Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
Isizinda: | Incirrina |
Incirrina, noma Incirrata, - isizinda se-cephalopods kusuka ku-octopus oda (Octopoda). Kubandakanya izinhlobo zabo "zakudala" ezivela emndenini we-Octopodidae kanye nama-octopus amaningi e-pelagic, ngokwesibonelo, ama-argonauts.
Ukuhlukaniswa
Kusukela ngoJanuwari 2018, le mindeni elandelayo ifakiwe eqenjini:
- Superfamily Argonautoidea Cantraine, 1841
- Umndeni we-Alloposidae Verrill, 1881
- I-Argonautidae Cantraine Family, ngo-1841
- Umndeni ka-Ocythoidae Grey, 1849
- I-Family Tremoctopodidae Tryon, 1879
- Superfamily Octopodoidea d'Orbigny, 1840
- Umndeni Amphitretidae Hoyle, 1886
- Subfamily Amphitretinae Hoyle, 1886
- Subfamily Bolitaeninae Chun, 1911
- Subfamily Vitreledonellinae Robson, 1932
- Umndeni Bathypolypodidae Robson, 1929
- Umndeni u-Eledonidae Rochebrune, 1884
- Umndeni we-Enteroctopodidae Strugnell et al. , 2014
- Umndeni Megaleledonidae Taki, 1961
- Octopodidae d'Orbigny Umndeni, 1840
- Umndeni Amphitretidae Hoyle, 1886
Ngo-2016, kwatholakala uhlobo olusha eduze kweziqhingi zaseHawaii.
IGlozi octopus lolwandle olujulile
I-octopus ka-Grimu ejulile-olwandle - uGrimpoteuthis albatrossi - ummeleli oyingqayizivele wama-cephalopods, wasakazeka enyakatho yePacific Ocean.
Kuqale kwachazwa umcwaningi waseJapan uSasaki ngamasampula amaningana, abanjwa oLwandle iBering, uLwandle i-Okhotsk nasogwini olusempumalanga yeJapan ngomkhumbi ongena esikebheni se-Albatros ngo-1906. Eminyakeni eyalandela, abakwa-hydrobiologists bathola ukuthi le octopus itholakala yonke indawo ukusuka kuLwandle iBering kuya oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk naseSouthern California .
Ngokungafani nabalingani baso abangasogwini, i-octopus Griff enolwandle olunomzimba omkhulu onjenge-gelatinous, enamafutha, isimo sawo sifana nentsimbi noma isambulela esivulekile. Ngakho-ke, ukuphuma emanzini kuvulandi lomkhumbi, kubukeka njenge-jellyfish enamehlo amakhulu kune-cephalopod yangempela. Maphakathi nomzimba, i-octopus Grimpe inezinhlayiya ezinde ezinjenge-paddle ezisekelwa yi-cartilage enjenge-saddle, okuyinsali yegobolondo elijwayelekile kwamanye ama-mollusks. Amatende alo ngamanye axhumeke ngokuphelele ngumbungu omncane ocwebezelayo obizwa ngokuthi isambulela. Yena, kanye namaphiko, usebenza njenge-mover main yalesi silwane, okungukuthi, i-grimu octopus ihamba njenge-jellyfish, icindezela amanzi ngaphansi kwensimbi yesambulela.
Isici esibonakalayo se-octopus Grimpe futhi ukuba khona kwetabernakele ngakwesokunene nangakwesobunxele kwabamunisi abasemugqeni we-antennae ende ezwelayo, okusiza ukubamba inyamazane encane (ngokwesibonelo, ama-Copepods).
I-biology ye-octopus ye-octopus ejulile kuze kube manje ifundwe kabi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kuhola impilo ye-pelagic ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi zamanzi ekujuleni ukusuka ku-136 kuya ku-3400 m futhi kubonakaliswa ubukhulu obuncane - ubude bawo obukhulu abudluli ku-30 cm. Naphezu komzimba wayo we-gelatinous, njengawo wonke amanye ama-cephalopods, i-grulani octopus iyisisulu ukondla izilwane ezahlukahlukene ze-pelagic. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, izinsikazi zalesi octopus zilele, amaqanda amakhulu egobolondo lesikhumba, okuvela kuzo izidalwa ezincane ezibukeka njengabazali bazo, zilungele impilo yokuzimela.
Ngokusobala, ngenxa yendawo okuhlala kuyo ekujuleni okukhulu, lapho inani elilinganiselwe lokukhanya lingena khona, i-Grondi octopus ayikakhuphi ikhono lokuguqula isimilo sombala kwamanye ama-cephalopod amaningi, namaseli we-pigment uqobo anesakhiwo sakudala. Imvamisa, umzimba walesi octopus upendiwe ngombala onsomi, onsomi, onsomi noshokoledi. Enye into ehlukile ye-grimu octopus ukungabikho kwayo ngokuphelele kwesikhwama se-ink.
Ama-Octopus anezinhliziyo ezi-3
Abamele i-Octopus bane 3 izinhliziyoelehlisa umzimba wegazi, elinokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Inhliziyo enkulu ishayela igazi emzimbeni wonke we-mollusk; izinhliziyo ze-gill zigxaza igazi ngokusebenzisa amagazi.
Ngenkathi uzingela, i-octopus Grimpe yakha ibhaluni elivela emoyeni
Ososayensi base-Institute of Plymouth University kade bafunda indlela yokuzingela esetshenziswa yi-Dumbo octopus.Bathola ukuthi le mollusk ye-cephalopod isonga inyamazane yayo kwinethiwekhi yamatende ahlangane, njengokuthi izungeze ibhaluni lasemoyeni. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze isisulu silahlekelwe ukujwayeza. Kamuva, i-grimu octopus iginya inyamazane.
Izimpawu zangaphandle ze-grimu octopus.
I-octopus Grwili, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zama-cephalopods, inomzimba onjenge-gelatinous, onjengejelly, ofana nesambulela esivulekile noma insimbi. Ukwakheka nokwakheka komzimba we-octopus Grhlongo kunesimo sabamele i-Opisthoteuthis. Ubukhulu buncane - kusuka ku-30 cm.
Umbala we-integument uyahlukahluka, njengowamanye ama-octopus, kepha ungenza isikhumba sawo singabonakali futhi ngasikhathi sinye sicishe singabonakali.
Lapho isisemhlabeni, i-grimu octopus ifana ne-jellyfish enamehlo amakhulu, futhi ifane okungenani nomuntu omele ama-cephalopods.
Maphakathi nomzimba waleli octopus kukhona umbhangqwana owodwa wamaphini amade, abunjiwe njenge-paddle. Baqiniswa umugqa wamabhande omise ngesihlalo somdabuki, umelela izinsalela zesimo segobolondo labamele abama-mollusks. Amakhemikhali awo ahlukile ahlanganiswe yi-membrane encane ye-elastic - isambulela. Lesi yisakhiwo esibalulekile esinikeza ukuhamba kwe-octopus ye-grimu emanzini.
Indlela yokuhamba emanzini ifana kakhulu nokuxosha okusebenzayo kwe-jellyfish emanzini. Umucu wezimpondo ezinde ezibucayi zigijimisa amatende eceleni komugqa owodwa wokupheka izinkomishi. Ukutholakala kwezinkomishi zokuphuza emadodeni kufana kakhulu nephethini efanayo e-O. californiana, mhlawumbe lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zingaba izifaniso, ngakho-ke ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Opisthoteuthis okuhlala enyakatho yePacific Ocean kudinga ukucaciswa.
Iqanda ngalinye labeka ukubekeka ngakunye
Ama-octopus e-Dumbo, lapho asakazeka, iqanda ngalinye elibekwe ngowesifazane linamathiselwe endaweni ephansi yolwandle futhi liboshwe ngokuhlukile. Amaqanda abekwe yilawa ma-octopus makhulu impela. Lokhu kuvumela i-grebo lomntwana elisanda kuzalwa ukuba libukeke mdala ngokwanele. Ngokungafani namanye ama-octopus, ama-octopus abesifazane we-genus Grimpoteitis angabekela amaqanda ngokuqhubekayo. Ngakho-ke, i-octopus Dambo ayinasikhathi esishiwo sokuzala.
Ukudla oku-octopus grimu.
I-octopus Grwili, enomzimba we-gelatinous, njengazo zonke izinhlobo ezihlobene, iyisidlakudla futhi idla izilwane ezahlukahlukene ze-pelagic. Eduzane naphansi, ubhukuda eyofuna izibungu, ama-mollusks, ama-crustaceans kanye nama-mollusks, okuwukudla kwakhe okuyinhloko. Thatha i-octopus ithola inyamazane encane (ama-Copepod crustaceans) ngosizo lwe-antennae ende ezwelayo. Lolu hlobo lwe-octopus luginya isisulu sababambekile. Lesi sici sokuziphatha kokudla siyasihlukanisa namanye ama-octopus asantanta ezingqimbeni zamanzi ezingaphezulu.
I-Octopus Dumbo - okuhlala ngokujulile phakathi kwawo wonke ama-octopus aziwa isayensi.
Ama-octopus e-Dumbo njengamanje aqashelwa njengama-octopus ajulile ahlala emhlabeni. Iningi labamele lo mndeni litholakala ekujuleni kusuka ku-100 kuye ku-5000 m. Ukujula kwendawo yabo yokuhlala kwenza kube nzima ukufunda la cephalopods endaweni yazo yemvelo.
Izici octopus grimu.
I-octopus kaGwili ithathelwa ukuze ihlale ekujuleni okukhulu, lapho kuhlala kungekho khona ukukhanya okulingene.
Ngenxa yezimo zokuphila ezikhethekile, le nhlobo ilahlekelwe amandla okushintsha umbala womzimba ngokuya ngezimo zokuphila.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amangqamuzana akhe e-pigment ahlelwe kahle kakhulu. Umbala womzimba wale cephalopod uvame ukuba nsomi, u-violet, onsundu noma ushokoledi. I-octopus kaGwili iphinde ihlukaniswe ngokungabikho kwesitho sika “inki” esinamanzi okugoqeka. Ukubona impilo ye-octopus Grisu ekujuleni okukhulu kunzima, ngakho-ke mincane imininingwane eyaziwayo ngokuziphatha kwayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi emanzini, i-octopus isesimweni sokukhuphuka eduze kwephansi lolwandle ngosizo lwe- "process fins".
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-octopus Grimpe.
Ama-octopus we-Gremu awanayo izinsuku ezithile zokuzala. Abesifazane beza namaqanda ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zokukhula, ngenxa yalokho, bazala unyaka wonke, ngaphandle kokuthanda okuthile kwesizini. Ku-octopus wesilisa, enye yamatende inengxenye enkulu. Mhlawumbe lesi yisitho esishintshiwe esisetshenziselwe ukudlulisa i-spermatophore ngesikhathi sokuncanyana nentokazi.
Ubukhulu bamaqanda nokukhula kwawo kuncike ekushiseni kwamanzi, emizimbeni yamanzi angajulile amanzi afudumala ngokushesha, ngakho-ke imibungu ikhula ngokushesha.
Ucwaningo lokuzalela lolu hlobo lwe-octopus luveze ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuhluma kwezinsikazi, insikazi ikhipha iqanda elilodwa noma amabili ngasikhathi, okuyindawo engaphakathi kwe-oviduct. Amaqanda makhulu futhi ambozwe ngegobolondo lesikhumba, acwila engxenyeni yolwandle eshisayo, ama-octopus amadala awavikeli ukuqina. Isikhathi sokukhula kombungu silinganiselwa ebangeni elisuka ku-1.4 liye ku-2.6. Ama-octopus amancane ngaphandle abukeka njengabantu abadala bese ezitholela ukudla kwawo. Ama-octopus kaGogo awazivezi ngokushesha okukhulu, ngenxa yokudla okuphansi kwama-cephalopods ahlala emanzini abandayo, amanzi abandayo nezimpawu zomjikelezo wempilo.
Umuntu ovuthiwe unesisindo esingama-20 cm
Ebudaleni, i-octopus enhle inesizotha impela, ifinyelela ubude ngaphezu kwe-20 cm. Kodwa-ke, umlando uyazi amaqiniso lapho omkhulu we-Grimpoteitis octopus ayekhona cishe i-1.8 m, futhi wayenobunzima abacishe babe ngu-6 kg.
Usongo ku-octopus ye-grimu.
Ayikho idatha eyanele yokuhlola isimo se-octopus Grimpe. Kuncane okwaziwayo ngebhayoloji yayo kanye nemvelo yayo, ngoba le nhlobo ihlala emanzini ajulile futhi itholakala kuphela ekudoba olwandle olujulile. Ama-octopus kaGwili asengozini enkulu yezingcindezi zokudoba, ngakho-ke imininingwane ngomthelela wokudoba ngobuningi balesi zinhlobo uyadingeka ngokuphuthumayo. Kunemininingwane ekhawulelwe kakhulu mayelana nezindawo ezikhona ze-grimu octopus.
Ngokusobala, wonke amalungu e-Opisthoteuthidae, kufaka phakathi i-Grimu octopus, angamalungu ezinto eziphilayo.
Iningi lemitshanguzo yayiqoqiwe kusuka kumathreyi asezansi abambe ama-octopus emanzini angenhla kweziyingi ezingezansi. Lolu hlobo lwe-cephalopod mollusk lunezici eziningana eziboniswa ngenani eliphansi labantu: isikhathi esifushane sokuphila, ukukhula kancane, nokuqina okuphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-grimu octopus ihlala ezindaweni zokudoba zentengiso futhi akucaci ukuthi ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi kulithinta kanjani inani lama-octopus.
Lama cephalopods afinyelela kancane kancane ekuthweni futhi aphakamisa ukuthi ukudoba sekunciphise kakhulu inani labantu ezindaweni ezithile. Ama-octopus kaGilo ayizilwane ezincane, ngakho-ke ahlushwa kakhulu ekuhwebeni okusolwandle okujulile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici zabo zokuphila zihlobene kakhulu nama-benthos, futhi atholakala kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zama-octopus angawela kwinethiwekhi yemifula ephansi, ngakho-ke asengozini enkulu yokucwaswa okujulile olwandle. Azikho izinyathelo ezithile zokugcina ama-octopus e-grimu ezindaweni zawo. Ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo kuyadingeka futhi emnothweni we-taxonomy, wokusabalalisa, wokuningi kanye nowokuziphatha kwenani lalawa cephalopods.
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Lapho ihamba, iDumbo isebenzisa izindlebe zezindlebe
Ukuhambisa i-octopus, uDumbo usebenzisa amatende, izindlebe zezindlebe kanye nemisele yokutholakala emzimbeni wakhe. Lapho ubhukuda, le cephalopod, kungathi, “ishaya” ngezindlebe zayo. Ukuhamba phansi ezansi, ama-Dct octopus ayasebenza amatende. Emzimbeni wama-octopus kunezindawo zokugcoba ezisetshenziselwa ukunyakaza. Amanzi adlula kule mishubhu, nayo engadubula. UGromu angasebenzisa zonke lezi zindlela zokuhamba zombili ngasikhathi sinye. Lokhu kumvumela ukuthi athuthukise isivinini esikhulu.
Ama-octopus e-Dumbo awakwazi ukudonsa
Njengoba i-octopus Dambo ihlala ekujuleni okukhulu, ayinakho ngokuphelele amandla okuhlanganisa nemvelo. Lama cephalopods yi-violet, onsomi, ushokoledi noma i-milky.
Lapho betadisha intaba-mlilo engasasebenzi kaDavidson, ososayensi bakwazile ukuthatha izithombe izinkulungwane zama-octopus eDumbo
Ucwaningo olungaphansi kwamanzi olwenziwe ngusosayensi eduze kwentaba-mlilo engapheli UDavidson, ngosizo lwamakhamera akhethekile olwandle olujulile, kungenzeka ukususa ikoloni lonke le-Dumbo octopus. Ngaphambi kwalolu cwaningo, lolu hlobo lwe-octopus lwaluthathwa njengesilwane olwandle olujulile oluhlala ezindaweni ezijule kakhulu. Abantu abathathwe eduze kwentaba-mlilo banosayizi obalulekile odlula ukufundwa okumaphakathi. Inani labo elijwayelekile lifinyelela 60 cm. Futhi, umbuzo ongaphenduleki wokuthi kungani ama-octopus angawodwa akha ikholoni eduze nentaba-mlilo engapheli ye-Davidson. Abaphenyi bancome ukuthi leli koloni elitholakele liqukethe izinsikazi ezifuna indawo efudumele lapho zingabekela khona amaqanda.
Ama-octopus amaduna anama-tentacle amakhulu asetshenziswa ekwenzeni inzalo
Amadoda ama-grimpoteitis ama-octopus ahlukile kwabesifazane hhayi ngosayizi kuphela, kepha futhi akhona amatende amakhulu maqondana nokuphumula. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi yileli tende elibamba iqhaza elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwezalo, lidlulisela ama-spermatophores emzimbeni wowesifazane.