Ummeleli omkhulu futhi omatasa wohlobo lwe-muskox, ngokubukeka kwakhe ufana ne-bison yaseMelika. Inkabi yemaskhi inomzimba omise umgqomo, imfishane, imilenze eminyene, umsila omfishane nentamo, kanye ne-hump encane emahlombe. Ijazi linombala kusuka onsundu omnyama liye komnyama, kanti likhanya emilenzeni, esihlathini nasemhlane. Liqukethe insimbi emincane, engaphansi ethambile, evikelwe izinwele ezimnyama, ezihlanganayo ezingakhula zibe amasentimitha angama-60 futhi zifike emhlabathini. Lezi zinwele ezinde kwesinye isikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi isiketi. Zisebenza njengesithiyo esivikela umoya, imvula nezinambuzane. Izinsikazi nezinsikazi zenkabi kamaskandi zinezimpondo ezibanzi ezikhula phansi bese zizisongela.

Izimpondo zitholakala phakathi kwesigebhezi, ngenxa yokuthi zakha ibunzi elikhulu, elikhulu. Imilenze yezinkabi ezingama-musky imhlophe. Abesilisa bakhulu ngobukhulu kunabesifazane, ekudingisweni bayakwazi ukufinyelela isisindo esijabulisayo samakhilogremu ayi-650, futhi banezimpondo ezinkulu kakhulu. Njengazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo emndenini wama-bovid, izinkabi zemaskati ziyizinto zokugcoba. Amunca inqwaba yokudla, akuhlwithe, abese ekuhlafuna futhi kangcono.

Ubukhulu benkabi ye-musk kuncike endaweni ehlala kuyo futhi ingahlukahluka ngokuya ngezindawo ezisenyakatho nezaseningizimu. Igama elijwayelekile lalezi zinhlobo yi-musk ox, eyayivela ngephunga le-musk elikhishwa owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzala, yize abaningi bekuphikisa lokhu. Ubude bomzimba wenkabi ye-musk cishe buyi-190-230 cm, umsila ungama-9-10 cm, ukuphakama lapho kubuna khona kungaba ngu-120-151 cm kanti isisindo sisuka ku-200 kuye ku-410 kg.

Habitat

Izinkabi zeMusk ziyizakhamizi ezigcwele i-Arctic tundra. Ehlobo, bavame ukusebenzisa izindawo eziphansi ezivikelekile nezinomswakama, njengezigodi zemifula, ugu lwamachibi, kuthi ebusika bathuthele emithambekeni ephakeme, lapho imimoya enamandla ivimba ukunqwabelana kweqhwa elijulile, ngakho-ke ukondla kuba lula.

Izinkabi zeMusk zivumelaniswa kahle nokubanda futhi zingenye yezilwane ezincelisayo ezimbalwa ezimbalwa ezingaphila unyaka wonke esimweni sezulu esibi se-Arctic. Izinwele ezincanyana zinikeza ukufakelwa okuhle kakhulu, futhi okufishane, imilenze eqinile kanye nezinselo eziyindilinga ivumela inkabi ye-musk ukuthi ihambahamba eqhweni.

Indawo

Ngokomlando, izinkabi ze-musk bezihlala e-Alaska, enyakatho yeCanada, nengxenye yeGreenland, yize indawo ekhona manje isinciphile kakhulu selokhu le nhlobo yaqothulwa kwezinye izindawo eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Njengamanje, izinkunzi ze-musk zitholakala e-Alaska, ezindaweni eziseGreenland, eRussia, eNorway naseSvalbard.

Ukuziphatha

Izinkabi zeMusk zinokuziphatha okuyisimilo okuvikelwa kuso, lapho umhlambi uhlangana khona ndawonye, ​​uvame ukwakha umugqa noma umbuthano onamathoyizi ngaphakathi, kuthi izimpondo ezibukhali zabantu abadala ziqondiswe phezulu. Izinkunzi ze-Musk, njengomthetho, zakha imihlambi yezithelo ezixubile, zisuka kubantu abangaba ngu-10 kuye kwabangu-20, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zingaphezulu kwe-100. Izinduna nazo zingatholakala zodwa noma ezimhlanjini ezihlukile zesikhwanyana. Ehlobo, amaqembu amancane akha i-harem, eholwa ngowesilisa ovelele, kuyilapho izimbangi zakhe ngaphandle ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izinsongo, isenzo noma izimpi ezinkulu. Impi phakathi kwabesilisa ngokubusa ibusa okuhlaba umxhwele futhi ihambisana nokuxabana nokubhonga okuzwakala kusuka amabanga amade.

Ukuzala

Isikhathi sokuzala siqala ngoJulayi kuya kuSepthemba, ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-8-9, ngenxa yalokho kuzalwa ikonyana elilodwa. Leli thole lijoyina umhlambi ngokushesha ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa luzelwe bese lunikezwa ubisi lwebele unyaka. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi enkomfeni yama-musk yowesifazane kwenzeka eminyakeni emi-3, kwabesilisa - eneminyaka engama-5-6. Izinkabi zeMusk zingafinyelela eminyakeni engama-20 ukuya kwengama-24 futhi zibe nokuzala okuphansi, ngoba insikazi izala kanye kuphela njalo eminyakeni engama-1-3.

Izinsongo nesimo sokuphepha

Sekuyisikhathi eside izinkunzi zomsila zizingelwa ngenxa yenyama yazo, isikhumba, izimpondo, uboya kanye ne-undercoat ethambile, ebhekwa njengenye yezinkanyezi ezikhanyayo nezifudumele emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, inani elandayo labantu e-Arctic phakathi nekhulu le-19 nele-20 laholela ekuzingeleni ngokweqile, ikakhulukazi lapho izinkabi ze-musk zihlanganiswa ndawonye phakathi nosongo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ziba yinto ekuhloswe ngayo kumzingeli ngezibhamu. Umphumela wokuzingela okugcwele wawungukuqothulwa okuphelele kusuka endaweni yezindawo ababehlala kuzo zomlando. Ngenhlanhla, imithetho yokuzingela nokwenziwa kabusha kwezinkabi ze-musk, ukubuyiselwa kwezinhlobo ezisezingeni lomlando, zaba nomthelela ekuvuseleleni kwabantu.

Njengamanje, inani lama-muskox alithathwa njengomhlaba wonke njengoba lisengozini. Noma kunjalo, ngokuzayo, ukwehla kwenani le-musk ox alikhishwa ngenxa yomthelela wokushisa komhlaba kanye nokwanda kwabantu okwenzeka e-Arctic. Phakathi kwezilwane, usongo olukhulu luvela ezilwaneni ezinjengempisi namabhere.

Ukuvikelwa

Izinkabi zeMusk zitholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile, futhi manje ukuzingela kwazo kulawulwa yizinkambiso nezimvume, futhi okuthandwa kuvame ukunikezwa abantu bendawo abangenakho ukudla okwanele. Ukuphinda futhi, okwenziwe ngenxa yokwesaba ukwehla okukhulu kwabantu, kwaphumelela ngo-1930 e-Alaska futhi kubhekwa njengomcimbi obalulekile emlandweni wokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo. Izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokulondolozela izinkabi ze-musk zifaka ukubhekwa kwabantu, imfundo yomphakathi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokuphatha isikhathi eside. Kukholelwa ukuthi indawo yokuhlala ehambisanayo yenkawu yemaskki isabhebhethekile, futhi sethemba ukuthi ngokuphathwa okufanele nokusekelwa komphakathi, isilwane esinjalo esiyingqophamlando siyohlangana nesizukulwane esisodwa sabantu.

I-Etymology yegama

Igama lendabuko le-musk ox elisetshenziswa ezilimini zase-Europe, "izinkunzi ze-musk", empeleni alixhunyiwe nge "musk" nezinduna ze-musk: kubukeka kungukungcola okuhambisana negama lokuqubuka ngolimi lweCree - "musked". Igama lesiRussia "musk ox" ukuhunyushwa okungokoqobo kwegama lesiLatini "Ovibos" (ngokwezwi nezwi, "iwundlu"), elihambisana nezimpikiswano zososayensi mayelana nokuhleleka kwenqubo kamaskandi. Ngenxa yalokhu kudideka, amathole awo ngokwesiko abizwa ngokuthi amathole, hhayi "amawundlu," okungaba okunengqondo ukunikezwa ukusondelana ngokomzimba kanye nokuhleleka kwenkambi yemaskk izimbuzi nezinqama.

Umsuka

Okhokho abakude benkathi yanamuhla yemaskhi baphila ngasekupheleni kweMiocene (iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10) ezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Central Asia. Akunakwenzeka ukuthola ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ungokhokho ojwayelekile yini ngenxa yempahla yokwembiwa kakhulu. Eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezi-3,5 eyedlule, lapho isimo sezulu sibanda kakhulu, amadlozi ezinkabi zemaskk ehla eHimalaya futhi asakazekela eSiberia nakwamanye amazwe asenyakatho ye-Eshiya. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi abamele uhlobo lweBoopsis, ababehlala ePliocene nase-Pleistocene engxenyeni yeChina yanamuhla, nohlobo lweMegalovis, olutholakala emgodini we-villafrak tier, bayefana noma bangookhokho bezinkabi zemaskandi.

Izinkabi zesikhumbuzo zakudala zohlobo lwe-Soergelia, kanye nobhejane obuboya, izilwane ezincelisayo kanye nenyathi, zazihlala ezindaweni ezinkulu ze-Arctic zase-Eurasia ePleistocene. Ngesikhathi se-Illinois glaciation (iminyaka eyi-150-250 eyizinkulungwane edlule), izinkabi zemask eceleni kweBering Isthmus, ngaleso sikhathi eyayixhuma iChukotka ne-Alaska, yangena eNyakatho Melika, futhi ukusuka lapho yaya eGreenland. Uhlobo lwe-Soergelia lwabe selungenelwa esikhundleni sobukhosi yi-Ovibos nePraeovibos. Izinkabi zeMusk zohlobo lwe-Praeovibos zazihlala ema-steppes ngisho namahlathi athambisayo endaweni enkulu ukusuka eYurophu kuye e-Alaska. I-Ovibos yasakazekela eNyakatho Melika, izinsalela zokuqala zakuqala ezatholakala lapho zivela eLate Pleistocene (eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-54 edlule).

Ngemuva kokuzinza eNyakatho Melika, izinkabi ze-musk zahlala kuwo wonke umhlaba osenyakatho. Kodwa kakade eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-65 edlule, inani lezinkabi zemaskandi liqala ukuncipha. Kwi-Pleistocene, izinkabi zemaskandi zohlobo lwePraeovibos ziyafa. Kwi-Pleistocene (iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-12 eyedlule), ukwehla okukhulu kwesibalo sabantu base-muskox kwaqala. Lokhu kungenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izinkabi ze-musk zazingakulungele ukufudumala. Ngasikhathi sinye, izingulube zoboya, amamamoths, kanye nobhejane woboya banyamalala ngokuphelele. Cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-11 eyedlule, i-genus Symbos, eyayihlala eNyakatho Melika, yathathelwa indawo ngokuphelele yizinkabi ze-musk ezivela kuhlobo lwe-Ovibos, ezazishintshwa kangcono nesimo sezulu.

Phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi ukuncishiswa kwesibalo sama-muskox kanye nokuqothulwa kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu ze-Arctic kuhlotshaniswa nokuzingela kwabantu. Amabanga abantu ne-musk ox ayehlangene ezindaweni eziningi, kepha abantu abanacala lokunciphisa uhla lwe-musk ox emhlabeni wonke, ngoba lokhu kuncishiswa kwaqala kakhulu kunokwanda komuntu.

Kodwa-ke, izinkabi ze-musk zazizingelwa ngumuntu wasendulo. Inyama yabo nezikhumba zazisetshenziselwa ukudla, ukwenza izingubo nendawo yokukhosela, nezimpondo namathambo okwenza amathuluzi.

Ekuqaleni kwe-Holocene, ububanzi bezinkabi ze-musk bancishisiwe kakhulu: zigcinwe kuphela ezifundeni eziseNyakatho Ekude yeSiberia naseNyakatho Melika. ESiberia, inkabi kamaskandi yafa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-3-4 eyedlule.

I-Musk ox, i-bisonBison antiquus occidentalis, okhokho bison banamuhla) kanye reindeer ukuphela kwembulunga Arctic owasinda Late Pleistocene.

Umnotho

Isikhundla esisehlelayo se-musk ox sisaphikisana. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX, izinkabi ze-musk kuthiwa zitholwa ngenkunzi yenkomo encane. Njengamanje, izinkabi zomsiki iningi lososayensi zingezembuzi esezingeni eliphansi, okubandakanya nezimbuzi nezimvu zezintaba. Kodwa-ke, kukhona labo abahlukanisa inkomo yemaskhi endaweni eseceleni ye-Ovibovinae.

Uhlobo lwe-Ovibos, kanye nayo yonke i-genera engapheli ye-musk ox, (Symbos / Bootherium [inothi 1], i-Praeovibos, nabanye) bangabesizwe u-Ovibovini. Abanye ososayensi bathi yikho futhi kuyabanjwa. Izifundo zanamuhla (ukuhlaziywa kwe-chromosome nabanye) ziqinisekisa ubudlelwane be-musk ox ne-takin, kepha imigqa yabo yokuziguqula iguqukele esikhathini eside esidlule. Ama-Takins abhekwa njengezihlobo zakamuva zesimanje senkabi. Leli phuzu liphikiswa ngabasekeli bokuzwana kwezinkabi ze-musk nezintaba zaseChinese ( Nemorhaedus griseus ) abahlala ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseChina nakwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.

Uhlobo lwe-musk ox genus, ngaphezu kwezinhlobo zesimanjemanje ze-Ovibos moschatus, luhlanganisa nezinsalela zezinsalela ze-Ovibos pallantis. Amafossil ayo atholakala ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga Yurophu nase-USSR yangaphambili. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi i-Ovibos pallantis ne-Ovibos moschatus ziluhlobo olunye olufanayo, ngoba akunakwenzeka ukusungula ngokucacile ukwahlukana kwemvelo phakathi kwabo.

Ukubukeka

Izinkabi zeMusk ngenkathi kwenzeka ukuziphendukela kwemvelo zathola ukubukeka okubonakalayo, okubonisa ukuvumelana kwazo nezimo zokuphila ezinzima ze-Arctic. Azinazitho zomzimba ezivikelekile, ezihambisana nesidingo sokunciphisa ukulahleka kokushisa esimweni esibandayo. Ngenxa yejazi elide kakhulu futhi eliwugqinsi, izinkabi ze-musk zibukeka zinkulu kakhulu kunokuba zinjalo empeleni.

Izinkabi zeMusk zibonakaliswa yi-dimorphism ebalulekile yocansi. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukuphakama kokubuna komuntu okhulile kungama-132-138 cm, kanti isisindo siyehluka kusuka ku-260 kuya ku-650 kg. Endle, izinkabi zesilisa zamaski zifinyelela isisindo somzimba kuze kufike ku-350 kg nokuphakama emithini efinyelela ku-150 cm. Isisindo sezinsikazi sicishe sibe ngama-60% esisindo sowesilisa, kanti ukukhula kwazo kufinyelela ku-120 cm. Ekudingisweni, abesilisa bafika ku-650 kg, abesifazane - ama-300 kg. Ubude bomzimba wamadoda buyi-210-260 cm, izintokazi - 190-240 cm. Isifunda sendawo futhi sithinta usayizi nesisindo sezilwane, ezihambisana nokwehluka ekunikezelweni kokudla. Ngakho-ke, izinkabi ezinkulu kakhulu ze-musk zihlala entshonalanga Greenland, nezincane enyakatho.

Izinkabi zeMusk zinentambo ye-hump-neck endaweni yamahlombe, engena emhlane omncane. Imilenze yenkabi yama-musk incane futhi inesitoko. Lapho kulinganiswa ngejika, imilenze yangemuva yinde kakhulu kunangaphambili. Ama-Muskox hoves makhulu ayindilinga, avumelaniswa nokuhamba eqhweni nasemadwaleni. Izinselo zangaphambili zibanzi kakhulu ukwedlula ingemuva, ekuvumela ukuthi ukwazi “ukuhambisa inselo” (ukumba) ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa. Izinselo ezisetshenziswayo zincane, lapho uhamba ungashiyi amamaki phansi noma iqhwa.

Ikhanda lezinkabi zemaskhi likhulu kakhulu futhi liphezulu, ekhanda kunezimpondo ezibukhali eziyindilinga ezinesisekelo esikhulu ebunzini. Izimpondo azilahli minyaka yonke futhi zikhula zize zifinyelele eminyakeni eyisithupha, kuqala ukugoba phansi, bese ziye phambili, bese zikhuphuka nangaphandle. Izimpondo zabesilisa zikhulu kakhulu futhi zikhulu kakhulu kunezintokazi. Abesilisa nabesifazane basebenzisa izimpondo ukuze bazivikele kwizilwane ezizingelayo, futhi abesilisa nabo ngenkathi bezama ukulwa bodwa. Izinsikazi eziphakathi kwezimpondo zinendawo yesikhumba embozwe nge-fluff emhlophe, kanti nezimpondo ngokwazo azinalo ukuqina phansi. Ezinhlangothini zekhanda kukhona amehlo ansundu.

Izindlebe zezinkabi ze-musk zincane kakhulu (3 cm ngamathole kanye nama-6 cm kubantu abadala), umsila ubufishane impela (6-6,5 cm ematholeni kanye no-12,2 kuye ku-14.5 ngensimbi yenkomo yabantu abadala) futhi ufihlwe ngaphansi kwezinwele.

Umbele wezinsikazi mncane, umbozwe izinwele ezikhanyayo. Ubude bezingono busuka ku-3.5 kuya ku-4,5 cm.

Njengoba kuboniswe ukuhlaziya kwama-karyotypes abamele abomndeni wama-bovid, inkabi ye-musk ifana ne-buffalo yase-Asia kwinombolo yediploid yama chromosomes (2p-48)

kepha kwehluka nge-bison, inyathi, yak, izinkomo (2p-60) nezimvu (2p-54). Kuze kube manje, asinayo idatha kwinombolo ye-diploid yama-takin chromosomes.

I-hairline

Izinkabi zeMusk zinezinwele ezinde futhi eziminyene ezilengiswe cishe emhlabathini. Umbala wejazi lezinkabi ze-musk uyahluka kusuka kumnyama onsundu kuya kumnyama engxenyeni engezansi naku-muzzle futhi usuka kokukhanya onsundu kuze kube mhlophe ezingxenyeni ezisele. Uboya buqukethe izinhlobo ezi-4 zezinwele:

1. izinkomba
2. amathambo amade futhi ahlanganayo wama-oda ama-3, angafika ku-60 cm ubude,
3. imiyalo emi-2 ephakathi
4. Ama-oda ama-2 aminyene futhi athambile enza i-undercoat, ebizwa nge-giviot. IGiviot inciphile kune-cashmere futhi ifudumele amahlandla ayisishiyagalombili kunoboya bezimvu. Ngokusondela kwentwasahlobo ye-Arctic, i-giviot isethwe kabusha futhi futhi ikhule ngo-Agasti.

Ijazi limboza umzimba we-musk ox ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwezimpondo, izinselo, izindebe nekhala. Emahlombe abesilisa banezinwele ezi-shaggy kakhulu futhi bangaphandle bakha into efana ne-mane. Ubude bezinwele buyehluka ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba futhi bufika ngaphansi kwentamo, nobuncane ngaphansi kwezitho. Ehlobo, izinwele zimfushane kakhulu kunasebusika. Ngakho-ke, ubude bezinwele eziphansi emzimbeni wenkabi ye-musk ehlobo izikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi ezingama-2,2,5,5 kunasebusika. Ukuhlanza kwenzeka esikhathini esifushane entwasahlobo ngoMeyi-Juni, isikhathi esithile sincike ezintweni eziningana, kubandakanya isimo sezulu nesokudla. Ebantwini abakhulelwe nabadala, ukunyibilika kuyabambezeleka. Ukushintshwa kwezembozo (izinkomba, izinwele zangaphandle neziphakathi) kwenzeka unyaka wonke.

I-Anatomy

Izindlala ze-orbital ze-anterior zakhiwa kusukela eminyakeni yobudala bethole kuwo owesilisa nowesifazane. Imfihlo yabo isebenza ekuqwashiseni uma kunengozi, nangezikhathi zokulwa kwabesilisa. Azikho izindlala izithukuthuku emilenzeni yangemuva, kepha zisezintanyeni, emuva nangezinhlangothini. Izinduna zeMusk, ngaphandle kwegama, ayinayo inkabi ye-musk.

Izitho zomqondo we-musk ox zakhiwe kahle. Inamehlo amakhulu, lapho inkabi yemaskati ikwazi ukubona izinto ebumnyameni noma ngobusuku bekhola. Umuzwa wokuhogela awuthuthukiswa kangako kunowamila, kodwa kukuvumela ukuthi ubone indlela yezilwane ezidla ezinye futhi uthole ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa. Inkabi yezimonyo ithandiwe ukusayinda ngokuxhumana okuzwakalayo noma okubonakalayo: izinsikazi nezinsikazi noma ukuphefumula nge-alamu, amathole ayachitheka efuna umama, futhi abesilisa bayabhonga lapho belwa.

Isethi ye-musk ox diploid yama-chromosomes yi-2n = 48, NF = 60. Izinkabi zeMusk zinama-chromosomes angama-48: ama-12 ahlomile amabili ayi-36 akhipha ama-autosomes.

Isikhumba

Umgogodla uqukethe ama-vertebrae angama-39, kufaka phakathi i-7 cervical, 13 thoracic, 6 lumbar ne-7 caudal. Ama-vertebrae ahlanganisiwe akha i-oblium, ubude bawo bungama-211 mm kwabesilisa kanye no-196 mm kwabesifazane. Izinkabi zoMusk zinamabhangqa ayi-13 izimbambo.

Isigaxa sinezici ezilandelayo ezihlukile: ububanzi obukhulu bezindlela eziwumqansa, cishe ubuso bangaphambili, iphrofayili yomugqa wengxenye engaphambili le-Fronto, imigqomo emincane yokubuka okumbumbulu, ingxenye emfushane yepharietal yomthambo we-occipital. Ubude basal besikhumba sowesilisa, kuya ngezinsiza, kusuka ku-442 kuya ku-466 mm, i-zygomatic - ukusuka ku-162 kuya ku-177 mm.

Izitho zangaphakathi

Inhliziyo yezinkabi ze-musk incane, ifinyelela isisindo esingu-1500 g. Isitho esikhulu esisebenzayo ngamaphaphu abomvu akhanyayo, aqukethe ama-lobes ayi-9. Ubude bamathumbu benkabi yemaskandi yabantu abadala ukusuka ku-46 kuye ku-52 m.

Isisu se-muskox siyigumbi elinamakamelo amane, isikhafu singathwala ukudla okungafika kuma-40 kg futhi kuyingxenye yesisu esishubile kunazo zonke.

Isibeletho sezinkabi zabesifazane ezimaskandi bicorn, ama-testes amaduna abantu abadala makhulu, anesisindo esingama-315 g womabili. Ubude bepenisi besilisa bubalelwa ku-29 cm.

Izinkabi zeMusk zinesistimu yokujikeleza kwegazi enamazinga okushisa aphakeme ngokulinganayo. Ukushisa okulinganiselwe kubantu abadala kungama-38.4 ° C, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo - ukushaywa okungama-75-90 ngomzuzu.

Izinkabi zeMusk zinesistimu yemisipha ethuthukisiwe, isisindo semisipha esiphelele cishe singama-20% esisindo somzimba.

Ukuthomba nokuzala

Izinkabi zama-musk zesifazane zivuthwa ngokocansi ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, kepha ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle zokudla okunempilo, izinsikazi zivundiswa kakade ngenyanga yempilo ye-15-17. Abesilisa bakulungele ukuzalaniswa kusuka eminyakeni yobudala engama-2-3. Izintokazi ziletha inzalo efinyelela eminyakeni eyi-11-14.

Ezintuthwaneni zesikhumba sezinkawu, imvamisa kuphela kuzalwa ikonyana elilodwa, kwesinye isikhathi, kepha kuyaqabukela, kuzalwe amawele. Uma umsoco ulungile, lapho-ke izinsikazi zingaletha amawundlu minyaka yonke zize zifinyelele eminyakeni eyi-10, emva - kuphela konyaka. Ngokuya ngeminyaka, inani labesifazane abakhulelwe lihlukile: eneminyaka engu-18 kuya kwengama-35 izinyanga ezingaphansi kwama-25% abesifazane bakhulelwe, sebekhulile - kufinyelela kuma-63%.

I-Rut

Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, ukushayela kwezinkabi ze-musk kuqala enkathini kusuka ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, futhi kuphele maphakathi no-Okthoba. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngenxa yezimo zezulu nezimo zokuphaka, isikhathi sokuzala singashintshela kuSepthemba-Disemba. Ngokusho kokucwaningwa komcwaningi weTaimyr tundra zone uGrigory Yakushkin, izinkabi zemaskandi zithola umjaho ongamanga kusuka maphakathi no-Ephreli kuya engxenyeni yokuqala kaMeyi, nokho, izimpi phakathi kwabesilisa ngalesi sikhathi zenzeka ukwembula isikhundla sobukhosi futhi zibonisa ngemvelo.

Ukweluka kwezinkabi zemask, njengabo bonke abangatheni, kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu:

1. Qala. Kwenzeka lapho izinsikazi ziqala ukukhipha umhlonyane, ziqala ukuvumela abesilisa abaqavile ukuba bahoxe futhi bajole. Kwowesilisa ovelele, isigqi sokondleka nokuphumula siyalahleka, uba nolaka ubhekise kwabesilisa abasebasha. Kulesi sigaba, kwenziwa amabhangqa okuqala. Isikhathi esiteji yisonto.
2. Ijubane eliphakeme (i-mass drive). Kulesi sigaba, ngababili abesilisa nabesifazane abaphezulu eqenjini lakhe badalwa ngokushesha, baqale ukuphindana futhi bobabili bahlukane.
3. Ukunxenxa. Isigqi sansuku zonke sowesilisa ovelele sibuyela kokujwayelekile, ukufutheka kwaso kuya emadodeni amancane kudlula.

Emhlambini wezinkabi zemaskimi ngesikhathi sokuzala, kuvame ukuba ngowesilisa oyedwa ovelele. Kodwa-ke, emihlambini emikhulu yabesilisa abadala kungahle kube khona okuningana: okukodwa okuphezulu nakodwa noma ngaphezulu kwesisodwa.

Lapho i-estrus iqala kubantu besifazane, baqala ukukhipha iphunga elithile, okwenza abesilisa baqonde ukuthi bakulungele ukuvuthwa. Ngesikhathi sokubeletha, ezilwaneni ezivuthiwe, izindlala ze-infraorbital ziqala ukusebenza ngenkuthalo. Imfihlo yesifazane yezindlala itshengisa ukuzwela kwakhe kwezocansi lapho ethintana nowesilisa. Owesilisa uthokozisa owesimame ngephunga lobuhlungu lomchamo wakhe kanye nokugonywa, kanye nokukhishwa kokuzitholela.

Ngesikhathi sokuzala, abesilisa abadala banolaka olukhulu, phakathi kwabo kukhona ukungqubuzana kwabesifazane. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni eziningi zigwema izimpi ezinolaka futhi zizibophezele ekuboniseni usongo oluhlanganisa: ukugquma, ukukhonkotha, ukuhosha inselo ngomshini, kunciphisa ikhanda nezinye izinto zokuziphatha. Uma emva kwalokhu abesilisa bengasabalali, impi iyaqala, lapho abesilisa begijima bodwa bebanga elingamamitha angama-30-50 bese bashayisana namabunzi abo. Ukushayisana okunjalo kungafika ku-40 empini ngayinye. Kuyivelakancane, kepha kwenzeka ukuthi impi ingabulala oyedwa wezimbangi zakhe.

Ukuziphatha ngocansi

Ukuziphatha ngokobulili ikakhulukazi kubalingiswa besilisa be-harem. Ezakhiweni eziyi-10 kuye kwezingu-15 zokuthandana kwabantu besifazane kuyahlukaniswa, okuyinhloko okuqhathaniswa nakho. Isifiso sowesilisa sokushada nowesifazane kuholela ekwakhekeni kombhangqwana wosuku olulodwa noma ezimbili, lapho owesilisa ehamba kanye nowesifazane emhlambini wezinkomo. Owesilisa wenza imizamo eminingana yokushada (lokho okuthiwa ngamakheji). Eyokuqala yazo kwesinye isikhathi ayiphumeleli, kepha konke kuya ngesipiliyoni nobudala besilisa. Okwamanje wekheji, owesilisa ushaya umlingani wakhe ngemilenze yakhe yangaphambili futhi wenza ukuthuthumela kwe-pelvic. I-coitus ngokwayo ihlala imizuzwana emi-5-6.

Kwabesifazane, kunezimpendulo ezintathu ezingenzeka ekuzithandaneni kwabesilisa: ukuzithoba, ukugwema, noma ulaka. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa akubhekwa njengokujwayelekile futhi kuphelele kuwo wonke umuntu.

Ukukhulelwa nokubeletha

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-8-8,5, ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ithole lizalwa ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaJuni, kanti esimweni esisebenzayo sokuzala, ukuzala kwehliselwa amasonto amabili, kusukela ngesonto eledlule lika-Ephreli. Ekupheleni kukaMeyi, izinkomo ziqala ukuthutha ziye e-tundra eyomile enomhlaba wokudla okungcono, futhi izinsikazi ezingazange zibe nesikhathi sokuzala ngaphambi kwalokho ukuzala zisendleleni.

Owesifazane okhulelwe kunzima kakhulu ukukhomba phakathi kwabanye besifazane ngenxa yokwakheka komzimba nezinwele ezinde, ezifihla izimpawu zangaphandle zokukhulelwa. Lapho umzuzu wokuzalwa usondela, insikazi iba namandla ngokwengeziwe, iqala ukuhlala emaphethelweni omhlambi. Ukuzalwa ngokwako kwenzeka emhlambini wezinkomo noma eduze kwawo, uma lokhu kungukuzalwa kokuzalwa kowesifazane. Iziphazamiso zihlala imizuzu eyi-8-10, kuthi ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-5-28 umntwana osanda kuzalwa afike ezinyaweni zakhe. Isisindo sethole elisanda kuzalwa lisukela ku-8 kuye ku-10 kg futhi liphindwe kabili phakathi nenyanga yokuqala yokuphila. Amathole asanda kuzalwa ukuze aphile ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima (okushisa komoya angafinyelela ku-−30 ° C) vele sele enesendlalelo esikhulu samafutha.

Amawele awafani ne-musk ox. Kukholelwa ukuthi ukubonakala kwamawele kuhlotshaniswa nezimo zokuphakelwa okuhle. Ngokusho kososayensi, ithuba lokuzala amawele liyi-3.9%. Akukho mininingwane ebhalwe phansi mayelana nokusebenza kwamawele ezinkondweni ze-musk kubantu basendle. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, intokazi enamawele yatholakala eDevon Island, kodwa ebusika batholakala beshonile benezimpawu zokukhathala.

Ukondliwa kokuqala kwethole ngowesifazane kwenzeka ngamashumi emizuzu eminingana emva kokuzalwa. Ezinsukwini ezimbili zokuqala, inani lokuphakelayo lihluka kusuka kwezikhathi eziyi-18 kuye kwezingama-20, futhi isikhathi esichithwa kokuphakelayo okukodwa sisuka kumizuzu eyi-1 kuye kwayi-9. Ngosuku lwesithathu lokuphila, umfutho wokondliwa ukhuphuka ngasikhathi sinye kanye nokwehla kwesikhathi sokudla. Le ndlela iyaqhubeka. Ngesikhathi sokudla, ithole lishaya umbele kamama ngesizalo salo ukuze limnikeze lonke ubisi. Ngokukhula kwthole, imivimbo enjalo iba buhlungu kowesifazane futhi angaphazamisa ukondla ngenxa yabo. Kusuka enyangeni eyodwa, amathole aqala ukushintshela edlelweni, futhi ezinyangeni ezinhlanu ngemuva kokuzalwa, ukuncelisa ubisi kuyaphela ngokuphelele.

Phakathi kwethole nonina, ukubonwa ngamehlo kwenzeka kusukela ekuqaleni. Izinsikazi azinazo izindlela zokubona nezinqumayo zokunquma amawundlu azo, ngakho-ke lapho kufika isikhathi sokondliwa, ziqala ukuhamba nomhlambi futhi zihlwithe amathole zifuna ezazo. Amathole, wona, akhumbula ukubonakala kukamama nezwi lakhe, elibavumela ukuba bathole umama wabo ngokunembile.

Ukuzala amankonyane namankonyane kwakha amaqembu okuthiwa awomama emhlambini wezinkomo. Ngosuku lwesibili noma lwesithathu lokuphila, amathole aqala ukuhlangana emidlalweni ehlanganyelanayo, ehlanganisa izinsikazi eqenjini elilodwa. Amaqembu omama nawo adalelwa ukuvikela ngokuhlangana kwamathole nokwanda okusheshayo kwesipiliyoni. Ematholeni, izakhi eziyi-10 kuye kwele-13 zokuziphatha komdlalo ziyahlukaniswa. Imidlalo igcina ifinyelela ezinyangeni ezi-2 kuya kwezi-2,5, bese kuthi ngokushintshela edlelo, inani lemidlalo lehla kakhulu.

Inhlangano yezenhlalo

Izinkabi zeMusk ziluhlobo lomphakathi olunomqondo wemvelo okhuliswe kakhulu. Ubudlelwano bomphakathi buqinile ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezinkabi ezisencane zama-musk nezinsikazi ezinamathole. Izinkabi zeMusk cishe zihlala njalo ngamaqembu, okuhlukile kulo mthetho ngabesilisa abadala abangabodwa, inani labo ehlobo lingafinyelela ku-9%. Ekwindla nasehlobo, kukhona futhi namaqembu e-musk ox, aqukethe abesilisa kuphela. Ubukhulu beqembu obujwayelekile ebusika buvela ezilwaneni ezi-15 kuye kwezingu-20, ehlobo - ukusuka kweziyi-10 kuye kwezili-15. Ehlobo, ukwakheka kwamaqembu kuvame ukuqina.

Njengoba cishe abesifazane bahlala njalo bengamaqembu, abesilisa abazakhi izintokazi zabo, kepha zama ukungena nokutora iqembu elikhona, ukuxosha izinsizwa lapho. Njengoba amaqembu anjalo evikelekile futhi esekelwa owesilisa ovelele, athathwa njengezinceku. Ukusondelana nokuvama kakhulu kugcinwa phakathi kukamama nethole. Akukho lutho lokwehlukanisa umama kusuka kwenye inkabi ye-musk, kokubili ngaphambi kokuzalwa nangemva kwayo. Leli thole elisanda kuzalwa liba yilungu leqembu futhi liqale ukuhlangana namanye amalungu omhlambi, ligcine ukuxhumana nabantu kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi iqhaza emidlalweni yokuxhumana nomphakathi, okuyisici esibalulekile empilweni yomhlambi.

Naphezu kwesisindo sabo nokuhamba kancane, ngesikhathi sengozi, izinkabi ze-musk zihlangana ngokushesha eqenjini lapho zivikela noma inyongo. Izilwane ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngesivinini esingama-25-30 km / h futhi ziyilondoloze amakhilomitha ambalwa.

Umsoco

Izinkabi zeMusk zingama-herbivores. Isisekelo sokudla kwabo yi-sedge, willow namakhambi. Ekuhambeni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izinkabi ze-musk zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa namazwe akhula kancane kakhulu e-Arctic. Ngenxa yokuthi ihlobo le-Arctic lihlala amasonto ambalwa nje, ama-musk ox feed ezitshalweni ezomile isikhathi esiningi sonyaka, abawumbayo ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ngaphambi kokuqala kokushayela okusebenzayo, esikhathini se-snowless (imvamisa izinyanga zasehlobo), izinkabi ze-musk zivakashela imashi kasawoti wemvelo ukuthola amaminerali amakhulu kanye nama-microelements.

Izitha zemvelo

Izitha zemvelo ngokuyinhloko ziyizimpisi, kanye nebhere elibumbayo, ibhele elinsundu, i-wolverine nomuntu.

Izinkabi zeMusk ziyizilwane eziqinile ngokwanele ukuxosha izinyamazane futhi zivikele inzalo yazo. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, bavele bafake isiyingi esiqinile noma i-gallop. Uma indiza ingenzeki noma inzima, baphambuka bayindilinga, kuthi lapho umhlaseli esondela, iduna elilodwa emhlanjini limhlasele, masinyane ngemuva kokuhlaselwa, libuyele embuthanweni, noma amalunga omhlambi asondele kuye. Le ndlela yokuvikela yayisebenza impela kubo bonke abahlaseli bemvelo, kodwa ayisebenzi ngokuphelele lapho izingela abantu. Umhlambi, umi isiyingi futhi umboza amancanyana ngemizimba yawo, uhlala ungashukumi lapho inkabi yemaskandi iphuma ngesibhamu.

Indaba yokutholwa

Ngokokuqala ngqa lesi silwane satholakala kubantu baseYurophu ngumuntu ongumNgisi owayesebenza enkampanini ye-Hudson's Bay uHenry Kelsey ngonyaka we-1689.

Ngo-1917, uhulumeni waseCanada wathatha lolu hlobo ngaphansi kokuvikelwa; kwavunyelwa umthetho wokuvinjwa kwenkabi ye-musk, eyayisebenza iminyaka engama-52. Kusukela ngo-1950, inkabi kamaskandi yaqala ukuvikeleka eGreenland. E-Russia, ukutholakala kwesazi se-paleontologist uN.K. Vereshchagin kuyaziwa - isigaxa senkabi yemaskhi enethambo langaphambili lokudutshulwa elivela e-Taimyr Peninsula, esiveza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izinkabi zokugcina zama-musk zaxoshwa ngabazingeli eNyakatho ye-Asia ngesikhathi somlando, eminyakeni engama-200 kuya kwengama-400 edlule.

Ibanga lesimanje

Njengamanje, abantu bomdabu abangama-musk ox bahlala esifundeni saseNyakatho Melika esenyakatho kuka-60 ° C. ., ngaphandle kwezwe, kutholakala eParry, eGreenwell, entshonalanga nasempumalanga yeGreenland nasogwini olusenyakatho lwalesi siqhingi (ama-degree angama-83 ukusuka enyakatho). Inani eliphezulu le-musk ox eCanada liwela eziqhingini eziphakathi kwesiqhingi seCanada Arctic - iziqhingi zaseBanks naseVictoria. Ngo-2012, cishe izinkomo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-114 zemiski zahlala eCanada, zazo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-37 zitholakala kuphela eBank Island. Engxenyeni yezwekazi laseCanada, kwakuhlala izinkabi ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi nane futhi cishe okufanayo eziqhingini ezisenyakatho zeziqhingi zaseCanada zaseCanada (ngaphandle kwaseBanks naseVictoria Islands). Ngo-2009, cishe izinkabi ezingama-25 000 zemaskandi zazihlala eGreenland. Kuze kube ngu-1865, inkabi yama-musk nayo yayihlala enyakatho ye-Alaska, kodwa yaqothulwa ngokuphelele. Yabuye yethulwa ngonyaka we-1930. Ngo-1936, i-musk ox yaziswa eNunivak Island, ngonyaka ka-1969 eNelson Island eLwandle iBering nasendaweni yemvelo enyakatho mpumalanga ye-Alaska; kuzo zonke lezi zindawo waba nempumelelo. Imizamo yokuqhakambisa inkabi yemaskandi eSweden, e-Iceland naseNorway ayiphumelelanga ikakhulukazi.

Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat

Kuhlala inkabi yomaskandi ezindaweni ezinobusika obude nemvula encane. Isilwane singathola ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa. Isembozo esingaxhunyiwe kuze kufinyelele kumamitha ayijulile akusona isithiyo kuye. Noma kunjalo, ebusika ukhetha ukuba semithambekeni, ezintabeni, emaphethelweni emifula, lapho iqhwa lishaywa khona umoya.

Ehlobo, izinkabi zemaskati zidlulela emabhange amnene emifula namachibi, izindawo ezigcwele imifino. Ukondla nokuphumula kuhlale kuhlukahluka. Ngezinsuku ezinomoya, kunesikhathi esiningi sokuphumula. Ngezinsuku ezithuleyo, izinkabi zomaskandi zihamba kakhulu ngenxa yomsebenzi wezinsini. Ubusika yisikhathi samaholide. Umhlambi uduka ube yiqembu eliminyene, ngaleyo ndlela zivikeleke emakhazeni nasemoyeni.

Ebusika, imihlambi ye-musk ox kuhlanganiswa. Ngaphezu kwabesilisa abadala, umhlambi ufaka izinsikazi ezinamathole, amathole, izilwane ezincane zazo zombili ubulili. Iqembu lihlanganisa izilwane ezifika ku-15 ukuya kwezingu-20. Ehlobo, isibalo se-musk ox emhlanjini siyancipha. Emhlanjini kukhona izintokazi ezinamathole, izilwane ezingafinyeleli ebudaleni.

I-USSR neRussia

Izazi eziningi zezilwane ngeminyaka yo-1920 zaphakamisa umbuzo wokululeka kabusha kwe-musk ox endaweni ye-tundra Russia, ngoba izwe lelo linendawo enkulu e-Arctic efanelekile ukuphinda iqiniswe inkabi yemaskandi. Ngokunokwenzeka, izinkabi eziyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa zingahlala eRussia. Kepha ngalokhu, kuyadingeka ukuhlela ukuthuthwa okuningana kwezilwane ezisencane ezindaweni ezintsha, ngoba kunzima kakhulu kuzo ukwenza lokhu ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaxhaphozi amaningi nemifula emikhulu, futhi akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukusuka e-Wrangel Island.

I-Taimyr ne-Wrangel Island

Maphakathi nawo-1970s, ukuzanywa kokuqanjwa kabusha kwezinkabi ze-musk ngaphambili ezake zahlalwa lapha kwaqala eTaimyr ngasemfuleni iBikada-Nguom River kanye naseWrangel Island. Izazi zezilwane zaseCanada zabamba iqulu lokuqala le-musk ox for Taimyr ngo-Agasti 1974 eBanks Island izilwane eziyishumi (ezineminyaka engu-15 ubudala), abesilisa nabesifazane ngokulinganayo. Ngentwasahlobo yango-1975, ezinye izilwane ezingama-40 zathunyelwa e-USSR esiqhingini saseNunivak ngasogwini lwe-Alaska (USA). Zalethwa, zahlukaniswa zaba ngamaqembu amabili alinganayo zathunyelwa ezindaweni ezihlukile: eyodwa yafika endaweni yokugcina imvelo e-Wrangel Island (izintokazi eziyi-12 nezinsizwa ezi-6 zezinyanga eziyi-11 ubudala nezinsikazi ezineminyaka emibili nabesilisa), kanti enye zaya eTaimyr, ezansi nomfula I-Bikada-Nguoma, lapho izilwane zaseCanada sezivele zabanda khona. Inkabi ye-musk eyethulwe impande ngempumelelo. Ukuzala isigaxa sokuqala ngempumelelo e-Wrangel Island kwaphawulwa ngonyaka we-1977, naseTaimyr ngonyaka we-1978. Inani labantu kuleminyaka edlule ukukhishwa selikhule kancane, nendawo enabantu inwebile. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, inkabi yemaskandi yayizinze ngokuphelele e-Wrangel Island.

Ngo-1994, inani le-musk ox e-Taimyr lalingaphezulu kwe-1000. Cishe izilwane ezingama-300 zazihlala e-Wrangel Island ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngo-2012, ngokusho kokunye ukulinganiselwa, izinkabi ezingama-8000 zama-musk zihlala eTaimyr tundra. Ngokwemininingwane evela ku-2015, ngokusho kokulinganisa kwesazi, inani le-musk ox eTaimyr lalicishe libe yizinkulungwane eziyi-11-14. Inqwaba yabantu yathutha ngokuzimela yathuthela eningizimu esifundeni sasePutorana.

Isibalo saseWrange Island sifinyelele usayizi waso omkhulu (amakhanda angama-850-1000) futhi singaba ngumthombo wokuphinda sakhiwe nokwakhiwa kwezinkomo ezintsha ezweni elikhulu. Ngokokwedatha ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2019, isibalo senkabi yama-musk esiqwini se-Wrangel Island singabantu abayi-1,100.

Ngo-2000, inani lama-musk ox lakhiwe mahhala kuma-Polar Urals.

Ngo-1997, izinkabi ze-musk zethulwa eGorno-Khadatinsky District Animal Refuge ukuze kugcwaliswe indawo engenamvelo yezentengiselwano. Njengomphumela wokuzalela okwenziwe ngo-1997 kuya ku-2011, inani le-musk ox lenyuka lisuka kuma-43 laya kubantu abangama-75. Izinkabi zeMusk zigcinwa zisesimweni samahhala endaweni yesifunda - endaweni yezindiza, indawo engaphansi kwekhilomitha eyi-10. Kuqala, ukugcinwa kwezilwane okungekho mahhala kule coral enkulu kwakucatshangwa ukuthi, kepha ngemuva nje kokudlulela ocingweni, ingxenye yomhlambi yathuthela endle. Ngakho-ke, njengamanje imihlambi emibili yezinkabi ezingama-musk ihlala kuma-Yamal - 150 e-coral futhi angaba ngamakhulu amabili endle.

Ngo-2000, kwakheka imvelo yama-musk ox oxhaxha eNhlonhlo iTerpiai-Tumus, e-Lena Delta, esiB Islandhoi Begichev Island eKhatanga Bay, nasezindaweni eziphansi ze-Indigirka eduzane nedolobhana laseChokurdy. Isibalo se-musk ox ku-republic ngonyaka we-2012 seqe inani leyinkulungwane.

Ngo-Okthoba 1996, iqembu lokuqala lezinkabi ezingama-musk (amathole anezinyanga eziyisithupha) lalethwa lisuka eTaimyr laya eBulunsky ulus yeRepublic of Sakha (Yakutia). Kuphinde futhi, iqoqo le-musk ox kubantu abangu-22 lakhululwa lapho ngonyaka we-2010. Ngo-1997 nango-2000, kwadedelwa ama-3 ama-musk ox ku-Pronchishchev ridge esifundeni sase-Anabar. Ngo-2001 nango-2002, izinkomo ezimbili zemisk enabantu abangu-25 sebefuduselwe eBolshoy Begichev Island, kwathi ngonyaka we-2000 nango-2009, izinkabi ezi-2 ezihlanganisiwe nezisonke zezilwane ezingama-38 zakhululwa eMfuleni i-Indigirka River Delta esifundeni i-Allaikhov. Sekukonke, izilwane eziyi-101 zenziwa kabusha eTaimyr. Njengoba kunikezwe ukwanda kwemvelo, imfuyo eYakutia idlule izinhloso ezingama-400 ngonyaka we-2005. Kwaqalwa izixuku ezi-4 ezisebenzayo - uBulun, Anabar, Begichev no-Allaikh. Ngo-2009, ngokohlelo lweRiphabhulikhi "Ukuvikelwa Kwezemvelo", izinkabi zemaskandi zangeniswa ngenani lamakhanda angamashumi ayisikhombisa nane futhi zahlaliswa ezifundeni zaseBugun, Allahai naseNizhnekolymsky, nasendaweni yazo yemvelo. Ngo-2017, iqembu lezinkabi ezingama-22 zama-musk elivela kuYamal lahlaliswa egqekweni laseChekanovsky. Kucatshangwa ukuthi leli qembu lizosiza ukuhlanganisa izindawo zeBulun nezase-Anabar musk ox zabantu, kanye nokuvimbela ukungena ngaphakathi kwalaba bantu. Ngo-2017, inani le-musk ox e-Yakutia lalicishe libe ngabantu abangama-2500 futhi linomkhuba wokukhuphuka ngamakhanda angama-300-400 ngonyaka. Ngasikhathi sinye, cishe izinkabi ezingama-230 zama-musk zihlala esiQhingini saseBolshoy Begichev, lapho inani lezilwane ezihlala endle ezimeni zesiqhingi esincane lisetshenziselwa njengohlobo lwenkulisa - izilwane zitholakala ukuze zibanjwe futhi zihanjiswe ezindaweni ezintsha.

Ngo-2005, izinkabi ezingama-musk ezingama-30 zathunyelwa eTaimyr zaya esifundeni saseMagadan. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokulethwa, inhlangano yahlakazwa, eyayikhulula izilwane kanye ne-Krivbass yezimayini zegolide ezinakekela izilwane. Ngo-2010, izilwane ezazikade zidliwe ukudla okuhlanganisiwe nokuyikhona okuvuniwe kwakhululwa endle. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka imihlambi emibili yezinjongo eziyi-16 nezili-10, ngokulandelana. Ngo-2018, inani labantu selikhuphukile laya kubantu abacishe babe ngama-70. Ngo-2018, kwakhululwa umhlambi omncane wamagoli angama-25 esiqhingini saseZavyalova.

Inani elilinganisiwe lenkabi le-musk eRussia ehlobo lika-2011 lalicishe libe ngabantu abayi-13,000. Ngo-2015, inani elilinganisiwe lenkabi yama-musk eRussia lalingabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-14- 17, kuwo ama-80% eTaimyr, 11- 12% eYakutia, ama-5-6% e-Wrangel Island, ngaphezu kwe-2% kuYamal nase-0.5% eMagadan indawo.

Ukunakekelwa ekhaya nokunakekelwa

Izinkabi zeMusk ziyizilwane ezihlala kahle, ezilungele impilo yamadlelo angapheli nakuma-corrals. Indawo edingekayo ukuze kutholakale inkabi eyodwa yama-musk icishe ibe ngama-50- 70 ha. Lokhu kubonakala kuyisibalo esibalulekile, kepha hhayi ezimweni ezisenyakatho, lapho amashumi, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamahektha engenalutho, efanelekile ukudlela izinkabi zemask. Uma ufaka ukudla okungeniswa kanye nokudla kwezilwane ekudleni kwezilwane, indawo yedlelo incishiswa ibe ngamahektha angama-4,8 umuntu ngamunye.

Ngaphezu kwendawo ebiyelwe ebiyelwe, kwakhiwa imichilo eminingana epulazini ukuze kugcinwe amasheya okondla, imishini nemishini. Ama-Splits (imishini) akhiwa ukulungisa izilwane ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa. Ukuphakela izinkomishi nezitsha zokuphuza kuqeda uhlu lwemishini enkulu yamapulazi nezakhiwo. Kwezilwane uqobo, kungafakwa izihlangu ezivikela umoya. Izindawo zokukhosela ezikhethekile ngisho nasebusika azidingeki.

ECanada nase-United States, sekuqoqwe iminyaka engama-50 yamava yokulima izinkabi zemaskandi. Ezweni lethu, abathanda abangene kule bhizinisi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ipulazi elincane lezilwane ezingama-20 lizobiza ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-20. Kubandakanya ukuthengwa kwezilwane, umsebenzi wokwakha kanye namaholo abasebenzi.

Ngonyaka, ipulazi lizokhokha ngokuphelele futhi lilethe ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-30. wafika. Njengomkhiqizo oyinhloko wepulazi, i-fluff (giviot) etholakala ezilwaneni iyabhekwa. Eminyakeni elandelayo, inzuzo kufanele inyuke ngenxa yenyama, izikhumba kanye nokuthengiswa kwezilwane bukhoma.

Naphezu kokutholakala kwayo, emngceleni wobunye, izilwane zithengiswa ngandlela-thile. Ungathola okunikezwayo ngokuthengiswa kwezilwane ezisencane. Intengo ye-Musk ox imvamisa kusethwe ngenani labantu abatholwayo, lapho bevela khona. Abalimi kanye nama-zoo bangasebenza njengabathengisi.

Cishe izindleko zesilwane esisodwa zizoba kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-50 - 150. Ngaphezu kwamathole nezilwane ezindala, uboya bemaskiki buyathengiswa. Lokhu okuqukethwe okubalulekile. Ochwepheshe bathi i-giviot (noma i-giviut) - ingubo engaphansi lapho imicu yoboya isenziwa khona - ifudumala amahlandla ayisi-8 futhi ibiza izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-5 kunoboya bezimvu.

Ukutholakala kabusha kwe-musk ox hair akuyona ukuphela kobunzima obubonakala lapho butholakala. Isipiliyoni esithile siyadingeka ukuze sikwazi ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi yiboya be-musk ox obunikezwayo. Lapho uthenga i-giviot nge-Intanethi, ukuphela kwethemba lokugwema inkohliso ukubuyekezwa kanye nokuthenjwa komthengisi.

Amaqiniso Ahehayo

Izinkabi zeMusk zikhombisa ukusinda okumangazayo. Zifakiwe kuhlu lwezilwane okuthiwa izilwane ezincelisayo. Lapho kubalwa khona izilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane ezidla inyama enamachashaza nezinye izilwane. Izinkabi zeMush zisatshalaliswa buthaka. Lokhu kuboniswa izinsalela zezilwane ezitholakele. Kepha ama-mammoth amaningi futhi anamandla afa, futhi inkabi yemaskhi engavamile futhi emnandi yasinda.

Ukuvela kwenkabi ye-musk eRussia North, ikakhulukazi, eTaimyr, kuhlobene ngqo nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle. Eminyakeni yama-70s yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kwavezwa ukufudumala kobudlelwano phakathi kweSoviet Union namazwe ongxowankulu. UNdunankulu waseCanada ngaleso sikhathi uTrudeau waya eNorilsk, lapho afunda khona ngohlelo lokwethula izinkabi ze-musk enyakatho ye-USSR.

Uhlelo lwalungeyona izilwane ezanele. Ekhombisa izinhloso ezinhle, uTrudeau wayala futhi ngonyaka we-1974 iCanada yaveza abesilisa aba-5 nezinsikazi ezi-5 ngokuzalanisa izinkabi ze-musk eSoviet tundra. Abantu baseMelika abathandanga ukushiya ngemuva futhi baletha izilwane ezingama-40 e-USSR. Izilwane zaseCanada nezaseMelika sezinezimpande. Amakhulu amaningi ezizukulwane zawo azulazula i-tundra yaseRussia namuhla.

Izinkabi zeMusk eRussia yazala ngempumelelo, kufaka phakathi esiqhingini sase-Wrangel. Kulesi sifunda baqala ukuhlala eduze komhlonyane - njengabo, abantu besikhathi sezilwane ezincelisayo. Phakathi kwalezi, ngokuyisimangaliso ezingashabalali, umncintiswano wokudla waqala.

Emzabalazweni wokudla, kwakungekho abalahlekile. Izilwane zihlala ngokuphephile futhi zizalela kuze kube manje. Lokhu kufakazela ukuthi ukuqothuka bekungavinjeki ngisho naseFar North, nokuntuleka okucacile kokuphakelwa. Njengoba ukudla okubandayo nokuncane kungazibulali izilwane zakudala, abantu bakudala bakwenza. Okusho ukuthi, isimo sezulu sokuqothulwa kwesimo sezulu sifakwa endaweni ye-anthropogenic.

E-USA

Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX, izinkabi zemaskandi zazihlala e-Alaska, kepha zaqothulwa ngumuntu. Ngo-1930, i-34 musk ox yathunyelwa eFairbanks ivela e-East Greenland. Ukusuka lapho bahanjiswa esiqhingini saseNunivak. Izinkabi zeMusk zahlala lapho, kwathi ngonyaka we-1968 inani labo lase licishe laba yizilwane ezingama-750. Ngemuva kwalokho, izinkabi zemaskk eziphakathi kwezilwane ezihlala eNunivak sezixazululwe endaweni eseSenard Peninsula, Cape Thompson (English), Nelson Island kanye nase-Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Ngo-2000, cishe izinkabi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-4 zama-musk zazihlala endaweni yase-Alaska, kodwa eminyakeni yamuva isibalo sezilwane ezise-Arctic National Reserve nasezindaweni ezizungezile sehle. Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2012, isibalo sezinkabi zemaskandi e-Alaska cishe ziyizilwane ezingama-4, 200, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazo eziseSenward Peninsula.

ENorway

Ukwethulwa kwenkabi ye-musk eNorway kwaqala ngo-1924, lapho kudedelwa izilwane eziyi-11 eziqhingini ezisogwini lwefjords. Kamuva, babuyiselwa endaweni yezintaba yezwekazi. Ngeminyaka yama-1930s, abanye abantu abayi-10 babededelwa emihlanjini ekhona. Izilwane ezikhishwe lapha zazivumelanisa kahle, amanani azo aqala ukwanda, kepha ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba aqothulwa. Ngemuva kokuphela kwempi, kusukela ngo-1947 kuya ku-1953, abantu abangu-27 baphinde badedelwa lapha eningizimu yezwe. Inani labantu elivela kulokhu kukhululwa lisebenze njengokuqukethwe komthombo wesimanje ox wezinsimbi. Ngo-1958, lalinabantu abangama-25; ngoJulayi 1978, lalinabantu abangama-52. Ngokusho kwedatha ka-2014, cishe abantu abangama-350 bahlala eNorway

ESweden

Izinkabi zeMusk zafika eSweden zivela eDovrefjell yaseNorway, lapho zaphakanyiswa khona ngo-1947. Ngo-1971, iqembu elincane lezinkabi ezingama-musk, elaliqukethe inkunzi, izinkomo ezimbili namathole amabili, zangena esifundeni saseSweden saseHerjedalen. Ekuqaleni, ngawo-1970s, umhlambi wakhula futhi wafinyelela inani lezilwane ezingama-34, kepha lapho-ke kwaqala ukuncipha kodwa ngokuqinile. Ngomhlaka-2009, kwakukhona inkabi yama-musk engu-7 ukuya kwe-13 kuHerjedalen. NgoJuni ka-2010, isikhungo saseTennessee savula ucwaningo nokuzalaniswa kwenkabi ye-musk, lapho ngoJuni 2011 kwazalwa khona ithole, lenyusa inani lenkabi le-musk laba yisikhombisa ngaleso sikhathi.

Inani lezomnotho

Kunakwa kakhulu ekutholweni nasekutholweni giviot - I-undercoat ethambile futhi efudumele kakhulu ye-musk ox. Ukuhlanza kuqala ngo-Ephreli futhi kuya ngesilinganiso sokushisa kanye nobude bamahora okukhanya kosuku. Ukusuka esilwaneni esidala esinempilo, ungaqoqa kusuka ku-2 kg noma ngaphezulu kwe-fluff. Ekudingisweni, ama-giviotes aqoqwa ngenkathi kuhlanganiswa izinkabi ze-musk, kuthi kusuka ezilwaneni zasendle kuqokelelwa izitshalo ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala.

Inyama yabesilisa, futhi kwesinye isikhathi abesifazane, ingavezwa ngokuqinile yi-musk. Inyama ifana nenyama yokunambitheka, futhi amanoni emfanelweni yayo asondele kakhulu kunewundlu. Ngokwindla, izilwane zithola ungqimba lwamafutha, aze afike ku-30% wesisindo somzimba. Ukukhula kwemvelo ngonyaka kuyinto ngokwesilinganiso se-15-30%, bese imfucuza yonyaka yemvelo ingu-5-10%.

Inani lokudoba

Musk ox usho izinhlobo ezivikelwe ze-Arctic. Udinga ukufudukelwa endaweni yonke. Eminyakeni ezayo, inkabi yama-musk kungenzeka ibe yisilwane esisemthethweni sokuzingela eRussia, ukuzingela ama-trophy akhona njengamanje. Ngaphezu kokungafinyeleleki kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo, ukuzingela akubona ubunzima. Lapho kufika umzingeli, lo mhlambi uphakama esigcawini bese umboza amancanyana, osele ngaphandle kokuzivikela ngokudubula izinkabi ze-musk ngesibhamu.

Ngokusho kososayensi, ukubuyiselwa kwesibalo se-musk ox enyakatho kuvumela ukugcwalisa i-niche engenalutho yemvelo. Lokhu kuzosebenza ukukhulisa izinsiza zokuzingela nokudoba kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kwemvelo yendabuko yabantu bomdabu baseNyakatho Ekude.

Ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-USSR neRussia

Ukuvuselelwa kabusha - ukwakha kabusha nokuhlala kabusha kwezilwane zasendle nezitshalo zohlobo oluthile endaweni ethile lapho zazihlala khona futhi zakhula, kodwa kusuka lapho ngasizathu simbe wanyamalala, ukwakha inani elisha elizinzileyo.

Izazi eziningi zezilwane ngeminyaka yo-1920 zaphakamisa umbuzo wokululeka kabusha kwe-musk ox endaweni ye-tundra Russia, ngoba izwe lelo linendawo enkulu e-Arctic efanelekile ukuphinde iqiniswe kabusha ngenkabi yemaskandi. Ngokunokwenzeka, izinkabi eziyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa zingahlala eRussia. Kepha ngalokhu, kuyadingeka ukuhlela ukuthuthwa okuningana kwezilwane ezisencane ezindaweni ezintsha, ngoba kunzima kakhulu kuzo ukwenza lokhu ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaxhaphozi amaningi nemifula emikhulu, futhi akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukusuka e-Wrangel Island.
I-Taimyr ne-Wrangel Island
Maphakathi nawo-1970s, ukuzanywa kokuqanjwa kabusha kwezinkabi ze-musk ngaphambili ezake zahlalwa lapha kwaqala eTaimyr ngasemfuleni iBikada River kanye naseWrangel Island. Izazi zezilwane zaseCanada zabamba iqulu lokuqala le-musk ox for Taimyr ngo-Agasti 1974 eBanks Island izilwane eziyishumi (ezineminyaka engu-15 ubudala), abesilisa nabesifazane ngokulinganayo. Ngentwasahlobo yango-1975, ezinye izilwane ezingama-40 zathunyelwa e-USSR esiqhingini saseNunivak ngasogwini lwe-Alaska (USA). Bakhululwa, base behlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili alinganayo futhi bathunyelwa ezindaweni ezihlukile: eyodwa - eWong Island Island reservation (abesifazane abangu-12 nezinsizwa ezi-6 zezinyanga eziyi-11 ubudala nezintokazi ezineminyaka emibili nabesilisa), kanti enye - iTaimyr, ezindaweni eziphansi eziseBikada lapho izilwane zaseCanada sezivele zabanda khona. Inkabi ye-musk eyethulwe impande ngempumelelo. Ukuzala okokuqala okuphumelele e-Wrangel Island kwaqoshwa ngonyaka we-1977, naseTaimyr ngonyaka we-1978. Inani labantu landa kancane kancane ngokuhamba kweminyaka selokhu lakhululwa, nendawo enabantu abaningi yanda. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, inkabi yemaskandi yayizinze ngokuphelele e-Wrangel Island.
Ngo-1994, inani lenkabi yama-musk eTaimyr lalingaphezu kwenkulungwane eyi-1. Izilwane ezingaba ngu-300 zazihlala e-Wrangel Island ngaleso sikhathi.
Njengamanje, ngokusho kokunye ukulinganisela, izinkabi ezingama-musk ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili zihlala eTaimyr tundra.
Isibalo saseWrange Island sifinyelele usayizi waso omkhulu (izilwane ezingama-850) futhi singaba ngumthombo wokuphinda sakhiwe nokwakhiwa kwemihlambi emisha ezweni.
I-Polar Ural
Ngo-2000, inani lama-musk ox lakhiwe mahhala kuma-Polar Urals.
Yamal
Ngo-1997, izinkabi ze-musk zethulwa eGorno-Khadatinsky District Animal Refuge ukuze kugcwaliswe indawo engenamvelo yezentengiselwano. Njengomphumela wokuzalela okwenziwe ngo-1997 kuya ku-2011, inani le-musk ox lenyuka lisuka kuma-43 laya kubantu abangama-75. Izinkabi zeMusk zigcinwa zisesimweni samahhala endaweni yesifunda - endaweni yezindiza, indawo engaphansi kwekhilomitha eyi-10.
Yakutia
Ngo-2000, izidalwa zamahhala zemvelo zemiski zakhiwa eNhlonhlo yeTerpiai-Tumus, e-Lena Delta, esiB Islandhoi Begichev Island eKhatanga Bay, nasendaweni ephansi ye-Indigirka eduzane nedolobhana laseChokurdy. Isibalo se-musk ox ku-republic ngonyaka we-2012 seqe inani leyinkulungwane.
Ngo-Okthoba 1996, iqembu lokuqala lezinkabi ezingama-musk (amathole anezinyanga eziyisithupha) lalethwa lisuka eTaimyr laya eBulunsky ulus yeRepublic of Sakha (Yakutia). Sekukonke, izilwane eziyi-101 zenziwa kabusha eTaimyr. Imfuyo yaseYakutia idlula izinhloso ezingama-400. Kwaqalwa izixuku ezi-4 ezisebenzayo - uBulun, Anabar, Begichev no-Allaikh. Ngo-1997, iqembu lenkabi le-musk lakhululwa eNhlonhlo Yamal, ukuphinda kukhuliswe kabusha inkabi ye-musk endaweni ye-tundra ngokuvamile kwakuphumelela: inani lalanda, futhi izinhlobo zazihlakazeka kancane kancane. Izindawo eziningi zezintaba zaseNyakatho yethu nazo kufanelekile ukwethula lolu hlobo.
Isifunda saseMagadan
Ngo-2005, izinkabi ezingama-musk ezingama-30 zathunyelwa eTaimyr zaya esifundeni saseMagadan. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokulethwa, inhlangano yahlakazwa, eyayikhulula izilwane kanye ne-Krivbass yezimayini zegolide ezinakekela izilwane. Ngo-2010, izilwane ezazikade zidliwe ukudla okuhlanganisiwe nokuyikhona okuvuniwe kwakhululwa endle.Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka imihlambi emibili yezinjongo eziyi-16 nezili-10, ngokulandelana.

Musk inkunzi esiqhingini saseNunivak

Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX, izinkabi zemaskandi zazihlala e-Alaska, kepha zaqothulwa ngumuntu. Ngo-1930, i-34 musk ox yathunyelwa eFairbanks ivela e-East Greenland. Ukusuka lapho bahanjiswa esiqhingini saseNunivak. Izinkabi zeMusk zahlala lapho, kwathi ngonyaka we-1968 inani labo lase licishe laba yizilwane ezingama-750. Ngemuva kwalokho izinkabi zemaskhi eziphuma phakathi kwezilwane ezazihlala eNunivak sezixazululwe endaweni yaseSeward Peninsula, Cape Thompson, Nelson Island kanye nase-Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Ngo-2000, cishe izinkomo eziyizinkulungwane ezine zemaskki zazihlala endaweni yase-Alaska, kodwa eminyakeni yamuva isibalo sezilwane ezise-Arctic National Reserve nasezindaweni ezizungezile sehle.

Musk ox eDovrefjell, Norway, Sweden

Izinkabi zeMusk zafika eSweden zivela eDovrefjell yaseNorway, lapho zaphakanyiswa khona ngo-1947. Ngo-1971, iqembu elincane lezinkabi ezingama-musk, elaliqukethe inkunzi, izinkomo ezimbili namathole amabili, zangena esifundeni saseSweden saseHerjedalen. Ekuqaleni, kuma-70s, umhlambi wakhula futhi wafinyelela inani lezilwane ezingama-34, kepha lapho-ke kwaqala ukuncipha kodwa ngokuqinile. Ngo-2009, bekukhona izinkomo zama-musk ezingama-7-13 eHerjedalen. NgoJuni ka-2010, eTennes, kwavulwa isikhungo sokucwaninga nokwenziwa ngohlobo lwe-musk, lapho kwazalwa khona inkonyane ngoJuni 2011, okwandisa isibalo se-musk ox saba yisikhombisa ngaleso sikhathi.

Ividiyo: Musk ox

Okhokho bakudala bezinkabi zesimanje zanamuhla babehlala emhlabeni ngesikhathi seMiocene - eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 edlule. Indawo ababehlala kuyo ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyindawo ephakeme ye-Central Asia. Akunakwenzeka ukucacisa ngokunembile nokuchaza ukubukeka, imvelo nendlela yokuphila yokhokho basendulo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwenani lezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo.

Cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-3.5-4 edlule, lapho izimo zezulu zaba zimbi kakhulu, izinkabi zemiski yasendulo zehla eHimalaya futhi zasakazeka kuyo yonke inyakatho ye-Esasia neSiberia. Esikhathini se-Pleistocene, abameli bakudala balesi silwane, kanye nezincelukazi, inyathi, nobhejane, i-Arctic Eurasia enabantu abaningi kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi sokuqothuka kwe-Illinois, bathuthela eceleni kweBering Isthmus baya esifundeni saseNyakatho Melika, badlulela eGreenland. Inkabi yokuqala yama-musk eYurophu yavulwa yisisebenzi senkampani i-Hudson's Bay, umNgisi u-Henry Kelsey.

Ihlala kuphi inkabi yemaskandi?

Isithombe: Inkabi yomaskandi eRussia

Indawo yokuhlala yomlando yezilwane ifinyelela ezifundeni ze-Arctic zase-Eurasia. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kanye neBering Isthmus, izinkunzi ezingama-musk zathutha zaya esifundeni saseNyakatho Melika, futhi ngisho nangemva kwalokho zaya eGreenland.

Izinguquko zomhlaba wonke ezimweni zezulu, ikakhulukazi ukufudumala, zibangele ukwehla kwenani lezilwane kanye nokuncipha kwendawo yayo yokuhlala. Isigaxa se-polar saqala ukuncipha futhi sancibilika, inani lokumboza iqhwa lenyuka, ama-tundra steppes aphenduka ama-marshlands. Kuze kube manje, indawo ephambili yenkabi yama-musk itholakala eNyakatho Melika, endaweni yaseGreenell naseParis, kanye nezindawo ezisenyakatho yeGreenland.

Kuze kube ngu-1865, inkabi yama-musk yayihlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ze-Alaska, kepha yavalwa ngokuphelele kule ndawo. Ngo-1930, baphinde balethwa ngenani elincane lapho, kwathi ngo-1936 esiqhingini saseNunivak. Kulezi zindawo, i-musk ox ivele kahle. ESwitzerland, e-Iceland naseNorway kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuzala izilwane.

Esikhathini esedlule esedlule, ukufuya izinkomo nakho kwenziwa eRussia. Ngokuqagela kokulinganiselwa kososayensi, cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-7-8 bahlala endaweni yeTaimyr tundra, ngabantu ababalelwa ku-800- 900 abahlala eWrangel Island, naseYakutia naseMagadan.

Manje usuyazi ukuthi ihlala kuphi le nkabi yemaskandi. Ake sibheke ukuthi udlani wesilwane.

Ngabe idlani inkabi yemaskandi?

Photo: Animal musk ox

Inkabi ye-musk iyi-hoofed egcwele insimbi, i-herbivore. Yayikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi iphile kahle ezimeni zezulu ezibandayo ze-Arctic. Kulezi zindawo, isizini efudumele ihlala amasonto ambalwa nje, bese kuba khona ubusika, izivunguvungu zeqhwa, imimoya kanye namaqhwa amakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, umthombo oyinhloko wokudla yizimila ezomile, okutholwe ngazo izilwane ngaphansi kwengqimba yesithwathwa seqhwa okwenziwa inselo.

Isizinda sokuphaka izinkomo:

• i-birch, izihlahla zomcamelo,
• lichens
• reindeer moss
• utshani bekotini,
• sedge
• I-Astragalus nomthelisi
• i-arctagrostis ne-arctophile,
• utshani be-parridge
• foxtail,
• umhlanga,
• umhlambi
• amakhowe
• amajikijolo.

Lapho kuqala isizini efudumele, izinkunzi ze-musk ziza emasimini kasawoti wemvelo, lapho zigcwalisa khona ukushoda kwamaminerali nokulandela umkhondo emzimbeni. Ebusika, izilwane zithola ukudla kwazo ngokukumba ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa, ubukhulu bazo abudluli isigamu semitha. Uma ubukhulu besembozo seqhwa bukhuphuka, inkabi yemaskati ngeke ikwazi ukuzitholela ukudla. Ngenkathi ebandayo, umthombo oyinhloko wokudla womile, imifino eqandisiwe, inkabi yes musk ichitha isikhathi sabo esiningi ekugayweni kwayo.

Ngokuqala kokushisa, bazama ukuhlala eduze kwezigodi zemifula, lapho izimila ezicebe kakhulu nezinhlobonhlobo. Ngenkathi efudumele bayakwazi ukuqongelela inqwaba yamafutha anele. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, cishe singama-30% wesisindo somzimba.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Inkabi yaseSiberia

Inkabi ye-musk iyisilwane esishintshwa kahle ukuze siphile ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezibandayo nezibandayo. Imvamisa bangahola indlela yokuphila engakhethi, bekhetha indawo lapho kunethuba lokuzondla. Ebusika, zivame ukuthutha ziye ezintabeni, njengoba imimoya enamandla idonsa iqhwa ezinqabeni zazo. Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, i-tundra ibuyela ezigodini nasezindaweni eziphansi.

Indlela yokuphila nokuziphatha kwenkunzi enomhluzi kuvame ukufana nezimvu. Bakha amaqembu amancane, inani lawo ehlobo lifinyelela kubantu abane kuya kwabayi-10, ebusika kuya ku-15-20. Entwasahlobo, abesilisa bavame ukuhlangana ngamaqembu ahlukile, noma baphile impilo eyedwa. Lokho kufisa kubala cishe i-8-10% yenani lezilwane.

Iqembu ngalinye linendawo yalo yokuhlala kanye namadlelo. Esikhathini esifudumele, ifinyelela kumakhilomitha-skwele angama-200, ehlobo lehla liye kwangama-50. Eqenjini ngalinye kunomholi ohola wonke umuntu ezindabeni zokuthola isisekelo sokudla. Imvamisa, le ndima idlalwa ngumholi noma umuntu osemdala, onolwazi. Ezimweni ezibucayi, lo msebenzi unikezwa inkunzi yezinkomo.

Izilwane zihamba kancane, kwezinye izimo zingasheshisa ijubane ukuya ku-35-45 km / h. Uyakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade uyofuna ukudla. Ngenkathi efudumele, ukondla kuhlanganiswa nokuphumula phakathi nosuku. Ngokuqala kobusika, isikhathi esiningi lapho bephumula, begaya imifino engiyithola ngaphansi kokhanyo lweqhwa. Inkunzi enomhluzi ayesabi nhlobo imimoya enamandla namafrimu amakhulu. Lapho izivunguvungu ziqala, zilele ngemhlane yazo emoyeni. Ingozi ethile kubo izithunzi eziphakeme, ezimbozwe ukumnika.

Emkhathini, uqondiswa ngosizo lombono owakhiwe kahle nomqondo wokuhogela, okukuvumela ukuthi uzizwe ukusondela kwesitha futhi uthole ukudla ngaphansi kobukhulu beqhwa. Isilinganiso sokuphila kwenkabi ye-musk yiminyaka eyi-11-14, kepha ngomthamo owenele wokuphakelwa kwalesi sikhathi cishe siphindwe kabili.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Inqama le-Musk ngokwemvelo

Isikhathi sokufuya siqala maphakathi noJulayi kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Okthoba. Zonke izinsikazi ezivuthiwe ngokocansi, ezilungele ukukhula, zimbozwa ngowesilisa oyedwa, ohola umhlambi. Kulawo maqembu lapho inani lezinhloso liphezulu kakhulu, abesilisa abengeziwe abangaphansi kakhulu yilabo abaqhubeke uhlobo. Awukho umzabalazo wokunakwa kwabesifazane.

Kwesinye isikhathi abesilisa bakhombisa amandla phambi komunye nomunye. Lokhu kuboniswa ekuthambekeleni kwekhanda, ukuhlokoma, ukuqothuka, ukushaya kwamaqhubu phansi. Uma ophikisayo engakulungele ukulamula, kwesinye isikhathi kuba khona ukulwa. Izilwane zihamba zilandelana ngamamitha angamashumi amahlanu, futhi, zisakazeka, zishaye emabunzini azo. Lokhu kwenzeka kuze kube yilapho onamandla ehlula ababuthakathaka. Imvamisa abesilisa bafa ngisho enkundleni yempi.

Ngemuva kokuzalela, ukukhulelwa kwenzeka, okuhlala izinyanga ezi-8-9. Ngenxa yalokhu, amawundlu amabili azalwa kakhulu. Isisindo somzimba wezingane ezisanda kuzalwa cishe singamakhilogremu angama-7-8. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa kuzelwe, izingane zikulungele ukulandela umama wazo.

Ubisi lukamama luphezulu kakhulu-ikhalori, linamaphesenti amaningi okuqukethwe kwamafutha. Ngenxa yalokhu, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zikhula ngokushesha futhi zizuze isisindo somzimba. Lapho sebenezinyanga ezimbili, sebevele bathola cishe amakhilogremu angama-40, kanti ngamane baye baphinda isisindo somzimba wabo.

Ukondla ngobisi lwebele kuthatha okungenani izinyanga ezine, kwesinye isikhathi kuhudule kuze kuphele unyaka. Isonto ngemuva kokuzalwa, ingane iqala ukuzama ama-mosses, amakhambi. Ngenyanga esivele idla ngokuzikhandla imifino yezithelo zamadlelo ngaphezu kobisi lukamama.

Umuntu osanda kuzalwa unakekelwa ngumama kuze kube unyaka. Amawundlu ezinkomo ahlala ehlanganiswa ngamaqembu emidlalweni ehlanganayo. Phakathi kwezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa ngamanani, abesilisa bahlala benqoba.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Photo: Animal musk ox

Namuhla, i-musk ox inesimo "sobungozi obuncane bokuqothulwa." Kodwa-ke, le nhlobo isalawulwa e-Arctic. Ngokusho kweNhlangano Yomhlaba Wonke Yokuvikelwa Kwezilwane, inani lazo liyizinhloko eziyi-136-148 izinkulungwane. I-Alaska kusukela ngonyaka we-2005 bekuhlalwa cishe abantu abangama-3,800. Inani labantu eGreenland lalingabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-9 ukuya kwezi-12. ENunavut, kwakukhona amakhanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-47, izinkulungwane ezingama-35 zazo zazihlala endaweni eyiqhingi ye-Arctic.

Enyakatho-ntshonalanga, kwakukhona cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-75,5. Cishe ama-92% alaba bantu ahlala endaweni eyiqhingi ye-Arctic. Kwezinye izifunda, inkunzi enomhluzi ikhona ezitolo naseziqiwini zikazwelonke lapho ukuzingela kungavunyelwe ngokuphelele.

Kwabahlali benkathi yezimbaza, ingozi enkulu ukuguquka kwezimo zezulu, abazingeli, ukufudumala nokukhanya kweembozo seqhwa, ukuba khona kwenqwaba yamabhere amnyama nezimpisi eNyakatho Melika. Uma iqhwa limbozwe iqhwa, izilwane azikwazi ukuzitholela ukudla.

Izinkabi zemusk zizingelwa kwezinye izindawo ngenxa yoboya obubalulekile, kwezinye zivame ukuthola inyama, ekunambithekeni nasekwakheni okufana nenyama yenkomo. Kwezinye izifunda, amafutha ezilwane nawo abalulekile, ngesisekelo lapho kwenziwa khona amakha okugcoba futhi asetshenziswe ku-cosmetology.

Musk inkabi - Lesi isilwane esithakazelisa kakhulu esihlanganisa izimpawu zezimvu nezinkunzi. Ungumhlali ezifundeni ezibandayo nezibandayo. Ngeshwa, ngokushisa kwesimo sezulu, amanani ayo nendawo yazo iyancipha, noma kuze kube manje azikaze ziphakamise noma yikuphi ukukhathazeka.