva iGibbon neKloss's Gibbon, kanye namanye amaGibbons aqanjiwe, asevele esondele ekuqothulweni.
Ukuze ulondoloze lezi zimfanelo ezingafani nalokhu, kufanele uqale ugcine izindawo zazo. Ama-Gibbons ayizakhamuzi zasehlathini. Azibeki engcupheni kubantu njengabathwali bezinambuzane namagciwane. Ngenxa yokufana kwabo nabantu kanye nezinga labo eliphakeme lobuhlakani, abantu bendawo base-Indonesia neMalay Peninsula bahlonipha izibhebhe njengemimoya yehlathi elihle futhi abakaze bazizingele. Kodwa-ke, bayaqhubeka nokufa ngenxa yephutha labantu - labo abavele kulezi zindawo kungekudala, labo ababhekele ukubhujiswa kwazo zonke izilwane ngokungakhethi.