Wokuphakanyiswa Kwezezifundo Zomzimba kanye Nezibalo E. Lozovskaya
Mhlawumbe izicabucabu akuzona izidalwa ezikhangayo kakhulu, kodwa indalo yazo - iwebhu - ayikwazi kodwa ukuthandwa. Khumbula ukuthi umbono ubukeka umangalisa kanjani ukunemba kwejometri yemicu emihle kunayo yonke eyathululelwa elangeni, yelulwe phakathi kwamagatsha esihlahla sokudutshulwa noma phakathi kotshani obude.
Izicabucabu zingenye yezakhamuzi ezindala kakhulu zeplanethi yethu, ezahlalisa umhlaba eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200 edlule. Emvelweni kunezinhlobo zezinkulungwane ezingama-35 zesigcawu. Lezi zidalwa ezinemilenze eyisishiyagalombili, ezihlala yonke indawo, ziyabonakala ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi yonke indawo, naphezu kokwehluka ngombala nosayizi. Kepha isici saso esibaluleke kakhulu yikhono lokukhiqiza isilayidi sesicabucabu, esingenakuqhathaniswa namandla e-fiber yemvelo.
Izicabucabu zisebenzisa i-web ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Benza ama-cocoon amaqanda avela kuwo, bakhe izindawo zokukhosela ubusika, bazisebenzise njenge "ntambo yokuphepha" lapho begxuma, bafake amanetha abambe inkimbinkimbi futhi bopha isisulu sokubanjwa. Insikazi, elungele ukubhanqa, ikhiqiza umugqa wesicabucabu omakwe ngama-pheromones, ngenxa yokuthi owesilisa, ohamba emgqeni, uthola umlingani kalula. Izicabucabu ezincane zezinye izinhlobo zezindiza zibalekela isidleke somzali ngentambo ezinde zibanjwe umoya.
Izicabucabu zidla ikakhulukazi izinambuzane. Amadivayisi okuzingela abawasebenzisela ukuthola ukudla eza ngezindlela nezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene. Ezinye izicabucabu zimane zilulele imicu embalwa yezimpawu eduze kwendawo yazo yokuhlala futhi, lapho nje izinambuzane zithinta intambo, zigijimela kuye zisuka lapho zilala khona. Abanye - baphonsa intambo ngethonsi lokunamathela ekugcineni phambili, njengohlobo lwe-lasso. Kepha umkhawulo womsebenzi owenziwe yizicabucabu usemisebeni eyakhiwe njengamasondo eyindilinga etholakala ngokuqondile noma ngokuqondile.
Ukwakha inethi yokuzingela enamasondo, isicabucabu esijwayelekile, isakhamuzi esihlala emahlathini nasezivandeni zethu, sikhiqiza intambo ende, eqinile. Umoya ogeleza komoya noma ukugeleza komoya okuphezulu kuphakamisa intambo phezulu, futhi uma isiza sokwakha iwebhu sikhethwe kahle, sinamathela egatsheni eliseduze noma kolunye uxhaso. Isicabucabu sikhasa eceleni kwaso ukuvikela ukuphela, kwesinye isikhathi sibeke omunye umucu wokuqina. Ube esekhipha intambo elengayo eqinile bese enamathisela ingxenye yesithathu maphakathi nayo, ukuze kutholwe idizayini ebhalwe incwadi Y - imisebe yokuqala emithathu engaphezulu kwamashumi amahlanu. Lapho imicu ye-radial nozimele isilungile, isicabucabu sibuyela esikhungweni bese siqala ukubeka okokuzenzela okwesikhashana - into efana "nokugoba." Okwemvelo osizayo kuqinisa isakhiwo futhi sisebenza njengendlela yesicabucabu ekwakhiweni komoya wokuzingela. Uhlaka lonke oluphambili lwenethiwekhi, kufaka phakathi i-radii, lwenziwe ngentambo enganamatheli, kepha lapho kuvunguza ekuzingeleni, intambo ephindwe kabili ehlanganiswe ne-adhesive iyasetshenziswa.
Ngokumangazayo, lemiklamo emibili inezimo ezihlukene zejometri. Isikhathi esivulekile siguqukela okumbalwa, futhi ibanga phakathi kwabo liyanda ngokujika ngakunye. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba, ukusibeka, isicabucabu sihamba ekhoneni elifanayo emisebeni. Ukuma komugqa ophukile okuphumayo kusondele ekuthini yi-logarithmic spiral.
Indawo yokunamathela enamathele yakhelwe emgomeni ohlukile. Isicabucabu siqala kusuka emaphethelweni bese siya enkabeni, sigcina ibanga elifanayo phakathi kokushintshana, bese kutholakala indawo ye-Archimedes. Ngasikhathi sinye, uluma imicu yomoya osizayo.
Isilika le-Arachnoid likhiqizwa yizindlala ezikhethekile ezisemuva kwesisu sesicabucabu. Okungenani izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zezinduna zesicabucabu ziyaziwa ukuthi zikhiqiza imicu ehlukene, kepha akukho nhlobo kulezi zinhlobo zesicabucabu eziqukethe zonke izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Isicabucabu sivame ukuba namabhangqa owodwa kuya kwamane alezi zindlala. Ukuluka iwebhu akuyona into esheshayo, futhi kuthatha cishe isigamu sehora ukwakha inethiwekhi ephakathi nendawo yokuzingela. Ukuze ushintshe ekukhiqizweni kohlobo lwewebhu oluhlukile (okwesikhathi sokuzingela), isicabucabu sidinga ukuphumula okwesikhashana. Izicabucabu zivame ukusebenzisa iwebhu ngokuphindaphindiwe, zidla izinsalela zeneta yokuzingela eyonakaliswe imvula, umoya, noma izinambuzane. Iwebhu igaywa emzimbeni wabo ngosizo lwama-enzyme akhethekile.
Ukwakheka kwesilikaji kusenziwa kahle amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Le nto yemvelo ihlanganisa izakhiwo ezimbili ezinhle - amandla nobukhulu. Inethiwekhi yama-cobwebs ingamisa ukunambuzela ukundiza ngesivinini esigcwele. Intambo lapho izicabucabu zifaka isisekelo senethi yazo yokuzingela inciphile kunezinwele zomuntu, futhi nenxa ethile (isb., Ebalwa ngeyunithi ngalinye) amandla ashubile aphakeme kunalawo wensimbi. Uma siqhathanisa intambo yesicabucabu ngocingo lwensimbi lukobubanzi obufanayo, bayokwazi ukumelana nesisindo esifanayo. Kepha i-spider silk ilula amahlandla ayisithupha, okusho ukuthi iba namandla amahlandla ayisithupha.
Njengezinwele zabantu, noboya bezimvu, nezikhukhamba zikasilika zesibungu se-silkworm, i-cobweb iqukethe ikakhulukazi amaprotheni. Ngokwesakhiwo se-amino acid, amaprotheni e-web - ama-speedroins - asondele kakhulu kuma-fibroins, amaprotheni akha usilika akhiqizwa yizimbungulu zesilika. Womabili la mazwe aqukethe ama-amino acid aphezulu ngokungafani ne-alanine (25%) ne-glycine (cishe ama-40%). Izindawo zama-protein amangqamuzana e-alanine ifomu le-crystalline ezindaweni ezigcwele ama-folds, anikela ngamandla amakhulu, futhi lezo zifunda lapho kukhona khona i-glycine ingaphezulu kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezingakwazi ukweluka kahle bese zinikeza intambo ukuqina.
Kwenziwa kanjani intambo enjalo? Ayikho impendulo ephelele necacile yombuzo kuze kube manje. Inqubo eningilizayo kakhulu yokuphothula ama-cobwebs yafundwa ngesibonelo sendlala yegreythi yesigcawu sesigcawu kanye nama-clavipes kaNephila. I-gou-shape gland, ekhiqiza usilika okuhlala isikhathi eside, ineminyango emithathu eyinhloko: i-sac ephakathi nendawo, isiteshi ende ende egobile kanye ne-tube enendawo yokuphuma. Amaconsi amancane ayindilinga aqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili zamangqamuzana amaprotheni e-spidroin aqhamuka kumaseli angaphezulu kwasesikhwameni. Lesi sixazululo se-viscous singena emsileni we-sac, lapho amanye amaseli enza olunye uhlobo lwamaprotheni - ama-glycoproteins. Ngenxa yama-glycoproteins, i-fiber evelayo ithola ukwakheka kwekristalu ewuketshezi. Amakristalu e-Liquid ayaphawuleka ngoba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, anokuhleleka okuphezulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, agcina ukugeleza ngokweqile. Lapho isisindo esindayo siqhubekela endaweni okuphuma kuyo, ama-molecule wamaphrotheni amade ayasendelana futhi ahambelana ngokuhlangana kwe-eksisi yofayibha eyakhiwe. Kulesi simo, kwakhiwa izibopho ze-hydrogen eziphakathi kwamabili phakathi kwazo.
Isintu silingise imidwebo eminingi yemvelo, kepha inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi njengokuxubha kwewebhu ayikenziwa kabusha. Ososayensi manje sebezama ukuxazulula lo msebenzi onzima ngosizo lwamasu we-biotechnological. Isinyathelo sokuqala kwakuwukuhlukanisa izinhlobo zofuzo ezibhekele ukwenziwa kwamaprotheni akha i-web. Lezi zakhi zofuzo zangeniswa emangqamuzaneni amagciwane kanye nemvubelo (bheka iSayensi neMpilo, uNombolo 2, 2001). Izazi zezakhi zofuzo zaseCanada zaya kakhulu - bakhipha izimbuzi eziguqulwe ngofuzo obisini lwazo olunamaprotheni e-web ancibilikile. Kepha inkinga ayikhona kuphela ekutholeni amaprotheni kasilika wesigcawu, kuyadingeka ukulingisa inqubo yemvelo yokuxubha. Futhi ososayensi kusamele basifunde lesi sifundo semvelo.
Izicabucabu zenza kanjani iwebhu
Inani elikhulu lezinduna zesicabucabu elisezandleni zesisu sesicabucabu. Imisele yemisinga enjalo ivulela amashubhu amancane kakhulu okusonta, angena ekugcineni kwengxenye ekhethekile yesigcawu se-spider. Inani lamashubhu wokuphotha angahluka ngokuya ngohlobo lwesicabucabu. Isibonelo, i-spider spider ejwayelekile inamakhulu amahlanu kuyo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ezindlwini zesicabucabu zikhiqiza imfihlo yamaprotheni e-fluid ne-viscous, okuyisici sawo amandla okuqina cishe ngokushesha ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya futhi aphenduke imicu emide emincane.
Inqubo yokuqaqa iwebhu iqukethe ngokucindezela ama-warts ama-arachnoid ku-substrate. Ingxenye yokuqala, engasho lutho yemfihlo efihliweyo iqinisa futhi inamathela ngokuqinile ku-substrate, ngemuva kwalokho isicabucabu sidonsa imfihlo ebonakalayo ngosizo lwemilenze yasoangemuva. Ngenqubo yokususa isicabucabu esizeni sokunamathiselwa kuwebhu, ukugcinwa kwamaprotheni kuyelulwa futhi kuqina ngokushesha. Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ezihlukene zezinsini zesicabucabu ziyaziwa futhi zifundwe kahle, ezikhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene zemicu.
Ukwakheka nezakhiwo zewebhu
Iwebhu yesicabucabu iyi-protein protein equkethe i-glycine, i-alanine ne-serine. Ingxenye yangaphakathi yama-filaments eyakhiwe imelelwa amakristalu anamaphrotheni anzima, usayizi wawo awudluli ama-nanometers ambalwa. Amakristalu ahlanganiswe kusetshenziswa ama-ligaments ama-protein kakhulu we-protein.
Kuyathakazelisa! Impahla engajwayelekile yewebhu ukuvezwa kwayo kwangaphakathi. Uma ulenga kuwebhu yesicabucabu, noma iyiphi into ingashintshwa inombolo engenamkhawulo yezikhathi, ngaphandle kokwakheka kokusonta.
Imicu eyinhloko ixhunyaniswa yisicabucabu bese iba iwebhu yesigcawu esinyene. Izinkomba zamandla zewebhu zisondele emngceleni ofanayo we-nylon, kepha ziqine kakhulu kunemfihlo ye-silkworm. Ngokuya ngezinhloso ezisetshenziselwe iwebhu ukuthi zisetshenziswe, isicabucabu singagcina hhayi kuphela ukunamathela, kepha futhi nentambo eyomile, ubukhulu baso buhluka kakhulu.
Imisebenzi yeWebhu nenhloso yayo
Iwebhu isetshenziswa yizicabucabu ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Isiphephelo esakhiwe kusuka kuwebhu eqinile futhi enokwethenjelwa ikuvumela ukuthi udale izimo ezihle kakhulu ze-microclimatic ze-arthropods, futhi futhi isebenza njengesiphephelo esihle, kokubili esimeni sezulu esibi nasezitheni zemvelo eziningi. Ama-archropod arachnids amaningi akwazi ukugoqa izindonga ze-mink zawo ngama-cobwebs noma enze umnyango oyinqaba wokuhlala kuwo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ezinye izinhlobo zisebenzisa i-web ngendlela yezokuthutha, kanti izicabucabu ezincane zishiya isidleke somzali emigqebeni emincane yesicabucabu, ebanjwa ngumoya bese idlula amabanga amade.
Imvamisa, izicabucabu zisebenzisa i-web ukufaka ukhuni olunamathelayo lokufaka izingwebu, okwenza sikwazi ukubamba ngempumelelo inyamazane nokunikeza ama-arthropods ngokudla. Azikho ezinye ezidumile njengama cocoons amaqanda avela kuwebhu, ngaphakathi lapho kuvela izicabucabu ezincane. Ezinye izinhlobo ziluka ngentambo yokuphepha i-cobweb evikela i-arthropod ekuweni ngesikhathi sokugxuma nokuhamba noma ukubamba inyamazane.
Iwebhu yokuzala
Esikhathini sokuzalela, insikazi ibonakala ngokukhethwa kwamahlunga we-arachnoid, avumela umuntu ukuthola i-pair efanelekayo yokuzalela. Isibonelo, abesilisa-tenetniks bayakwazi ukwakha, eduze kwamanetha akhiwa yizinsikazi, izicabucabu ezinomshini wesicabucabu somshado, lapho izicabucabu zifakwe kuwo.
Izicabucabu ezingamaduna zihlanganisa ngokweqile imichilo yazo eqondile ezintanjeni ezinemisebe yelanga ezinetheni zokuzingela ezenziwe ngabesifazane. Kubangela ama-cobwebs aqinile kuwebhu ngemilenze, abesilisa babangela ukunyakaza kwenethiwekhi futhi, ngendlela engajwayelekile, bamema izinsikazi ukuthi zishade.
Iwebhusayithi yokubamba inyamazane
Ukuze ubambe inyamazane yazo, izinhlobo eziningi zesicabucabu zifaka amanetha okhethekile okuzingela, kepha kwezinye izinhlobo ukusetshenziswa kwesigcawu se-arcana esiyingqayizivele nemicu kuwuphawu. Izicabucabu ezihlala emgodini wokuhlala zibeka imicu yesignali esuka esiswini se-arthropod iye ekungeneni lapho ifika khona. Lapho inyamazane iwela ogibeni, ukuphuma kwe-intambo yesiginali kudluliselwa ku-spider ngokushesha.
I-Stick gibe-spirals yakhelwe kusisekelo esihlukile.. Lapho yakhiwa, isicabucabu siqala ukuluka kusuka emaphethelweni bese kancane kancane sisiya engxenyeni ephakathi. Kulokhu, igebe elifanayo phakathi kwazo zonke izinguquko liyalondolozwa, ngenxa yalokho kutholakala lokho okubizwa nge- "Archimedes spiral". Imicu ekwi-spiral asizayo ilunywa ngokukhethekile yisicabucabu.
Yini i-web?
Izicabucabu zingenye yezakhamuzi ezindala kakhulu zeplanethi, ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obuncane nokubukeka okuqondile zithathwa njengezinambuzane ngephutha. Eqinisweni, laba ngabamele i-arthropod oda. Umzimba wesicabucabu unemilenze eyisishiyagalombili nezingxenye ezimbili:
Ngokungafani nezinambuzane, azinazo izimpondo nentamo ehlukanisa ikhanda esifubeni. I-abdomen arachnid uhlobo lwefektri yewebhu. Inama-gland akhiqiza ama-secretion, aqukethe iprotheni enothiswe nge-alanine, enikeza amandla, ne-glycine, ebhekele ukuqina kokuqina. Ngokwendlela yamakhemikhali, iwebhu isondele kunosilika bezinambuzane. Ngaphakathi kwezinduna, imfihlo isesimweni esinjengamanzi, futhi ilukhuni emoyeni.
Imininingwane. Silkorm amacimbi kanye nama-cobwebs anokwakheka okufanayo - i-50% iprotheni ye-fibroin. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi intambo yesicabucabu inamandla amakhulu kunemfihlo yamacimbi. Lokhu kungenxa yobucwayi bokwakhiwa kwefayibha.
Ivelaphi iwebhu yesigcawu?
Ingxenye ye-arthropod itholakala - warts webider. Engxenyeni yabo engenhla, iziteshi zezinduna zesicabucabu ezakha imicu zivulekile. Kunezinhlobo ezi-6 zezindlala ezikhiqiza usilika ngezinhloso ezihlukile (ukuhamba, ukwehlisa, ukubamba inyamazane, ukugcinwa kweqanda). Kuhlobo olulodwa, zonke lezi zitho zomzimba azenzeki ngasikhathi sinye, imvamisa kumabili ngazimbili ezinhlanu zamalunga endlala.
Phezu kwama-warts, kukhona amashubhu afinyelela ku-500 okuqhakaza anikezela ngemfihlo yamaprotheni. Isicabucabu siphonsa iwebhu kanjena:
- ama-spider warts acindezelwa kwisisekelo (isihlahla, utshani, udonga, njll.),
- inani elincane lamaprotheni linamathela endaweni ekhethiwe,
- isicabucabu siyamuka, sidonsa intambo ngemilenze yaso yangasemuva,
- Ngomsebenzi oyinhloko, kusetshenziswa izindla zangaphambili ezinde neziguquguqukayo, ngosizo lwazo kudalwe uhlaka lwentambo eyomile,
- isigaba sokugcina sokwenza inethiwekhi ukwakhiwa kwemiklamo eqinile.
Ngenxa yokubonwa kososayensi, kwaziwa ukuthi i-web spider ivelaphi. Kukhishwa ama-warts abhangqiwe esisekelweni.
Iqiniso elihehayo. Iwebhu ilula kakhulu, isisindo sentambo esongele uMhlaba esikhwebeni singama-450 g kuphela.
Ungayakha kanjani inetha lokudoba
Umoya umsizi wesicabucabu omuhle kakhulu ekwakhiweni. Ngemuva kokususa intambo emincane kuma-warts, i-arachnid iyifaka ngaphansi komsakazo womoya, othwala usilika owuqobelo ibanga elide. Nansi indlela eyifihlakele yesicabucabu esifaka ngayo iwebhu phakathi kwezihlahla. I-cobweb inamathela kalula kumagatsha esihlahla, iyisebenzisa njengendophi, i-arachnid isuka endaweni iye kwenye.
Ngokwesakhiwo sewebhu, iphethini ethile ilandelwa. Isisekelo saso luhlaka lwemicu eqinile futhi ewugqinsi etholakala ngendlela yemisebe ephambukayo iphuzu elilodwa. Kusukela ngaphandle, isicabucabu sakha imibuthano, kancane kancane siqonde enkabeni. Ngokumangazayo, ngaphandle kokuvumelanisa, ugcina ibanga elifanayo phakathi kwendilinga ngayinye. Le ngxenye yemicu inamathele, futhi izinambuzane zizonamathela kuyo.
Iqiniso elihehayo. Isicabucabu sidla i-web yaso. Ososayensi banikeza izincazelo ezimbili zalokhu - ngale ndlela, ukulahleka kwamaprotheni kunxephezelwa lapho kulungiswa inetha lokuzingela, noma isicabucabu simane siphuze amanzi alenga ezintanjeni kasilika.
Ubulukhuni bephethini yewebhu kuncike kuhlobo lwe-arachnid. Ama-arthropods aphansi akha amanethiwekhi alula, namaphethini wejometri ayinkimbinkimbi. Kucatshangelwe ukuthi i-crosshair yesifazane yakha isicupho semisebe engu-39 kanye nemiklamo engama-39. Ngokwengeziwe ngemicu ebushelelezi yemisebe, okokusiza nokuzingela ngemiklamo, kukhona imicu yesiginali. Lezi zinto zibamba futhi zidlulisele kumdlwenguli ukudlidliza kwento ebanjiwe. Uma kwenzeka into ethile (igatsha, iqabunga), umnikazi omncane uyayihlukanisa ayilahle, abese ebuyisela inethiwekhi.
Ama-arachnid amakhulu esihlahla adonsa izingibe ngobubanzi obude bufika kumamitha ayi-1, hhayi izinambuzane kuphela, kepha nezinyoni ezincane eziwela kuwo.
Ngabe isicabucabu sigcina isikhathi esingakanani i-web?
Umdlwenguli uchitha ekudaleni umgibe ovulekile wezinambuzane ukusuka kwesigamu sehora kuya emahoreni angama-2-3. Isikhathi sayo sokusebenza sincike esimweni sezulu kanye nosayizi wenethiwekhi ohlelwe. Ezinye izinhlobo ziluka imicu kasilika nsuku zonke, zikwenza ekuseni noma kusihlwa, kuye ngokuthi iyiphi indlela yokuphila. Enye yezinto ezibangela ukuthi isicabucabu sigqoke i-web kungakanani, ukubukeka kwayo kuyicaba noma kuyizintaba. Ifulethi lihlukile ngentambo yama-radial kanye nemiklamo, ejwayelekile kubo bonke, futhi i-volumetric yisicupho esivela kunqwaba yemicu.
Ukubamba inyamazane
Zonke izicabucabu zingabazingeli ababulala izisulu zabo ngobuthi. Ngasikhathi sinye, abanye abantu banesifo somzimba esintekenteke futhi ngokwabo bangaba isisulu sezinambuzane, ngokwesibonelo, iminyovu. Ekuzingeleni, adinga indawo yokukhosela kanye nesicupho. Imicu ethambile yenza lo msebenzi. Bafaka inyamazane ebingene kwenethiwekhi ngensimbi yefotsholo bese bayishiya kuze kube yilapho i-enzyme ejojile ingenisa esimweni soketshezi.
Imicu kasilika e-Arachnid mncane kunenwele yomuntu, kepha amandla awo athile acinile aqhathaniswa nocingo lwensimbi.
Ukuzala
Ngesikhathi sokuphola, abesilisa bafaka imicu yabo kuwebhu lowesifazane. Ngokushaya ukushaya ngesigqi ezintanjeni zesilika, zazisa umuntu ongaba naye umlingani ngezinhloso zazo. Owesifazane othola ukuthandana naye wehlela emkhakheni wesilisa wokuzalela. Kwezinye izinhlobo, insikazi ingumsunguli wokufuna umlingani. Ukhetha intambo ngama-pheromones, ngenxa yokuthi kutholwa yisicabucabu.
Ikhaya lezizukulwane ezizayo
Cocoons amaqanda zakhiwe kusuka imfihlo yesigcawu se-silika. Inani labo, ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-arthropod, liyizingcezu ezi-2-1000. Izikhwama zewebhu yesigcawu esinamaqanda zimisiwe endaweni ephephile. Igobolondo le-cocoon liqine ngokwanele, liqukethe izingqimba eziningana futhi liboshwe ngokufihlwa koketshezi.
Ekumungeni kwawo, ama-arachnids aluma izindonga ngama-cobwebs. Lokhu kusiza ukudala i-microclimate enhle, isebenza njengokuvikelwa esimweni sezulu kanye nasezitheni zemvelo.
Ukuhamba
Impendulo eyodwa ukuthi kungani isicabucabu sigqoka iwebhu - sisebenzisa imicu njengemoto. Ukuze uhambe phakathi kwezihlahla nezihlahla, uqonde ngokushesha futhi uwe, udinga imicu eqinile. Ezindizeni ezihamba amabanga amade, izicabucabu zikhuphukela ezindaweni eziphakeme, zidedele iwebhusayithi eqinisa ngokushesha bese kuthi umoya oshubile zihanjiswe amakhilomitha ambalwa. Ngokuvamile, uhambo lwenziwa ngosuku olufudumele nolucwathile lwasehlobo laseNdiya.
Kungani isicabucabu singanamatheli kuwebhu yaso?
Ukuze ungaweli ogibeni lwalo, isicabucabu senza imicu eminingana eyomile yokunyakaza. Ngiwazi kahle ubuciko bezinto ezenziwa ngamanethiwekhi, kukhethwe ngokuphephile ukulandela inyamazane. Imvamisa enkabeni yenetha lokudoba kuhlala kunendawo ephephile lapho inyamazane ilindele inyamazane.
Intshisakalo yesayensi ekusebenzisaneni kwama-arachnid ngemigibe yawo yokuzingela yavela eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu eyedlule. Ekuqaleni, bekuphakanyisiwe ukuthi babenamafutha akhethekile emawondweni abo ukuvimbela ukunamathela. Akukho bufakazi bokuthi mbono utholakele. Ukudubula ngekhamera ekhethekile ukuhamba kwemilenze yesicabucabu ngemicu evela emfihlakalweni eqandisiwe kunikeze incazelo yendlela yokuxhumana.
Isicabucabu asinamathele kwiwebhu yaso ngezindlela ezintathu:
- izinwele eziningi kakhulu nokunwebeka emilebeni yazo kunciphisa indawo yokuxhumana nomoya oqinile
- amathiphu wemilenze yesicabucabu embozwe ngoketshezi olunamafutha,
- ukunyakaza kwenzeka ngendlela ekhethekile.
Uyini imfihlo yesakhiwo se-paw esisiza ama-arachnids ukugwema ukunamathela? Emlenzeni ngamunye wesicabucabu kunezihlakala ezimbili ezisekelekayo ezinamathela kulo, nesigaxa esisodwa esiguquguqukayo. Lapho ehamba, ucindezela imicu yezinwele eziguquguqukayo ezinyaweni. Lapho isicabucabu siphakamisa unyawo, uzipho luqonda ngqo bese izinwele ziphindisela iwebhu.
Enye incazelo ukuntuleka kokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwemilenze ye-arachnid namaconsi anamathela. Ziwela ezinweleni zama-paws, bese ziphonsa kalula emuva entanjeni. Noma ngabe imiphi imibono ebukwa ngabasebenza nge-zoologists, iqiniso lokuthi izicabucabu aziba yiziboshwa zezihibe zabo ezinamathele lihlala lingashintshiwe.
Amanye ama-arachnid, anjengemikhaza no-scorpion bamanga, angaluka iwebhu. Kepha amanethiwekhi abo awanakuqhathaniswa ngokuqina nangokunamakhono okuhlangana nemisebenzi yamakhosi angempela - izicabucabu. Isayensi yanamuhla ayikwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha iwebhu ngendlela yokwenza. Ubuchwepheshe bokwenza i-spider silk buhlala bungenye yezimangaliso zemvelo.
Iwebhusayithi yomshuwalense
Izicabucabu zamahhashi zisebenzisa i-spider webs njengomshuwalense lapho zihlasela isisulu. Izicabucabu zinamathisela intambo yokuphepha yewebhu kunoma iyiphi into, emva kwalokho i-arthropod igxuma kulolu hlaka oluhloselwe. Umucu ofanayo, onamathiselwe substrate, usetshenziselwa ukuhlala ubusuku futhi uvikela i-arthropod ekuhlaselweni kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezitha zemvelo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-tarantulas aseNingizimu ne-Russian, ashiya imbobo yawo asekhaya, adonsa i-cobweb emincanyana ehamba nawo, ekuvumela ukuthi uthole ngokushesha, uma kunesidingo, indlela ebuyela noma indawo yokukhosela.
Iwebhusayithi njengezokuthutha
Ngo-ekwindla, ezinye izinhlobo zesicabucabu ziqhakaza izingane. Izicabucabu ezisencane ezisinde emuva kokukhula zizama ukukhwela phezulu ngangokunokwenzeka, zisebenzisa le njongo izihlahla, izihlahlana ezinde, ophahleni lwezindlu nezinye izakhiwo, uthango. Ngemuva kokulinda umoya oqinile ngokwanele, isicabucabu esincane sikhipha i-cobweb emincane futhi ende.
Ibanga lokuhamba ngokuqondile lincike kubude bewebhu yokuhamba enjalo. Ngemuva kokulinda ukungezwani okuhle kwe-cobweb, isicabucabu siyaluma size siphele masinyane. Njengomthetho, "abahambi" bayakwazi ukundiza amakhilomitha ambalwa kuwebhu.
Izicabucabu zesiliva, iwebhu isetshenziswa njengokuthuthwa kwamanzi. Ekuzingeleni ezindlini zokugcina amanzi, lesi spider sidinga ukuphefumula komoya wasemkhathini. Lapho yehlela ezansi, i-arthropod iyakwazi ukubamba ingxenye yomoya, futhi ezitshalweni zasemanzini kwakhiwa insimbi yomoya eyingqayizivele kusuka kuwebhu, ebamba umoya futhi ivumele isicabucabu ukuba sizingele inyamazane yaso.
Iwebhu yesigcawu esiyindilinga
Le nguqulo yewebhu ibukeka imihle ngendlela engafani nalutho, kepha ingumbono obulalayo. Njengomthetho, iwebhu eyindilinga imiswa endaweni ethe nkqo futhi inengxenye yemicu yokunamathela, engavumeli isinambuzane ukuba siphume kuso. Ukuluka kwinethiwekhi enjalo kwenziwa ngokulandelana okuthile. Esigabeni sokuqala, kwenziwa uhlaka lwangaphandle, ngemuva kwalokho kubekwa imicu ye-radial ukusuka engxenyeni ephakathi kuye emaphethelweni. Imicu eyindilinga ilukiwe ekugcineni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Iwebhu eyindilinga ephakathi nendawo inezindawo zokuxhuma ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane, futhi ukwenziwa kwayo kudinga ngaphezu kwamamitha angamashumi amabili wesilikave wes spider, okwenza umklamo ungagcini ngokukhanya kuphela, kodwa futhi uqine kakhulu.
Imininingwane mayelana nokuba khona kwenyamazana ekubanjeni okunjalo kuya "kumzingeli" ngezintambo zesiginali ezilukiwe ngokukhethekile. Ukuvela kwanoma yiziphi izikhala ku-web enjalo kuphoqa isicabucabu ukuba sisebenzise inethiwekhi entsha. Iwebhu yakudala ivame ukudliwa ngama-arthropods.
Iwebhusayithi Robust
Lolu hlobo lwewebhu lujwayelekile kwizicabucabu ze-nephil, ezande eSoutheast Asia. Amanethi okuzingela abawakha bavame ukufinyelela kububanzi bamamitha ambalwa, futhi amandla abo enza kube lula ukusekela isisindo somuntu omdala.
Izicabucabu ezinjalo azibambi kwi-web yazo eqinile hhayi nje izinambuzane ezijwayelekile, kodwa nezinye izinyoni ezincane. Njengoba imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa, izicabucabu zalolu hlobo zingakhiqiza amamitha angamakhulu amathathu wesigcawu sesigcawu nsuku zonke.
Spider web hammock
“Izicabucabu” ezincane, eziyindilinga zisebenzisa enye yezicabucabu eziyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke. Lama-arthropods aluka imisebe eyisicaba lapho isicabucabu sihlala khona futhi silindele inyamazane yaso. Ukusuka kwinethiwekhi eyenzelwe phezulu naphansi lapho yeka imicu ekhethekile emile enamathela kuhlaza oluseduze. Noma yiziphi izinambuzane ezindizayo ngokushesha zibanjiswa imicu eyakhiwe ngokuqondile, bese ziwela kwi-cobweb efulethini.
Ukusetshenziswa komuntu
Isintu silingise ukutholakala kwemvelo okuningi okwakhayo, kepha ukuluka iwebhu kuyinqubo yemvelo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi bekungeke kwenzeke ukukukhiqiza kabusha okwamanje. Njengamanje, ososayensi bazama ukwenza kabusha inqubo yemvelo besebenzisa i-biotechnology ngokususelwa ekuhlukaniseni izakhi zofuzo ezibhekele ukwenziwa kwamaprotheni akha i-web. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zethulwa ngokwakhiwa kwamaselula kwamagciwane noma imvubelo, kepha ukulinganisa inqubo yenqubo ngokwayo akunakwenzeka.
Isihleli
I-athikili yomncintiswano "bio / mol / umbhalo": Iwebhu ingenye yezinto ezimangalisayo ezitholwayo kwezobuchwepheshe. Lesi sihloko sikhuluma ngamathuba okusebenzisa iwebhu ukukhiqizwa kwembatho yezokwelapha. Umbhali uhlanganyela ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ekwandiseni "umkhiqizo" wesicabucabu nasekukhetheni izimo ezilungile zokuqukethwe kwabo.
Qaphela!
Lo msebenzi ushicilelwe kusihloko esithi "Umsebenzi Own" womncintiswano "bio / mol / umbhalo" -2015.
Kusuka kubahleli
I-Biomolecule ilwazisa kakhulu ilukuluku lokwazi kanye nentshisekelo yokusungulwa. Okwesibili kulo mncintiswano we-bio / mall / text, umsunguli uYuri Shevnin wabelana ngemibono yakhe nokutholile nabalaleli be-portal yethu. Abahleli bahlabeka umxhwele yindlela yokuqamba yombhali nesifiso sokwabelana nabanye ngolwazi, kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi le ndatshana akusiso isifundo esiqine sesayensi, futhi ukugqoka okusha kwezokwelapha okuchazwe kuyo kusadinga ukuhlolwa ukuthi kungenzeka kusetshenziswe ekuzilolongeni kwemitholampilo.
Umxhasi wokuphakanyiswa kwesihloko esithi "Isingisi Esihamba Phambili ngama-Mechanisms of Aging and Longevity" yi-Science for Life Extension Foundation. Umxhasi we-Audience Choice Award nguHelicon.
Abaxhasi bomncintiswano: I-3D Bioprinting Solutions Laborator ye-Biotechnological Research kanye ne-Visual Science Studio ye-Science Science Graphics, i-animation kanye ne-Modeling.
Ngingene egumbini elilandelayo, lapho izindonga nophahla zazimbozwe ngokuphelele ngama-cobwebs, ngaphandle kwendawo emincane yomqambi. Ngathi ngisavela nje emnyango, owokugcina wakhala kakhulu ukuze ngizoqaphela kakhulu futhi ngingabeki iwebhu yakhe. Uqale ukukhononda ngephutha elibi elenziwa umhlaba kuze kube manje, esebenzisa umsebenzi wamasilika, kuyilapho ngaso sonke isikhathi sinenqwaba yezinambuzane eziphakeme kakhulu kunalezi zibungu, ngoba zinesiphiwo sokungezona ezesipina kuphela, kepha nezomluki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsunguli waveza ukuthi ukulahlwa kwezicabucabu kuzokonga ngokuphelele ezindlekweni zezindwangu zokudaya, futhi nganginesiqiniseko salokhu lapho esibonisa eziningi izimpukane ezinhle ezinemibala eminingi ezazondla izicabucabu nombala wazo, waqinisekisa, ukuthi kufanele udluliselwe kulayini owenziwe yisicabucabu. Futhi njengoba wayenezimpukane zayo yonke imibala, wayenethemba lokwanelisa okuthandwa yiwo wonke umuntu ngokushesha nje lapho esekwazi ukuthola ukudla okufanelekile kwezimpukane ngesimo sezinsini, uwoyela nezinye izinto ezinamathele futhi ngaleyo ndlela anikeze ubukhulu obukhulu namandla ezintanjeni zewebhu.
D. Swift
Ukuhamba KukaGulliver. Uhambo oluya eLaputa (1725)
Ukugqoka kweWebhu kwezokwelapha
Ngenxa yokuthi ukunikela kuyindawo ebiza kakhulu yezokwelapha enenombolo enkulu yemikhawulo, ososayensi nodokotela emhlabeni jikelele basebenza ekuthuthukiseni ezinye izindlela zokulungisa umonakalo emzimbeni womuntu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezindlela zokulwa nezidakamizwa ezingamakhompiyutha, ubukhona bemiphumela enobuthi, i-allergenic kanye neminye imiphumela emibi emithini elwa namagciwane namakhemikhali we-chemotherapeutic bayala isidingo sokucinga ngemithi emisha engenabo ubuthi enomphumela we-antimicrobial nomphumela ovusa izinqubo wokululama. Izakhiwo ezifanayo zinganikwa amandla, ngokwesibonelo, ngezingubo zokugqoka ezi-anti-burn kanye namabhandeshi. AmaBurns kungenye yokulimala okuvame kakhulu emhlabeni. E-Russia, kungaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-600 ukusha okubhalisiwe minyaka yonke. Ngokwesibalo sokushona kwabantu, ukusha kwesibili kungemva kokulimala okukhona ezingozini zemoto.
* - Mayelana nezinye izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zewebhu, "i-Biomolecule" ithe phambilini: "I-Smart web glue» . - Umq.
Umdwebo 1. I-Web Linothele megundwaides ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu
Ngokusho kwe-electron microscopy, u-matrices owenziwe nge-silk fibroin ne-spombinant spidroin (iprotheni yewebhu) wehluka ngamapharamitha we-pore. Izindonga ze-pore ku-matrices ze-fibroin zinesakhiwo esingenamsoco esiningi sendawo eqinile, kuyilapho ama-matrices we-speedroin enesakhiwo esixegayo esinendawo yokugcwala. Isakhiwo se-nanoporous sangaphakathi se-matrix ye-spombinant spidroin sichaza amandla ayo okwenza i-microen mazingira evumelana kakhulu nokuvuselelwa kwezicubu emzimbeni. Ukuhlangana kwezakhiwo kuyisidingo sokusatshalaliswa kwamaseli afanayo nokuhluma kwezicubu okusebenzayo ku-vivo, njengoba ikhuthaza ukushintshanisa okusebenzayo kwegesi, ukulethwa kwezakhi zomzimba kanye nomzimba ofanele.
Le mpahla emangalisayo yewebhu ibisaziwa isikhathi eside. Emithini yesintu, kukhona iresiphi enjalo: iwebhu ingafakwa enxebeni noma ekuhlatshweni ukuze umise igazi, ulihlanze ngokucophelela izinambuzane ezinamathele kanye namahlumela amancane.
Iwebhu inomphumela we-hemostatic futhi isheshise ukuphulukiswa kwesikhumba esonakele. Ama-opharetha kanye nama-transplantologists angawusebenzisa njengesixhobo sokuqinisa nokuqinisa ukufakwa, kanye nohlaka lwezitho zokwakha ezikhulayo. Isibonelo, uma uhlaka lwe-mesh lwewebhusayithi luboshwe ngesixazululo samaseli we-stem, bazosiphula ngokushesha, imithambo yegazi nemithambo yegazi inwebukele kumaseli. Iwebhusayithi ngokwayo ekugcineni izoncibilika ngaphandle kokulandela umkhondo. Usebenzisa iwebhu, ungathuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo zezinto eziningi ezisetshenziswa njengamanje kwezokwelapha. Isibonelo, iwebhu inenkokhiso kagesi esiza izicabucabu ukuheha inyamazane yazo. Leashaji yewebhu nayo ingasetshenziswa njengengxenye yokugqoka yezokwelapha. Iwebhu ishajwa ngokungafanele, futhi indawo elimele yomzimba iyakhanya. Ngakho-ke, lapho isilonda sisebenzisana newebhu, kusungulwa ibhalansi kagesi, ethinta kahle inqubo yokuphola. Ukugqoka nge-cobweb ngenxa yokuhlangana kwe-electrostatic nesilonda kudonsela ama-microorganisms kuyo futhi kuyibambe ngaphakathi kokugqoka ngokwayo, kuyivimbe ekuphindaphindeni.
Ukwakheka kwewebhu kufaka izinto ezintathu ezinomthelela ekwenzeni isikhathi eside: i-pyrrolidine, i-potassium hydrogen phosphate futhi potrateum nitrate. I-Pyrrolidine idonsela amanzi ngokuqinile, le nto ivimbela ukomiswa kwama-cobwebs. I-potassium hydrogen phosphate yenza iwebhu ibe yi-acidic futhi ivimbele ukukhula kwamafungal kanye namagciwane. I-pH ephansi ibangela ukukhubazeka kwamaprotheni (kubenza bangancibiliki). IPotassium nitrate ivimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane kanye nesikhunta.
Ukugqoka kwewebhu kunikeza ukuphuma kwezilonda ezivele ngaphandle kwesilonda, kuvimbela i-microflora ye-pathogenic, futhi kunemiphumela yokulwa ne-edematous ne-anti-inflammatory. Kufakwe i-anesthetic, ibuye futhi ibulale izinzwa, kudala izimo ezifanele zenqubo yokuphulukisa.
Umlando Wokukhiqiza Iwebhu
Inkinga enkulu yokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwemikhiqizo equkethe ama-cobwebs ubunzima bokuyithola ngezinga lezimboni. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka eYurophu, abantu bezama ukwakha amapulazi kasilika spider. NgoMashi 1665, izimbambo nezingcingo eziseduze neMerseburg yaseJalimane zambozwa ngenani elimangalisayo lewebhusayithi yesicabucabu esithile, futhi kusukela lapho abesifazane bemizana eseduze bazenzela umhlanga neminye imihlobiso.
Ngo-1709, uHulumeni waseFrance wacela usosayensi wemvelo uRene Antoine de Reaumur ukuthi athole indawo kasilika waseChina futhi azame ukusebenzisa iwebhu ukwenza izingubo.Waqoqa iwebhu yamacici spider futhi wazama ukwenza amagilavu namasheya, kepha ngemuva kwesikhashana wayeka lo msebenzi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo, noma nje ukukhiqiza amagilavu eyodwa. Ubalile: kuyadingeka ukucubungula izicabucabu ezingama-522-663 ukuthola iphawundi elilodwa lesigcawu sikasawoti. Futhi ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni, izindimbane zezicabucabu namafu ezimpukane zizodingeka ukubondla - ngaphezu kwezimpukane kulo lonke elaseFrance. URaumur wabhala: “Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka isikhathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthola izicabucabu ezikhiqiza usilika okuningana kunalezo ezivame ukutholakala esifundazweni sethu.”
Bathola izicabucabu ezinje - beyizicabucabu zohlobo UNephila. Muva nje, ukugoqa okunesisindo esingaphezu kwekhilogremu kwaklukwa kusuka kuwebhu yabo. Lapho kuhlala khona lezi zicabucabu ezinhle kakhulu - eBrazil naseMadagascar - abantu bendawo basebenzisa iwebhu ukwenza intambo, amashidi, izigqoko kanye nokufaka inetha, ukukha ama-cocoon amaqanda ezihlahleni noma ukungawavuli. Kwesinye isikhathi intambo idonswa ngokuqondile kwisicabucabu, etshalwe ebhokisini - kuphela isiphundu sesisu saso esinama-spider web warts aphuma kuso. Ukusuka kuma-warts bese udonsa imicu yewebhu.
Kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene futhi kusuka kuzicabucabu ezihlukile, abahloli bathole, ngokwesibonelo, imicu yobude: 1) amahora amabili kusuka kuzicabucabu ezingama-22 - amakhilomitha amahlanu, 2) amahora amaningi ukusuka kwisicabucabu esisodwa - amamitha angama-450 kanye nama-675, 3) “ngokungaphucuki” kwesigcawu esisodwa kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-27 - 3060 metres. U-Abbot Camboue uhlole amathuba wesicabucabu saseMadagascar Goleba punctata: wathuthukisa ibhizinisi lakhe kangangokuba waze “waxhuma” izicabucabu bukhoma kumakhabethe amancane ngqo kwisilo sohlobo olukhethekile. Ithuluzi lomshini lalikhipha imicu kwizicabucabu futhi ngokushesha yaluka indwangu ebabazekayo kubo. Izicabucabu Goleba punctata izamile ukukhulisa iFrance naseRussia, kepha akukho okuvela kuyo. Emkhiqizweni obanzi wewebhu UNephila akukaze kwenzeke: kokuqukethwe UNephila noma abalimi badinga amapulazi akhethekile, yize ehlobo angagcinwa kwi-loggia noma kuvulandi. Ukuxazulula le nkinga yeminyaka eyikhulu edlule, indlela edidiyelwe yesimanje nokwakhiwa kwezimo ezifanele zezicabucabu nezinambuzane ezisondele kakhulu kwezemvelo ziyadingeka.
Ukukhiqizwa KweWebhu okwandisiwe
Umdwebo 7. Ukwakhiwa kwepulazi lesicabucabu Linothele megundwaides.
Ukuze kwenyuswe ukukhiqizwa kwewebhu futhi kungabandakanywa izifo zokudla okubukhoma (amaqhude namakhethini), izinambuzane zithola isengezo sokudla ngesimo sendawo yezakhi zomzimba - umthombo owengeziwe wamaprotheni namavithamini aqukethe i-mycelial biomass ye-penicillin nemikhiqizo yemfucuza ye-streptomycin, kanye ne-bard enamanzi - kusuka kumfucuza wokukhiqiza imvubelo we-burwer's . Isithako esiphakathi nendawo esigcina izakhamzimba sigcinwa isikhathi esingangeminyaka emibili emazingeni okushisa we-+5 ° C. Ukondla izinambuzane, izaqathe oqoshiwe kanye neklabishi kuyaphonswa endaweni yokuchotshozwa yezakhi. Emakhosombeni anjalo wokudla kanye namakhethini awaguli, asheshe akhule futhi ande. Ngasikhathi sinye, izicabucabu zandisa ukukhiqizwa kwewebhu ngamaphesenti angama-60. Ukusetshenziswa komsoco we-mycelial kukuvumela ukuthi ukhuthaze ukwenziwa kabusha kwezicabucabu futhi uthole iwebhu ngamanani aphakeme kakhulu. Ukuseshwa kwezithasiselo zokudla okunempilo ukuze uqinise ukwehluka kondlayo wesicabucabu kuzoqhubeka. Ukwakha ipulazi lokuqoqa iwebhu, kuchazwa iphrojekthi yokwakhiwa kwetende eliyindilinga enobubanzi bamamitha ayi-12 ngenhlanganisela emincane, efana nomsebenzi wewebhu.
Ngokuthuthuka kwale ndlela enobungani bemvelo yokwakha ukugqokwa kwezokwelapha kanye namabhandeshi, ukuhlolwa kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa inzalo ethe xaxa izicabucabu zomndeni IDipluridae. I-Intraspecific hybridization, ukukhethwa kanye nokudla okuyisipesheli ezimweni ezintofontofo akubekeli eceleni ukuhlolwa kofuzo ukwandisa usayizi wesicabucabu. Ngenkathi akekho owenza lokhu, nasemphakathini wabazalisi besicabucabu ngamunye, lesi sihloko siyisiqubulo.
Kungenzeka ukukhiqiza ubisi ngosizo lwesikhunta namagciwane - kodwa kungani, lapho kunezinkomo? Iwebhu ekwakhekeni iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunesakhiwo samaprotheni obisi. Ngakho-ke, konke ukusesha okufana nokwenziwe kwewebhu kungadonsela ekuguqukeni kwezicabucabu. Izinhlobo ezintsha ezitholwe ngokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo nomsebenzi wokuzala nomndeni IDipluridae kuzokhulisa usayizi wezicabucabu nokukhiqizwa kwewebhu yabo yesicabucabu ukuze kukhiqizwe izembatho. Iwebhusayithi ingalashwa nge-silicone nendwangu yezingubo zangaphandle ezinezakhiwo ezihlukile. Indwangu enjalo ayizukubiza ngaphezulu kwesilika.
Isiphetho
Umsebenzi ocwaningwayo ochaziwe wakha isisekelo sohlobo olusha lokufuya izilwane. Ngalesi sisekelo, kungenzeka ukukala ukukhiqizwa kwewebhu ngentengo ephansi, okusho ukuyithengisa. Isidingo semakethe sokugqoka kokulimala kwe-bioresorbable is izinkulungwane ezingama-400 dm 2 / ngonyaka. Umthamo olinganiselwa emakethe kulengxenye uyizigidi ezingama- $ 150.
Le phrojekthi ingabalwa ngokukhula okukhiqizayo, nangokwakha amapulazi amancane ukukhiqizwa kwewebhu. Akukho mishini eyinkimbinkimbi, amazinga okushisa aphakeme, izingcindezi eziphakeme nezinto ezinobuthi ziyadingeka kule nketho yobuchwepheshe. Njengamanje, ngokwesibonelo, cishe amapulazi ayi-5000 nabafuyi bezinyosi abangama-300,000, abalimi kanye nosomabhizinisi abazimele bathatha inyosi. Akuwona wonke umuntu ongadla uju, futhi ukugqoka okwezokwelapha noma imichilo enama-cobwebs kuzoba wusizo kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngenkathi ubuchwepheshe buzothuthukiswa futhi buqinisekiswe, singanikeza wonke umuntu ukuthi akhulise izicabucabu futhi aqoqe ama-cobwebs ngokwawo. Ngokuhlanzisisa, ungasebenzisa isibani se-ultraviolet. Ukuzihlinzeka ngamamitha-skwele amabili e-web, udinga isitsha esisodwa sowesifazane Linothele megundwaides nezinyanga ezimbili. Owesifazane Linothele megundwaides uhlala iminyaka eyi-10. Ecebeni lengadi, ungafaka i-spiderman efudumele 3 ngamamitha ayi-6 ngosayizi onamakamelo amabili. Kokunye, ungavuna izinto ezingavuthiwe, kanti kolunye, wenze ama-cobwebs, ilineni eluka izindwangu nokuthunga izingubo. Akukho nje imfucuza evela efektri encane enjalo.
Umdwebo 8. Ipulazi elikhula kancane Linothele megundwaidesukuqoqa izimbotshana zabo nokwenza izingubo engadini.
Kusuka kumagobolondo amadala alahlwe yisicabucabu ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa, izikhumbuzo nezinto eziwucwebe zingenziwa ngokuwathululela nge-polymer resin. Ubuthi bungakhishwa emakhanda izicabucabu ezifile ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo yokwelapha *. Abalimele nabagulile bazothola umuthi omusha - “isikhumba” semvelo - futhi wonke umuntu angakha umkhiqizo omncane.
Umbhali ngeke athole amalungelo obunikazi nezitifiketi ngesihloko sokucwaninga, ngoba ufuna lolu lwazi lutholakale kuwo wonke umuntu.
* - Futhi kungaba khona eziningi zalezi zidakamizwa (ikakhulukazi, ama-analgesics) - naphezu kwegama elilodwa elithi "ubuthi": ubuthi besicabucabu esisodwa bungaba namakhulu ezinto ezinobuthi bemvelo yamakhemikhali ehluke ngokuphelele. Mayelana nemitapo yezincwadi ubuthi besicabucabu utshela i-athikili "Umhlanganisi omkhulu akakaze aphuphe» . - Umq.
Imfihlo yezinduna zesicabucabu
Izazi ze-Arachnologists zithole ukuthi iwebhu yesicabucabu ithathwe esiswini, lapho kuqubuka khona izigaxa zesigcawu. Kunama-warider wesigcawu ayi-6 lapho kutholakala khona amashubhu okusonta. Uhlobo ngalunye lunenombolo ehlukile yazo. Isiphambano sinamadombolo angama-600.
Imfihlo yokungaguquguquki koketshezi nokubonakala kwe-viscous kuqukethe amaprotheni. Kuyasiza i-fiber iqinise amanzi ngokushesha ngokuchayeka kokuhamba komoya. Amashubhu wokuphonsa, lapho imfihlo iphuma khona, yakha ngendlela kwentambo emincane kakhulu. Ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali nasezindaweni ezibonakalayo, kusondelene nosilika we-silkworm, kepha i-spider web inamandla futhi inwebeka kangcono.
Amakristalu amaprotheni afakiwe ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali. Lapho umhlaseli eluka iwebhu, ulenga kuyo. Uma into imiswe ku-spider web fiber futhi ikjikeleze inani elingapheli lezikhathi endaweni efanayo, ngeke isonteke futhi ngeke idale amandla okusabela.
Isicabucabu, njengokuluka iwebhu, siyidla kanye nesisulu emahoreni angu-1-2. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu bakwenzela amaprotheni alahlekile emzimbeni, kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi isilwane se-arthropod sinentshisekelo namanzi, okuhlala kusimo samazolo noma imvula.
Iwebhu ngehora elilodwa
Inani lesikhathi esithathayo ukwengeza isicupho se-openwork sincike ezimweni zezulu nosayizi olifunayo. Iwebhu encane ngesimo sezulu esihle izoklanywa ngehora, ngosayizi omkhulu kunazo zonke lapho isicabucabu sizosebenzisa amahora angu-2-3. Kunezinhlobo zokuluka i-fiber nsuku zonke - ekuseni noma kusihlwa. Lokhu kungumsebenzi wabo ophambili, ngaphezu kokuzingela.
Inqubo yokwenza iwebhusayithi yesicabucabu:
- isicabucabu sicindezela warider war warts endaweni oyifunayo (umuthi, igatsha, udonga),
- imfihlo inamathela esisekelweni
- umhlaseli usuka endaweni yokunamathela futhi welulele intambo emoyeni ngemilenze nangemuva,
- umanduleli wenza umsebenzi wangaphambili, owakha ifreyimu yomucu omisiwe,
- ngemuva kokusuka, kwakha imicikilisho eqinile.
Ekwakhiweni kwezicupho, indima ebalulekile inikezwa umoya. Ngemuva kokuthi inyamazane ikhiphe intambo, iyelula ngaphansi komsakazo womoya. Umoya uthwala ukuphela kwawo ibanga elincanyana. Umhlaseli usebenzisa i-cobweb njengesihloko sokunyakaza. Le ndlela isiza ama-arachnid ukwakha izingibe phakathi kwezihlahla notshani obude.
Hunt ngokuphanga
Amanethiwekhi okwakha ukubamba inyamazane angenye yezizathu zokuthi kungani izicabucabu zidinga ukwenza iwebhu. Amandla ayo okuhambisa amandla ohlukunyeziwe kuya ngesakhiwo sewebhu. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezidla ezinye zincane kakhulu kangangokuba zona ngokwazo zingena kwizinambuzane ezinkulu. Ubuthi obethulwe yisicabucabu emzimbeni wesisulu abusebenzi masinyane. Ukuvimbela inyamazane ukuthi ingaphunyuki, inyamazane iyayithatha iyisonge ngocingo, emva kwalokho ilindele inyamazane ukuba iguqukele esimweni esisetshenziswayo.
Uma siqhathanisa iwebhu nezinwele zomuntu, owokuqala uzoba ocashile kakhudlwana. Iqhathaniswa namandla ocingweni lwensimbi.
Ukuheha abesilisa
Ezinye izinhlobo zezinsikazi ezingama-arachnid zifihla imfihlo ye-spider nge-pheromones ngesikhathi sokuzala. Le "tag" iheha owesilisa. Izinhlobo eziningi zakha imicu yezimpawu, kepha kwabanye, isinyathelo sivela kowesilisa.
Lapho zifuna owesilisa ongowesifazane ukuba azale, abesilisa bafaka isisi esikhanyayo, okuthi lapho kuqalwa khona ithonsi loketshezi lwangaphakathi lihlukane. Ukuheha izintokazi, abesilisa bafaka imicu yabo kuwebhu lowesifazane bese bemhambisa. Ngakho-ke bamtshela ngezinhloso zokuhlala. Ngokuzicelela, insikazi iya esikhaleni sendoda yowesilisa.
Isiphazamiso sePredator
Amabhu anqobayo adala ukulingiswa okuphazamisayo kusuka amanetha ngokuxhuma ama-cobwebs amaqabunga namahlumela. Bafaka i- "snag" kuwebhu yabo, abazama ukudukisa umhlaseli. Isilwane sifihla kude nedummy futhi sidonsa imicu, senza ukunyakaza okukhohlisayo nabo.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, isicabucabu esikwazi ukwenza okuphindwe kabili satholakala emahlathini ase-Amazon yisazi sebhayiloji uPhilo Torres. Wathola i-web emangazayo, ngokubona kwakhe, isicabucabu. Ekuqaleni, isazi sebhayoloji sanquma ukuthi ufile, kodwa, lapho sisondela, sathola ukuthi lokhu kwakuyikhophi eyenziwe ngamaqabunga ngobuciko. Umqambi wehethi wayelinde inyamazane kwenye indawo.
Isipuni sesicabucabu
Ukusuka emfihlo yezinduna zesicabucabu, izilwane ezidla ezinye zifaka ukhukhunathi wesizukulwane esizayo. Inani lifinyelela izingcezu eziyi-100, kuya ngokuzala sowesifazane. Amakhokoni anamaqanda besifazane ayamiswa, endaweni ephephile. Igobolondo le-cocoon lakhiwa izingqimba ezi-2-3 futhi lifakwe emfihlakalweni ekhethekile efaka zonke izingxenye zayo.
Uma kunesidingo, izinsikazi zidlulisa i-cocoon ngamaqanda kwenye indawo. Kunamathisela isitho esigoqayo esiswini. Uma ubheka i-cocoon ngesimo esilinganayo, ifana nebhola legalufa. Amaqanda ngaphansi kwengqimba eminyene ye-fiber bulge nama-tubercles efomu. Cocoons zezizukulwane ezizayo ziyasetshenziswa ngisho nalezo zinhlobo zezilwane ezidla izinyamazane ezizingela futhi ezingalokothi zifake amakhandlela.
Umshini wokuvikela osemgodini wegodi
Izinhlobo ezihlaselayo zezinyamazane zizimba ngokwazo lapho zikhosela emhlabathini futhi zilume izingange zazo. Bayisebenzisa ukuqinisa inhlabathi, esiza ekuvikeleni umgodi ezimweni zezulu eziphikisayo nakwabaphikisi bemvelo.
Imisebenzi yewebhu ayipheli lapho, i-arthropod iyisebenzisa njenge:
- Izindlela zokuhamba. Umhlaseli weselula uyisebenzisa njengemoto. Ngosizo lwayo, ingahamba ngokushesha phakathi kwezihlahla, izihlahla, amaqabunga ngisho nezakhiwo. Ngokusebenzisa izicabucabu zesigcawu, izicabucabu zihambisa amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka endaweni yokuphuma. Zikhuphukela phezulu, zidedele i-fiber eqinisa ngaso leso sikhathi futhi zihanjiswa ngumsinga womoya.
- Umshuwalense. Izicabucabu zamahhashi ziluka ngendwangu evulekile yokuzivikela ngesikhathi sokuzingela isisulu. Zihlanganiswe ngentambo kuya esisekelweni sento futhi zenze igxuma ziye ekulweni. Ezinye izinhlobo zezicabucabu, ukuze zingalahli imbobo yazo, welule umucu kuzo lapho ushiya bese ubuyela emuva kuzo.
- Izindawo zokuhlala ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Zidalwa kuphela ngezinhlobo ezihlala emanzini. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kungani badinga i-cobweb lapho bakha izimbobo ezingaphansi kwamanzi - kuzonikeza umoya wokuphefumula.
- Ukuqina ezindaweni ezishelelayo. Lo msebenzi usetshenziswa yizo zonke izinhlobo zama-tarantulas - izinto ezinamathela emawindini zibasiza ukuba bahlale endaweni eshelelayo.
Ezinye izinhlobo zenza ngaphandle kokhula lwesicabucabu, zizingela kuphela. Kepha kwabaningi, ungumsizi ezinhlelweni zokusinda.
Kungani benganamatheli?
Ukuze uhambe ngokuzithoba uzungeze isicupho futhi ungabi isisulu saso, isicabucabu sandisa imicu eyomile ngaphandle kwento enamathele. Uqondiswa ekwakhiweni, ngakho-ke uyazi ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yefayibha eyenzelwe ukukhiqizwa, nokuthi iyiphi ephephile kuye. Ulinde isisulu maphakathi nesakhiwo.
Izinto ezengeziwe ezisiza isigcawu ukuthi singanamatheli kuwebhu yaso:
- amathiphu ezinsizakalo zomphangi
- emilenzeni yakhe kunezinwele eziningi ezinciphisa indawo yokuxhumana ngentambo enamathele,
- uhamba ngendlela ekhethekile.
Ososayensi banamuhla abafundanga ukuthi bangayakha kanjani iwebhusayithi ngobuciko. Kepha imizamo yokwenza ikhophi yayo ngqo iyaqhubeka. Izakhi zofuzo ezivela eCanada zaveza indlela yezimbuzi yokufakelwa, ubisi lwayo oluneprotheni yesicabucabu. Njengoba isicabucabu senza iwebhu, ubuchwepheshe bokuluka kwayo buyimfihlakalo yemvelo engakaxazululwa izingqondo ezinkulu kakhulu.
Imvelo yanakekela ukuba khona kwezicabucabu futhi yazinikeza ikhono lokwenza iwebhu ngekhono. Uyabasiza ukuthi bathole ukudla, bavikele inzalo yabo kanye nemizi yabo, futhi bayisebenzisele ukuyihambisa. Isicupho se-Openwork sivusa isasasa lomhlaba wonke emfihlakalweni yalo kanye nokuthi kungenzeka okungenzeka kokuzala kabusha. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-arachnids lubangela isasasa nokujula okujulile ngezimpawu ezithile.