I-Naked digger (lat. Heterocephalus glaber) - igundane elincanyana elihlala empumalanga ye-Afrika, eziwugwadule namathafa owomile ase-Ethiopia, Kenya kanye neSomalia. Isilwane esimangalisayo esiqoqe amakhono womzimba ahlukile kunesilwane esanyisayo nesishayayo enhlanganweni yaso yezenhlalo, esingabumbeki ngokuphelele wabamele ababusi bezilwane.
Ukubukeka kwesilinganiso semvukuzi enqunu
Photo of digger enqunu hhayi umbono omnandi kakhulu. Isilwane sibukeka njengegundane elikhulu elisanda kuzalwa noma imvukuzane encanyana.
Isikhumba esimpunga somgubhuli cishe asinawo umugqa wezinwele. Ungabona ama-vibrissae (izinwele ezinde) ezisiza ama-rodent angaboni ukuzulazula emihubheni engaphansi komhlaba, kepha kukhona ambalwa kakhulu kuwo.
Ubungako bomzimba wegundane elinqunu ayidluli ku-10 cm, kufaka nomsila omncane cm 3-4. Isisindo somzimba sivame ukuba ku-35 - 40 g. I-fement rodent icishe icishe kabili uma isindayo - cishe i-60-70 gr.
Isakhiwo somzimba sivumelaniswa nendlela yokuphila engaphansi komhlaba isilwane. I-Naked digger ihamba ngemilenze emifushane, phakathi kweminwe ekhula izinwele zayo ezinzima, isiza isilwane ekumbeni umhlabathi.
Amehlo amancane anemibono ephansi futhi anciphise ama-auricles akhombisa nokuthi isilwane sihlala ngaphansi komhlaba. Kodwa-ke, umuzwa wesilwane wokuhogela unemdlandla futhi uhlukaniswe ngendlela esebenzayo - abakhiqizi bohlelo lwe-olodoory abakhulu bathola ukudla, umqondo owengeziwe wephunga ufakwa lapho abantu bedinga ukubona isihlobo sabo ngesimo. Leli phuzu elibalulekile, ngoba indlela yokuphila yesilwane esingaphansi komhlaba ihola ngokuphelele ngokuya ngesimo sayo.
Amazinyo amabili amade angaphambili akhula kusuka emhlathini ongenhla asebenza njengethuluzi lokumba isilwane. Amazinyo athuthukile ngokuqinile phambili, okuvumela izindebe ukuthi zivale umlomo ovuleka ngokuqinile ngokumelene ne-ingress yomhlaba.
Izilwane ezinamagazi ezibandayo
Izici ezihlukile zegundane elinqunu
Kunzima ukuthola isilwane esincintisanayo esingakwazi ukuncintisana nesilinganiso se-mole esinqunu ngenani lezinto ezimangazayo ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zayo zokuphila:
- Igazi elibandayo. Njengokuphindaphindayo nezirhubuluzayo, abembayo bangazivumelanisa nezinga lokushisa elizungezile. Ngenhlanhla, izilwane zihlala e-Afrika eshisayo kuphela, lapho izinga lokushisa lomhlaba ekujuleni kwamamitha amabili lingakwazi ukuholela ku-hypothermia yesilwane. Izilwane ezisebenza kanzima ziqeda umsebenzi ebusuku. Ukushisa kuncipha ngalesi sikhathi, amagundane angenalutho angalali ndawonye, anamathele kakhulu.
- Ukuntuleka kokuzwela izinhlungu. Umuthi odlulisela isiginali yobuhlungu ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi nje ungekho ku-ukumbiwa. Isilwane asibuzwa ubuhlungu ngenkathi kusikeka, siyaluma, noma sivezwa i-acid esikhumbeni.
- Amandla okuphila ngaphansi kwezimo zokuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Imigudu edonsa i-toothy digger itholakala ngokujulile ngaphansi komhlaba futhi ingamasentimitha angu-4,5 kuphela ububanzi. Abadansi abangama-Afrika abanqunu ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane, inani lamangqamuzana egazi abomvu ezilwaneni ezingaphansi komhlaba liphezulu kakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukumunca wonke umoya-mpilo ku-labyrinth. Yebo, futhi ngenxa yokuncipha kwemetabolism enqunu imvukuzi ratent kubiza umoya omncane. Embusweni wokubulawa yindlala komoya-mpilo, isilwane singaba ngaphezu kwesigamu sehora, futhi lokhu akuholeli emisebenzini yobuchopho ephazamisekile nokufa kwamangqamuzana omgodi omncane.
Lapho umoya-mpilo uba mkhulu bese isilwane sibuyela esimweni saso esejwayelekile sokusetshenziswa, konke ukusebenza kwamangqondo okusebenza ngaphandle kobuchopho nakho kubuyiselwa emsebenzini.
Isilinganiso esinqunu semvukuzane singenza ngaphandle kwe-oxygen cishe imizuzu engama-30. akukho okubi empilweni
- Umzimba uvikelekile kumathumbu nasemakhanseleni. Ngenxa yalesi sici esiyingqayizivele, ososayensi bahlola ngentshiseko ama-digger anqunu. Kwakungenzeka uthole ukuthi isizathu sokuvinjwa okunjalo komdlavuza yi-asidi engajwayelekile ye-hyaluronic equkethwe emzimbeni wesilwane. Njengoba wazi, ukusebenza kwaleli asidi ukunciphisa ukutholakala kwezicubu zegciwane, kanye nokugcina ukuqina kwesikhumba nokulawula ukulingana kwamanzi. Ngakho-ke, kumagundane angama-mole, le asidi inesisindo esikhulu samangqamuzana, ngokungafani neyethu - isisindo esincane se-molecule.
Ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi lokhu kuguqulwa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhlobene nesidingo sokukhulisa ukuqina kwesikhumba nokuqina kokuhlangana kwezilwane ukuze zikwazi ukuhamba kalula emigudwini emincane yama-labyrinth awo angaphansi komhlaba.
- Ikhono lokuphila phakade usemncane. Cishe wonke umuntu uyazi isizathu sokuguga kwamaseli omzimba. Lokhu kungenxa yama-radicals wamahhala ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokuphefumula komoya-mpilo, oxidisa ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana ne-DNA. Kepha lapha, isilwane esiyingqayizivele sivikelekile emiphumeleni eyingozi enjalo. Amangqamuzana akhe azola ngokunensa izinqubo ezi-oxidative zeminyaka eyishumi.
- Amandla okwenza ngaphandle kwamanzi. Kuyo yonke impilo, abembula inqunu bangaphuzi igramu eyodwa yamanzi! Zigcwele ngokwanele umswakama owenziwa yizilimo eziyizigaxa nezimpande zezitshalo ezisetshenziswa ekudleni.
- Amandla okuhamba kunoma iyiphi indlela. Leli khono libizwa nangendlela yokuphila engaphansi komhlaba. Imigudu emincane edotshwa yizilwane iqinile kangangokuba kunzima kakhulu ukuyijikisa. Ngakho-ke, amandla okuqhubekela phambili nokuhlehlisa ezimeni ezinjalo kumane kungenzeki.
Izinhlobo ezihlobene
Umndeni we-digger uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezinhlanu zofuzo nezinhlobo eziyishumi nesithupha. Zonke zitholakala emazweni aseningizimu yeSahara e-Afrika. Isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu segundane elinqunu yi-Cape mole.
Imvukuzane enqunu ihlala emimangweni nasezinkangala zaseSomalia. Idla ezimpandeni kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo, zombili zasendle futhi ezitshaliwe.
Kwesinye isikhathi igundane elinqunu lidla kuphela ingxenye yebhubhu etholakele bese ligcwalisa imbobo emhlabathini ukuze amazambane akhule ngokwengeziwe, ngakho-ke isilwane sizondla ngokwaso ngokuzayo. Ummbizi onqunu uthola wonke amanzi adingekayo ezitshalweni, ngakho angakwenza ngaphandle kokunisela. Isilinganiselo semvukuzi enqunu asinangqondo ephezulu. Imisila emide, izimpande zayo eziphambi noma ngemuva kwama-molars, zakha ingxenye yamakhala kusuka phezulu.
Ukuvimbela isihlabathi ukuthi singavuli njalo emakhaleni, zivikelwe ngenhla yisibaya sesikhumba, esibizwa ngokuthi “umlomo wamanga”. Imetabolism yalesi silwane ihamba kancane kakhulu, okubangelwa ukushisa okuphansi okumangazayo komzimba wayo, okungama-30- 35 ° C. Ngakho-ke, lesi silwane sibiza ukudla okuncane kunezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezisilinganayo.
Indlela yokuphila ye-digger
Hhayi isakhiwo sokuphila esiphilayo samagundane angaphansi komhlaba. Abadwebi abangama-Naked bahlala ngomgomo we-anthill - ngamakholoni lapho ubukhosi bubusa khona. INdlovukazi yiyo kuphela intokazi enelungelo lokuzala inzalo.
Amalungu asele wekholoni (inani labo lifinyelela amakhulu amabili) asabalalisa izibopho phakathi kwabo - ama-diges ama-diges aqine futhi aqinile, ama-snoopers okukuphela kwesitha sabadwebi, futhi ababuthaka nabancane banakekela isizukulwane esincane futhi bazibandakanya ekutholeni ukudla.
Amaphasi angaphansi komhlaba abamba izimbotshana ezingagqokile, abopha umugqa owodwa omude. Isisebenzi, siholwa ngamazinyo aqinile, sigudluza indlela, sidlula emhlabeni siye emuva, njalonjalo ngeketeni, kuze kube yilapho umhlaba usuphonswa ebusweni yisilwane sokugcina. Okunyaka, ikoloni elinjalo lithulula umhlabathi ongafinyelela kumathani amathathu.
Amaphasi angaphansi komhlaba abekwe ekujuleni kwamamitha amabili futhi angafinyelela kumakhilomitha amahlanu ubude. Njengezintuthwane ikoloni labadansi abanqunu ihlomisa ama-labyrinths ngama-pantries okugcina ukudla, amakamelo ezilwane ezisencane ezikhulayo, amafulethi endlovukazi ahlukanisiwe.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Abavubukuli abanaso isikhathi esithile sokuzala. Indlovukazi izala inzalo njalo emavikini ayi-10-12. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-70. Ekulweni kwezinsikazi, inani lerekhodi lamawundlu ezincelisayo lisukela ku-15 laya ku-27.
Insikazi inezingono eziyishumi nambili, kepha lokhu akusona isithiyo ekunceliseni zonke izingane. Indlovukazi ibondla ngokulandelana inyanga eyodwa. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, umuntu osekhulile uba yisisebenzi futhi ajoyine izihlobo ezindala.
Amagundane angama-Naked ukufinyelela ebusheni eneminyaka engu-1 ubudala. Kepha yindlovukazi yodwa evunyelwe ukushada futhi ikhiqize inzalo. Ngokungalaleli, i-autocrat enonya ingaluma kanzima ilungu lekholoni elinecala, kuze kufe isilwane.
Bangaki abagebenga abanqunu abahlala? Ngokungafani namagundane akubo kanye namagundane, abadwebi abangaphansi komhlaba kufanelekile ukuthi babhekwe ngabomvu. Ngokwesilinganiso, lesi silwane siphila iminyaka engama-26-28, ngenkathi sigcina ubusha bomzimba namandla okuzala kuyo yonke indlela.
Izici Zokuphindaphindeka
Isithombo kololoni kuletha indlovukazi yensikazi kuphela. Ushada nabesilisa abambalwa kuphela abavundile, futhi ubudlelwano babo buhlala buhlala iminyaka eminingi. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-70. Indlovukazi ingaletha udoti omusha njalo ngezinsuku ezingama-80, ngonyaka kube nezindawo ezi-5. Usana olusanda kuzalwa lunesisindo esingaphansi kwama-g. Inani lamawundlu kulitha likhulu kunelinye lamagundwane alesi sayizi. Kusuka ku-12 kuye ku-27 (inani eliphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo), kepha insikazi inezingono eziyi-12 kuphela. Ucwaningo olwenziwe izazi zezomzimba zaseMelika abavela eCornell University lithole ukuthi ubisi oluningi kowesifazane luvumela amawundlu ukuba ondle nawo. Ngakho-ke, ngamagundane angenqunu, isisekelo sokuziphatha komphakathi sibekwa esemncane. Indlovukazi yondla amawundlu cishe amasonto amane, yize ziqala ukushintshela ekudleni okuqinile lapho zinamasonto ama-2. Amakhebhu adla nezindunduma, ezivunyelwa ngabantu abasebenzayo, ngakho-ke athola izitshalo ezingamagciwane ezidingekayo ekugayeni ukudla kwezitshalo.
Abavubukuli abasha baqala ukwenza imisebenzi yabasebenzi beneminyaka engamasonto angama-3-4. Ngokwezifo okwazi ukuzala, baba cishe unyaka owodwa ubudala. Isikhathi sokuphila kwamagundane angenqunu asikaze sibe khona ngamagundane amancane: ekudingisweni baphila iminyaka engama-26. AmaQueen ahlala okungenani iminyaka eyi-13-18. Imishini esekela isikhathi sokuphila esiphakeme kangako ayaziwa.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Photo: Naked Digger
Isigaxa semvukuzane enqunu iyingxenye yomndeni wamagundane. Lo mndeni ongajwayelekile ubandakanya izilwane ezincelisayo zase-Afrika, ososayensi bakhomba izakhi zofuzo eziyisithupha kanye nezinhlobo ezingama-22 zabadwebi kuzo. Njengoba singene shí emlandweni, kuyaqapheleka ukuthi lo mndeni ongaxekile wamagundane wawaziwa kusukela eNeogene yakuqala, kuleso sikhathi esidlule lolu hlobo lwamagundane nalo beluhlala esifundeni sase-Eshiya, lapho lungasatholakali.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, ukutholwa kwemvukuzane enqunu kwatholakala ngekhulu le-19 ngusosayensi wemvelo waseJalimane, uRuppel, owathola ngokungenamkhawulo induku wayibheka ngegundane eligulayo elahlekelwe izinwele ngenxa yokugula. Ngaleso sikhathi, akukho ukunakwa okukhethekile okwanikezwa i-digger, abanye ososayensi bafunda kuphela isakhiwo sabo senhlalo esingajwayelekile. Lapho kuvela ubuchwepheshe bokufunda ngekhodi yezakhi zofuzo, ososayensi bathola izici eziningi ezimangalisayo zalezi zidondolo zezimpande.
Ividiyo: Naked Digger
Kuyavela ukuthi amagundane angenqunu awagugi nhlobo nobudala, ahlala esebenzayo futhi enempilo. Izicubu zabo zamathambo zihlala njengobukhulu, izinhliziyo zabo ziqinile, ukusebenza kwabo kocansi kujwayelekile. Ngokumangazayo, zonke izici zokuphila zihlala njalo, azonakalisi njengoba zikhula.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Isikhathi sokuphila samagundane angenqunu asiphindwe kasithupha kunesikhathi sempilo esilinganiswa ngokwemvelo kwamanye amagundane. Isibonelo, izinduku zihlala kusuka eminyakeni emi-2 kuya kwengama-5, kanti umdwebo uyakwazi ukusinda yonke engama-30 (futhi ngisho nangaphezulu), ngaphandle kokuguga!
Ngokufunda lezi zidalwa eziyingqayizivele, ososayensi bathole izici eziningi ezihlaba umxhwele ezingabembayo, phakathi kwazo oku:
- ukunganakwa kobuhlungu
- ukungamesabi kanye nokumelana ne-acid (asesabi ukushiswa kwamakhemikhali namakhemikhali),
- igazi elibandayo
- ukutholakala kokungatheleleki okungapheli (empeleni awunawo umdlavuza, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, imivimbo, isifo sikashukela, njll.),
- amandla okwenza ngaphandle kwe-oxygen isikhathi esingangemizuzu engama-20,
- impilo ende yamagundane.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Naked digger ngaphansi komhlaba
Ubukhulu besilinganiso se-mole enqunu sincane, ubude bomzimba wakhe abudluli ngaphezu kuka-12 cm, futhi isisindo sisukela kuma-30 kuye kwangama-60 amagremu. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi abesilisa bancanyana kakhulu kunabesifazane, abangakwazi ukukala uhhafu ngokulingana nabesilisa babo. Umzimba wonke womvubukuli ungabizwa ngokuthi i-cylindrical, ikhanda le-rodent likhulu impela, kanti imilenze emifushane inemifantu emihlanu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Uma uqala nje ukubona ukuthi imvukuzane ibonakala iyimpandla; noma kunjalo, ingabe inezinwele ezithile ezisakazeke emzimbeni wakhe wonke, ikakhulukazi endaweni ye-paw, ibonakala kangcono.
Ngenxa yesikhumba esigoqekile, abembayo ngobuningi baphendukela ezikhaleni eziqinile, kubonakala sengathi izinduku zihamba ngezikhathi ezithile ngaphakathi kwesikhumba sabo lapho benza i-U-Turn. Abavubukuli banezicucu ezinjenge-chisel eziphuma ngaphandle komlomo, ngokuba ngaphandle, izilwane zabo zisetshenziselwa ukumba, njengamabhakede okumba umgodi. Izimbumbulu ezivela emlonyeni womhlaba zivikelwe yimigoqo yazo ene-labial etholakala ngemuva kwezifiso. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umhlathi owakhiwe kahle wabembi unamandla amakhulu futhi unenqwaba yemisipha enkulu.
Abavubukuli bayizimpumputhe ezisebenzayo, amehlo abo mancane kakhulu (0.5 mm) futhi ahlukanise phakathi kokukhanya kokukhanya nobumnyama. Ziyakwazi ukuhamba esikhaleni ngosizo lwe-vibrissae, etholakala hhayi endaweni ye-muzzle kuphela, kodwa futhi nasemzimbeni wonke, lezi zinwele ezibucayi zisebenza njengezitho zokuthamba. Yize ama-auricles alezi zidondolo ancishisiwe (ayigobolondo lesikhumba), awezwa kahle, acosha imisindo ephansi kakhulu. Iphunga labasubathi nalo lilungile impela. Ngokuvamile, ingaphezulu lesikhumba lomzimba womembi lipinki ngombala futhi wonke umanzi ngamibimbi.
Ihlala kuphi imvukuzane enqunu?
Isithombe: Unodoli onqunu
Bonke abadwebi bahlala ezwenikazi lase-Afrika elishisayo, okungukuthi, ingxenye yalo esempumalanga, bathanda izindawo eziseningizimu yehlane laseSahara. Ngokuqondene negundane elinqunu, livame ukutholakala esifundeni saseSanvanna nasendaweni eyinkangala eSomalia. Ama-Digger nawo ahlala eKenya naseTopiya, ahlala ezindaweni ezomileyo zama-savannah angenalutho kanye nogwadule. Ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola ukuthi lapho abembi behlala iMongolia ne-Israyeli, lokhu kwaziwa ngenxa yezinsalela zezilwane ezitholakala kula mazwe. Kulezi zinsuku, ama-digger ahlala e-Afrika kuphela.
Njengoba sekushiwo, abembayo bahlala ezindaweni ezivulekile (emimangweni yasogwadule), izinduku zithanda inhlabathi enesihlabathi nesixegayo, futhi futhi zingakhuphuka izintaba ziphakeme ngamakhilomitha elilodwa nesigamu. Lezi zidalwa ezingejwayelekile zijwayele ukuhlala emathunjini omhlaba, zimba ama-labyrinths angaphansi komhlaba ngensimbi yazo enamandla, ehlanganisa imigudu eminingi eyenziwe ngamapulangwe, ubude bawo obungaba amakhilomitha ambalwa.Abavubukuli cishe abakaze bafinyelele phezulu, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuba ubabone.
Kwesinye isikhathi izilwane ezincane ngesikhathi sokuhlala kabusha zingavela kafushane ngaphandle. Ngisho eyomile kakhulu futhi ivumelana ngokufana nenhlabathi kakhonkolo ayizikhathazi ngokumba okungenalutho, zingakwazi ukumba kuyo (noma kunalokho, ukugedla kwamakhala) uchungechunge lwamakhebhule, lintanta ngokujulile emhlabathini ukusuka kumamitha elilodwa nesigamu kuya kumamitha amabili.
Kungani igundane elinqunu lingagugi?
Kwavela yonke le nto ku-genetics, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwathatha igundane eliyinqunu futhi, ngokungafani nabantu, kwamvumela ukuthi akhiqize i-genome engenazo izindlela ezigugile ezitholakala kwezinye izilwane nakubantu, futhi kunezakhi zofuzo ezisiza abantu kule mpi. Izilwane ezijwayelekile ezinethuba lokufa eminyakeni yokuqala emva kokuzalwa azihlali isikhathi eside - asikho isidingo sokuvela kwemvelo ukuze sithuthukise uhlobo lwesakhi sofuzo esidingekayo empilweni ende uma umgomo oyinhloko ukushiya inzalo ngaphambi kokuba noma yimuphi umdlwenguli ikudle.
Imvukuzane enqunu ihlala ngaphansi komhlaba futhi ayinazitha zemvelo - ngakho-ke, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuthuthukise uhlobo lwayo emkhakheni wokuphila isikhathi eside nokulawulwa kwezifo. Kwakhiwa izindlela ezifanayo kwezinye izilwane ezivikelwe kahle kwizinyamazane, ngokwesibonelo: izindlovu ziphila isikhathi eside kunezilwane eziningi ezinobukhulu obufanayo ngenxa yokuthi azinazitha zemvelo, amafudu amakhulu avikelwa ngamagobolondo ngakho-ke asungule izindlela zokuvikela ukuguga. Ngabhala ngesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sokuphila kwezilwane nabantu esihlokweni:
Ukutholwa okuningi ku-genetics enqunu imvukuzane rat enziwe ososayensi baseRussia, kepha umbhangqwana oshadile ohlala e-USA: UVera Gorbunova no-Andrei Seluyanov, abasebenza elabhoratri ye-biology yokuguga eRotcher University. Bacwaninga amaseli egundane eliyinqunu futhi baqhathanisa ukukhula kwabo kanye nendlela yokuhlukanisa nezinqubo zokuhlukanisa ezenzeka kumaseli wezimungumungwane ezivamile ezihlala isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emi-3. Bakwazi ukusungula uhlobo olukulawula ukukhula kwamangqamuzana kumgodi onqunu futhi kuvimbele ukukhula komdlavuza ngokukhiqiza uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-hyaluronic acid emangqamuzaneni. Ngokusho kososayensi, i-hyaluronic acid, manje esathengiswa ezibhebheni, ayinakuqhathaniswa ne-acid ekhiqizwa emangqamuzaneni esilinganiso semali eyinqunu.
Thina bantu sinokufana kakhulu ngofuzo lwesilinganiso semvukuzi enqunu: kukhona futhi indlela yezakhi zofuzo ekhiqiza i-hyaluronic acid, kepha i-enzyme ebhekele le nqubo ayisebenzi ngokwanele ngakho-ke ayibonakali ngokwanele, mhlawumbe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokusungula izakhi zofuzo ze-CRISPR noma ngisho nezidakamizwa ezijwayelekile esingasebenza kuzo le enzyme - khona-ke umuntu angabuye akwazi ukumelana nomdlavuza nokuguga, njengegundane elinqunu.
At enqunu imvukuzane rat Sekukonke, kunezindlela ezimbalwa ezimsiza ukuthi alwe nokuguga nomdlavuza:
- Umshini wokukhiqizwa kwe-hyaluronic acid osebenza kakhulu
- Indlela yokukhiqizwa okunembile kwamaprotheni adingekayo empilweni
- Indlela yokususa amaprotheni owonakele kanye nemfucumfucu yeselula emzimbeni
Izazi zebhayoloji sezivele ziqonda izindlela eziningi zalezi zinqubo, ukuqonda okugcwele kuzokwenza sikwazi ukwenza ukwelashwa kwezakhi zofuzo zezifo ezingalapheki futhi nokuguga kusebenze futhi kuphephe abantu.
Umsoco
Umthombo oyinhloko wokudla kulezi zilwane yizinto ezingaphansi komhlaba wezitshalo, ngaphezu kwezimpande, ama-juices kanye nama-tubers aya ekudleni. Abembi abawadingi amanzi, wonke uketshezi oludingekayo uya kubo ngokudla. Abantu ababanjwe ekudingisweni bangadla imifino nezithelo ezahlukahlukene.
Imikhosi yokudweba ngezithelo.
Abavubukuli abanqunu eMoscow State University
ikoloni labavubukuli abanqunu baseMoscow State University
Azikho izimbumbulu zaseRussia, kepha zilethwe kithi ukuzofunda izindlela zokulwa nokuguga ngoSepthemba 2016. Manje kwa-MSU kukhona lonke ikholomu lazo, elinenqwaba yamashubhu epulasitiki, yize ikoloni lingelikhulu kakhulu - ngabantu abangama-25 kuphela, kepha kuhlelwe ukuthi ubukhulu bekoloni bukhuphuka ngezikhathi eziyi-10 ngonyaka! Kukhona nethuba lokuthi ubuke umvubukuli onqunu online, bafake amakhamera aku-inthanethi eMoscow State University, abuke umvubukuli onqunu online.
Ukuzala kabusha nendlela yokuphila
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi amagundane angenqunu ahlala emindenini, imvamisa lokhu kuziphatha kuhambisana nezinyosi noma izintuthwane. Ekhanda lomndeni wonke kukhona insikazi - indlovukazi, yokufakwa umquba lapho kunezintandokazi ezi-2 - 3 ezingaguquki kuyo yonke impilo yowesifazane.
Umndeni omkhulu wabacishi abinqunu.
Bonke abanye abesilisa banezibopho ezinjengalezi: ukuvikela ukuphuma nokungena, ukuthola ukudla, ukumba imigudu futhi nokunakekela izingane.
Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, ukwabiwa kwemisebenzi yabantshintshi kwezinguquko. Izinsikazi ziqapha ukugcinwa kokuhleleka ngokucophelela. Noma yikuphi ukungalaleli kuyajeziswa ngokushesha. Uma indlovukazi ifa, indawo yakhe ithathwa ngumuntu onamandla kakhulu ophumelela isicoco sakhe lapho elwa nezinye izimbangi. Le ntokazi entsha ye-digger inyusa ngokushesha ibanga phakathi kwe-vertebrae, isithola isisindo ngokushesha, ngemuva kwalokho insikazi isilungele ukuzalwa kwezingane.
Izingane zizalwa ezinsukwini ezingama-80 ngemuva kokukhulelwa. Ngaphandle kokuthi insikazi inezingono eziyi-12 kuphela, kanti inani lezingane ezisanda kuzalwa lingaba ngu-27, ubisi lwanele wonke umuntu. Abantu abancane bondla ngokwehlukile.
Indawo ethokomele ejule emgodini ilungele kakhulu ukulala okuthule.
Ukondla amawundlu kuthatha cishe amasonto ama-4, kepha aqala ukuzama ukudla okuqinile kusuka ngeviki lesibili lempilo. Ukuze kugaywe ukubhala imifino, izingane zidla indle yabantu abadala abasebenzayo. Ngakho-ke, bakha izimbali ezingamagciwane. Ngemuva konyaka, abantu abasha bakulungele ukuzalaniswa.
Phakathi kwamagundane, amagundane angenqunu anempilo ende kunazo zonke. Izindlovukazi zihlala endle iminyaka engu-18, futhi amaqiniso aqoshwa lapho kuthunjwa lapho lezi zilwane zisinda ziye kufinyelela eminyakeni engama-26 kanti ngalesi sikhathi zazingagugi.
Inani lamagundane angenqunu kubantu
Ezindaweni abahlala kuzo, lezi zilwane ziningi kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, zidala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni zezolimo. Imvamisa, lezi zitshalo zinenkinga yamasimu akhula kuwo amazambane amnandi.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Ubukeka kanjani umgodi onqunu? Izithombe nencazelo
Kwesinye isikhathi amagundane anqunu abizwa ngokuthi “amagundane asogwadule,” kepha ukufana kwangaphandle kwalawa makhulu kunqunyelwe, mhlawumbe, kuphela nomsila omude futhi oyimpandla.
Isilwane asisikhulu, ubude bomzimba ngokuvamile abudluli ku-12 cm, bunesisindo esingu-30-60 amagremu kuphela.
Umzimba ungama-cylindrical ngesimo esinekhanda elikhulu kunalokho nemilenze emifushane emfushane emihlanu.
Abavubukuli babonakala beyindida, kepha basenezinwele ezithile ezisakazeke emzimbeni wonke, nasezinyaweni ezizungeze.
Isikhumba esigqunyiwe sibanikeza amandla okujikeleza ngokukhululeka ezikhaleni eziqinile: isilwane singaconsa ukugoba ngaphakathi kwesikhumba saso ngesikhathi sokujikeleza. I-rodent iyakwazi ukuyela emuva kalula futhi ngokushesha emuva, futhi imvamisa ivame ukubuyela emuva naphambili ngomgodi ngaphandle kokuphenduka.
Izithambo ezinjenge-chisel eziphuma emgodini womlomo, izilwane zisetshenziselwa ukumba. Ukuvimbela umhlaba ukuthi ungangeni emlonyeni wakho, kunezindonga zembobo zezimbobo ezimbozwe izinwele ngemuva kwezifiso. Ngakho-ke, umlomo uvala amazinyo agundile.
Umvubukuli onqunu esithombeni ukhombisa amazinyo akhe ahlukile.
Njengoba abagwedli kufanele baphile ebumnyameni ngokuphelele, amehlo abo mancane. Ababoni lutho, kepha bangahlukanisa kuphela ukukhanya nobumnyama. Ukuthinta kuyadingeka ukuthola indlela ngaphakathi komgodi, ngale njongo, izinwele ezibucayi - i-vibrissae, ezikhula emzimbeni wezilwane ngendlela enesiphithiphithi - zikhonze ngokufanele. Banomqondo omuhle wokuhogela nokuzwa emafrithikhi aphansi (yize i-auricle incishiswa ibe ngumshini wesikhumba).
Abadayi bemvelo
Izilwane zihlala emiseleni engaphansi komhlaba. Bamba imigodi eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhamba, ubude bayo bungafinyelela amakhilomitha amaningana. Ngaphezu kokuhlinzeka izidleke, ama-pantries kanye nama-latiline, inhloso yemigodi ehlelekile ukufuna ukudla.
Lapho umbi wemba umgodi, uphonsa inhlabathi ngamandla akhe angaphambili ngaphansi kwakhe. Ngemuva kwalokho esukuma emilenzeni yangaphambili, uphethe imilenze yomibili ngemuva ukuze ayibambe inhlabathi ayiphindisele emuva. Lapho inqwaba ibuthelana, isilwane sihamba siqonde ngaphesheya, sicindezela umhlabathi ngemuva kwawo. Ukusuka emgodini ovulekile womgodi, i-rodent iphonsa uhlobo lwesiphethu sobumba, bese umgodi owakhiwe ukhula ufana nentaba-mlilo esebenzayo. Izilwane eziningana zingasebenza ngokubambisana: enye iyamba, enye ishukumise inhlabathi, kanti eyesithathu iyiphonsa ngaphandle komgodi. Okokugcina, ngeshwa, kaningi kuba yisisulu sezinyoka.
Kulula ukumba lapho inhlabathi ithambile futhi inomswakama. Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kwemvula, abavubukuli bakhuthele ikakhulukazi: ngenyanga yokuqala emva kwemvula, ikoloni lezilwane lingimba imigodi eyi-1 km, futhi ngasikhathi sinye likhiphe ngaphezu kwamathani amabili emhlabathi!
Izinga lokushisa emgodini lihlala lihlala likhona usuku lonke, imvamisa lihluke kakhulu ekushiseni komhlaba. Ezindaweni lapho bemba khona, izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kwenhlabathi lingafinyelela ku-60 ° C, futhi emgodini obukhulu obungama-20 cm ngaphansi komhlaba cishe njalo kuhlala kungu-8-10 ° C. Ngenxa yalokhu, izilwane zicishe zaphelelwa yikhono lokulawula ukushisa komzimba, okubavimbela ukuphuma emgodini. Uma abembayo bedinga ukushintsha izinga lokushisa, bahlangana ngenqwaba ukuze bafudumale, noma kubhasikidi kwizimbobo ezingaphezulu. Uma kwenzeka kushisa ngokweqile, bahlela izindawo zokukhosela emakhoneni apholile kakhulu amakhaya abo.
Ukudla
Izimbaza ezinamanyolo zingama-imifino. Bondla kuphela izimpande nama-rhizomes ezitshalo ezahlukahlukene. Bakuthola konke lokhu ngaphandle kokukhuphukela phezulu ngenkathi bemba imigudu.
Ngenkathi bedla, abagebenga babamba izingcezu zokudla ngama-paws abo angaphambili, bawasuse enhlabathini, bawasika abe yizicucu nge-incisors, bese behlafuna amazinyo esihlathini.
Ubuhlobo bomndeni
Amagundane angenamfuzane akha amakoloni anesakhiwo senhlalo esifana nesezintuthwane. Ikholoni yakhiwe ngokwesilinganiso sabantu abangama-80, kanti inhloko yayo iyindlovukazi yabesifazane, okuyinto enkulu nengxenye izikhathi eziphindwe kabili kunamanye amalungu omndeni. Ngokubambisana nabantu abaningana abangasebenzi futhi nabantu abaningi kakhulu, uchitha sonke isikhathi esidlekeni. Kuliqiniso, lapho abasebenzi benikeza i-alamu, yonke inkampani nayo iyimela le koloni.
Yindlovukazi eyodwa kuphela ebeletha amawundlu, futhi oyise abangamadoda ayi-2-3 abakhethwe yiyo. Abantu abasele abazaleli, ikusasa labo lisebenza futhi liqinisekisa ukuphepha komndeni.
Abantu abasebenza abancane baningi kakhulu kwikholoni. Imisebenzi yabo eyinhloko ukumba, ukuhlanza izimbobo, ukuthola ukudla nezinto zokwakha.
Onke amalungu omndeni anakekela amawundlu azalelwa indlovukazi, kuthi ngemuva kokondla amawundlu angena ezinhlwini zabasebenzi. Abanye abantu bahlala bengabasebenzi impilo yabo yonke, abanye bagcina bekhula bakhulu kunabanye futhi bavikele ikoloni. Kungenxa yalaba bantu abakhulu ukuthi kamuva othile uzoba yindlovukazi, abanye babe yizintandokazi zakhe kanye nobaba bezingane zakhe. Lapho indlovukazi ifa, umzabalazo onamandla futhi kwesinye isikhathi uqala phakathi kwabesifazane abaningi, kuze kube yilapho omunye wabo ethatha isikhundla esiphakeme.
Umzimba wendlovukazi yowesifazane uphakeme kakhulu (ama-vertebrae anwetshwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kokuqala), futhi lokhu kuyasiza ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezinhlwayiya ezinkulu zalolu hlobo. Ngokwesilinganiso, insikazi ibeletha izingane eziyi-11 ukuya ku-12, kepha ubukhulu bezibalo bungafinyelela ku-28.
Ama-digger aqaphela amalungu e-koloni lawo ngephunga, angabekezeleli abangabazi.
Izitha
Abavubukuli bahlala ezindaweni ezivikelwe kahle, futhi eziphephile, ngakho-ke banezitha ezimbalwa kunamachilo womhlaba. Kwesinye isikhathi izilwane ezihlala zodwa zingaxoshwa ngaphansi komhlaba yizinyoka, kepha imvamisa kakhulu ezihuquzelayo zimane zilinde ebusweni. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, imvukuzane inyoka ngamagundane lapho ikhipha umhlaba emgodini. Isilwane esidliwayo esinamaphiko sinamathela ekhanda emgodini bese silinda isilwane ukuba sivele nengxenye entsha yomhlaba.
Izimbotshana ezicashile zingadala ukulimala okukhulu emnothweni, zonakalise izilimo zezimpande nezilimo zamabele. Abantu basabela kulokhu ngokuzama ukuqeda imbangela yezinkinga ezinjalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amagundane angama-mole, njengama-moles, anomphumela onenzuzo emvelweni: angabamba iqhaza ababalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamanzi nasekuhlelweni kabusha kwenhlabathi.
Izici ezihlukile zabagundi abanqunu
- Amagundane angama-Naked anempilo enhle kakhulu yokuphila kwamagundane (afika eminyakeni engama-30). Futhi eminyakeni yobudala obuthandekayo, izilwane zinamandla futhi zihambahamba, futhi zifa kaningi kakhulu zisuka emazinyweni ezidlova noma ekushayisaneni nezinye.
- Izilwane zinokungavikeleki okuqinile okumangazayo futhi azitholi nomdlavuza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imivimbo, ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, isifo sikashukela nezinye izifo zidlula. Futhi imizimba yabo ayipheli nhlobo nesikhathi.
- Isigaxa semvukuzane enqunu ukuphela kwesidalwa esingazwakali ubuhlungu futhi esingaphenduli ekushisweni ngamakhemikhali nakwezokushisa.
- Futhi angenza ngaphandle komoya-mpilo imizuzu engaba ngu-20!
Abavubukuli abanqunu muva nje bebengaphansi kokubhekwa kwezengqondo zesayensi. Ngalezi zidalwa ezihlukile, ososayensi bazama ukuxazulula imfihlakalo yobusha baphakade.
Ukudubula ngokunembile - uphila isikhathi eside
Ngokwesibonelo nogogo nomkhulu bethu, siyazi ukuthi umuntu, eseqe umugqa weminyaka engama-50-60, imvamisa uqala ngokuguga futhi kancane kancane alahlekelwe yiyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe. Izilwane eziningi zinenqubo efanayo ehambisana nokuguga: ziba kancane, ziyimpandla, zingaboni emehlweni namazinyo, zihlushwa yi-atherossteosis, zinobuhlungu obuhlangene. Kepha, njengoba kwenzeka, phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi eziguga ngokuya ngayo yonke imithetho, kunezidalwa ezihlukile ezithinteka buthaka ngethonya lesikhathi. Futhi le mpahla yabo, enikezela ngokuphila isikhathi eside, yahambelana kakhulu nezimo zokuphila.
Into ekhona ukuthi umsebenzi wanoma yiziphi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ukushiya inzalo, ukudlulisa izinhlobo zayo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Izilwane ezincane ezihlala ezimeni lapho izilwane ezidla ezinye zizizingela futhi ziziphilisa ngamafuphi. Isibonelo esijwayelekile ngamagundane amancane afuya ngamanani amakhulu futhi aphile impilo emfushane iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu ubude. Isilo esikhudlwana nesiqine ngokwengeziwe, izitha ezingaphansi esinaso futhi isikhathi eside kakhulu sokuphila. Leli phethini lingalandelelwa ngokusobala: igundwane lihlala iminyaka emithathu, unogwaja - iminyaka eyi-12, impisi - iminyaka eyi-16, ihlosi - 25, ibhere eli-nsundu - 30, imvubu - 40, indlovu - 70. Umgcini werekhodi lokuphila isikhathi eside phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezifakwa kuleli keteni ngumkhomo wekhothamo, ayinazitha zemvelo nhlobo futhi ingaphila iminyaka engaphezu kuka-200. Ama-giants ama-Giant, yize emincane kune-whale, nawo awunazitha (ngenxa yegobolondo elihlaba umxhwele) futhi aphile iminyaka eyikhulu noma ngaphezulu. Bonke abaye bathola ameva anobuthi, amaphiko, amagobolondo anamandla nemikhono emide bakhombisa isikhathi eside sokuphila.
Iqhawekazi lethu alinamaphiko nezinzipho, alikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngegobolondo (alinabo ngisho noboya) nobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele (isisindo salo singama-30 g ubude obu-10 cm). Kepha wakwazi ukuthola isisombululo sokuqala esimnikeza isivikelo kwabazingeli nempilo ende. NjengamaKristu okuqala ashushiswa yiziphathimandla zaseRoma, wahamba ngomshoshaphansi, lapho kwakungekho muntu owayezomthola.
Indawo yokuhlala kwegundane elinqunu yi-East Africa (Kenya, Ethiopia neSomalia). Emhlabathini owomile futhi okhonkolo, abembi abanqunu bmba imidwebo yamathuluzi angaphansi komhlaba ekujuleni komuntu owodwa nohhafu kuya kumamitha amabili nendawo ephelele yensimu enkulu yebhola, bayigaya ngamazinyo abo angaphambili. Zihlala ezindaweni ezinamakhompiyutha futhi ezinkulu kakhulu zabantu abangafika kuma-300, cishe azifiki ebusweni futhi aziphuzi amanzi, zisabalalisa umswakama emithonjeni yazo yokudla - nezilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo Pyrenacantha malvifolia.
"Ama-Scouts" athunyelwe ukuthi afune amamaki wamakhemikhali wokudla asendleleni eya ezihlotsheni zawo, uma esekhubekile kuma-tubers, musa ukubahlasela ngokushesha, kepha anikeze isitshengiselo esinengqondo esisho ukuthi: "Guys, food!". Inani lezimpawu ezizwakalayo eziqoshwe ososayensi abasebenza ngokumbamba abanqunu, abakhulumisana ngazo, likhulu impela: izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-20 ezihlukile.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwendawo entsha yokuhlala abantu abadonsa ngokunqunu kuqala ngomhlangano wowesifazane nowesilisa abavela ezihlalweni ezihlukene abashiye indlu kayise banquma ukuqala impilo ezimele. Kunoma yikuphi, ekuthunjweni, lezi zilwane zithanda ukukhetha abalingani bezokuzala hhayi ezivela "ezihlotsheni", kepha ezivela kwamanye amakoloni, ngaleyo ndlela zigwema ukulala nomuntu ongashada naye.
- Isakhiwo somphakathi sabadwebi singokwesigaba se-eusocial (okungukuthi, esigabeni esiphezulu senhlangano yezenhlalo) futhi sinokufana nemindeni yezinyosi nezintuthwane. Baye bathuthukisa ukubambisana nokusizelana, kanye nokungalingani kwezenhlalo, ukwahlukana kwaba yinqaba. Bmayelanainingi labadwebi kule ndawo ngabantu “abasebenza” kanye “namasosha”, okuwukuphela kwelungelo labo ukusebenza nokufa, ukuvikela abangane babo. Izitha ezinkulu nezicishe zibe kuphela zamagundane angenqunu izinyoka. Ososayensi babhekene nobufakazi besibindi esikhulu samagundane angenqunu, ahlanganiswe yimvelo: lapho ebhekene nengozi, “isosha” le-digger lithumela isibonakaliso ezihlotsheni zalo ukuthi zivimbele ukungena kwalo, ngaleyo ndlela linqume indlela yokubuyela emuva, bese lihlangana nesitha .
- Ngaphezu kwabantu abasebenzayo, kukhona abesilisa abaningana - njengomthetho, ngababili noma abathathu kuyo yonke indawo yokuhlala ebhekele ukwenziwa kabusha. Futhi ngaphezulu kwalesi siphiramidi senhlalo yindlovukazi yesifazane ebeletha inzalo yamagundane anqunu. Lamagundane amancane agcwele kakhulu, kanti insikazi ingazala kathathu kuya kweziyisithupha ngonyaka, amawundlu amabili amancane anesisindo esingaphansi kogremu. Igundane labesifazane elinama-lab elalize labhala irekhodi lezingane ezelwe lithunjiwe - amazinyane angama-900 ngeminyaka eyi-11.
- Njengoba ezalwe ngokwemvelo, abembayo banakekelwa ngabesifazane abaningana abahilelekile kuleli bhizinisi. Ngo-Okthoba 2015, ososayensi baseJapan bashicilela umbiko ngomsebenzi owenze ukuthi bakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi kungani kungazalwanga ngokuzala kwabadansi besifazane ngokuzumayo aba "ama-nannies" futhi bakhombise ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngenzalo yabanye abantu. Kwavela ukuthi badla indle yendlovukazi yesifazane, equkethe inani elikhulu le-estradiol yabesifazane besifazane.
Abafowethu beGene
Futhi nokho impahla eyinhloko yaleli punga ukungabikho okuphelele kokuguga ngomqondo ojwayelekile wegama. Amagundane angama-Naked awagugi, angahlushwa isifo sokuqina kwesifo sikashukela nesifo sikashukela, alondoloze ukungatheleleki, kanye nemisebenzi yemisipha neyokuzala. Cishe kuze kufike ezinsukwini zokugcina baziphatha ngamandla njengasebusheni babo. Futhi bafa ngenxa yokuqina ngesitha, noma njengoba abantu abaphila isikhathi eside bevame ukufa - kusukela ekubanjweni kwenhliziyo okuye kwasungula insiza.
Ngo-2011, iqembu elikhulu lamazwe omhlaba eliholwa yisazi sofuzo saseRussia uVadim Gladyshev laqala uhlobo lomdwebi onqunu. Lolu cwaningo luveze ukuthi uhlukane "nezihlobo" zakhe eziseduze kakhulu, amagundane namagundane, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-75 ezedlule, kusuka kulayini wonogwaja - izigidi ezingama-86, kubantu - ezigidini ezingama-102 ezedlule. Ezimweni zokuphindaphindeka, i-genome yayo iyafana nama-genomes amagundane nabantu: I-DNA yesilinganiso se-mole esinqunu iqukethe izinhlobo ezingama-22 561 zokufaka amakhodi, ezingama-22 389 zofuzo olunjalo kubantu, ezingama-23 317 amagundane, kanti ama-93% alezi zinhlobo zofuzo afana.
Kepha umehluko wokufaneleka waba ngubalulekile. Ngakho-ke, ngohlobo lwegundane elinqunu kwakukhona izinto zofuzo ezimbalwa zeselula kunezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Lesi sici senza i-genome yabo ikwazi ukumelana nezinguquko ezingezinhle ezibangelwa ukunyakaza kwabo (okuningi ngezinto zeselula ku-Mechanics No. 4, 2015).
Yize isikhumba samagundane angenqunu singenawo umugqa wezinwele obukhulu, njengamanye amagundane, athambekele kalula ekuthonyeni kwangaphandle. Ososayensi basebenza esikhunjeni sabavubukuli nge-acid ne-pepper hot hot, futhi bakukhuthazelela "ukuhlukunyezwa" okunjalo, ngenkathi besabela emcimbini (imijovo nokuxakwa)
Zithathiwe cishe izinhlobo ezingama-200 izinhlobo zezitho ezivelile ezivele kumagundane ngemuva kokuhlukanisa imigqa yazo yokuziphendulela kumagundane kanye namagundane. Kwakukhona nezinguquko ezinhlotsheni zeprotheni ye-UCP1 ne-neuropeptide P, ezibhekele ukuqina kwesilwane esinegazi elibandayo nokwenze ukuba kungazwakali kubuhlungu. Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, abavubukuli abakwazi ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba elihlala likhona (okungukuthi, banegazi elibandayo) ngakho-ke bayaphoqelelwa ukuba bathuthele ngaphansi komhlaba, bazifunele izimo ezifanele.
I-Chemistry Yobusha
Kepha, ngeqiniso, lokhu kwakungekhona lokho ososayensi ababenesifiso sokuqala. UVadim Gladyshev nozakwabo bakwazile ukuthola izinhlobo eziningi zofuzo ezihlotshaniswa nokuguga kubantu, amagundane namagundane angenalutho, asebenza ngokuhlukile nobudala kulezi zinhlobo ezintathu. Mhlawumbe esinye sezimpawu ezibaluleke kunazo zonke kugundane eliyinqunu kwaba izinguquko emsebenzini wezakhi zofuzo ze-p16 ne-SMAD3, ezinciphisa ukukhiqizwa okungalawulwa kwamaseli futhi zihambisana kakhulu nama-pathologies amaningi ahlobene nobudala. Kakhulu ngenxa yomsebenzi walezi zakhi zofuzo, amagundane anqunu ngokuphelele awekho ngaphansi kokuwohloka okuyingozi kwamangqamuzana. Olunye uhlobo, i-CYP46A1, olubhekele impilo yamangqamuzana ezinzwa, ebuchosheni bomuntu linciphisa ukusebenza kwalo ngobudala, futhi ngegundane elinqunu le-mole, kunalokho, lakhombisa ukuvezwa.
Ngemuva kwalomsebenzi wokuphayona, abanye ososayensi bathatha uhlobo lomuthi onqunu. Ngo-2013, izazi zezakhi zofuzo zaseRussia ezazivela e-University of Rochester (New York), uVera Gorbunova no-Andrei Seluyanov kanye nozakwabo, batholwa kumaseli wezicubu ezixhunyiwe ze-mole rat rat, i-fibroblasts, okuqukethwe okwandisiwe kwe-polysaccharide hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid). Emangqamuzaneni omvubukuli, lo msebenzi uphindwe kahlanu ukwedlula kubantu noma kumagundane. Isisindo esiphakeme se-hyaluronic acid sasiqoqwa ngamanani amakhulu ezicutshini ze-digger enqunu ngenxa yokuthi ama-enzyme anecala lokubhujiswa kwawo ayecindezelwa. Futhi i-enzyme ehlanganisa le asidi, i-hyaluronansynthase-2 (HAS2), okuphambene nalokho, ikhombise ukwanda komsebenzi kumagundane.
Kuphinde kwavela ukuthi ama-hyaluronans angabantu nabanqunu, ngenxa yezisindo ezihlukile zamamolekyuli (isilinganiso semvukuzane inezikhathi eziphindwe kahlanu), sibe nomphumela ophambene nomzimba. Ama-hyaluronans amancane omuntu ashukumisa ukuvuvukala nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, kuyilapho ama-hyaluronans amakhulu egundane elinqunu, kunalokho, acindezela ukuvuvukala kanye nokuhlukaniswa kweseli, kuvimbela ukukhula komdlavuza.
Ukutholwa kwe-hyaluronic acid kwizicubu ze-digger kusize ekuchazeni ukumelana okwedlulele kwalawa makhulu esenzweni se-oksijini esisebenzayo (i-ROS). Ama-ROS akhiqizwa ezintweni eziningi njengomkhiqizo owenziwe ngokusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo futhi ngokugxila okuphezulu (okuvame ukwenzeka ukuguga) kungalimaza ulwelwesi lweseli ne-DNA, kubulale ingqamuzana.
Isazi sethu
Vadim Gladyshev,
USolwazi, Harvard Medical School (USA):
Isilinganiso esinqunu semvukuzane isilwane esimangazayo. Mina nozakwethu sayilandelisa nge-genome, futhi kwaba sengathi wayethola indlela yakhe eya empilweni ende. Ukuze sikuqonde kangcono lokhu, kamuva nje sihlaziye izakhi zofuzo ezisondelene kakhulu naye, i-Damar mole rat, okuyi-rodent “ejwayelekile” noma engaphansi, nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala isikhathi eside: Brandt's nightlight (bat) kanye ne-grey whale. Ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo, kwenzeka izinguquko ze-genomic kuleso nalezi zilwane, ezithinta impilo yazo ende. Futhi sathola lezi zinguquko. Manje sidinga ukuthola ukuthi ezinye izilwane zizophila isikhathi eside uma kwenziwa izinguquko ezifanayo kuzitho zazo zofuzo. Le misebenzi manje yenziwa ezindaweni zokucwaninga eziningana, kufaka phakathi ezethu.
Ngabe sidlani imvukuzane enqunu?
Photo: African Naked Digger
Kuphephile ukubiza ama-rats angama-naked ama-rats imifino, ngoba ekudleni kwabo kunezitsha zemvelaphi yezitshalo kuphela. Imenyu ye-digger iqukethe ama-rhizomes kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo, ezamasiko nezasendle.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Kwenzeka ukuthi, ekutholeni ishubhu, umbhuli adle ingxenye kuphela yayo, futhi emgodini awudlile, i-rodent ithululela umhlaba ukuze amazambane akhule ngokwengeziwe, ngakho-ke oqondayo ohlakaniphile uzama ukuzondla ngokudla kwekusasa.
Lezi izinduku zithola indlela yazo yokuphila ngaphansi komhlaba. Izilwane nazo zithola umswakama owudingayo ezimpandeni zawo kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa, ngakho-ke azidingi indawo yokunisela. Ukuvimbela umhlaba ukuthi ungangeni emakhaleni ama-digger ngesikhathi sokufuna ukudla, zivikelekile ngenhla yisibaya esikhethekile sesikhumba, esibizwa ngokuthi “umlomo wamanga”. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi i-digger ayinayo imilomo ephezulu.
Lamagundane ayingqayizivele ane-metabolism ehamba kancane, ngoba babe nokushisa komzimba okuphansi okumangazayo kwama-degree angama-30 kuye kwangama-35. Kulokhu, izilwane azidingi ukudla okuningi, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezinobukhulu obufanayo. Lapho amagundane angenqunu enokudla, njengama-hamsters ayakwazi ukugcina ukudla kwawo emakhaleni awo. Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukudla, baxhawula umhlabathi kuwo, bawunqume ube izingcezu ezihlukile ezinezici ezibukhali, bese bahlafuna besebenzisa amazinyo abo amancane esihlathini.
To puppy ubudala
NgoJuni 2015, iqembu lodokotela abangama-neuroscientist abavela e-Austria, eSweden nase-USA, beholwa nguTibor Garcani, bathola ukuthi amagundane angenalutho anesikhathi eside sokuvuthwa kobuchopho: ubuchopho babo babonakala 'bungasheshi' ukukhula, ngokuba sesimweni sokukhula kwengane isikhathi eside. Ngenxa yalokhu, amangqamuzana abo ezinzwa ayamelana kakhulu nezinqubo ze-neurodegenerative. Ngokusekelwe kulawa maqiniso, kanye nokuntuleka kwezinwele nezinye izici ezenza umgubuli abukeke njengewundlu ngisho lapho esemdala, ososayensi babeka phambili ukuqondisisa kwe-neoteny - ukugcinwa kwezimpawu zokuguga kanye nokubambezeleka kokuthuthuka (okuningi nge-neoteny kungatholakala kwi-Me Mechanics No. 9, 2012).
Kunezici eziningi zababambi bembumbulu abasalinde incazelo yabo. Lesi yisakhiwo esingajwayelekile se-RNA ye-ribosome (isakhi samangqamuzana lapho kwenziwa khona amaprotheni asanda kwenziwa), kanye noshintsho lwesithako se-insulin, ngenxa yalokho umdwebo ofaka i-glucose edlula i-insulin, nokunye okuningi. Ngakho-ke, ngemizamo ehlanganyelwe yabaphenyi abaningi, isithombe esibalulekile sento emangalisayo yempilo kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwalelici eliyimfihlakalo elingaphansi komhlaba, okuyinto imvelo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabathile, bakhethe njengokuthandwa kwabo, banikezwa iqoqo lezimpawu ezihlukile, kancane kancane liyakhula. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi kungekudala kuzotholakala okusha okungasiza kakhulu ebuntwini ekulweni nezifo ezihlobene nokuguga.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Naked Digger
Amagundane anama-Naked ahlukaniswa njengezilwane ze-eusocial, i.e. banenhlangano ephakeme kakhulu yenhlangano yezenhlalo; ngendlela yabo yokuphila ifana nezinambuzane zenhlalo (izintuthwane, izinyosi). Ngaphansi kwamakholoni angaphansi kwalezi zigundane zibalelwa ezilwaneni ezingama-70 kuye kwezingu-80.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Kunobufakazi bokuthi ososayensi babona amakhulukhulu abembi, lapho kwakuhlala khona izilwane ezingaba ngu-295.
Lonke ubude bama-labyrinths angaphansi komhlaba, okuyindawo yokuhlala yekoloni elilodwa, lingafinyelela ebangeni le-3 kuye ku-5 km. Umhlaba, ophonswa ngaphandle lapho kugaywa imigudu, ufinyelela isisindo samathani amathathu noma amane ngonyaka. Imvamisa, umhubhe onobubanzi obungamasentimitha amane futhi utholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha amabili.
Kusetshenziswa imigudu ukuxhuma nomunye:
- amakhamera esidleke
- amakamelo okuphakela
- izindlu zangasese.
Ukumba imigudu engaphansi komhlaba kungumsebenzi ohlangene, aqala ukusebenza ngenkuthalo ngenkathi yezimvula, lapho umhlaba uthamba futhi ugcwala. Ixhaxha le-5 noma i-6 digging lihamba ngendlela enobunzima, lilandela umuntu wokuqala osebenzayo, liluma izisulu ezingxenyeni zenhlabathi, elisiza ukudonsa izinduku kulandela isilwane sokuqala. Ngezikhathi ezithile, lo digger wokuqala uthathelwa indawo isilwane esilandelayo ngemuva.
Zonke izimboni ezihlala ngaphakathi koloni olufanayo ziyizihlobo. Inhloko yendawo yonke yokuhlala ingumkhiqizi wesifazane oyedwa, obizwa ngokuthi isibeletho noma indlovukazi. Indlovukazi ingashada nomuntu owesilisa noma owesilisa noma abathathu, bonke abanye abantu bes koloni (abesilisa nabesifazane) abangabasebenzi, abazibandakanyi nenqubo yokuzala.
Ngokuya ngamapharamitha wobukhulu, inani lemisebenzi likhona kubasebenzi. Abantu abakhulu babalwa phakathi kwamasosha ahilelekile ekuvikelekeni kwamadoda akubo kubantu abangalungile. Ama-digger amancane anikezwe umsebenzi wokusekela uhlelo lomhubhe, ukunakekela amawundlu, nokufuna ukudla. Umsebenzi wabantu abaphakathi nendawo uphakathi nendawo, phakathi kwezindawo zokumba izinto abukho umehluko ocacile, njengoba kunjalo ngesimilo sezintuthwane. Indlovukazi yesifazane kukho konke impilo yayo ihlala kuphela ngokuzala inzalo, ibeletha inzalo engaphezu kwekhulu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngokwesibonakaliso esisodwa, kuyaziwa ukuthi eminyakeni eyi-12 isibeletho sakhiqiza abacishe babe ngama-900.
Kuyaqakatheka ukwengeza ukuthi amagundane angenqunu asathuthuka kakhulu ukuxhumana kwezwi, kuluhlu lwawo lwezwi azikho izinhlobo ezingama-18 zemisindo, okuthe uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinduku. Ukugcina ukushisa komzimba okuhlala njalo kubavuni akuyona into ebonakalayo, it (lokushisa) lingashintshashintsha, ngokuya ngeqondo lokushisa lemvelo. Ukwehlisa ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa, abembayo baqoqana ngamaqembu amakhulu futhi bangahlala isikhathi eside emiseleni ebekwe eduze kobuso bomhlaba. Ukuthola amandla okuhamba kancane kancane kunomthelela ekusindeni kwama-digger lapho kunokuntuleka komoya ophefumula emathunjini omhlaba nokuqukethwe okwandayo kwe-carbon dioxide, okubulalayo kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Abavubukuli abanqunu ngaphansi komhlaba
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, insikazi ebizwa ngokuthi yindlovukazi noma isibeletho inesibopho sokuzala inzalo ngamagundane anqunu. Ngokuzalisa, isebenzisa abesilisa abambalwa kuphela abavundile (imvamisa emibili noma emithathu), bonke abanye abahlali belebhu engaphansi komhlaba abahlanganyeli ekwenziweni kokuzalela. Indlovukazi yesifazane ayishintshi abalingani, igcina ubudlelwano obuhlala njalo nalezi zinsizwa ezikhethiwe iminyaka eminingi. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa cishe izinsuku ezingama-70, isibeletho sikwazi ukuthola inzalo entsha njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-80. Kungaba nobukhulu bamalitha angama-5 ngonyaka.
Amagundane angenalutho angabizwa ngokuthi akhula kakhulu, uma eqhathaniswa namanye amagundane, inani lamawundlu wedoti elilodwa lingahluka kusuka kwabangu-12 kuye kwabangu-27. Isisindo sengane ngayinye singaphansi kwamagremu amabili. Yize amawundlu ezalwa engaphezulu kweshumi nambili ngasikhathi sinye, insikazi inezingono eziyi-12 kuphela, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi ingxenye yenzalo iyafa. Ngenxa yocwaningo olwenziwe ososayensi baseMelika, kwaziwa ukuthi izinsana zamagundane angenqunu zidla ngokulandelana, ngoba umama wengane unobisi oluningi. Ngenxa yale ndlela yokondla, izingane ezisencane kakhulu ziyaqaphela ukubaluleka kobudlelwane bomphakathi.
Umama weNdlovukazi ufundisa ubisi lwezinsana inyanga, yize eqala ukudla ukudla okuqinile esenamasonto amabili. Amacuba athambekele ekudleni indle yabanye abasebenzi, ngakho-ke athola izitshalo ezidingekayo zokugaya uhlaza oludlayo. Emavikini amathathu noma amane eminyaka, abavubukuli abasebasha sebevele beyizisebenzi, namagundane avuthwa ngokocansi eduze konyaka owodwa ubudala. Njengoba sekushiwo, abembi baphila ngamagundane isikhathi eside kakhulu - iminyaka engaba ngu-30 (kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu).Ososayensi namanje abakwazanga ukuthola ukuthi kungani le ndlela eyingqayizivele yokuphila isikhathi eside isebenza.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Yize kugqamile ukuba yindlovukazi yabesifazane, baphila okuncane kakhulu kunabanye abasebenza ngokumba. Abaphenyi bathola ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila kwesibeletho siyehluka kusuka eminyakeni eyi-13 kuye kweli-18.
Ividiyo ye-Naked digger
Ngincoma ukubuka ividiyo ethokozisayo mayelana nokumba umgodi onqunu esiteshini se-YouTube "konke kufana nezilwane"
Isiphetho: I-naked mole rat isilwane esimangazayo, esiyimodeli ecishe ilunge kakhulu yezakhi zofuzo ezinempilo zokuphila isikhathi eside - iyamelana nomdlavuza futhi ngasikhathi sinye ibe nempilo ende kakhulu, isebenzisa izingcezu nezinqubo zekhodi yayo yofuzo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, kuzokwazi ukuxazulula inkinga yomdlavuza futhi yehlise ukuguga kwabantu.
Izitha zemvelo zesilinganiso semvukuzi enqunu
Isithombe: Naked Digger Rodent
Ngenxa yokuthi impilo yabavubukuli ingaphansi komhlaba futhi ifihlekile, empeleni abafiki phezulu, azikho izitha eziningi zalezi zigundane, ngoba akukho lula ukuthola imbumbulu emathunjini omhlaba, lapho igobhoza ifinyelela kumamitha amabili ukujula. Naphezu kwezimo zokuphila ezivikelwe neziphephile zalezi zigundane, zisaqhubeka zingenangqondo. Izitha eziphambili zabadansi zingabizwa ngokuthi izinyoka. Kuyaqabukela, kepha kwenzeka ukuthi inyoka ngqo ngaphansi komhlaba iphishekela intonga eyedwa, imfuna ngomhubhe wokumba. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokweqile, imvamisa izinyoka zigada izilwane ebusweni.
Izinyoka zemvukuzane zizingela amagundane angenamuntu ngesikhathi lapho amagundane elahla umhlaba omningi ngemisele yawo. Isalukazi esikhohlisayo silindela ukuvela kwesimbangi, sinamathele ekhanda ngqo emgodini. Lapho i-rodent ibonakala ikhipha umhlaba, iwubamba ngokuhlasela kombani. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi yize abembayo cishe bengaboni, bahlukanisa kahle iphunga, bangaziqaphela ngokushesha izihlobo zabo nabantu abangabazi, kanti nezilwane ziyakubekezelela kakhulu lokhu kwamuva.
Ezitheni zamagundane angenqunu, umuntu angahlukanisa abantu ababheka lezi zidalwa njengezinambuzane zezilimo futhi bazame ukopha ngamagundane. Vele, abembi bangalimaza isivuno ngokudla izitshalo nezimpande, kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi bona, njengama-moles, nabo baba nomthelela omuhle enhlabathini, bawudonsa bawukhuphule nomoya.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Naked Digger
Ekubonakaleni kokuqala, kungabonakala sengathi amagundane anqunu ayisidalwa esingavikeleki ngokuphelele, ngoba ababoni lutho, banobukhulu obuncane, bancishwa uboya. Lo muzwa uyadukisa, ngoba lamagundane angaxabana nezinye izilwane ezihlala isikhathi eside maqondana nokuqina kwazo. Ekhuluma ngesibalo samagundwane anqunu, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngobukhulu bohlu lokuhlala kwabo, lezi zilwane ezingajwayelekile azijwayelekile futhi zitholakala kaningi. Isitoko samagundane anqunu asisongelwa ngokuqothulwa, izinduku zihlala ziningi, ezingakwazi kodwa ukujabula. Ngokusho kwe-IUCN, lolu hlobo lwama-rodent lunesimo sokuzivikela esidala ukukhathazeka okuncane, ngamanye amagama, ama-digger angenqunu abhalwe ku-Red Book futhi awadingi izindlela ezikhethekile zokuzivikela.
Izizathu eziningi ziholele esimweni esihle kanjalo ngenani lalezi zilwane, okubandakanya:
- ngaphansi komhlaba, impilo eyimfihlo nephephile yabadwebi, evikelwe emathonyeni amabi angaphandle,
- ukumelana kwabo nezifo ezahlukahlukene eziyingozi,
- ukungavikeleki kokuqina kobuhlungu nobungqabavu lapho kuvezwa izinto ezahlukahlukene ezingezinhle,
- indlela ehlukile yokuphila isikhathi eside,
- fecundity ephakeme ngokungajwayelekile.
Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi ngenxa yezici zabo ezihlukile, amagundane anqunu ayakwazi ukusinda, ngenkathi egcina imfuyo yenani labo elikhulu lisesigabeni esifanele. Kuyathemba ukuthi lokhu kuzoqhubeka ngokuzayo.
Ekugcineni, ngifuna ukufaka ukuthi imvelo ingakhathali ngokusimangaza, ngenxa yezidalwa ezikhethekile neziphilayo kakhulu njengoba enqunu. Yize ukukhanga kwangaphandle kungeyona iphuzu labo eliqinile, lamagundane anethoni yobunye ubuhle obungajwayelekile ezinye izilwane ezingenakuziqhayisa ngazo. Lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo zingabizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi ngemvelaphi enkulu nezinhlayiya zangaphansi komhlaba.