Inkinga yokwanda kwabantu emhlabeni wonke esikhathini sethu iyaziveza izici nezinto ezifana nalezi:
- ukukhula ngokushesha kwesibalo sabantu (ukwanda kweningi lezindawo) emazweni asathuthuka e-Asia, Africa, Latin America (ngaphezulu kwama-80% ngokusho kokuqagelwa okuthile futhi mayelana ne-95% ngokusho kwezinye izilinganiso), ezibonakaliswa umnotho ophansi wendawo,
- emazweni amaningi e-Third World alukho uhlelo lokulawula inani labantu kanye nenqubomgomo ecacile yokwanda kwabantu,
- ukuguga nokwanda ngenxa yokuzalwa kabusha okuyisibalo sabantu (inhlekelele yeningi) emazweni athuthukile, ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga Yurophu,
- ukukhula kwabantu okungalingani emhlabeni wonke,
- uhlobo lwesilinganiso sokuzala kwabantu emhlabeni wonke, lapho ukwehla kwesibalo sokufa kungahambisani nokwehliswa okuhambisanayo kwesilinganiso sokuzalwa.
Kuyimpawu ukuthi ukwehla kwezinga lokuthuthuka komnotho wezwe kanye nezinga lempilo yezakhamizi zalo, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokuzala kulo, okuphindwe kabili, njengoba uhlelo lomnotho kazwelonke lufinyelela amazinga aphezulu okukhula, ukuthambekela okuqinile kokuncipha kwezinga lokuzalwa kuyabonakala, futhi ukwanda kwabantu asebekhulile kuqala emphakathini (ubudlelwano ngokulinganayo).
Ukushuba kwenkinga yenani labantu njengembulunga yonke kubangelwa isizinda sayo sendawo: inani lamanje leplanethi lingaphezu kokuphindwe kayishumi umkhawulo wenani labantu iplanethi elingamelana nabo. Ubuningi kanye nokwanda kwenani labantu kuphambi kwamathuba kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqizwa kwezolimo ukwanelisa isidingo esikhulayo sokudla, kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha kohlelo lokuphatha kakhulu.
Ososayensi babona izizathu zamanje zemvelo yenkinga yenani labantu kulokhu okubizwa ngokuthi “ukuqhuma kwabantu” kwengxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-20, lapho, ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, kwavela izimo ezinhle zokukhula kwenani labantu kanye nokwanda kwesilinganiso sokuphila. Kukholelwa ukuthi njalo ngamasekhondi wonke inani labantu emhlabeni landa ngabantu abayi-3.
Ukuqhuma kwenani labantu kanye nokwanda kwabantu okungalingani ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene kuholela ekwandeni kwezinkinga ezihlobene nomhlaba:
- ingcindezi yeningi emvelweni,
- izingqinamba zobuhlanga kanye nezobuhlanga (izingxabano ze-phenthnic kanye nezamasiko),
- Izinkinga zabokufika nababaleki,
- inkinga yobuphofu, ubuphofu nokuntuleka kokudla,
- inkinga yokufudukela emadolobheni ("slum emadolobheni"),
- ukungasebenzi, ukuguquguquka ekusatshalalisweni kwamandla akhiqizayo, njll.
Inkinga yokwanda kwabantu ingenye yezinkinga ezinkulu futhi ezibucayi. Okokuqala, indlela ecacile futhi, ebaluleke kakhulu, esemthethweni neyamukelekayo ngokomthetho yokunciphisa amanani okukhula kwabantu ayikakakhiwa. Okwesibili, ngisho nasendaweni yokubukwa kwezezimali, inkinga inzima ukuyixazulula ngenxa yokuxakanana kwengxenye ephikisanayo phakathi kwezinga lokuphila emazweni omhlaba kanye nezinga lokuzalwa.
Iziphakamiso zokuxazululwa kwenkinga yenani lomhlaba wonke zibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokucacisa kwayo okuyinkimbinkimbi. Sizothokoza kubasebenzisi bomthombo wethu ngezibalo ezintsha kanye ne-analytics, imibono, amaphrojekthi kanye nezixazululo kule ndlela.
Ukuqhuma kwenani labantu njengendaba yemvelo
Inkinga ebaluleke kakhulu yemvelo isabhekwa njengenkinga yokugcwala komhlaba. Ngampela yini yena? Yebo, ngoba bekungaphezu kokuphindaphindeka okwaba yimbangela yokubonakala kwazo zonke izinkinga ezisele. Abaningi bathi umhlaba uyakwazi ukondla abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Kepha ngakho konke lokhu, ngamunye wethu uyaphefumula futhi cishe wonke umuntu unemoto yakhe, futhi zonke ziyanda unyaka nonyaka. Umphumela uba ukungcoliswa komoya. Isibalo samadolobha siyakhula, kunesidingo sokubhubhisa amahlathi amaningi, ukwandisa indawo yokuhlala kwabantu. Manje-ke ngubani ozosihlanza umoya? Ngenxa yalokho, uMhlaba ungasinda, kepha ubuntu abulindelekile.
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Amanani wokukhula kwenani labantu
Isibalo sabantu sikhula ngokushesha, ngokwezibalo zososayensi ngokoqobo ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ezingamashumi amane edlule, kwakukhona abantu abacishe babe yisigidi, kule minyaka engamashumi amabili sasivele sinebhiliyoni nesigamu, maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule isibalo sase sifinyelele ezigidini ezintathu, kanti manje leli nani lingaba izigidigidi eziyisikhombisa.
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Ukwanda kwenani lezakhamizi zeplanethi kuholela ezinkingeni zemvelo, ngenxa yokuthi umuntu ngamunye udinga isilinganiso esithile semithombo yemvelo yempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokuzalwa liphezulu nje emazweni athuthukile, emazweni anjalo iningi limpofu noma liyalamba.
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Isixazululo sokuqhuma kwabantu
Isixazululo sale nkinga senzeka ngendlela eyodwa kuphela ngokunciphisa inani lokuzalwa kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lempilo yabantu. Kepha ukuthi bangenza kanjani abantu ukuba bangazali lapho kungavela izithiyo ngohlobo lwenkinga: inkolo ayivumeli, umndeni ukhuthaza imindeni enkulu, umphakathi ngokumelene nemikhawulo. Emibuthanweni ebusayo yamazwe athuthukile, ubukhona bemindeni enkulu buzuzisa, ngoba ukungafundi nokungazi kuyachuma lapho, futhi, kulula ukuphatha.
Ingozi yokugcwala ngokweqile ngokusatshiswa kwendlala ngokuzayo. Ngenxa yokuthi inani labantu likhula ngokushesha, futhi ezolimo azithuthuki ngokushesha okungaka. Izimboni zizama ukusheshisa inqubo yokuvuthwa ngokungeza izinambuzane nezinambuzane eziyingozi empilweni yabantu. Yini ebangela enye inkinga yokudla okungenampilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona ukushoda kwamanzi ahlanzekile nomhlaba ovundile.
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Ukunciphisa inani lokuzalwa, sidinga izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu ezisetshenziswa eChina, lapho kunabantu abaningi kakhulu. Ukulwa nokukhula kukhona okulandelayo:
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- Inkulumo-ze njalo mayelana nokujwayelekile kwabantu bezwe.
- Ukutholakala kanye namanani aphansi wokuvimbela inzalo.
- Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kwamahhala ngesikhathi sokukhipha isisu.
- Intela ngokuzalwa kwengane yesibili neyilandelayo, ngemuva kokuzalwa kwesine, yaphoqelelwa inzalo. Isigaba sokugcina sikhanseliwe cishe eminyakeni eyishumi edlule.
Kubandakanya e-India, Pakistan nase-Indonesia, inqubomgomo efanayo iyalandelwa, noma kungenjalo ngempumelelo.
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Ngakho-ke, uma sithatha sonke isibalo sabantu, kuvela ukuthi izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zikumazwe athuthukile futhi asebenzisa ingxenye eyodwa kuphela kwezintathu zemvelo. Uma sicabanga ukuthi umhlaba wethu ungumuzi onabantu abaningi abayikhulu, siyobe sesibona isithombe sangempela salokho okwenzekayo: AbaseYurophu abangama-21, abamele abangu-14 base-Afrika, abangama-57 abavela e-Asia nabamele abangu-8 baseMelika bayohlala lapho. Abantu abayisithupha kuphela abavela e-United States abazoba nengcebo, abangamashumi ayisikhombisa babengeke bakwazi ukufunda, amashumi amahlanu ayezobulawa yindlala, amashumi ayisishiyagalombili azohlala ezindlini ezihlakazekile, futhi munye kuphela ozoba nemfundo ephakeme.
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Ngakho-ke, ukuze sinciphise inani lokuzalwa, kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka inani labantu ngezindlu, imfundo yamahhala nokunakekelwa okuhle kwezokwelapha, kanti kunesidingo semisebenzi.
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Akugcinanga lapho bekukholelwa ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile zenhlalo, amasiko, ezomnotho nakho konke, umhlaba wonke uzohlala uchuma. Kepha empeleni, kwavela ukuthi ngokwanda okuningana kwamanani kukhona ukwehla kwezinsizakusebenza futhi kunengozi yangempela yenhlekelele yemvelo. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukudala izindlela ezihlanganyelwe zokulawula inani labantu emhlabeni.
Izimbangela nemiphumela yokwanda kwesibalo sabantu
Manje njengoba inani lomhlaba lidlule abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-7, kunzima ukukucabanga ukuthi bekunjani eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule. Kepha ngonyaka ka-1000 BC, kwakuyizigidi ezingama-50 kuphela. Ngemuva kweminyaka engaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-2,5, isibalo sabantu emhlabeni sikhuphuke kashumi futhi safinyelela ezigidini ezingama-500.
Ukuqhuma kwabantu kuyabonakala ikakhulukazi emazweni ase-Asia, e-Afrika naseLatin America.
Emazweni ase-Afrika, inani eliphakeme kakhulu lokuzalwa: eNiger, owesifazane oyedwa ukhiqiza isilinganiso sezingane eziyi-8 (!)
Kusukela lapho, ukwanda kwenani labantu kuye kwanda kuphela. Kulelikhulu lama-20, ukusheshisa kuye kwafinyelela ngezinga elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili. Isibonelo, ukusuka ngo-1987 kuye ku-1999, inani labantu emhlabeni lakhula lisuka ezigidini ezi-5 laya kweziyi-6, okungukuthi, isigidigidi esi-1 ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-12.
Ukuqhuma kwesibalo ngabantu ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka anezinga eliphansi lomnotho. Isibalo esikhulu sezingane ezisanda kuzalwa sivele lapho. Ama-60% wezakhamuzi ezintsha zeplanethi yethu azalelwa emazweni ase-Asia.
Kukholakala ukuthi ukuqhuma kwabantu sekuphelile manje. Ukukhula kwesibalo kwabantu kuyaqhubeka, kepha ijubane labo sehlile kakhulu. Ngokudabukisayo, lokhu kwakuthinteka ikakhulukazi ukukhula kwengcebo. Intsha ithola imfundo ephakeme, yakhe umsebenzi, bese kulapho-ke yakhe khona imindeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, asiphuthumi ukuthola izingane.
Enye into engathandeki kwaba ukuthandwa kobuhlobo bobulili obuhlukile, kubandakanya nomshado. Futhi ukubonakala kwezingane emishadweni enjalo akunakwenzeka. Ukukhula komlutha wotshwala nezidakamizwa, kanye nesimo esingesihle sendawo, nakho akunagalelo ekwandiseni izinga lokuzalwa.
Kepha konke lokhu kususwa ngokushona okuphansi. Ngempela, ngenxa yezimo zokuphila ezintofontofo kanye nokufinyelelwa kwezokwelapha, isikhathi sokuphila sesikhulile, futhi ukufa kwabantu ezifweni kuzo zonke izigaba zobudala kunciphile.
Ukwehla okuphansi kwezinga lokuzalwa ngokushona okuncane kubizwa ngokuthi ukushintshwa kwesibalo esivela emphakathini wendabuko obonakala ngezinga lokuzalwa okuphakeme nokufa okubalulekile kwesimanje. Emphakathini wanamuhla, kunezinye izici zokuzala, lapho kwenzeka ushintsho olujwayelekile ngaphandle kokukhula okubonakalayo kwabantu.
Izici zobalo zabantu ezifundeni ezihlukene zomhlaba
Izithombe zabantu emhlabeni zinokwehlukahluka futhi zihlukahlukene. Amandla wokushintsha kwesibalo kwabantu emazweni ahlukahlukene ahluka kakhulu. Kanye nokukhula kwesibalo kwabantu ngokushesha komunye umkhawulo weplanethi, kunamazwe akhula ngesibalo esincane sabantu.
Ingozi itholakala emiphumeleni yokuqhuma kwenani labantu emazweni asathuthuka, ehambisana nezinga eliphansi lokuthuthuka komnotho. Le nto iholela ekwehleni kwezinga lokuphila, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kanye nobuphofu. Ingxenye encane yezakhamizi zomhlaba, 1 bhiliyoni, ihlala emazweni achuma futhi inengcebo ethe xaxa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo. Lokhu "kwezigidigidi zegolide" kufaka phakathi izakhamizi zase-United States naseCanada, kanye nabahlali baseNtshonalanga Yurophu naseJapan.
Ukugwema izinkinga zomhlaba, kufanele basize omakhelwane babo abampofu emhlabeni. Amazwe amakhulu nacebile emzabalazweni wezinsizakusebenza kanye nemikhakha yethonya abangele ngamabomu noma ngokungathandi ukuthi kube nezingxabano eziningi zasendaweni emazweni angaphumeleli futhi anethonya.
Ukuqhuma kwenani labantu kanye nemiphumela yako kubonakalisiwe emazweni athuthukile. Lokhu kuzwakale ngokuphelele yizakhamizi zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu, lapho izigidi zabantu abafuduka e-Afrika nase-Middle East bezithela ngabandayo. Babalekela izimpi, ubumpofu noma ukushushiswa, futhi abaningi bamane bafuna impilo engcono. AbaseYurophu abakwazi ukumisa lokhu kugeleza. Lesi simo sibonisa ukuthi izinkinga zasendaweni zingakhula ngokushesha futhi kalula zibe ngezomhlaba jikelele.
Abafuduki abavela e-Afghanistan, eSyria, e-Iraq, ePakistan, eSomalia, eBangladesh, ePalestine, kanye nasemazweni aseNyakatho Afrika baya eYurophu beyothola impilo engcono
Ngeke kushiwo ukuthi yiliphi izwe elivezwe ukuqhuma kwabantu, futhi okungekho. Ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene emlandweni wezwe wabona ukwanda noma ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu. Konke kuya ngezimo zamanje. Izimbangela zokuqhuma kwesibalo sabantu zingahluka. Amazwe amaningi abonile ukwanda kokuzala ngemuva kwezikhathi ezinzima, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezibuhlungu, zomlando.
Ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izizathu zokushintsha okubukhali kwesimo sabantu, sinikeza izibonelo ezivela emlandweni wamanye amazwe.
Izimbangela nemiphumela yokuqhuma kwesibalo sabantu baseMelika
E-USA, phakathi kweminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-40 yekhulu leminyaka edluleyo, bekukhona okungakaze kwenzeke emlandweni wezwe hhayi nje ngokwezomnotho, kepha futhi nokwanda kwabantu. Izingane ezine noma ngaphezulu emindenini yabantu baseMelika abajwayelekile seziyinto evamile. Phambilini, ngesikhathi sokuDangala Okukhulu, lapho amabhizinisi evalwa, kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi nobugebengu bekhula ngendlela elingakaze libonwe ngayo, abaningi bebengaphuthumi ukuqala imindeni futhi babe nezingane, ngoba babengenaso isiqiniseko ngekusasa.
Lapho ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kanye nenkinga yaqedwa, ukuqina okuthile kwavela empilweni yabantu baseMelika. Okweminye imibuso yezwe, iMpi Yezwe II yaletha usizi, ukubhujiswa kanye nokufa kwezigidi zabantu. Ekuthuthukisweni komnotho, wabaphonsa emuva kakhulu. E-United States, lezi zehlakalo ezimbi azizange zibe nomthelela omubi. Ukusebenza kwamasosha akuzange kuthinte indawo yaseMelika, futhi ukulahleka kwawo akunakuqhathaniswa, ngokwesibonelo, ngokulahleka komuntu okungenakulungiswa kwe-USSR noma eJalimane. IMelika ayizange ibhekane nezinkinga ezaziningi eYurophu.
Ukukhiqizwa kwempi ngezidingo zeMpi Yezempi yaseMelika kanye nabalingani bayo kulethe inzuzo enkulu, kunikeze imisebenzi ekhokhelwa kahle ezigidini zabantu baseMelika. Osomabhizinisi abaningi benze imali eningi ngezinto zempi. Lokhu kufake isandla enhlalakahleni yabaseMelika, kwenza iMelika yaba umbuso wezwe onamandla kunayo yonke, futhi yaba nomthelela omuhle esimweni seningi ezweni.
Singasho ukuthi kuleli lizwe ukuqhuma kwesibalo sabantu kuyisici esiyisisekelo sezikhathi zokuthula nokuchuma. Kepha eminye imicimbi ingathinta isimo sabantu ngendlela engalindeleki. Ngeke ukwazi ukuchaza ukuthi kungani, ngemuva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula amakhulu emlandweni kaSeptemba 11, 2001, e-United States kwathola ukwanda kokuzala. Lokhu kubonakala kungenangqondo ngokuphelele.
Ukwanda kwenani labantu baseMelika akuzange kwehlise ijubane futhi kuyaqhubeka kuze kube manje. Ngokwezinga elithile, kungenxa yokungezelela kokuzala ngaphezu kokufa, futhi ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokufikelwa kwabokufika kwamanye amazwe.
Ukuqhuma kwenani labantu eRussia
Ngenxa yeMpi Yezwe Yesibili, i-USA yaba ngumnotho wokuqala weplanethi, futhi eRussia isimo esiphambene siyabonakala. Ngemuva kwempi, ingxenye yaseYurophu yeSoviet Union yaba amanxiwa futhi yafuna ukubuyiselwa. Izwe selilahlekelwe ngamashumi ezigidi zabantu, iningi labo lingamadoda aphilile eminyaka yobudala bezempi. Bangakwazi ukwakha imindeni babe nezingane.
Impi yangemva kwempi yaseMoscow. Ukwakhiwa kwenombolo yendlu 11 emgaqweni waseGorky
Ukubuya kwempi, amasosha angaphambilini abamba iqhaza ekubuyiselweni kwezimboni nezolimo, akha izakhiwo zokuhlala. Abaningi babo, ababeye ngaphambili ngemuva kwesikole, bathola imindeni nezingane. Ukubuyiselwa kwempilo yezakhamuzi kube nomthelela ekwandeni kwezinga lokuzalwa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya, lapho imindeni emikhulu enezingane eziningi ibingajwayelekile.
Ukuqhuma kwesibalo sabantu bekungaphezu kwesidingo sezwe. Noma ngabe kukhona ukukhula okuzinzile kokukhula kwesibalo sabantu, kungenzeka ukufezekisa izinamba zangaphambi kwempi kuphela ngo-1979.
Ukukhula kumile ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR. Lesi sikhathi sokuqina sahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20. Abaningi bathi lokhu kuyisimo esinzima somnotho, imali engenayo ephansi kanye nokungazethembi ngekusasa.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ukukhula okuncane kwabantu kwaqala eRussia. Ngokwezinga elithile lokhu kungenxa yezindlela zokuvikela zombuso, ezifaka isandla ekwandeni kwesibalo sabantu.
Inhloko-dolobha kamama (yomndeni) iyindlela yokusekelwa kwesimo yemindeni yaseRussia lapho kusukela ngo-2007 kuya ku-2018 (okubandakanya) ingane yesibili yazalwa (yamukelwa)
Ochwepheshe bathi iRussia akufanele yesabe ukuthi imiphumela yokuqhuma kwenani labantu ibe mihle.Noma kwenzeka ngasizathu simbe, insimu enkulu nezinsiza ezicebile zingumshwalense ekuphambeni ngokweqile.
E-Russia, ukuqhuma kwabantu bekungaba yinto efiselekayo, ngoba yize kunomlando weminyaka eyinkulungwane, izwe lelo lisenezindawo ezingathuthuki kahle. Inkinga enkulu kakhulu kungaba ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu. Ezifundeni eziningi le nkinga ikhona. Enye yezindlela zokuyixazulula ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo kulabo abafuna ukufudukela ezifundeni ezinjengalezi ezisuka kwezinye izingxenye zezwe nakwamanye amazwe.
Inkinga yeningi nenqubomgomo yenani labantu
Lapho kufundwa ubalo lwabantu, umuntu kufanele futhi azi imiqondo yenhlekelele yabantu kanye nenqubomgomo yeningi.
Emazweni ahlukahlukene, umqondo wenhlupheko ngokwabantu ingaba nezincazelo eziphikisanayo ngokweziqu. Ngenkathi ukwanda kwenani labantu abaningi eNigeria kuyinto edabukisayo ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla nezinye izinsiza, emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu inkinga yokuncipha kwenani lezakhamuzi nokuguga kwezizwe ngenxa yokuncipha kokuzala okuhlanganiswe nokwenyuka kwesikhathi sokuphila kuyinto ebonakala kakhulu.
Ngokuya ngezinkinga ezidale inkinga yabantu, kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuxazulula lezi zinkinga. Umgomo wokuphikisana kwabantu ngobumbano uthinta ngokungagcwele amandla ezinguquko ezenzeka ekukhuleni kwabantu.
Isibonelo, isiqubulo esithi "Umndeni owodwa - ingane eyodwa", okuhloswe ngaso ukuqeda ukuqhuma kwabantu, sathola ukuthandwa eChina. Umbuso walawula izinga lokuzalwa ngokufaka intela eyengeziwe emindenini enkulu futhi wagqugquzela labo ababenqunyelwe ingane eyodwa.
Esinye isibonelo yiJalimane yamaNazi, lapho kwakukhuthazwa khona imindeni enkulu nokuzalwa kwezingane ngaphandle komshado. Ngemuva kwakho konke, iRichich idinga "ifodin canon" entsha ukuze ithathe amanye amazwe, kanye nama-colonist ukuthi agasele ezindaweni ezihlaselwe kakhulu.
Akunandaba noma umehluko ezinqubweni zobuningi emazweni ahlukene, isimo silawulwa ezingeni lohulumeni. Emhlabeni jikelele, imicimbi ibanjwa kuhloswe ngayo ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa inani labantu.