Procellariiform
I-Cape Dove (Daption capense)
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi

Procellariidae Leach, 1820

Procellariiform (lat. Procellariidae) - umndeni wezinyoni zasolwandle ezihlelekile kusuka ngokuhleleka kwezilwane ezifuywayo. Ngu Procellariiform kukhona izinhlobo eziningi, ikakhulukazi izinyoni naphakathi. Amalungu alo mkhaya atholakala ngasogwini olwandle, kodwa ikakhulu Nenkabazwe Southern.

Isici

Njengamanye amagobongo, abamele lo mndeni banezivalo ezimbili ezimise ngaseshubhu engxenyeni engaphezulu yomlomo lapho bathambisa usawoti wolwandle namajusi asesiswini. Uqhwaku lwenhlanzi okuthiwa i lide nehhuku nge ekupheleni acijile imiphetho ebukhali kakhulu. Lokhu kusiza ukuba ngcono ukubambelela ezishelelayo inyamazane, njengenhlanzi.

Ubungako bezingulube buyahluka kakhulu. Lezi zilwane elincane Shearwater manx, ubude okuyinto 25 cm, namaphiko - cm 60 nesisindo g Izinhlobo eziningi 170 kuphela akuzona ezinkulu okuningi kuka yakhe. Okuwukuphela le petrels giant, albatross efana encane. Zingafinyelela amanani afinyelela ku-1 m, amaphiko afinyelela ku-2 m futhi abe nesisindo aze afike ku-5 kg.

Procellariiform izimpaphe elimhlophe, grey, brown noma black. Zonke izinhlobo ukubukeka ngempela ukucasha, futhi abanye ngendlela efana kakhulu nomunye ukuthi umehluko zinzima kakhulu. I-dimorphism ebonakalayo yocansi ezifuyweni ayibhekwa, ngaphandle kwenani elincane kancane kwabesifazane.

Zonke Procellariiform esekwazi ukundiza kahle kakhulu, kodwa kuncike uhlobo indiza neendlela ezingafaniko. imilenze yazo kakhulu kabi athuthukile futhi kude ngemuva. Abakuvumeli nokuthi ume futhi phezu komhlaba i-petrel kumele ngaphezu kwalokho ithembele esifubeni nasemaphikweni ayo. [ Umthombo ongaziwa izinsuku 2325 ]

Indlela yokuphila

Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalela, ama-pharele achitha impilo yawo yonke olwandle futhi azivumelanisa nezimo zezulu ezinzima kakhulu. Izinhlanzi zawo ukudla mancane futhi ezilwane ezingenamgogodla izilwane zasemanzini, elintantayo eduze kwamanzi. Procellariiform isidleke ngokuvamile eduze nogu, ngokuvamile phezu kwamadwala emaweni noma libe yinqwaba yamatshe. Babeka iqanda elilodwa elilodwa ngegobolondo elimhlophe, elikhulukazi ngokungajwayelekile ngobukhulu benyoni ngokwayo. bayashintshana ekufukameleni inkathi Uthatha kwezinsuku 40 kuya ku-60. Ukuze zilwane ezincane cub achanyuselwa iqala ukundiza emva kwezinsuku 50 kuphela zinhlobo enkulu ngendiza yokuqala ngokwesilinganiso senzeka ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-120.

I-petrel

1. Ama-puffin - zasolwandle kusho inani

Noma ijabulise-akhokhiswa shearwaters - igama iqembu elifanayo. Iqiniso ukuthi sibonga ngamashubhu ezimpondo afanayo ekhaleni lezilimo eziyizigaxa (ngenxa yokuthi kwavela igama lesibili), lezi zinyoni ziyakwazi ukuchitha ingxenye enkulu yempilo yazo phezu kokuphuma kolwandle nolwandle.

2. Ngaphezu 80 izinhlobo petrels, izigidi zezinyoni - lezi zinyoni ezigcwele zonke izilwandle nasolwandle kule planethi yethu.

3. It owakhiwe zonke zindawo kusukela North Pole kuya eNingizimu. Kepha i-hemisphere eseningizimu idume ngobuningi bezinhlobo zezilwane ezifuywayo. Ama-puffin abahlala ezindaweni eziningi eningizimu ye-Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean. Isikhathi esining impela izinyoni ezitholakala ngasogwini Antarctica nase-Australia. Ukuze zidleke, zikhetha iziqhingi ezincane ezitholakala olwandle.

4. kwezilwandle Russian isidleke ezinhlanu petrel, ngaphezu, nantathu yohlobo lwazo kungabonwa ngesikhathi efuduka.

5. Procellariiform Ubukhulu iyashiyana zilwane. Izinyoni ezincane kunazo zonke ubude zingamasentimitha angama-25, amaphiko azo angaba amasentimitha angama-60, nesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-200. Kodwa iningi zinhlobo zalezi zinyoni namanje ezinkudlwana ngobukhulu. Kukhona ngisho petrels giant, okuyizinto eduze ngobukhulu kuya kuma-albatross. Ubude bawo bomzimba bufika kumitha eyi-1, amaphiko angaba amamitha amabili nesisindo esilinganiselwa kumakhilogremu amahlanu, kepha kukhona abantu abafinyelela ku-8-10 kilos.

6.Naibolee ezithakazelisayo kusukela umbono wezinto eziphilayo futhi izinhlobo ezimbili zezinkantolo petrels: chinned futhi Giant.

Northern petrel giant

7. Inyathi enkulu yasenyakatho - inyoni enkulu kunazo zonke emndenini. Ubude uqhwaku --10 amasentimitha, iphiko - kuze kufinyelele 55 amasentimitha. Lwalo umbala aphuzi-pink, ne sekugcineni onsundu ngokuphaphathekile noma abe bomvu.

8. Umbala weplamu kubantu abadala ungwevu omnyama, umhlophe ku-chin kanye nekhanda, unamabala amhlophe ekhanda, esifubeni nasentanyeni. Ngo abasha izilwane izimpaphe mnyama futhi ngaphandle izimpumputhe izindawo.

zinhlobo 9.Etot kwasakazwa eningizimu-Atlantic, i-Pacific, Indian Ocean. Izinhlobo zohlobo lweSouth Georgia Island.

Wik petrel giant

10. Wik Giant Petrel umzimba ubude ngamasentimitha mayelana 100 namaphiko ukuba amasentimitha angu-200. Isisindo kusuka ku-2,5 kuye ku-5 kilos. Uqhwaku-ke ephuzi ithiphu oluhlaza.

11.Suschestvuyut ezimbili Izinketho zemibala le nyoni - amnyama nokukhanya. Amapayipi akhanyayo amhlophe, anezimpaphe ezimnyama ezingavamile. Ebumnyameni - grey ansundu nge olumhlophe ekhanda, emqaleni nasemhlane webele, ihlobe izindawo ensundu.

12.Vstrechaetsya lolu hlobo petrels eseNingizimu Atlantic, i-Pacific, Indian Ocean. Izindlebe eziqhingini eziseduze nase-Antarctica.

petrel chinned

13. iDemo-tailed Shearwater elincane: ubude ngamasentimitha angaba ngu-40 e-namaphiko 1 imitha. Amapayipi abo anombala onsundu, acishe abe mnyama, isisu sabo sikhanya.

14.Burevestnik chinned ungalwi. Uvela iziqhingi abahlakazeke eBass Strait phakathi Tasmania nezwe elingasogwini saseNingizimu Australia. Kulapho kuzalwa khona imiphanzi emincane, futhi inzalo yayo iyakhutshwa.

15.Nesmotrya ezincanyana tonkoklyuviki ngaphandle kwezinkinga ukwenza ukuthuthela amashumi ezinkulungwane amakhilomitha, e-Australia saya eJapane ke e Chukotka ukuya ogwini olusentshonalanga enkulu yeNyakatho Melika, futhi usuke lapho uye ezweni lakubo, in the Bass Strait. Ngamanye amazwi, laba izingane overflying kanye azungezwe elwandle eliKhulu iPacific, elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni!

Isithwathwa seqhwa

16. Snow Petrel - inyoni encane nge obuphelele umzimba 30 kuya 40 amasentimitha, namaphiko 95 cm, isisindo 0.5 kg.

17.Operenie angaba nalolu hlobo omhlophe emsulwa nge encane emnyama Ucezwana eduze iso. Umlomo umnyama. Imilenze bluish-grey umbala. Cishe ihlala ogwini Antarctica.

Grey petrel

18. Gray Petrel umzimba ubude ngamasentimitha 40 kuya 50, namaphiko angaba 110 ngamasentimitha. Umbala izimpaphe grey noma obunsundu, cishe abamnyama. Ngaphansi kwamaphiko kuyisiliva. Le nyoni izidleke kulezi ziqhingi eningizimu zasePacific Atlantic izilwandle.

petrel Antarctic

19. Amaphilisi we-Antarctic - usayizi ophakathi. Ubude umzimba ube mayelana 45 amasentimitha, namaphiko ukuba amasentimitha 110, isisindo 0.5-0.8 kg.

20.Operenie angaba nalolu hlobo silvery-grey ukukhanya ngemuva nomhlophe ukuphaphatheka esiswini. Izimpiko phezulu zinemisindo emibili: nsundu-nsundu enomugqa omhlophe phakathi. Lwalo konsundu. Izinyawo blue ne izimpiko abamnyama. Indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ifaka ugu lwe-Antarctica.

blue petrel

21. Blue-Thunderbird - kwezinhlobo kulencane namaphiko afika ku ngamasentimitha 70. I-plumage ngimpunga emuva, ekhanda nasemaphikweni. Okhakhayini olumhlophe. Uqhwaku okwesibhakabhaka. Imilenze iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enemibala epinki.

22.Golubye petrels enwetshiwe eziqhingini sub-Antarctic eduze eCape Horn.

Encane (vulgaris) Petrel

23. Iphalethi elincane noma elijwayelekile linobude bomzimba ngamasentimitha angama-31 kuya kwangama-36, isisindo samagremu angama-375-500. A namaphiko 75 amasentimitha.

24.Okras emuva zakhe kuhluka grey kuya black, isisu emhlophe. Izimpiko ngaphezulu zinombala omnyama noma onsundu, ngezansi zimhlophe ngomngcele omnyama. Uqhwaku lwenhlanzi okuthiwa i kuyinto bluish-grey umbala, amnyama kube sekupheleni. Lolu hlobo petrel izidleke eNyakatho ye-Atlantic.

Great Pied Belly Petrel

25. Greater Shearwater. Ubude umzimba le nyoni isesikhathini 51 cm, namaphiko kuze kufinyelele 122 ngamasentimitha. Ngemuva inombala onsundu ngombala omhlophe ngemuva kwekhanda nezinsiba ezimhlophe emsileni. Belly emhlophe. Ekhanda lakhe omnyama obonakalayo futhi isigqoko ensundu. Umlomo umnyama. Uhlala yeNingizimu Atlantic.

Cape petrel

26. Amajuba aseCape noma eCaperels. IMisa izinyoni kusuka 250 kuya ku-300 amagremu umzimba ubude ngamasentimitha mayelana 36, ​​namaphiko ku-90 amasentimitha. Wings ezibanzi, umsila esifushane, babanjwa.

27.Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lwamaphiko luhlotshiswe ngephethini emnyama nomhlophe enezindawo ezimbili ezinkulu ezimhlophe. Shona, kwesilevu, intamo, ezinqulwini omnyama emuva. Lezi zilwane kwasakazwa the zone sub-Antarctic.

I-Westland Petrel

28. Ngezinye Westland petrel inyoni umzimba ubude ngamasentimitha kufika ku-50. Uqhwaku isici hook ukuma. Le nyoni ipendiwe imnyama ngokuphelele. Bathola kuphela e-New Zealand.

29. Izinyoni zasolwandle petrels kukhona ihlukile kwezinye izinyoni e eziswebezelayo amakhono phezu kwamanzi. NgesiNgisi, lezi zinyoni zibizwa nangokuthi "i-petrel" - ukuhlonipha umphostoli uPeter, owahamba phezu kwamanzi. Kodwa petrels usizo kule ekhethekile leWebhu ngezidladla.

30. Color empennage petrels ezimhlophe, ezimpunga, brown noma black. Ngokuvamile, zonke izinhlobo zivezwa cishe ngendlela efanayo - abesilisa nabesilisa - ngakho-ke kunzima ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ngazinye nezinyoni zobulili obuhlukile phakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo.

31.Vse abameleli Procellariiform fly kahle umndeni, bayehluka kuphela indiza izitayela. Paws emva kwabo elise nengenawo athuthukile. Ngakho-ke, ukuba semhlabeni kogobela akuwona umsebenzi olula.

izinyoni 32.Klyuv eside, kufana hook ne ithiphu abukhali futhi emaphethelweni, esiza ukugcina ukukhiqizwa olunesivunguvungu petrel, okuyinto ingena aphume umlomo.

33. petrel Ukudla siqukethe izinhlanzi ezincane, molluscs, ezinamagobolondo. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, le nyoni iyakuthanda ukudla nge-herring, ama-sprats, ama-sardine, ama-cuttlefish.

34.Ohotitsya Petrel ikakhulukazi ebusuku, lapho sintanta e isizinda eliphezulu izingqimba amanzi. Lapho le nyoni okokuqala ngokucophelela uzibheke izinhlanzi ezincane, bese zenyuka ngokushesha ingamamitha wakhe emanzini. Ama-perelle angakwazi ukuntywila aze afike kumamitha ayi-6,5 ngomlomo wawo ahlunga amanzi olwandle, ashiye izinsalela ezidliwayo.

35.Tak ezifana ukukhiqizwa kokudla lidinga umzamo izinyoni, petrels ngokuvamile "ukukopela" futhi uthole ukudla kwazo, lokuhambisana imikhomo noma umkhumbi.

36. Ama-puffin isidleke ku aluhlaza amawa, ukusuka olwandle emakoloni ezinkulu. Isizini yokuqala yokuzala ezinyangeni iqala ngokwesilinganiso kusuka eminyakeni eyi-8, kubantu abangavamile - kusuka ku-3-4. Ama-puffin - izinyoni monogamous futhi show ukwethembeka kuphela kodwa kumelwe futhi ajwayelekile yokwakha izidleke.

37.Gnezda ngalunye oluphilayo zakwazi lihlukile. Imvamisa abazali bmba umgodi osuka kumitha eli-1 kuye kwayi-2 ukujula njengesidleke. Khona-ke Insikazi ibekela iqanda elilodwa, nakho kuthiwa incubated yibo bobabili umlingani zingakapheli izinsuku 50-60.

ngemva 38. emavikini ekucala amaphuphu kuzalwa, kudinga ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela sabazali. Imvamisa, owesilisa nowesifazane bahlala nenkukhu cishe izinyanga ezimbili, emva kwalokho banduke.

39. petrels elikhulu umuzwa omuhle kakhulu iphunga. Bird siyindlala yangempela. Ngephunga, bathola udoti emikhunjini naku-carrion.

40. Procellariiform omndeni subfamilies ezimbili - Fulmarinae futhi Puffininae. Abamele Fulmarinae dive kancane embi, ukudla ikhiqizwa izingqimba eyayibaluleke yamanzi. Indiza yabo iyabhadazela, iyatatazela. Abamele Puffininae ukundiza, ukuhlela, futhi njalo ukubhakuzisa amaphiko. Lezi zinyoni yehle kakhulu inyamazane ngaphansi kwamanzi.

Isilima se-petrel

41. fulmar - omunye ethandwa kakhulu eRussia abamele oda Procellariiformes. Igama sebewelele sibonga ukuthatheka lakhe konke emzungezile. Imvamisa ngesikhathi sesidleke - emhlabeni - isiwula singavala ngisho nomuntu.

42.Polet lezi zinyoni kungaba kokubili elintantayo wendiza. Ngo sezulu ethule ezolile bangakwazi ukubamba ilungelo ukuphumula phezu kwamanzi noma flying phezu ubuso bayo.

43. AmaStupys agcina olwandle ngasikhathi sinye. Esikhathini iphakethe, basuke eqoqwe kuphela kusukela ekudobeni izitsha eyolanda enhleseni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuvamile ziyaphikisana, bese ungakwazi ukuzwa uhleko zalezi zinyoni.

44. Amapharele angamacala amade phakathi kwezinyoni. Ihlala Isikhathi Esingakanani I petrels ukuze okuyisilinganiso seminyaka engu-30. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke Shearwater tern wahlala iminyaka engu-52.

45. Kungani lezi zinyoni zabizwa ngokuthi yizingulube? Ama-puffin ukuchitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe ezilwandle kanye izilwandle futhi liqhube imisebenzi yezolimo, zivela kuphela phakathi amaqanda-laying. Sokuthula sangaphambi kwesivunguvungu, lezi zinyoni bayavuswa kusukela amanzi emoyeni, lapho kufanele uhlale isikhathi eside, ongakabi sisukile. Inani elikhulu lalezi zinyoni liwela ngemuva komkhumbi odlulayo, njengokungathi lixwayisa amatilosi ngesivunguvungu esiseduze. Kungani zibizwa petrels.

Kachurkovy Shearwater

46. ​​Isisindo sabameleli abancinyane besigcawu se-petrel singama-gramu angama-20 kuphela. Lokhu kachurkovyh inyoni umndeni. Bona isidleke uvikelekile ezintweni izindawo ukuhlaselwa: e imigodi phakathi kwamadwala, ematsheni noma Burrows.

47. Esimweni sezulu esipholile katurki angatholakala endiza ngaphezu kwamanzi olwandle. Flying likhona yabo. Ngo olunesivunguvungu sezulu lezi zinyoni engavamile uthanda ukuhlala phakathi kwamagagasi aphakeme - bona bazivikele imimoya enamandla. Izilwane ezincane zasolwandle zifakiwe ekudleni kwe-katurki.

48.Kak petrels ngeke uthando ukuba zizule ngokusebenzisa yezwe, nokho unyaka nonyaka, njalo ukubuyela endaweni abazalelwa kuyo phambi sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, ukuze sinike litsemba lemphilo emculwini elilandelayo pokoleniyu.Vo isikhathi lokushutheka lapho abaningi kudingeka bachithe isikhathi phezu kwezwe, hhayi eya petrels ingcuba - uqhwaku abukhali zabo, inyama ukusikeka akuzona kubi kunokwakuqala ummese.

49. "Imvula yePetrel" - into eyaziwa ngamatilosi. Lokhu nenani elikhulu isiphepho petrels ezihlalweni sigxumele phezulu emikhunjini (ikakhulukazi ngokuvamile kwenzeka sezulu esibi). Itilosi wababiza ngokuthi "umlilo", njengoba lezi zinyoni zithuthelekela imikhumbi ukukhanya kwezibani.

50. Kunenkolelo yokuthi ukubonakala kogobolondo emoyeni kuveza isivunguvungu, njengoba kufakazelwa yigama lenyoni. Nokho, iqiniso liwukuthi ngaphambi kokuba kufike isiphepho, abanye zezinyoni Ngakho wathumela ukuba ibhange, kuyilapho-Thunderbird esetshenziswa ukundiza phezu kolwandle kunoma iyiphi sezulu kanye uhlala emoyeni. Ngo sezulu esihle, abantu abawuboni futhi akuyona sobala, phakathi kwezinye izinyoni. Kepha isimo sezulu sikhetha ukulinda isimo sezulu, sikhuphuke ngaphezu kwamanzi, hhayi emhlabathini.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Procellariiform umndeni sehlukaniswe subfamilies ezimbili izizukulwane 14:

subfamily Fulmarinae - inyoni nge beya indiza ehuquzelayo, ukudla ikhiqizwa izingqimba kakhulu eligcizelela ukubukeka kwangaphandle, lapho edla Hlala phezu kwamanzi, hhayi bazivumelanisa noma cha ingashintshwa ukuze diving.

subfamily Puffininae - izinyoni ehuquzelayo indiza, kushintshana ukubhakuzisa amaphiko abavamisile, ngokuvamile sihlale phansi emanzini nonekhono dive ezinhle (kwezinhlobo eziningi ikakhulukazi uhlobo lwe Puffinus) kokubili kusuka ehlobo nasendaweni yokuhlala.