Igama lezinkondlo zezinhlobo - i-nightingale, ngeshwa, alihlangene nakancane nengoma yale nyoni futhi ihlotshaniswa nombala wayo, okukhumbuza umbala we-nightingale. Ngokuqondile, kufanele kubizwe ngokuthi umhlanga noma ikhilikithi lomhlanga. Kuwo wonke amabanga, i-nightingale cricket iyinyoni efudukayo. Ezindaweni eziningi zokuhlala zifika engxenyeni yesibili ka-Ephreli. Ukufika okukhulu - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi.
Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala nje zokufika, abesilisa bavela ezidlekeni ngaphambili kakhulu kunabantu besifazane abahlala ezindaweni zokuhlala izidleke futhi baqala ukucula kakhulu. I-Nightingale cricket ifuneka kakhulu ekukhetheni kwezindawo ezidleke kunekhilikithi yomfula. Isici esiyisisekelo sendawo yokuhlala yaso izidleke ezinamashane, ezingenakufinyeleleka, zinezikhukhula zemifino, umhlanga kanye nezitshalo ezicebile zasogwini neziqhingi ezinamanzi zemizimba yamanzi. Lapho le nyoni ingatholi khona amaxhaphozi futhi ibushelelezi, ikhetha izimbotshana ezigcotshwe nge-sedge nezihlahlana. I-Nightingale cricket izidleke zombili ezintabeni zemifino esezindongeni ezinde futhi ezimanzana nezamanzi ezimanzi, ngasogwini lolwandle olunamanzi, amachibi namachibi. Ungathola le nyoni emapheshana ashubile, phakathi kwamathafa ezigangeni nasezigodini ezakhiwe ngemhlanga.
Ikhilikithi yase-Nightingale iyimfihlo kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye enjengeyempi. Ngaphandle kokuthi le khilikithi ihlala izidleke ngamaqembu (amabala) ebangeni elincane (40-70 m) ukusuka kwelinye, abesilisa bavikela izindawo zabo ngobudlova futhi bavame ukuqala ukulwa. Kule mizuzwana, balahlekelwa ukuqaphela kwabo okujwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ukufakazela ukulwa kwekhilikithi kulula kakhulu kunokubona inyoni ezolile. Ezindaweni ezihlala iqembu, isakhiwo sezikhundla esiphakeme siyaqala ukwakheka. Ngaphambi kokufika kwabesifazane, amakhethini e-nightingale acula eziqongweni zomhlanga noma ezihlahleni, njengamanye amakhethini amaningi nasemahlanga. Ingoma yekhilikithi yase-Nightingale, yize igcina izici ezihlukile ngokufana nezinye izingoma zase-Europe, kepha iveza njengokudala kakhulu kunasemfuleni kanye namakhethini ajwayelekile. Uma iculo lamanye amakhebuli amabili lingeloloricic futhi liyimonco, bese kuthi uma ukhetha ingoma ekuqaleni kwengoma, aqoke umsindo ngamunye, bese ewahlanganisa abe yi-trill yekhilikithi yangempela. Ingoma iqala ngemisindo eshaya ngamandla, ikhumbuza isifiso sokuqala salolu hlobo, le misindo iba yande kaningi, iphenduka isimilo "zirrrr". Lolu hlobo lokwakhiwa kwengoma aluvumeli nje kuphela ukuthola umsuka walo kusuka kumamatheke kakhulu akhulunywa, kepha futhi nokuxhuma lo msuka nohlelo lwenyoni olunxenxa abantu. Ekuphakameni kwesikhathi sokukhwelana, ikhilikithi yase-Nightingale icula izinsuku, imini nobusuku. Uhlabelela yonke inkathi yokufakwa emzimbeni ngisho nokudla kwam amaphuphu. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zikaJulayi, ngemuva nje kokusuka kwamachwane amaningi, ukucula kungazwakala kuphela ekuseni nakusihlwa. Ngemuva kokucula kwamanje, ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwamachaphazelo nokudla kwam amaphuphu, leli cricket liyacula, licashe ngaphansi kwamathanga, futhi kunzima ukulibona.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-subspecies ase-Eshiya, ngaphezu kwendawo esekhonjisiwe, imvamisa izidleke kudoti wemfucumfucu kanye nokufihla okungajwayelekile ngobuchule, njengokungathi kuqhuma, isidleke sayo ekuqineni kwenqwaba yomhlanga. Izimbobo zezidleke ezinjalo ziyagcwala ngaphansi kwenqwaba futhi zifakwe imbobo kacashile kangangokuba umnyango wodwa esidlekeni uhlala ubonakala. Izinyoni zezindawo zokuhlala zase-Asia zihlala ezindlini ezicijile ngocingo, kepha zihlala ziseduze kwamanzi.
Isidleke sakhiwa sangaphansi (hhayi ngaphezu kwama-30 cm) ngaphezu kobuso bamanzi noma umhlaba. Kwesinye isikhathi kwakhiwa emhlabathini ekucindezelweni okuncane kwe-hummock futhi kuqiniswe phakathi kweziqu zezitshalo ze-herbaceous. Isidleke siqukethe isiqu esomile namaqabunga omhlanga, umhlanga noma ezinye izitshalo zemashi. Izindonga zangaphandle zesidleke zivame ukwelukelwa ngendlela engenasisekelo futhi zintekenteke, izindonga zangaphakathi ziba mncane kakhulu futhi zifanelana neziqu ezomile ezomile. Isidleke sibukeka njenge hemisphere ebabazekayo enetreyi elijulile, elibushelelezi, kwesinye isikhathi futhi elicwengekile. Ngesinye isikhathi, imbozwa phezulu ngenqwaba yezimpande noma ngotshani obomile, obuyenza icishe ingabonakali.
I-Clutch yamaqanda amhlophe angama-4-5 enezindawo ezinsundu ngoMeyi - Juni. Owesifazane oyedwa ufaka i-clutch, futhi futhi wondla amaphuphu. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa, owesilisa uvame ukuletha ukudla kwensikazi. Ukondla amachwane kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-12-14. Njengamanye amakhethini, ukudla kwase-nightingale kubandakanya ikakhulukazi izinambuzane ezincane nezibungu zazo (ama-aphid, izimpukane, omiyane, kubandakanya ama-centipedes, izimvemvane ezincane nezinambuzane zabo, kanye nezicabucabu).
Ukuziphatha kwekhilikithi ye-Nightingale kuyinto eyinqayizivele. Uzwa umsindo noma uqaphela ingozi, ukhilikithi uyalandela futhi ngokushesha ucashile ekuqineni kwezinhlanga. Ngokushesha lapho, imisindo ethule ethi "tf ... tf ... tf" - isiginali yokuxwayisa ngengozi, ebhekiswe ikakhulu kowesifazane. Lapho ejabule, ikhilikithi iqala ukufaka ukuvela okuncane kusiginali yokuqala. Kancane kancane, ukuqhekeka kuqina kakhulu, bese inyoni iqala ukukhuphuka ngeziqu zomhlanga. Esikhathini sokukhathazeka okukhulu, i-nightingale cricket pops futhi ikhipha ukurhaba okusheshayo "chk-chk-chk-chk". Nensikazi, imvamisa ikhuluma ne-hiking ezolile. Imvamisa lokhu kukhula, kukhuliswa kakhulu, kuba uphawu lwengozi. Ikhilikithi yase-nightingale idla emhlabathini uqobo. Ngesikhathi sokuphaka, ingoma yowesilisa ihlala iphazamiseka. Ikhilikithi ligijimisa kahle emhlabathini (lingagxili), lingena ngokushelelayo phakathi kwesiqu esikhulu sezitshalo futhi ngasikhathi sinye sifane nenkukhu yamanzi noma i-coronet. Ebungozini, ufihla ngokushesha uthango olunamandla. Ngo-Agasti - Septhemba, amakhethini e-nightingale andiza ebusika.
Izimpawu Zangaphandle ze-Nightingale Cricket
Ikhilikithi yase-Nightingale iyinyoni encane ngo-13-16 cm ngosayizi.I-Mappan ngamasentimitha ayi-18-21. Isisindo - 14-18 amagremu. I-plumage inemibala ngokulinganayo. Umzimba ongaphezulu onsundu, ngaphandle kwamathoni aluhlaza okotshani. Ngaphansi nesifuba kunombala onsundu ezinhlangothini.
Isisu phakathi simhlophe noma simhlophe ngetint brownish tint. I-undertery yakhiwa izimpaphe ezinde eziminyene zombala onsundu okhanyayo. Izimpaphe ze-suprahanga zinezindawo ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo. Umugqa omncane okhanyayo ugijimisa iphiko kusukela ngaphandle. Izimpaphe zomsila zimnyama.
Kukhona “ishiya” elibomvu cishe elingenakubonwa elihamba ngeso elimnyama. Umsila usesimweni fan. UBill umnyama ngaphezulu, upinki ophuzi ngezansi. Amachaphaza ansundu ngombala opinki. Umbala wezinqwaba zabesilisa nabesifazane ucishe ufane. Ukuxhumana okuncane kwe-Nightingale kumnyama kancane ngaphezulu phezulu nokuqondisa kabusha ngezansi, kunezinyoni ezindala, ezinama-pattle acashile ezimboze umphimbo.
Ikhilikithi yase-Nightingale ihlukile kwamanye amakheli amaningi ngokungabikho kwamachashaza esifubeni, izimpaphe ezinde kakhulu zangaphansi, umthunzi wesembozo sezimpaphe ngezansi, umsila obanzi, izwi nezimpawu zokuziphatha.
Ukusakazeka Kwekhilikithi Yasebusuku
I-Nightingale ikhilikithi isakazeka esifundeni esiphakathi naseningizimu yeYurophu, lapho iyinhlobo evamile. Kuhlala i-Central ne Front Asia.
Itholakala enyakatho ye-Afrika. Ukubuka okufudukayo, kuthuthela e-Afrika eshisayo ebusika eNayile Valley, ezigungwini ze-Ewufrathe, kanye nasogwini oluseningizimu yoLwandle iMedithera. E-Italy, ifinyelela kumamitha angama-200 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Ikhilikithi yase-Nightingale yakha izikhawu ezintathu.
I-Nightingale Cricket Habitats
I-Nightingale cricket ihlala emibhedeni yomhlanga eminyene, kanye nezindawo ezinezinye izitshalo eziseduze namanzi: umhlanga, ikhathalogi.
Ukukhetha amathokhethi angenakunqotshwa zezitshalo, iminyuzi eminyene.
Ngasikhathi sinye, incamela ukuba seduze kwamanzi aseduze nemithombo evulekile emuva noma izindawo ezimanzi. Igcinwa eziqhingini zezindawo zezitshalo noma emaphethelweni echibi.
Ukuze isidleke, sikhetha izindawo ezomile, ezingenazikhukhula noma iziqubu eziminyene zomhlanga owomile.
Izici zokuziphatha kwe-nightingale cricket
Amakhethini ase-Nightingale ahlala ecashe emibhedeni yomhlanga engenakungeneki. Abesilisa bavame ukuhlala eziqongweni zomhlanga, umhlanga, izihlahlana, amatshe amakhulu, noma yikuphi ukuphakama. Ngasikhathi sinye, bakhipha umdanso omude futhi onamandla, ofana nokhonkolo, wentambo yokudoba engavuni emugqeni onqobayo. Lesi sici sanikeza izinyoni igama lekhilikithi.
Amakhethini ase-Nightingale ahamba kahle emhlabeni nasemaphethweni obekwe phansi omhlanga. Abesilisa bavele bahambe ngeziqu zezitshalo, benyukele phezulu komhlanga. Izinyoni ziyahamba, azikhuphuki, futhi zihlala isikhathi eside ngqo ezigxotsheni, zibambe izimbobo zazo esiqwini esahlukile. Ama-warblers ahlala esiqwini ngokuhlukile, abeka imilenze yawo ngendlela ehlukile. Ngakho-ke hlukanisa ngokutshala amakhethini e-nightingale kusuka kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni.
Ukuzala Iklasikhi ye-Nightingale
Entwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sokuzalela, ikhilikithi labesilisa ebusuku lihlala esihlahleni sezitshalo futhi lihlabelela ubusuku nemini, lingavali ngisho nesikhathi esishisayo sosuku. Lapho befika, abesilisa bahlela imincintiswano yangempela kubuciko bokucula. NgoMeyi noma uJuni, ngokucula kwabo, bazisa izimbangi zabo ngendawo ekuhlalwa kuyo, ngaleyo ndlela baxosha izimbangi zabo kude nendawo yokuzalanisa.
Ingoma iqala ngemisindo ekhethekile, efana nokuqhekeka kwamabhamu okungcola. Lokhu kulandelwa wukusebenza komculo okuningi kwama-trill, kuqala kuhlanganiswe kancane futhi kuhamba kancane, kamuva kuzwakale kakhulu futhi kushesha.
Ekuphakameni kwehlobo, amakhilikithi ase-Nightingale acula kuphela ekuseni nakusihlwa.
Ngo-Agasti, izingoma zezinyoni azivamile ukuzwakala. Amakhebuli we-Nightingale wesilisa ahlala acula phezulu komhlanga. Ngasikhathi sinye, zidonsa izimpaphe emqaleni, ziguqule amakhanda awo ngezindlela ezihlukile bese zivula imilomo yazo kakhulu. Kusukela kwimisindo yengoma kunzima kakhulu ukuthola isihlalo sale nyoni. Lapho kugqwala kancane, ikhilikithi lase-Nightingale lijikisa phansi esiqwini futhi likhulu.
Uma ingozi idlula, inyoni ibuye iqale iculo elinamahloni phakathi kwamathanga aminyene. Lapho-ke iyavuka kancane kancane iphinde ihlabelele umqhele wesiqu. Amakhethini amabili akha isidleke emavikini ama-2-3. Owesilisa uletha izinto zokwakha: umhlanga ophukile futhi ugobile usukela kumamasentimitha angama-25 ubude, amaqabunga omile nokunye okutshaliwe kwezitshalo.
Owesifazane wenza isidleke esikhulu, utholakala endaweni efihlekile futhi ucasha phakathi kwamaqabunga omhlanga, imvamisa endaweni ephakeme aze afike ku-30 cm ukusuka ngaphezulu kwendawo yokugcina amanzi noma inkangala. Isakhiwo siqinile, sintekenteke, kubukeka sengathi yinqwaba yomhlanga wangonyaka odlule obekwe phansi. Ugqoko unembe kakhulu kunesakhiwo sonke. Isidleke simbozwe ngotshani obuvela phezulu.
Engxenyeni yesibili ka-Ephreli, insikazi ibeka ama-3-5 amancane, amaqanda acishe abe ngu-2 cm. Zimhlophe qwa noma ziphuzi ngombala, zimbozwe amachashazi ansundu noma ansundu, kwesinye isikhathi zibe nemivimbo emnyama. Ufaka amaqanda izinsuku eziyi-12-16. Owesilisa akakufudumeza ubumbeko, kepha uletha ukudla kwabesifazane. Amakati avela maphakathi noMeyi noma uJuni ngosuku lwe-11 kuya ku-15 futhi aqhubeke esidlekeni amanye amasonto amabili. Imvamisa, amakhethini e-nightingale anezinto ezimbalwa noma ezimbili ngonyaka.
I-Tsvirkun salўiiny
Yonke insimu yeBelarus
I-Slavkovye yomndeni - uSylviidae.
E-Belarus - L. l. i-luscinioides.
Izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezidlekayo nezifudukayo. Kwenzeka ikakhulu engxenyeni esentshonalanga yayo nasezifundeni eziseningizimu zePolesie, kwesinye isikhathi enyakatho yeBelarus. Kwezinye izindawo kuvamile, ngokwesibonelo, emachibini epulazi lezinhlanzi laseLakhva naphaya komfula. Doe.
Kufana ne-Nightingale. Umhlane unsundu, isisu si-buffy noma simhlophe, amaphiko nomsila onsundu. Ngokungafani nekhilikithi lomfula, azikho izindwani esifubeni. Izimpaphe zangaphansi zigcina zifinyelela phezulu komsila, zinamakhonkco akhanyayo. I-Nightingale ayinazimpawu ezinjalo. Imichilo eshintshashintshayo iyabonakala ezimpapheni zomsila. Kodwa-ke, ngokwalezi zibonakaliso, kunzima ukubona ikhilikithi yase-Nightingale emvelweni.
Isisindo sowesilisa singama-13- 20 g, owesimame ungama-15- 21 g. Ubude bomzimba (bobabili ubulili) buyi-13- 13,5 cm, amaphiko lawo ngamasentimitha angama-21 kuya ku-22. Ubude bephiko bendoda buyi-6.5-7 cm, umsila ungama-5.5-6 cm , Tarsus 2 cm, umlomo u-1 cm.
Ihola indlela yokuphila yesikhathi sobunono, ngokucophelela, kuyaqabukela iza ngamehlo.
Ingoma iqala ngokuzwakala imisindo ethule, ethi ikhule imvamisa, iguqulwe ibe yizingoma - iyisidane, ibe yimbudane, kwesinye isikhathi ihlale umzuzu. Ngesikhathi sengoma, owesilisa uvame ukuhlala ngaphezulu kwegatsha le-willow, umhlanga, ne-cattery. Ithatha isikhundla esithe xaxa, ivame ukubonwa hhayi nge-plumage, kepha nge-silhouette yayo, ngokukhathazeka okuncane, ifihla emathangeni.
Ifika entwasahlobo maphakathi no-Ephreli, yazisa ngobukhona bayo ngengoma ebalingiswa - ende ne-monponingly yoma “trrrrrr. ".
Indiza ibheke eningizimu ye-republic maphakathi no-Ephreli, engahlulelwa ngengoma enezimpawu zezinyoni.
Izindawo zokuhlala, njengomthetho, izindawo ezingenakufinyeleleka: amathanga aminyene wewillow, umhlanga, imashi emincane yasemazingeni aphansi nezindawo ezimanzi ngamakhethini obukhulu bendawo, amakhathalogi nezinye izindlela, ezimbozwe ngamabhishi, ngamabhange asemifuleni yemifula, amachibi namachibi, amafafaza anezimila ezihlukahlukene ezihlanzekile. Kutholakala nezingodo ezikhanyayo, zigcwele amanzi, nasemigodini enotshwe imifino eminyene.
Ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - Meyi, izinyoni zikhetha indawo yokwakha izidleke futhi zakhe izidleke. NgoMeyi - Juni, abaculi abahlabelelayo bayahlangana. Izinhlobo ngokuzalwa ngokwehlukana, kepha ezindaweni ezinhle zakha amaqoqo endawo.
Isidleke sitholakala siphansi (hhayi ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-30) ngaphezulu komhlaba noma emanzini phakathi kweziqu zezitshalo ezi-herbaceous, imvamisa ngokuqondile emhlabathini phakathi kwezingcezu zeziqu ezomile zezitshalo ezingaphezulu, ekucindezelekeni okuncane kwe-sedge hummock. Itholakala emhlabathini oswakeme ongafinyeleleki, ohlanganiswa njalo ngobuciko futhi onobumba obhasikidi othize noma (kwezinye izikhathi) i-hemisphere ejwayelekile enetreyi ebushelelezi kakhulu ebushelelezi. Izinto zokwakha zibanzi (kufinyelela ku-2,5 cm) amaqabunga omile wekati, umhlanga, isiqu noma iziqu zezitshalo ezinobukhulu. Izindonga zangaphandle zivame ukukhululeka kakhulu futhi zibe buthaka, kuyilapho izindonga zangaphakathi ziminyene futhi ziphinda ziqine (kusuka kumacembe amancanyana futhi aqinile ezitshalo ezithwele amanzi). Ngaphambi kokubeka amaqabunga omuhlanga esidlekeni, inyoni izinyusa kuqala emanzini, ngakho-ke ngemuva kokumiswa ziba zilingane kahle, futhi isitsha esidlekayo sibukeka siminyene. Ukuphakama kwe-Nest (lit.) 8,5-10 cm, ububanzi 9-12 cm, cm tray 5.5-6 cm, cm 5.5-6 cm.
Ku-clutch ephelele engu-4-5, kwesinye isikhathi amaqanda ama-3 amhlophe, ansundu noma amhlophe qwa, ambozwe ngama-brown amancane aminyene agqamile, amnyama kanye namachashazi ansundu futhi amachashazi angahlakazeki kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi imigqa emnyama emincane ngesimo semithambo iyabonakala eqandeni. Isisindo seqanda 2 g, ubude 20 mm, ububanzi 15 mm.
Imichilo yokuqala emisha ivame ukuvela ekupheleni kukaMeyi. Kunama-broods afinyelela kwababili kwabesifazane abathile ngonyaka. Owesilisa owakha isidleke, kanti owesimame kuphela ocwilisa ubusika izinsuku eziyi-12. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-15 yezinsuku, amachwane ashiya isidleke. Ekupheleni kukaJuni - ingxenye yokuqala kaJulayi, ezinye izintokazi ziqala ukubeka amaqanda okwesibili.
Idla kuma-invertebrates amancane ahlukahlukene.
Ukuhamba kwe-Autumn and overflight kwenzeka kakhulu buthule, ngakho-ke isikhathi saso asikacaciswanga. Ukubhaliswa kwezinhlobo zakamuva kakhulu kusuka ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti.
Inani eliseBelarus lalinganiselwa ku-6-10 izinkulungwane ngazimbili, eminyakeni yamuva nje kube nokukhuphuka okuncane kwesibalo.
Ubudala obukhulu obhalisiwe eYurophu buyiminyaka engu-9 izinyanga eziyi-9.
Izinhlobo zazifakwa kuhlobo lwesibili lweNcwadi Ebomvu yaseBelarus.
1. Grichik V.V., Burko L. D. "Umbuso wezilwane waseBelarus. Ama-Vertebrates: incwadi yemibhalo. Manual" Minsk, 2013. -399 k.
2. Nikiforov M.E., Yotesky B.V., Shklyarov L.P. "Izinyoni zaseBelarus: Incwajana Yokuthola Izinzwa Namaqanda" Minsk, 1989. -479 k.
3. UGaiduk V. Ye., Abramova I. V. "Isayensi yezinyoni eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeBelarus. Passeriformes: a monograph." Brest, 2013.
4. UFedyushin A. V., UDolbik M. S. "Izinyoni zaseBelarus". Minsk, 1967. -521s.
5. UNikiforov M. E. "Ukwakheka nokwakheka kwama-avifauna aseBelarus." Minsk, 2008. -297s.
6. UFransson, T., Jansson, L., Kolehmainen, T., Kroon, C. & Wenninger, T. (2017) KUSUKELA uhlu lwamarekhodi okuhlala isikhathi eside kwezinyoni zaseYurophu.
Isimo sokulondolozwa kwekhilikithi ye-Nightingale
Emhlabeni jikelele akusongeli. I-Nightingale cricket iyindawo yezinyoni ebanzi futhi yasatshalaliswa endaweni yakini, kepha izindawo zayo zokungenisa izidleke ziyahlakazeka, kube nezikhala ezinkulu ekusakazweni. E-Europe, umumo wenani lilonke labantu ngo-1980-2011 uzinzile, ngokusekelwe kwidatha yokuqala yamazwe angama-27 okuqashwa kwe-pan-European.Ngokusho kokulinganisa, inani lamabili wokuzalela angama-530000-800000, alingana nabantu abangu-1590000-2400000. Ngalezi zindlela, ikhilikithi yase-nightingale akuyona eyezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuchichima komhlaba wonke. EYurophu, ama-50-74% enani lomhlaba wezinyoni zaloluhlobo ahlala, yize-ke okunye ukuqinisekiswa kwalokhu kulinganisa kudingekile. Ikhilikithi yase-Nightingale ivikelekile emihlanganweni engu-SPEC 4, BERNA 2, BONN 2.
Lalela izwi lekhilikithi le-Nightingale
Ikhilikithi yase-Nightingale ihlukile kwamanye amakheli amaningi ngokungabikho kwamachashaza esifubeni, izimpaphe ezinde kakhulu zangaphansi, umthunzi wesembozo sezimpaphe ngezansi, umsila obanzi, izwi nezimpawu zokuziphatha.
I-Nightingale ikhilikithi idinga izindawo ezandisiwe zamanzi amachibi namachibi anezakhiqizi.