Lesi silwane singesigaba sezinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous futhi siyingxenye yomyalo we-carcharine. Umndeni okungengowenhlanzi yesando ubizwa ngokuthi i-hammerhead shark.
Okugqamile "okugqamile" ekubukeni kwale nhlanzi, vele, yikhanda layo, noma kunalokho, ukwakheka kwayo. Umphetho ongaphambili uphela ngokuphuma isikhathi eside futhi kube mncane ngokungena ezinhlangothini. Konke lokhu "kwakhiwa" kufana nethuluzi lokwakha - isando. Kungakho igama lesilwane.
Ososayensi bazi izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye zikashaka we-hammerhead ahluke ngombala, ubukhulu, ukwakheka kwekhanda namanzi ahlala kulo. Umndeni wonke uhlukaniswe kabili ngohlobo lwe-genera: i-Eusphyra neSphyrna. Eqenjini lokuqala kunommeleli oyedwa kuphela - lokhu kushaka onamaphiko. “Isando” saso silingana cishe nengxenye yomzimba waso, futhi siyahluka ngobubanzi bekhanda laso kwabanye abameleli balo mndeni. Eqenjini lesibili kunabanye “odade” abayisishiyagalombili, abakhulu kunabo bonke abangafinyelela amamitha ayi-6. Lo mndeni wonke unezimpande ezihlobene ne-feline, marten kanye ne-grey shark.
Abaningi bakhangwa ukuthi inhlanzi enesando ibukeka kanjani. Umzimba womhlaseli uhluke cishe koshaka esasijwayele. Inesimo esilinganiselwe, futhi umbala uyashintsha ngokuya ngohlobo. Ngokuyisisekelo, ingemuva kumnyama (mpunga, nsundu), nesisu sikhanya. Kepha yikhanda elithandekayo. Ijamo layo lakhiwe ngo-T. Ukwakheka kwekhanda uqobo kuncike "ekuzalweni" komphangi, kungaba kukhulu noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kube nosayizi omncane. Kepha into esemqoka ukuthi umuntu ngamunye unesimo esiyingqayizivele, yingakho ibizwa ngokuthi inhlanzi yesando. Emaphethelweni "ezinqubo" zekhanda ngamehlo. Lezi zinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukubona ama-degree angama-360. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kulezi zidlozi umbono uxhomekeka kububanzi be "hammer". Lapho likhulu, indawo engaphambi kwayo ibukwa kangcono.
Oshaka beHammerhead bangumhlaseli osheshayo, onobuqili futhi owakheke kakhulu ongasabi cishe noma yini futhi uhlasela abantu kalula. Ku "podium eyingozi", ushaka we-hammerhead ufinyelela okwesithathu, okwesibili kuphela oshaka abamhlophe ne-tiger. Umlando uphethe amaqiniso amaningi athusayo ahambisana nenhlanzi yesando. Isibonelo, komunye walaba shaka obanjiwe, isidumbu sowesilisa satholakala silingana ngokuphelele esizalweni salo mbulali ongenamusa.
Indawo yayo evamile ingamanzi afudumele, kepha lokhu akuvimbeli oshaka ukuthi bangakhululeki ngokwanele emanzini apholile asenyakatho. Njengoba inomzimba obude obungamamitha amane kuya kwayi-7, inhlanzi yesando “ihlomile” ngamakhono amangalisayo wesidlakudla esingenakuthengiswa, esiboniswa ekwakhekeni komzimba wayo oqinile futhi oguquguqukayo ngendlela emangalisayo.
Ukuvela kwemvelo okuphelelise lolu shaka iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi ezigidi zeminyaka kukunikeze konke okudingekayo. Amazinyo aqine kakhulu, abukhali a-razor ahlelwe ngemigqa eminingana, futhi ayakwazi ukuklebhula ngokoqobo noma yisiphi isisulu nje ngemizuzwana. Umbala wemaski wemvelo uwenza ucishe ungabonakali kwikholamu yamanzi.
Amaphiko anamandla nemisipha eqinile ikuvumela ukuthi ukhule ngesivinini esikhulu. Izitho zemizwa ezingalingani nazo ziyakwazi ukuthola izisulu zamakhilomitha amaningi, zibona amasiginali kagesi, zizizwa zigcwele ngisho nokwesaba isisulu sazo. Futhi inhloko yoshaka, enesimo sesando, inika amandla amabi okulwa, abe ngumzingeli wokunyakaza futhi angashiyi thuba lokuphangwa.
Konke lokhu kusikisela ukuthi uma i-hammerfish ikhethe ilitshe, khona-ke okuncane kungasindisa lo mgomo. Isisindo se-hammerhead shark singafinyelela kumakhilogremu angamakhulu ambalwa, futhi umuntu obanjiwe omkhulu kunabo bonke wayenesisindo samakhilogremu angama-363, kuyilapho ubude bawo cishe amamitha ayi-8.
Inhlanzi yesando ingaphezulu kwekhonkolo lokudla, ngaphandle kwezitha eziqondile. Lokhu kumvumela ukuthi ahlasele noma yiziphi izinhlanzi nezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala emanzini olwandle ngaphandle kwengozi enkulu. Ubuqili, amandla kanye nobucwazisi balo mbhemu kaningi kuyisihluthulelo sokunqoba ophikisana naye omkhulu kunaye.
Ushaka we-hammerhead, njengezihlobo zayo eziseduze kakhulu - abanye oshaka, awunayo i-bubble yomoya esakhiweni somzimba wayo. Ukugcina ukukhathazeka kwayo, kufanele iqhubeke ihamba, okusho ukuthi ifuna isisulu futhi ihlale iqaphile. Ukuthatha lo shark ngokumangala cishe akunakwenzeka. Uhlala njalo ebeka lowo ophethe kabi izimo zakhe “zomdlalo” futhi uhlala enqoba.
Ukwakheka kwekhanda akuyona ukuphela kwento eheha isando enhlanzini. Ukuchazwa kwendlela lezi zinambuzane ezizala ngayo kuyamangaza futhi. Zi-viviparous, kanti ezinye izinsalela ziyaqhuma. Omama bazala izingane zabo ngendlela efanayo nezilwane ezincelisayo. Ekuzalweni, “isando” sengane sithunyelwa emzimbeni ukuze sizalwe ngaphandle kobunzima. Kancane kancane, ikhanda lenhlanzi liba, njengakwabadala.
Ngesinye isikhathi, umama angaletha izingane ezisuka ku-15 kuye kwezingama-30 esezivele “zifundisiwe” ukubhukuda ngokuphelele. Ubude bendawo ngayinye bufinyelela cishe isigamu semitha. Kepha ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa baba yimitha-ubude futhi abonise ubutha, njengabo bonke abantu abadala.
Imenyu yesando koshaka iyinkimbinkimbi kunalokho. Futhi uma isisekelo sokudla kungamakhaza, ama-shrimps, igobolondo, inhlanzi kanye ne-squid, khona-ke ubumnandi bangempela babahlaseli abuluhlaza buye buthuntu futhi ama-stingrays, oshaka abaningi baye bakhetha indawo yokuhlala ehlobene nalolu hlobo lwezinyamazane - phansi olwandle olunodaka.
Le menyu yenzeka yahlasela izakhamizi ezinkulu zolwandle, kufaka phakathi ama-stingrays, okuthi ukubhoboza kwawo izigaxa kungazilimazanga izinyamazane. Kubukeka sengathi umzimba woshaka uyakwazi ukuthuthukisa ukungabikhona kwezifo zaleso sidalwa esiphilayo, abangathanda ukusidla.
Uma umhlaseli esethole inyamazane, eyokugcina, icubungula ijubane nokusebenza koshaka, inethuba elincane lokusindiswa. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi izidumbu zazo zonke izidalwa zikhipha amasiginali kagesi, inyamazane engenzeka ayinalo ithuba lokucasha emhlabathini.
Iqondiswa iziphikiso ezikhishwe, i-hammerhead shark ngaphandle kwesizathu ifuna indawo yokukhosela futhi ikhiphe isisulu esimelana nesihlabathi.
Njengoba i-hammerhead shark ingenye yezinhlanzi ze-pelagic, ikhetha ukujula kusuka ebusweni bolwandle kuya kumamitha angama-400 ukujula. Kodwa-ke, lezi zidla-kudla ziyenzeka zibhukuda ezindlebeni nasezindaweni zamanzi asogwini.
Ngokuqondene nokuthandwa yindawo, lezi zinhlanzi ziyaneliswa ngamanzi afudumele olwandle lwePacific, Atlantic and Indian.
Kodwa-ke, lo muntu ophethe i-sidinghammer esikhundleni sekhanda uyaziwa nangasogwini olusenyakatho lwaseYurophu. Kepha indawo eyintandokazi kunazo zonke izidlamlilo ze-hammerhead, lapho zikhangwa amandla angaziwa, iziqhingi zaseHawaii. Ngakho-ke, kwakuyiHawaiiian Institute of Marine Biology eyaba yisizinda esikhulu esifundweni salezi zinhlanzi.
Ukuma okungafani kwekhanda kuhlukanisa i-hammerhead shark kusuka kubo bonke abanye abafowethu. Naphezu kodumo nokuthandwa kwe-cinema kweshaka elimhlophe, akuwona wonke umuntu ozocacisa ngokunembile ukubonakala kwalo emhlanganweni, kepha isishangu se-hammerhead ngeke sibhidaniswe nokunye.
Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi isiphetho samvuza lo muntu ngokubukeka okumangalisa kangaka? Kunezinguqulo eziningana kuleli banga.
Uma sinamathela embhalweni wokuqala oyisisekelo, khona-ke isando "sesando" esikhundleni senhloko ejwayelekile ebunjwe ngokwakhiwa sakhiwe kancane kancane futhi isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngaphezulu kwezigidi eziningi zeminyaka, ngokudlula ngakunye kwakukhona ububanzi obuncane futhi, ekugcineni, ukuthola ifomu esilibonayo namuhla.
Ngubani owaziyo, mhlawumbe inqubo ayikaqedelwa okwamanje futhi ngemuva kokuphenduka isikhashana ikhanda lesishaka lizobukeka liyesabisa ngokuphelele?
Kodwa-ke, izifundo zakamuva zofuzo zibhidliza ukucabanga kwangaphambilini ngemiphumela etholwe ezivivinyweni eziningi. Ezinye izifundiswa zithambekele ekukholweni ukuthi ukwakheka kwekhanda kuye kwaba oshaka ngokuzumayo - ngenxa yokuguquka okungalindelekile.
Ngenxa yobukhulu baso, imihlathi enamandla, futhi empeleni ukubukeka okubi, lokhu kudla ngokweqile kuncishwa izitha eziqondile endaweni okuhlala kuyo. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi noma yisiphi sezilwane ezingaphansi kwamanzi silwele ukuhlasela isilo esinjalo. Akunconyelwe ukuthi abantu basondele kulesi sidalwa esikhohlisayo.
Uyakwazi ukubhukuda futhi anganaki okuphambukayo, kepha kungcono ukungamcasuli. Maye, mancane amathuba okuphunyuka emihlathini enjalo enamandla.
Kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia, laba oshaka bathandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabadobi, bazingelwa ngempela. Kukholelwa ukuthi isibindi sezinhlanzi ze-hammerhead sicebile emafutheni abaluleke emzimbeni womuntu. Amathambo ale nhlanzi asetshenziselwa ukwenza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yidlo.
Ukufuthwa kwezinhlanzi ze-Hammer
Inhlanzi ye-Hammer yinhlanzi ethwala bukhoma. Umbungu ukhula ngaphakathi kukamama futhi wondla ngosizo lwethambo. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili kuya kwezingu-11. Isilinganiso sabashaka abayisishiyagalombili kuya kwabangu-25 sizalwa ngasikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwabo kuncane kakhulu - kufinyelela ku-45 cm kuphela.
Uma ukuthandile lokhu kwaziswa, kwabelane ngakho nabangani bakho ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Ngiyabonga!
Umndeni weHammerhead
Ososayensi bazi izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye zikashaka we-hammerhead ahluke ngombala, ubukhulu, ukwakheka kwekhanda namanzi ahlala kulo. Umndeni wonke uhlukaniswe kabili ngohlobo lwe-genera: i-Eusphyra neSphyrna. Eqenjini lokuqala kunommeleli oyedwa kuphela - lokhu kushaka onamaphiko. “Isando” saso cishe cishe isigamu somzimba waso, futhi siyahluka ngobubanzi bekhanda laso kwabanye abameleli balo mndeni. Eqenjini lesibili kunabanye “odade” abayisishiyagalombili, abakhulu kunabo bonke abangafinyelela amamitha ayi-6. Lo mndeni wonke unezimpande ezihlobene ne-feline, marten kanye ne-grey shark.
Ukubukeka
Abaningi bakhangwa yilokho ukubukeka kwe-hammerfish. Umzimba womhlaseli uhluke cishe koshaka esasijwayele. Inesimo esilinganiselwe, futhi umbala uyashintsha ngokuya ngohlobo. Ngokuyisisekelo, ingemuva kumnyama (mpunga, nsundu), nesisu sikhanya. Kepha yikhanda elithandekayo. Ijamo layo lakhiwe ngo-T. Ukwakheka kwekhanda uqobo kuncike "ekuzalweni" komphangi, kungaba kukhulu noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kube nosayizi omncane. Kepha into esemqoka ukuthi umuntu ngamunye unesimo esiyingqayizivele, yingakho ibizwa ngokuthi inhlanzi yesando. Izithombe zingabukwa ngezansi. Emaphethelweni "ezinqubo" zekhanda ngamehlo. Lezi zinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukubona ama-degree angama-360. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kulezi zidlozi umbono uxhomekeka kububanzi be "hammer". Lapho likhulu, indawo engaphambi kwayo ibukwa kangcono.
Okudingayo
Inhlanzi yesando yisidleke esidla kwezinye izinhlanzi, igobolondo, izikebhe kanye ne-crayfish. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngisho nama-stingrays awesabi laba oshaka, ngakho-ke, laba bantu abangaphansi kwamanzi bangangena ekudleni kwabo. Le nhlanzi inomzimba ovumelana nezimo kakhulu okuvumela ukuba wenze ukuqhutshwa kokukhula ngaphandle kokunika ohlukunyeziwe ithuba lokuhlukana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphiko anamandla anikela ngokushesha kweenhlanzi. Ukuma kwekhanda kusebenza njengohlobo lokuzinza lapho luhamba. Zonke lezi zici zenza i-hammerhead shark iphumelele ekulweni, ngisho nomphikisi omkhulu kunayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho amandla agility amvumela ukuba ahlasele hhayi izinhlanzi ezidla kuphela, kepha nezilwane ezincelisayo.
Yize izinhlanzi ze-hammerhead zingumzingeli ongesabi, "yinja evila". Ngakho-ke, abanye amatilosi aqaphela ukuthi imihlambi yalaba shaka ilandela kanjani imikhumbi emikhulu izinsuku eziningana, bedla imfucuza abantu ababelahla ngaphezulu.
Ingozi ebantwini
Uma ubheka umlomo omncane woshaka we-hammerhead ongaphansi kwekhanda, awukwazi ukusho ukuthi kuyingozi ebantwini. Vele, lo mnikazi wesitha akaphangi abantu ngenjongo, kepha noma kunjalo, unguye endaweni yesithathu ngenani lokuhlaselwa kwabavakashi. Iqiniso ngukuthi izinhlanzi ze-hammerhead ziba nolaka kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzalela, futhi zizalela izilwane ezincane ukubhukuda ziye kumanzi afudumele ogwini. Kukulezi zindawo lapho abenzi bamaholide bevame ukuphumula. Empini nalesi sidalwa, umuntu akahlali ewina.
Kepha oshaka be-hammerhead futhi baba yizisulu zabantu, ngoba bangumkhiqizo obalulekile wokudoba. Ekuphekeni, amaphiko, isibindi nenyama ye-carnivore ayaziswa kakhulu. Lezi zingcezu zinambitheka kakhulu futhi zifunwa kakhulu. Izinsalela zingumhlabathi zibe ufulawa, lapho kulungiswa khona imikhiqizo yezinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhumba soshaka asibalulekile kangako.
Ukuzala
Ukwakheka kwekhanda akuyona ukuphela kwento eheha izinhlanzi zesando. Ukuchazwa kwendlela lezi zinambuzane ezizala ngayo kuyamangaza futhi. Zi-viviparous, kanti ezinye izinsalela ziyaqhuma. Omama bazala izingane zabo ngendlela efanayo nezilwane ezincelisayo. Ekuzalweni, “isando” sengane sithunyelwa emzimbeni ukuze sizalwe ngaphandle kobunzima. Kancane kancane, ikhanda lenhlanzi liba, njengakwabadala.
Ngesinye isikhathi, umama angaletha izingane ezisuka ku-15 kuye kwezingama-30 esezivele “zifundisiwe” ukubhukuda ngokuphelele. Ubude bendawo ngayinye bufinyelela cishe isigamu semitha. Kepha ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa baba yimitha-ubude futhi abonise ubutha, njengabo bonke abantu abadala.
Habitat
Lezi oshaka bathanda ukuba emanzini afudumele futhi afudumele. Zitholakala olwandle lwe-Atlantic, Pacific kanye ne-Indian. Ngenkathi izinhlanzi zisencane, zigcinwa emanzini angajulile noma ngaphansi kwama-bays. Kulezi zindawo kulula kubo ukuthola ikhono lokuzingela. Ukukhula, baya ekubhukuda okujulile kolwandle.
Izinhlanzi ze-Hammer: amaqiniso athakazelayo nemininingwane
Ngaphezu kwezici ezimangazayo zangaphandle, lokhu kusimangaza okwakhiwe ngaphansi kwamanzi okunemininingwane elandelayo:
- Uma inhlanzi isemanzini angajulile, isikhumba soshaka wesando singashiswa. Leli khono alinamuntu emhlabeni, ngaphandle komuntu nengulube.
- Inhlanzi enkulu kakhulu yesando eza kumuntu ifinyelela cishe kumamitha ayi-8, futhi ngasikhathi sinye isisindo sayo silingana namakhilogremu angama-363.
- Lesi sidlakela asinazitha ngaphandle kwama-parasites nabantu.
- Le nhlanzi idinga ukuhamba njalo ukuze ibe sesimweni "esintantayo", ngoba ayinayo i-bubble yomoya.
- Lab 'oshaka babona "isithombe" esinamandla ngenxa yamehlo abo abanzi. Lapho sikhulu isando, ukubuka okungcono. Yize engaboni ngqo phambi kwakhe, ukushukuma kwekhanda njalo kwenza sikwazi 'ukusonga' isithombe sisonke.
- Oshaka beHammerhead bangazingela "odadewabo" babo abancane.
- Lezi yizona zinhlanzi kuphela ezingasabi ukuhogela ubuthi.
- Imizimba yabo iguquguqukayo kangangokuba ikwazi "ukwakha" cishe ngesigamu.
- Abesifazane balwela indawo maphakathi nesikole. Kulapha lapho abesilisa bezama ukungena ukuze bathole "intombi" enamandla kakhulu.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlanzi zesando akuzange kufundwe ngabantu.
Ngifuna ukwazi konke
Kunjalo nje, kukhona abamele izilwane zasendle ezihluke ngokuphelele kwezinye futhi empeleni ziyafana nezinto eziphilayo. Kungani kunjalo
Isibonelo, ushaka weHammerhead ungenye yezidalwa ezingajwayelekile zemvelo. Ukubonakala kwe-hammerhead shark kufaka ukumangala okuxubene nokwesaba, ikakhulukazi kulabo okufanele babhekane nakho okokuqala. Ngokwengeziwe kwekhanda elingaphandle kwekhanda, lesi simangalo sikhulu futhi sisayizi: ubude obujwayelekile boshaka wesando bungaphansi kwamamitha ama-4, kanti ezinye izibalo zifinyelela kumamitha angama-7-8.
Ukubukeka okungeyona ejwayelekile kanye nobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele akuvimbeli le nhlanzi ukuthi ithuthukise ijubane eliphakeme futhi ibonise ukungaqondakali okungandile. Izici zomphangi zibandakanya ukuqina kokuziphatha: kukholelwa ukuthi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuvelahlula empini nalolu shaka. Inhlanzi ye-hammerhead izungezwe izimfihlo eziningi.
Futhi yize izici eziningi ezimangalisayo zokuziphatha koshaka sezivele zitholwe ososayensi, eminye imibuzo isalokhu ingaphendulwa. Ngakho-ke yini eyaziwayo namhlanje nge-hammerhead shark - isidalwa sokuthi, uma ubuka ugebhezi oludlayo, uphefumula ngamandla nenhliziyo yakho ibamba?
Inhlanzi yohlobo lwe-Hammerhead shark emndenini woshaka iyinhlangano entsha. Kukholakala ukuthi bavele eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-40 edlule. Kepha akekho oqinisekile ngalokhu. Siyazi okuncane kakhulu ngemvelaphi yesando.Ukusuka oshaka cishe akukaze kuhlale kungamafossils, futhi lo ngumthombo oyinhloko wolwazi mayelana nesikhathi esidlule sesilwane.
Ezinhlanzini zasendulo, ezazinamathambo abo enamathambo aqinile, kwasala umlando onemininingwane wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kepha amathambo oshaka abandakanya i-cartilage, ngakho-ke kuvame kuphela amazinyo nemihlathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi sinobufakazi obuncane bemvelaphi yama-hammerhead oshaka.
Izazi zebhayoloji bezilokhu zikholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka kwesando esesikubona manje, ikhanda likashaka olutholakala kancane kancane, ngaphezulu kwezigidi zeminyaka. Futhi okwaziwayo, ukwakheka kwekhanda okulinganiselwe, okujwayelekile koshaka, kwakhulisa zonke izizukulwane ngebanga elincane. Izigidi zeminyaka kamuva, oshaka abahamba ngesando esaziyo manje.
Kepha imininingwane yakamuva yocwaningo lwofuzo iguqule ngokuphelele le mbono. Manje, abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi isando asivelanga ngenxa yezinguquko ezihamba kancane, kepha kwaba ngomphumela wokuguqulwa okungqubuzanayo okwenzeka kungazelelwe. Kwabaningi bezazi zezinto eziphilayo, lokhu kuzwakala njengokuhlubuka, umbono wokuthi uDarwin ngabe wagibela ethuneni lakhe ukube wayezwile.
Imvelo kwesinye isikhathi ibeletha ama-freaks, kepha cishe ayikaze isinde. Kwesinye isikhathi kuvela ukuthi enye yalezi zinto eziguqukayo iyasinda, bese kuzalwa okusha. Ingabe i-hammerhead shark yokuqala yayiyenye yaleyonhlaka? Kungenzeka nje ukuthi ikhanda elonakele kabi lagxiliswa kuye indlela entsha yokuba.
Amehlo akhe ayeshibilika ezinhlangothini kangangokuba akakwazanga ukubheka ngqo, futhi ngenxa yalokho kwakungenakwenzeka ukuzingela ngamehlo akhe. Kwahlala kungaba ukujwayela noma ukufa.
Njengoba wayeseshone phansi, waqala ukuthembela kwezinye izinzwa ekufuneni ukudla futhi waphenduka umzingeli onekhono, esaziwa kithi manje.
Kungabonakala kumnandi, kepha lo mbono uchaza ngokweqiniso ukubukeka kwesimo sekhanda esingajwayelekile.
Umlando wokuziphendukela koshaka we-hammerhead uphumelele kakhulu. Namuhla kungenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zoshaka emhlabeni, futhi kwezinye izindawo ziqoqwa ngamanani amangalisayo.
Amakhulu abantu bakhonkotha ngokuzungeza ama-seamounts. Zimbalwa ezinye izinhlobo zoshaka ezakha imihlambi emikhulu kangaka. Lokhu kungenye yezimfihlo ezinkulu zolwandle. Kungani abaningi balaba shaka behlangana endaweni eyodwa, ngasikhathi sinye. Ngokudabukisayo, kule mihlambi emikhulu, iningi lingabesifazane, futhi okwamanje asazi ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka.
Ukubuthana ezikoleni, oshaka bathumela izibonakaliso komunye nomunye ngokushintsha ukuma kwabo noma ukunyakaza okungazelelwe kwamakhanda abo. Okurekhodiwe okungenani izibonakaliso eziyisishiyagalolunye ezihlukene, mhlawumbe eziningi. Ezinye zezimpawu eziyisixwayiso esicacile; ngezincazelo zabanye, singakwazi ukuqagela.
Owesifazane omkhulu futhi onobudlova kakhulu uphikisana nendawo enhle kunazo zonke enkabeni yenhlanganisela, ngoba abesilisa bafuna lapha lapho befuna izintokazi eziqinile. Ukuhlanganiswa koshaka be-hammerhead akukafundwa. Lesi yisenzeko esingajwayelekile kangangokuba cishe akekho noyedwa owake wasigcina. Izinsikazi zivame ukumbozwa ezihlakaleni zempi. Ngesikhathi sokuphola, abesilisa baluma amazinyo abo kumlingani, nasemanzini afudumele asezindaweni ezishisayo, amanxeba asheshe atheleleke.
Kepha eduze kwalokhu kuthungwa, bahlala belindele usizo - abahlanza izinhlanzi bahlala eduze kwamadwala, okuthi uma isondela oshaka bangene, bagijimele kubo bayodla izindwani nezifo ezisuka kwesikhumba esinegciwane. Ikhuthaza ukuphulukiswa kwezilonda futhi isekele oshaka abadala ekulweni. Ngemuva cishe konyaka, izinsikazi ezikhulelwe zizobe zikulungele ukuzalwa kwezingane zazo. Kepha kuzokwenzeka kude nalezi zindawo.
Oshaka beHammerhead bazala ngendlela engavamile: ngokungafani nezinhlanzi eziningi, zingama-viviparous. Emzimbeni kamama, isibeletho siyakhula sondle sisebenzisa uhlelo olufana neplacenta yezilwane ezincelisayo, kodwa oshaka abazelwe, isando sibuyela emzimbeni. Lokhu kusiza ukuzalwa kwabo. Ngobudala, ikhanda lithola i-T-shape eyaziwayo, ehlukanisa oshaka abadala. Kepha kungani laba bantu oshaka benyanya lapho cishe zonke ezinye izinhlanzi zivuna?
Isibonelo, ikati elincane-njengolwandle olwandle olujulile luzalela amaqanda njalo emavikini ambalwa futhi liwabambe ngokuqinile emakhoneni ahlukene ngasese. Lawa maqanda ayisisekelo aqhamuka emzimbeni ngaphambi kokuba inzalo ikhule ngokwayo. Oshaka bekati abancane bayakhula ngaphakathi kwecwecwe leqanda futhi esinye sezitho zokuqala ezingakhonjwa yinhliziyo encane.
Emasontweni ambalwa, uzondla nge-yolk sac ebalulekile eshiywe ngunina. Bazalwa bancane futhi bengavikeleki, futhi bambalwa abasindayo.
Oshaka beHammerhead banecebo elihlukile. Lapho ingane izalwa, isivele ingaphansi kwamasentimitha angama-50 ubude futhi ibhukuda kahle. Kuyadingeka. Amanzi lapha agcwele izinyamazane, futhi lapho inzalo ihamba ngokushesha, maningi amathuba okuthi isinde.
Ukuhlushwa okukhulu koshaka be-hammerhead kwenza i-Bay of Cocos Island ibe yi -ecececologist oshaka. Ushaka we-hammerhead ubukeka kubantu uyisidalwa esingajwayelekile, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesimo sekhanda, futhi sithambekele ekuphatheni konke okungajwayelekile ngokwesaba nokungathembi. Oshaka beHammerhead banesimo esiyinqaba kangangokuba kuvela imibuzo eminingi maqondana nokuvela kwalesi sakhiwo esingajwayelekile, kungani yavela, ukuthi ilungele ini, uma inomsebenzi, iyini?
Ngenxa yalokhu kukhuphuka, amehlo koshaka ayesemaphethelweni wesando. Abantu baqondiswa ikakhulukazi ngamehlo ngakho-ke sinombono we-binocular. Kunzima kithina ukucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuba khona lapho amehlo ebheka ezindaweni ezihlukile. Futhi ngokuzenzakalelayo siqala ukucabanga ukuthi lokhu nakanjani akumnandi uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho esijwayele.
Kuyacaca ukuthi labashaka abakwazi ukubona ngqo phambi kwabo njengabanye oshaka. Kepha engaboni okuzayo, ubona umhlaba ngokubona okungaphelele. Ukunyakaza-ngasohlangothini kusiza ukugcwalisa igebe, kepha akunakulindeleka kumqangi. Amehlo avikela ukugcwala kokuqaqamba. Amakhala atholakala ngasemaphethelweni ekhanda, kanye nama-pores ngaphezulu kwekhanda - ngosizo lwawo, ushaka ubamba insimu kagesi yesilwane sayo.
Phansi echibini, oshaka abasebasha bafunda ukuzingela. Emanzini angajulile, isikhumba sikhanya ngokushesha. Lezi ukuphela kwezilwane ezaziwayo ezingashiswa yilanga ngaphandle kwethu. Uma ushaka wahamba ngokuzingela, kufanele uqaphele.
Kungani umndeni we-sphyrnidae (hammerhead) udinga ukwakheka okunjalo kwekhanda - umbuzo owatholwa yisazi sebhayoloji uStephen Kajiura waseYunivesithi yaseFlorida Atlantic ngonyaka ka-2009. Iqembu lakhe likwazile ukuthola abantu abayisithupha abaphilayo nabanempilo koshaka wesando sezinhlobo ezintathu ezihlukene, basiwa endaweni eyakhiwe ngokukhethekile esakhiweni saseyunivesithi.
Oshaka bafakwe ku-cornea yeso enama-microscopic electrodes axhunywe kwimishini yocwaningo. Shark ngalinye loshizi lalilungiswa, wakhonjiswa isithombe kusuka ochungechungeni lwezibani phambi kwamehlo akhe, amathuluzi ngalesi sikhathi aqopha umsebenzi kagesi wamehlo enhlanzi. Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo, kwatholakala ukuthi umbono oyindilinga wabazingeli be-hammerhead udlula ukubonwa koshaka bezinye izinhlobo zezilwane kathathu!
Kepha, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ushaka wesando wawathola indawo enkulu efile phambi kwakhala, isithombe esingafinyeleleki emehlweni akhe. Yingakho izando zesando zizama ukushukumisela ngenkuthalo amakhanda azo kusuka ngapha nangapha, kunciphisa indawo efile yokubukwa.
Ngokusho kwenhloko yocwaningo, uMichelle MacComb, ohlaselwe yisando, kufanele aqhubeke nokuhlala endaweni angafinyeleleki kuyo futhi angakwazi ukuhleka usulu esidlaleni esivele singalaleli into yokuzingela. Ekupheleni kocwaningo, bonke oshaka badedelwa babuyela endaweni abahlala kuyo, bephilile futhi bephilile - inani labashaka be-hammerhead liyancipha minyaka yonke.
isando se-Kula sikhetha ukuzingela eqenjini lezihlobo, isithombe se-3D esitholwe ubuchopho bakhe sivumela umanduleli ukuba angahlali ngaphandle kwephango emanzini aphansi. Ama-Shrimps kanye nemifantu, ama-stingrays nama-octopus, izinhlanzi ezingezansi ezingezansi - anethuba elincane lokubalekela ushaka ohlomile ngezinzwa zemvelo eziqondile.
AbakwaHammerhead oshaka, ngokusho kwe-ichthyologists, yintuthuko yakamuva yemvelo yokuvela kwemvelo, eyavela hhayi kudala (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-20 eyedlule). Idlozi lomndeni kwakuyi-hammerhead shark enkulu (Sphyrna mokarran), kwakuvela lapho ukuthi izinhlobo ezincane zamakhanda aqhamukayo - lokhu kwaba isiphetho sika-Andrew Martin, isazi sebhayoloji saseNyuvesi yaseColorado.
Ngokuya kososayensi, isizathu sokuthi umsuka wabasiki abancinci be-hammerhead uhlotshaniswa nokuthomba, i.e. izinyathi ezake zaqeda ukudinga ukuvikelwa okunikezwa ngumzimba omkhulu futhi zathumela amandla ekukhiqizweni kabusha.
Oshaka beHammerhead bathole ithuba ngaphezulu kweminye imindeni yezilwane ezihlaselayo - amakhanda abo ayizicaba futhi abanzi aqukethe izinzwa eziningi (ngokwesibonelo, amaLounzini ampoules), ezibavumela ukuba bathole inyamazane engabonakali efihlwe ungqimba lwesihlabathi.
Imininingwane yokubonwa kokufundwa kanye nokufundwa kwezinzwa ze-electropulse ziqoqiwe, zihlanganiswe ndawonye - isando sesando sithola imininingwane ephelele, isithombe siqukethe "amamaki" lapho kungaba khona ohlukunyezwayo. Futhi lapha indawo ephansi yomlomo wesisulu ilula kakhulu - ubambe ugwinye izakhamuzi ezingezansi.
Isintu sizama ukuthola izinzwa eziphelele ngezinhloso zezimboni nezocwaningo, kanti oshaka asivele benazo izando - ukuvela kwemvelo sekuqaphile.
Izinhlanzi ezinamakhanda amakhulu (I-Eusphyra blochii) - ongomunye wabamele umndeni woswazi we-hammerhead, owawuhlukaniswe wodwa ngokohlobo lwawo. Emndenini waso osondelene nalokhu, le nhlobo ihlukaniswa ukuphuma kwayo okude kakhulu nokuxineneyo kwekhanda, okunomqhele wamehlo (lokhu kubonakala kahle esithombeni). Imvamisa ububanzi be-muzzle bungama-40-50% wobude bezinhlanzi (imvamisa ubude beshaka abudluli ku-1.85 m.).
Izinso zokuqala zenhlanzi enkulu enamakhanda amakhulu yachazwa nguGeorges Cuvier emuva ngo-1817, kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-1822 lo mvumeli wamacala waqinisekisa uhlobo lwe-notary kanye nogwaca ohlotsheni oluhlukile. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuhlaziya kwe-DNA koshaka onamakhanda amakhulu kwabonisa ukuthi akunakuthathwa njengokhokho kwezinye izinhlanzi ze-hammerhead shark, njenge-giant hammerhead shark. Lolu hlobo lwavela ngokungalindeleki futhi lusindile kuze kube namuhla, futhi abamele uhlobo lweSphyrna bavela kamuva kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi.
Kusatshalaliswa isando esinamakhanda amakhulu emashalofini angajulile nakuma-Continental Gulf kuya ePhilippines, emanzini asogwini oluseningizimu yeChina, iTaiwan, nangalo lonke i-Oceania kuze kufike ogwini olusenyakatho ye-Australia.
Umbala womzimba woshaka ungwevu noma ungwevu onsundu ngaphezulu, phansi kubhekile. Idla kakhulu izinhlanzi ezincane ezingama-bony, kancane uma idla ama-crustaceans nama-cephalopods.
Njengabanye oshaka, amakhanda amakhulu abeka amaqanda ngemibungu. Ukukhula okuncane kuzalwa ekuqaleni kwenkathi yemvula ye-monsoon (Ephreli-Meyi), ukukhula komzimba kwenzeka ngoJuni-Agasti. Ngakho-ke, izinsikazi zazingela amaqanda izinyanga ezingaba ngu-8. Abantu abasha lapho bezalwa banobude obungama-32-45 cm, baba ngabakhula ngocansi lapho befika kubukhulu obungu-110 cm.
Ngokusobala, inhlanzi enamakhanda amakhulu angenangozi. ENdiya, ePakistan, eMalaysia naseThailand, laba oshaka bayizinto ezidumile zokudoba. Inyama yabo iyadliwa, isibindi sinamafutha amaningi, izinsalela zisetshenziselwa ukwenza ukudla kwamathambo.
Ushaka ojwayelekile we-hammerhead ungowomndeni wabashisi be-hammerhead be-oda lesigaba se-carcharine senhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous - njengezinye izihlobo zabo. Yachazwa okokuqala ngonyaka ka-1758 nguKarl Linney, usosayensi wemvelo owaziwayo waseSweden. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-hammerhead shark ebushelelezi noma inhlanzi ejwayelekile yesando.
I-Smooth - ngoba ayinayo indawo yokuqothula, isimilo sezinye izinhlobo, emaphethelweni angaphandle "wesando", ngenxa yokuthi ifana nomnsalo osesimweni. Njengamanje, isayensi yazi izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zikashaka we-hammerhead, lezi zinhlanzi ezi-hammerhead - ezinamakhanda ayindilinga, iNtshonalanga Afrika, iPanama-Caribbean, yethusi nezinhloko ezincane, kanye noshaka be-hammerhead - abakhulu, abancane abanamehlo amancane futhi ajwayelekile.
Ushaka omncane onamehlo amakhulu oshaka i-Scalloped Hammerhead utholakala e-East nase West Atlantic, Pacific and Indian sea, ubude bawo abudluli kumamitha ayi-4,5. Ushaka ojwayelekile we-hammerhead ubukeka njengesiqhwaga cishe kuwo wonke umuntu ngaphandle kobude bawo.
Kuwo wonke umndeni, le nhlobo inendawo ebanzi kakhulu - itholakala cishe kuwo wonke amalwandle, ngaphandle koLwandlekazi i-Arctic kanye namanzi asendaweni eshisayo. Kunzima ukuthola imingcele eqondile yendawo yokuhlala koshaka we-hammerhead ngenxa yokufana kwayo okuqinile nezinye izinhlobo zabashaka be-hammerhead.
Yena, njengomthetho, ugcina esondele ebusweni ekujuleni okungamamitha angaphansi kwamashumi amabili - kepha kube nemibiko eqoshiwe yomhlangano wakhe ekujuleni kuka-200m. Lolu hlobo lithanda kakhulu amanzi asogwini, kepha luyatholakala olwandle oluvulekile, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kumanzi amasha emifula.
Ingabe isando sekhanda siyingozi kubantu?
- Cha, akuyona ingozi uma kukhulunywa ngokuthi umuntu uyinto ehlelekile yokuzingela oshaka. Lezi zidlova azondli kubantu futhi azibheki abantu njengezisulu.
- Yebo, kuyingozi uma kukhulunywa ngokuhlaselwa kwabantu. Izigameko ezidabukisayo zomlando ziyaziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ushaka we-hammerhead ungomunye wabashaka abayingozi abayishumi kunabantu ngokubhekela ukuthi kungaba nolaka olungaphendulwanga.
Kodwa-ke, isizathu esiyinhloko sokuhlaselwa ukuthi, ngesimanga esiyinqayizivele nesibuhlungu, isando sikhetha izindawo ezithandwa kakhulu ngamaholide emanzini angajulile ukuzalanisa ushaka. AmaHammerheads anolaka olukhulu ngalesi sikhathi, ngakho-ke izethulo zenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile, ikakhulukazi endaweni yaseHawaii.
Kodwa-ke, ukulimala okungaphezulu kwenzelwa ukugoqa izinhlanzi ngabantu ababulala izigidi zabazingeli abalimazayo ngenxa yamaphinifa - isithako esiyinhloko kusobho esidumile, esibizayo.