ISakhalin Oblast (87.1 000 km2) itholakala empumalanga eshubile yeRussia futhi ihlanganisa iziqhingi zaseSakhalin, iMoneron kanye neTyuleniy namagquma amabili esiQhingi saseKuril.
Ubude obukhulu beziqhingi ukusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu buyanikeza imvelo Sakhalin futhi wabhema umlingisi ohlukile kakhulu. Enyakatho yeSakhalin, ama-moss tundra ne-elfin yomsedari ayatholakala, futhi eningizimu, u-bamboo osendaweni eshisayo usuvele ukhula.

ISakhalin neziqhingi zaseKuril zitholakala emngceleni wezwe nolwandle futhi zisabhekana nezinqubo ezinamandla zokwakha izintaba. Amasango amathathu kuyo yonke indawo yesifunda ahlala izintaba, ezisaqhubeka nentuthuko yazo, ehambisana nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo nokuzamazama komhlaba olwandle.

Imvelo yeSakhalin

ISakhalin yisiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke iRussia, enwebeka amabanga angaphezu kuka-900 km. kusuka eNyakatho kuye eningizimu. Ububanzi besiqhingi abudluli ku-160 km. Ugu lwalesiqhingi kwesinye isikhathi luphansi-phansi ngamachibi, bese luba emaweni futhi lugobekile. ISakhalin ine-topography esezintabeni, indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke kulesi siqhingi yi-Mount Lopatin (1609 m). Amathafa namathafa aphansi akha ingxenye yesine yesiqhingi.

Isici sesici Sakhalin - Imimoya ejwayelekile kanye nomswakama ophezulu. Ehlobo, izimvula nezinkunguthi ziyaqina, kanti ubusika obukhulu buyimbangela yobusika obunzima beqhwa (kuze kufike ku-20 ° enyakatho yesiqhingi). Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lika-Agasti eningizimu yesiqhingi ngu-16 ° С-18 ° С.

Kunemifula namachibi amaningi eSakhalin. Imifula emikhulu kakhulu iTym nePoronai, futhi enkulu kunazo zonke Ichibi leSakhalin-Busse, Wawai, Guqula, Tunaycha. Ihlathi laseSakhalin hlala 2/3 yensimu yayo. Enyakatho yesiqhingi, kune-taiga ekhanyayo ekhanyayo evela e-Daurian larch, emahlathini amakhulu eningizimu yezwe avela e-Ayan spruce, eSakhalin fir naseMayr fir. Amahlathi aseningizimu-ntshonalanga yalesi siqhingi ahlukahlukene, lapho amaConifera esondelene ne-oak yaseMongolia ne-curly oak, iSakhalin velvet, isihlahla se-yew, isidorphant, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamabhele. Ngokwesilinganiso sokukhuphukela ezintabeni, ihlathi lama-spruce-fir lithathelwa indawo amahlathi enziwe ngamatshe. Izindawo ezivulekile zalesi siqhingi zimbozwe imayardows, futhi amanzi angajulile asogwini angaphansi kwezihlambi zamanzi ezingaphansi kolwandle.

UFlora Sakhalin ingqikithi yezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-1100, kufaka phakathi isibetho eSakhalin. Okuqaphelekile ikakhulukazi ngamakhambi amakhulu akhula abe ngosayizi amakhulu.

Ucebile futhi izilwanyana zaseSakhalin. Lapha bukhoma: ibhere, i-sable, i-squirrel ezindizayo, i-otter, i-hare emhlophe, i-musk deer, i-reindeer, i-lynx, i-wolverine, impungushe, i-ermine, i -asasel. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni. I-Sakhalin marine fauna ihlukaniswa ngokuhlukahluka okukhethekile kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ukuphela kwemvelo Sakhalin Nature Reserve iyindawo yokugcina imvelo yasePoronaysky.

Imvelo eyisisekelo Ukukhanya kweSakhalin:

• udaka lwentaba-mlilo edude Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk,
• iziphethu ezishisayo nezimbiwa e-Gulf of Dagi naseSinegorye,
• ummbila, amadwala nezixhobo zesiQongo seSchmidt (enyakatho yesiqhingi),
• umhume onamakhanda amabili iNtaba Vajda neVaydinskaya (emaphethelweni aphezulu emifula iMelkaya neVitnitsa),
• ICape Giant ogwini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk,
• ICape Crillon empumalanga eseningizimu yesiqhingi,
• I-Tyuleny Island - ukuthungwa kwezimpawu zoboya,
• IMoneron Island yipaki yemvelo eyingqayizivele.

Uhlobo lweziqhingi zaseKuril

Naphezu kosayizi omncane imifino yeziQhingi zaseKuril eshaya ngezinhlobonhlobo ebezingazilindelekile. Kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-1000 lapha. Iziqhingi zasenyakatho zimbozwe ngesihlahla somsedari ne-alub shrubby, izigodi zemifula zimbozwe ngotshani obude, futhi izimbotshana zitholakala kwezinye izingxenye zogu lolwandle.

Eziqhingini zaseKuril eziphakathi nendawo umuntu angavele athole ama-birch anamaqabunga, futhi eziqhingini eziseningizimu amahlathi anobuhlakani obuqandayo ne-bamboo ayabusa, iziqongo zezintaba zimbozwe ngophayini wemisedari omfushane. Kwehlela ezingxenyeni ezisogwini ezigezwa yimisinga ebandayo. Ugu lolwandle olungagadliwe kanye nezigodi zemifula zimbozwe ngotshani obude.

Ingxube yezimila zasenyakatho naseningizimu ingabonakala esiqhingini saseKunashir - lapha zombili iziqalo ezakhiwe ngaphansi komhlaba nezinsimbi zomsedari we-tundra zikhula ngasikhathi sinye. Iziqhingi eziphansi neziphansi ze-Underer Kuril ridge zimbozwe ngamakhambi.

I-Fauna yesiQhingi saseKuril amelwe: I-Kamchatka namabhere ansundu, iminsalo, izimpungushe nezinye izilwane eziningi. Umhlaba wezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ucebile kakhulu: izimpawu zasolwandle, imikhomo, amabhubesi olwandle, izikebhe zolwandle, izihlambi zasolwandle, kanye nezinyoni zasolwandle: izikebhe, izikhova, izimbotshana, izimbungulu. Umcebo oyinhloko weziqhingi zaseKuril izinhlanzi zamanzi olwandle nawasolwandle: i-saury, i-chum salmon, i-pink salmon, i-herring, i-flounder, i-cod, i-sea bass, njll.

Ihhovisi eliphambili: IVladivostok, Svetlanskaya, 147

Incazelo nendawo esiqhingi kuyo

Amanzi abandayo oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk ageza insimu yaseSakhalin, amanzi afudumele athathwa olwandle lwaseJapan nasePacific. Ama-Kunashirsky, Izmena, Laperuza kanye neSovetsky Straits ukuphela komngcele wesifundazwe saseJapan. Ibanga elisuka eSakhalin liya ezweni elingasemakhaya lihlala ngokuphelele emanzini.

Indawo yaseSakhalin ngamakhilomitha skwele angama-87,000. Lesi sibalo sifaka iziqhingi zaseTyuleny, Ush, Moneron, umgibeli waseKuril nesiqhingi saseKuril.

Ukusuka endaweni engaseningizimu yesiqhingi kuya kwesenyakatho, kunamakhilomitha angama-950. Yonke indawo yaseSakhalin ifana nezinhlanzi ezi-scaly (ukusuka endaweni yokundiza ye-ISS), lapho isikali kunemifula eminingi namachibi asakazekele esiqhingini.

ITatar Strait ihlukanisa iSakhalin nezwe. Kunamakhorali amabili ku-strait, ububanzi phakathi kwawo okungamakhilomitha ayisikhombisa. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, ugu luba nemilomo eminingi yemifula engena olwandle.

Indaba

Isizinda esingokomlando sesiqhingi siqala nenkathi yePaleolithic yasekuqaleni, cishe eminyakeni engamakhulu amathathu edlule.

Namuhla, angaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi ahlanganyela iSakhalin Square nenhloko-dolobha yaseRussia. Le ndiza indiza izikhathi eziyisikhombisa ngaphambi kokuba ibe sezindizeni zedolobha elikhulu kunayo yonke - iYuzhno-Sakhalinsk.

Abahambi baseRussia ngekhulu le-17 babevame ukuba amaphayona, bathola amazwe amasha ezwe labo elikhulu. Ngeminyaka yama-50 yekhulu le-19, ukuphuma kwabaholwa uNevelsky kwagcina kufakazele inkolelo-mbono yaseJapan yokuthi uSakhalin ukwakheka kwesiqhingi. Ngaso leso sikhathi, lesi siqhingi sasihlalwa ngabalimi, futhi saba umngcele weRussia neJapan, ngakho-ke izikhala zamasosha zabekwa kuyo yonke leyo ndawo. Iminyaka engama-30 eyalandela yashintsha le ndawo yaba ikoloni lapho kwathunyelwa khona abathumbi.

Umthelela omkhulu ekufundweni komhlaba weSakhalin wenziwa yizivumelwano phakathi kweRussia neJapan. Iminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, umngcele waseRussia-neJapan ushintshwe amahlandla amane. Ngenxa yokungenelela kwezikhali ngamaJapan ngo-1920, yonke indawo yaseSakhalin yahlalwa. Amabutho ahoxiswa kuphela ngonyaka we-1925, kwathi emuva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa isiqhingi saba yingxenye yeMpumalanga Ekude, njengesifunda Sakhalin.

UNomad usuka kwelinye izwe uye kwelinye, iziqhingi zaseKuril ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II ekugcineni zibuyele eSoviet Union. Umngcele wanamuhla wale ndawo wasungulwa ngonyaka we-1947.

Inhloko-dolobha yeSakhalin idolobha laseYuzhno-Sakhalinsk, elakhiwa abokufika ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.

Ezokuvakasha eSakhalin

I-geography yeSakhalin nesiqhingi saseKuril iyindawo yokugcina impahla eseMpumalanga Ekude. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuheha iziqhingi kusenzeka namanje. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuvakasha, ngokusho kweziphathimandla, kufanele kulethe umnotho wesifunda ezingeni elisha lokuthuthuka ngokufanele. Zingabalelwa ku-60 izinhlaka zokuhamba ezisebenza kulesi siqhingi, futhi iningi lezivakashi livela eJapan elingumakhelwane. Bahehwa ukuhlukahluka okungagcini ngemvelo kuphela, kodwa nezigodlo zomlando. Iziphathimandla zesiqhingi ziqapha namagugu amaJapan asele emsebenzini.

Eminyakeni yamuva, i-ecotourism isiqalile ukuthuthuka eShukin. Kepha kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi amaJapan athambekele kakhulu ezimeni zokuhlala ezintofontofo, izinhlangano zokuvakasha zikhawulelwe ohambweni lwamasimu, futhi amahhotela athuthukisa izinsizakalo zawo ngokwengeziwe. Cishe wonke amahhotela anemenyu enezitsha zokuphatha (kufaka phakathi neyesiJapan).

Kuqaliswa uhlelo lokuhamba ngezinyawo kweChekhov. Lezi zindawo zenziwa ngcono ngokwengeziwe, kufaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sabavakashi edolobhaneni laseGoryachie Klyuchi kanye nekamu le-Aquamarine. Kulungiswa iphrojekthi yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eziseduze neziphethu zamaminerali ezishisayo.

Phakathi kwezinto ezihehayo, umuntu angakhipha: ubuhle obumangalisayo be-bird Lake, iDark's Bridge libhujiswe kancane, imvula enkulu kunazo zonke esiqhingini saseKunashir - Inyoni, intaba-mlilo esebenzayo uKuril - Golovnina, uTyatya, isibani sendlu ekhanyayo eCape Aniva, ugu loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk lumbozwe imvula emhlophe, ichibi elihle laseKuraycha Islands - Iziqhingi zase-Iturup, iziphethu zasenyakatho ezishisayo zesiqhingi, ukwakheka emadwaleni. Kunashir - ICape Stolbchaty, iphuzu eliseningizimu yesiqhingi - iCape Krillon, impophoma enhle kakhulu endaweni yaseRussia - u-Ilya Muromets.

Inani labantu bakwaSakhalin

ISakhalin Oblast inabantu ababalelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-500. ISakhalin isemazweni ahlukahlukene, inani labantu lakhiwa amaRussia, amaUkraine, amaBelarusi, amaKorea, amaMordovian, amaTatar kanye nabantu bomdabu.

Inani labomdabu baseSakhalin lifaka amazwe amaningi: iNivkh, Tonchi, Evenki, Ainu, Nanai, Uilta. Lezi yizakhamizi zalezi zindawo abahlala kuzo kuze kube yilapho kusungulwa imingcele yesimanje. Abantu bomdabu, ngeshwa, bancane kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, basazibandakanya ekuthuthukiseni umnotho wabo wezwe futhi baphila impilo kazwelonke.

I-Flora

Ukwehlukahlukana kwezilwane nezilwane zaseSakhalin akubonwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa neziqhingi zaseJapan, indawo ye-Sakhalin Oblast imbi kakhulu kunenani labameleli bezitshalo nezilwane zomhlaba.

F. Schmidt waqala ukutadisha izimila zesiqhingi maphakathi nekhulu le-19. Njengamanje kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaba ngu-1,500 eSakhalin ezinemikhumbi yokwenza amanzi, usawoti wamaminerali oncibilikisiwe nezinye izinto ezi-organic (vascular).

Cishe amaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa eSakhalin ahlala emahlathini, yize kunenkinga yemvelo yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi nemililo yaminyaka yonke, inyakatho yesiqhingi isahlala amaConifers. Le nsimu ithathwa njenge-coniffort taiga. Izihlahla ezintsha zikhula kancane ngenxa yokuswela ukukhanya kwelanga. Ukuze umuthi omncane uthole umthamo omuhle welanga, kufanele alinde kuze kube yilapho omunye wabameleli behlathi elidala ewa futhi alethe igebe kuveli elimnyama le-taiga.

Kuyiqiniso, kukhona amahlathi amancane we-coniferous, kepha abamele bawo ikakhulukazi yizibungu, ezingabanzi kulesi siqhingi. Kungani lokhu kwenzeka? Inhlabathi ekhethekile, lapho izingqimba zobumba zitholakala ngaphansi kwayo, kufanele isolwe ngakho konke. Abavumeli amanzi ukuthi adabule futhi ngenxa yalokho bavimba izihlahla ekukhuleni futhi zikhule kahle. Futhi ingxenye encane kakhulu yehlathi ihlalwa ngamahlathi aqabulayo.

Amahlathi eSakhalin acebile nge-rosemary, eyakha amathangi amakhulu nezinswelaboya. Kumajikijolo, ama-blueberries kanye nama-cranberry ajwayelekile lapha, futhi ama-awordberry akhula ezixhaphozini. Utshani nezihlahla zasendulo zimelwa ngamanani amakhulu.

I-Flora of Sakhalin

Iningi lalesi siqhingi ligcwele amathafa. Amahlathi endawo ahlukile, njengoba ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zeSakhalin taiga kuyinto ecebe kakhulu eRussia. Gweba wena - izinhlobo ezingama-200 zezihlahla nezihlahla zikhula esiqhingini.

Isihlahla esikhulu seSakhalin yi-Gmelin larch. Ezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla zivamile kancane: i-larch-leaved elincanyana, i-Ayan spruce, iSakhalin fir. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezinqobayo, ama-birch amhlophe namatshe, i-aspen, iziqobelo ezinamakha, imifino yamadevu, ama-elms amaJapane, amabalazwe aphuzi, kanye ne-alder.

Kepha isici esiyinhloko seSakhalin singabizwa ngokuthi ngumakhelwane omangalisayo wezitshalo zaseningizimu kanye nabamele basenyakatho yombuso wezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, eningizimu kuyinto engenzeka ukubona izidalwa ezishisayo zasezindaweni ezishisayo, ama-larch azizwa ezungezwe kahle yimipheme enamakhaza, ama-lemongrasses nama-rhododendrons ngokuvamile aqhakaza eduze kwezihlahla ze-spruce. Imisedari ihlala kahle eduze kwezihlahla zikakhokho, futhi izihlambi zivame ukuhlotshiswa ngama-hydrangeas aqhakaza. I-Rosehip, i-honeysuckle ne-aralia zivame ukucasha ngamathanga aphezulu ama-fern. Futhi iziqu zezindebe zophondo, amakherubi, ama-elderberry kanye nomlotha wezintaba kungcwatshwa ngemifantu ephakeme.

ISakhalin nayo icebile ngezithelo namajikijolo. I-Cherry, i-currant, i-Blueberry, i-raspberry, i-blueberry, i-redberry kanye ne-cranberry ikhula lapha. Futhi eningizimu yesiqhingi ungabona inhlanganisela yemvelo eyingqayizivele kunazo zonke: ihlathi elihlanganayo elizungezwe izihlahlana zeSakhalin bamboo. Inyunyana enjalo ngeke uyibone kwenye indawo emhlabeni. I-bamboo, vele, ayimude lapha, kepha empeleni, amathikithi ayo yiwona angakwazi ukudlondlobala, ngoba iziqu ze-elastic zihlangana ngendlela emangalisayo, futhi amaqabunga abukhali, njengemimese, angenza kalula esikhunjeni.

Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, amaSakhalin acwazimula ngayo yonke imibala yesibhakabhaka: izimbali ziyaqhakaza. Isibonelo, amathokheni okukhanya enza imibala enhle kakhulu ebomvu yomlilo. Ama-poppies amaningi, ama-irises, ama-peonies, iminduze, iqhakaza iziqhingi ze-ivan-itiye ngamathoni athambile we-lilac, amasimu amhlophe qhwa ama-daisies athokozisa iso.

Kepha enyakatho isimo sezulu sishubile, impumuzo ibushelelezi, ngakho-ke indawo yendawo inkulu kakhulu. Kepha kukhona ama-mosses amaningi, ama-lichens kanye nama-reindeer moss. Lezi zindawo zivame ukuzungezwa imayadows, lapho i-sedge namakhambi ahlukahlukene egcwele khona. Futhi enyakatho yesiqhingi, amahlathi aqala futhi - i-taiga, i-coniferous, enezindawo ezinothile zemisedari, i-blueberries ne-rosemary.

Fauna

Isimo sezulu saseSakhalin sikuvumela ukuthi uhlale esiqhingini sezinhlobo ezingamashumi amane nane zezilwane ezincelisayo. Amabhere, ama-reindeer, ama-otter, ama-wolverines, izinja ze-rrocon nenani elikhulu lamagundwane, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-370 zezinyoni, zazo eziyi-10 ezidla ezinye, zivamile lapha.

Ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwalesi siqhingi, inqwaba yezitshalo nezilwane zabhujiswa ngabantu, ngakho-ke, uhlu olude lwezilwane ezisengozini kanye nezitshalo zaseSakhalin zifakiwe kwiBhuku elibomvu.

Fauna waseSakhalin

Ngeshwa, eminyakeni engama-250 eyedlule, izidalwa zaseSakhalin sezimpofu kakhulu. Wake wabona ibhungane ligxuma esiqhingini futhi limemeza izingulube zasendle emahlathini aseduze nokukhala kwazo. Akekho noyedwa. Izinyamazane zikaMoose nezaseManchurian zaqothulwa kamuva. Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi okwandayo, imicibisholo nezinja ze-raccoon zanyamalala. Izinqama zezintaba nama-otter omfula ashiye lesi siqhingi unomphela.

Abamele ejwayelekile bamahlathi eSakhalin yizilwane ezinobuntu nobisi lwe-taiga yezwekazi elikhulu: lezi ziyimisuka eminingi, ama-ermines. Eningizimu yesiqhingi kunamakholomu. Lezi zilwane zalethwa zivela eJapan, kepha kuze kube manje amanani abo mancane.

Isidlakela esidume kakhulu nesinamandla seSakhalin ibhere elinsundu. Ukukhula kwalezi zipontsho kufinyelela kumamitha amabili, futhi isisindo sifinyelela ku-500 kg. Kunezimpungushe eziningi emahlathini - zibomvu, ziphuzi nesiliva-zimnyama. Kukhona umvundla, ezingxenyeni zezikhukhula zemifula ungabona ama-otter emifuleni.

Kepha inyamazane eSakhalin ezimweni eziningi ifakwa ezindlini. Izilwane zasendle zitholakala kuphela enyakatho yesiqhingi. USerene ufuduka azungeze lesi siqhingi nomungulu wenyathi. Kubhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu.

Kepha umbuso wezinyoni eSakhalin umelwe ngokucebile. Kuze kube ngu-700 izinhlobo zezinyoni ezihlala lapha ziyaziwa, izidleke eziningi, eziningi "zihlasela" ngesikhathi sasebusika. Iningi lezinyoni zisesiqhingini saseTyuleniy, lapho kuhlala khona ama-guillemots afinyelela ezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-600, imihlambi yezinceku ezifile, izifebe, namaqhubu. Kunezinsimbi eziningi zamanzi: amahansi, ama-mallards, ama-dives, ama-gogol, amatshe, amaphayiphu, ama-sea-ewes. Kodwa ama-swans atholakala kuphela emakhoneni akude kakhulu esiqhingi.

Ukushoda okuthile kwezilwane zomhlaba wakwaSakhalin kunxephezelwa ngokuphelele ngokunotha kwe-ichthyofauna. Lesi siqhingi singesinye sezintambo ezinkulu zoboya bezilwane zasolwandle emhlabeni. Kukhona amabhubesi olwandle, ama-otter olwandle, izinhlobo eziningana zezimpawu. Imikhomo yesidoda, imikhomo yokubulala, imikhomo ye-beluga ijwayele ukubhukuda ogwini, eduze nesiqhingi ungabona iSivalov, humpback, imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kwakuyisiqhingi lapho i-Sakhalin husky yazalwa khona - uhlobo lwezinja olwehlukaniswa ubuhlakani obuphezulu nokuzinikela okungenamkhawulo kumniniyo.

Umkhakha

Umkhakha weSakhalin uthuthuka ngokushesha okukhulu, kufaka phakathi uwoyela negesi, amalahle, ukudoba nezimboni zamandla. Vele, inzuzo ihlala ikhiqizwa kawoyela negesi iminyaka eminingi. Ngenxa yentuthuko yososayensi beSakhalin, iRussia yafakwa ohlwini lwamazwe aholayo ekuhanjisweni kwegesi yemvelo eyosiwe.ISakhalin ihambisa igesi eJapan, Thailand, Korea, Mexico nase China.

Ukuthuthukiswa kokufakwa kwamashalofu kwenziwe ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ngokwemibandela yezimali ukwenza ngcono isimo semigwaqo, izakhiwo zokuhlala nokunye. Ukuze ukhule njalo umnotho wesifunda, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka nokuheha ukutshala imali okuqhubekayo kumaphrojekthi akhona.

Isimo sezulu Sakhalin

Izimo zezulu zesiqhingi zingamaphakathi olinganiselayo, ngenxa yokusondela ngqo emanzini. Ubusika buneqhwa futhi bude, futhi amahlobo ayabanda. Isibonelo, isimo sezulu sikaJanuwari sinomoya onamandla wasenyakatho kanye namaqhwa. Kaningi ungangena esivunguvungwini seqhwa. Ama-Avalanches nawo ajwayelekile lapha, kwesinye isikhathi umoya wasebusika ufinyelela ijubane elimangalisayo lamandla esiphepho. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa lehla liye kuma-degrees angama-40, futhi lishintshwe umoya, liphansi futhi.

Ihlobo eSakhalin lifushane - ukusuka maphakathi noJuni kuya ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba amazinga okushisa esukela ku-10 kuya ku-19 degrees ngaphezulu kwe-zero. Imvula inele, uLwandlekazi iPacific iletha umswakama ophezulu.

Eningizimu-ntshonalanga, indawo yoLwandle lwaseJapan olufudumele iyageleza, kanti uLwandle i-Okhotsk lugezwa ugu olusempumalanga ngethala lamakhaza. By the way, kuba ulwandle Okhotsk ukuthi ibangela Sakhalin kuya kubanda entwasahlobo sezulu. Ngokuvamile akuhlali ngeqhwa kuze kube ngoMeyi. Kodwa kwakukhona ama-rexima okushisa okurekhoda kakhulu ama-degrees angu-35. Ngokuvamile, isizini ngayinye lapha iza nokulibaziseka okwathatha amasonto amathathu. Ngakho-ke, ngo-Agasti izinsuku ezifudumele kakhulu, futhi ngoFebhuwari kubanda kakhulu.

Isikhathi sasehlobo siletha izikhukhula kulesi siqhingi. Eminyakeni yama-80s, uSakhalin wahlaselwa isichotho esinamandla. Ushiye engenamakhaya abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine. Futhi ngo-1970, isivunguvungu sathululela emahoreni ambalwa ngaphezu kwemvula yanyanga zonke. Isivunguvungu seminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu edlule silethe ukuvela kokudilika komhlaba kanye nokuguguleka komhlaba. Ngokuvamile, lezi zimo zezulu zivela ePacific.

I-geology kanye ne-geology

Ukuma komhlaba kweSakhalin Island kunqunywa izintaba eziphakathi nendawo eziphansi, kanye nezindawo eziphansi. Izinhlelo zeentaba zase West Sakhalin kanye nase East East Sakhalin zitholakala eningizimu nasenkabeni yesiqhingi. Enyakatho imelelwa yithafa elinentaba. Ugu luhlukaniswa ngamaphoyinti amane asenhlonhlo kanye nezindlela ezimbili ezinkulu.

Ukukhululeka kwalesi siqhingi kuqukethe izifunda eziyishumi nanye: iSchmidt peninsula yindawo enamatshe amade nendawo enezintaba, ithafa elisenyakatho neSakhalin iyindawo enendawo enamagquma kanye namanethiwekhi amaningi emifula, kulapho indawo enkulu yamafutha kanye negesi, izintaba ezingxenyeni esentshonalanga yeSakhalin, iTym lowland IPoronayskaya - etholakala maphakathi nesiqhingi, ingxenye yayo enkulu iyixhaphozi, iSusunayskaya lowland - itholakala eningizimu futhi inabantu abaningi, isiza segama elifanayo iSusunaysky, okubandakanya iziqongo ezidumile zaseChekho kanye nePushkin, izintaba zasempumalanga yeSakhalin enendawo ephakeme kunayo yonke - iNtaba iLopatina, iNhlonhlo yeTerpeniya enamathafa asezansi, ithafa laseKorsakovsky, iMurukavskaya lowland, enamachibi amaningi adumile phakathi kwezakhamizi zendawo, iTonino-Anivsky ridge, edume ngentaba yaseKruzenshtern kanye neJurassic sediments. .

Amaminerali

Indawo yokuqala phakathi kwemithombo yemvelo yesiQhingi saseSakhalin ihlalwa yibo begazi; ngaphezu kwalokho, le niche ithatha lesi sifunda endaweni yokuqala eRussia Federation. Lesi siqhingi sicebile ezindaweni ezigcina amanzi ngogesi nangamalahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulu lezinkuni, igolide, i-zebus, iplatinamu, i-chromium, i-germanium ne-talc kumayini kwaSakhalin.

Ungafika kanjani ezweni lakini?

Ibanga elisuka eSakhalin liya ezweni laseRussia linganqotshwa ngezindlela eziningana: ngendiza (ngokwesibonelo, ukusuka edolobheni eliseduze laseKhabarovsk), isikebhe esivela eVanino, futhi emidlalweni ebandayo ebusika unganqoba ingxenye yamanzi ngezinyawo eqhweni eliqhwa.

INevelsky Strait ithathwa njengendawo emincane kakhulu phakathi kwezwe nesiqhingi, ububanzi bayo bungamakhilomitha ayisikhombisa.

Kodwa-ke, lesi siqhingi sinomlando othokozisayo wokwakhiwa kukajantshi okwenziwe iqhwa, owaqala ngaphansi kukaStalin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitimela bekufanele zidlule emhubheni okhethekile ngokusebenzisa iCape Nevelsky neCape Lazarev esivele isishiwo. Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sitimela kwenziwa ngaboshwa bejele laseGulag. Umsebenzi uthuthuka ngokushesha, kepha ukufa komholi kumise ngokuphelele lo msebenzi. Iziboshwa eziningi zahlawuliswa.

Okumangazayo ukuthi akukho bhuloho elilodwa elakhiwe eminyakeni edlule. Ngakho-ke, intuthuko yesimanje iqala ngokunembile ngezinhloso zokwakha amabhuloho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iRussia ihlose ukuxhumanisa iSakhalin nesiqhingi saseJapan saseHokkaido, ukuze kube nokusebenzisana okuthelayo phakathi kwezifunda.

Isimo sezulu eSakhalin

Isimo sezulu salesi siqhingi sivame ukuhlukaniswa ngokuthi udoti olilinganiselwe. Kepha isimo sezulu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka siyahluka kakhulu enyakatho naseningizimu.

Ihlobo limanzi, lifudumele, futhi lina kakhulu. Ehlobo, umehluko phakathi kwesifunda esisempumalanga nentshonalanga uphawuleka kakhulu. Kuyashisa entshonalanga, kwazise ugu lugezwa yiTsushima efudumele yamanje.

Ubusika eSakhalin buyabanda impela, kuneqhwa. Iningi lesiqhingi lithintekile yi-anticyclone yaseSiberia, eletha iqhwa nesithwathwa. Kepha eningizimu yesiqhingi, ithonya lesishingishane saseNingizimu, esivimbela lesi siqhingi ngezivunguvungu ezinamandla zeqhwa nomoya ovunguzayo, liyabonakala.

Ulwandle lwase-Okhotsk, olugeza lesi siqhingi luvela enyakatho, lusebenza njengesixhumo esikhulu esishisayo. Igcina ukushisa ngokuzithandela futhi akuvumeli ukubanda kubambe isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, intwasahlobo eSakhalin iyahlala isikhathi eside, ipholile, kepha ikwindla ifudumele kakhulu futhi iyasamukela. Isibonelo, izimbali eziningi eSakhalin ziyaqhakaza kuze kube maphakathi no-Novemba.

Ngokuvamile, zonke izinkathi zesiqhingi ziqala ngokulibaziseka kwamasonto angama-3-4. U-Agasti ubhekwa njengenyanga eshisa kakhulu, kanti uFebhuwari ubanda kakhulu.

Ubuciko bemvelo obunqabile

Lo mhlaba, kude nempucuko ejwayelekile yamamicacity amakhulu, besikujwayele kusukela ebuntwaneni kusuka kumafilimu nezincwadi. Abahambi abaningi bathi uma befika lapha, sebeguqukile baba yizithunjwa zakhe ezinomdlandla, ukuthi emncintiswaneni phakathi kwamaholide eRussia, isiqhingi sangaphambilini sezigqila sizoba ngumnqobi ophambili womklomelo wokuzwelana kwezothando nayo yonke imiklomelo eqokiwe ekuphakanyisweni kwegama elithi “Rare Natural charm” kanye ne- “Creative”.

Esikweleni esincane uzohlangana nomhlaba wonke! I-tube yokuhlola enomoya ohlanzekile wangempela. Indawo ehlukile yokuqothulwa kwe-prehistoric cataclysms yoMhlaba. Umkhumbi kaNowa wokubala kabusha futhi ongandile. Ukuxhamazela kuzo zonke izinyathelo nokuthambekela okuqinile kwaleli lizwe ngeke kukuvimbe.

Futhi kufanelekile yini ukuya e-Azores noma e-Iceland uma leli paki leJurassic neziqhingi ezingaqondakali ezivela ezincwadini zikaJues Verne ziseduzane naseRussia Far East yethu?

Okuncane kwasendulo nezinganekwane

Ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka kusuka enkungwini kukhona isiqhingi esincane

Ngamasango entaba-mlilo nenkanyezi ekhanyayo.

Lapho nje onkulunkulu bebuka uMhlaba futhi babona umhlaba omuhle, ongekho ngisho nasephusheni. Banqume ukuhlala lapha unomphela ukudoba, ukuzingela nokuzala izingane. Futhi onkulunkulu baba ngabantu be-Ainu.

Imvelaphi yezakhamizi zaseSakhalin Ainu iseyimfihlakalo. Ulimi lwabo nokubukeka kwabo kwabashaqisa abatholakali baseRussia. Umlando mdala kuneGibhithe lasendulo neRoma. Futhi ama-Ainu ngokwawo ayezibheka njengonkulunkulu abalekela eSirius. Amasiko abo asendulo azokuholela ezweni laseSakhalin.

Bayibiza lo mhlaba ngokuthi iShaharen Nasiri, izwe elifana namagagasi. Futhi amaNivkhs yi-Ygh-myth aqanjwe ngemuva komoya wasendulo, inkosi yomhlaba nolwandle. Uma inganekwane ye-Ig inganeme, isongela yonke into ephazamisayo.

Umhlaba waqala ukuqina eneminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-4 ubudala, kanti iSakhalin nesiqhingi saseKuril zazineminyaka eyisigidi ezingama-65 kuphela. Njengalezi ziqhingi, kwaba nokuthula ekuqaleni kwesikhathi. Ukuvela kwabo kuyaqhubeka: inyama evuthayo yezintaba-mlilo iyadlula, amandla anobudlova bokuzamazama komhlaba nezikhukhula ze-tsunamis. Ngokusho kwesayensi, lokhu kuzoba eminye iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-20-30.

Abakwa-Ainu bakholelwa ukuthi konke okusemhlabeni kuhlalwa ngonkulunkulu baseKamui - imimoya yezintaba, umhlaba, amanzi nomoya. Futhi kuphela ababusa umhlaba. Ohlonishwa kakhulu kwakunguFuji - unkulunkulu womlilo ongaphansi komhlaba.

Ukuphefumula kwezintaba. INkosi yendandatho yomlilo

Amasango omlilo aseSakhalin naseziKuril Islands ayizingqimba zezigaxa ezinkulu ezigcwaliswa ngokuqhuma, ezingadilika noma yinini bese ziqala ukuphonsa “amabhomu”. Bangu-39 babo, ababalwa abayi-14 abangasekho nabangu-111 abaphansi. Iziqhingi zaseKuril ziyizintaba-mlilo eziye zavela kusukela emathunjini olwandle. Iziqhingi zezintaba-mlilo zase-Alaid, Ekarma, Rasshua zazalwa ngale ndlela.

Iningi lalawa “makhompiyutha e-powder” aqhuma ezikhathini zangaphambi komhlaba, 17 - ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Ukuqhuma kweNtaba i-Kunashir Vesuvius yaseTyat ngonyaka we-1973 bekungumcimbi wesikhathi. UBaba Mountain uthukuthele kanye inkulungwane yeminyaka. Unkulunkulu womlilo wabe esephonsa umlotha ongafika ku-80 km kule ndawo futhi wacekela phansi nomuzi waseTyatino, washiya ihlathi elifile.

Imimoya yezintaba-mlilo i-Ivan the Terrible, Golovnina, Atsonopuri, Kudryavy zibonisa ulaka lwazo olukhulu nentaba-mlilo, eziyisishiyagalolunye zazo zaqhuma kuleli khulu leminyaka lethu. Ezinye iziqhwaga zimane zibheme futhi zikhiphe amagesi anobuthi, zenze ama-daredevils ukuba ajabule.

Ukunyuka kwentaba-mlilo

Nakhu abahambi abakushoyo:

Lungela ukuthola imizwelo engathi sína lapho ukhwela intaba-mlilo. Kuwukunyakaza kwento ephilayo ephefumulayo futhi ihamba ngaphansi kwenhlabathi eshisayo. Imilenze iba yisitho somqondo wesithupha. Ukuthokozela ngokweqile kuphindaphindwa kukwenza ugijimele kule mithambeka.

Ensimini ye-fumarole ufuna ukuwela ekujabuleni okuvela ezweni elingekulo. Cela umakhelwane wakho ukuthi anciphe, mhlawumbe leli kuyiphupho ngokundizela eMars noma eNyangeni? Ngemuva kwalokho ukhumbula iziqhingi zaseKuril, sengathi uvakashele umhlaba ongaziwa.

Ukuqabuleka kweSakhalin kugcwele izintaba ngenxa yezinqubo ezinamandla zokuzamazama komhlaba. Amandla obusha, ahlabahlosile omhlaba nakanye aseluliwe, afafaza lomhlaba emabutini aze abukeka njengamagagasi aqandayo.

Phezu kohambo olungenakulibaleki oluya endaweni yezintaba-mlilo kanye nasezintabeni ezintabeni (i-Chekhov peak, Mount Lopatin), amaza weShiin anikeza imidlalo yezingane enjengabantu abadala njengokukhuphuka, ukupaka kanye ne-speleology.

IMount Wajda izokuheha i-adventure engaphansi komhlaba kusuka ku-movie eyethusayo. Lesi sigodlo semigede engama-30 enezinhlaka eziningi, lapho ukutholwa kulindelwe khona kuwo wonke amagumbi: ama-stalactites, ama-corallites, izinsalela zabantu nezilwane ezivela kumamore pore. Umuzwa wokuthi uphakathi kwensimbi enkulu ye-octopus futhi uhambisana namatende ayo amade.

Izazi zesimo sezulu saseSakhalin zithi eminye emihumeni emibili emikhulu kanye nomfula wokuqala ongaphansi komhlaba emlandweni wakwaSakhalin kutholakala ekujuleni kweWawda. Kunamaphazili amaningi. Joyina ukutholile kuyalinga!

Stone noLava Master

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, isimo salesi sifunda, sithathe isisekelo sasova, futhi kumoya nolwandle, siye saziveza njengobaziqangi esinomqondo ocebile. Yini iCape Giant! Ugu lwayo luhlotshiswe ngama-grottoes olwandle, imidwebo esezingeni eliphezulu. Ematsheni amaningi esiqhingi, ulwandle lwashiya iminonjana yamaphupho alo amandulo.

Kepha eyingqayizivele kaKunashir, iCape Stolbchatyi, izokube idonsa kanzima. Amamitha angama-50 ukuphakama, izinsika zezinyembezi ezifriziwe zoMsuka Wokulala (intaba-mlilo kaMendeleev), ezigeleza ziwela olwandle ngemifudlana emhlophe, zizomangaza ngejometri yazo efanelekile.

E-White Cliffs e-Iturup, ungumfokazi emhlabeni oyipharadesi. Akujwayelekile emvelweni, umbala omhlophe we-pumice ngemuva kokuqhuma kwefu legesi, ifomu elixakile lamatshe, ugu olumnyama luqala ibanga.

Isimangaliso samatshe sendalo esibizwa ngokuthi yi-Frog siyiplanethi yangempela yemvelo. Izintaba zonyalo lwasendaweni zibizwa ngokuthi amaplanethi ohlelo lwelanga futhi zihlelwe ngokulandelana kwazo esibhakabhakeni. Lokhu kufanekisela akulona iphutha.

Ukusuka ezindaweni eziphakeme, iSakhalin ifana nenhlanzi. AbakwaNivkhs babeyibiza ngokuthi "inhlanzi ephilayo uSakhalin" futhi bazi ukuthi ibhukuda. Ama-Ainu kuthiwa ayesiqhingini sawo noma kuphi emhlabeni.

Ngokuya ngenganekwane, iziNtaba ze-Frog ne-Altar zihlala zikhomba izinkanyezi ezimbili zaseSirius, noma ngabe isiqhingi sihamba kanjani. Ososayensi baqinisekisa izakhiwo zayo ezintantayo. USakhalin uhamba ngomkhumbi aye eziqhingini zaseKuril, bese esondela ezweni elikhulu.

Phuza amanzi. Amanzi aphilayo afile

Zisondele kangakanani izitofu ezishisayo ezinjengezintaba-mlilo futhi ngaphandle kweziphethu ezishisayo? Ubuningi babo, kwesinye isikhathi ngesimo samachibi wonke. Eduzane nentaba-mlilo yaseGolovnin, ichibi eliphambili laseK Kipyayuschee libilisa ngamanzi ayingozi, nombala oshubile ovuthayo, uzobuyela empilweni ngemuva kohambo olunzima.

Njengamanzi aphilayo futhi afile avela ezinganekwaneni, amanzi aseSinegorsk anama-arsenic, iDagin igeleza nge-silicon, amabhavu wesibabule we-Mendeleev volcano alwa ngokuphelele nokuguga, aphathe amajoyinti, imithambo yegazi, isikhumba, izinzwa ngokusho kwezimpawu eziningi. Kukhona iziphethu zasendle futhi zihlelwe njengezinkinobho ezishisayo.

I-Kunashir idume ngodumo lwayo elithi “Hot Hot”. Ukushisa isihlabathi sasogwini kufinyelele ku-100 ° C, intaba-mlilo yaseMendeleev iqukethe izithombo zokugcina imvelo esele, ipha ukudla futhi ibhaka imifantu ezinganeni zasendaweni. Le ndawo yayibizwa ngokuthi ipani lokuthosa. Futhi izimpophoma ezishisayo ezintabeni-mlilo iBaransky azange ziphuphe ngeKamchatka!

Udaka lokupholisa lwasolwandle lweLake Variable nalo lunikeza impilo entsha. Ngenxa yodaka oluyingqayizivele, umuntu ngeke asho kuphela intaba-mlilo Yuzhno-Sakhalin. Akukona nje njengesikhumbuzo esingokwemvelo esingandile, kodwa futhi njengebhakhodi yomhlaba odabukisayo, ukwahlulela ngomsebenzi wokuqhuma kodaka.

Ngibuka amachibi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ...

Kunamachibi angaphezu kuka-17,000 eSakhalin naseziqhingini zaseKuril. Ngisho amagama abo azwakala njengengoma: Muhle, Ungcwele, Ugeza, Swan, Turquoise. Okuyinhloko yazo, iLake Nevskoye neTunaycha, ngisho nezimpi zalwelwa endulo. Futhi phakathi kwamahlathi aqhakaza eNtaba iSpamberg afihla lonke uhlelo lwamanzi lwamachibi ayi-18 anezikhiye nezimpophoma.

Akukho siqhingi esisodwa esingaqondakali esiphelele ngaphandle kwezimpophoma ezinhle nezinamandla. I-Ilya Muromets yaseRussia, ukuphakama kwesakhiwo esinamakamelo angama-42, incintisana nesiqhwaga saseNiagara edoneni lamanzi. Ngeke nje uyithathe, uzoyihlonipha kuphela olwandle.

Izinhlanzi etafuleni - ukuthula emndenini

AbakwaNivkhs ne-Ainu, bexolisa, babuza imimoya yezwe nolwandle ngomcebo wabo wokuphila. Kungemva nje koMkhosi Wokuphaka, "ukuncenga" amanzi, lapho ukudoba kwaqala khona. Ukuphakelwa okuncane kwenzeka nsuku zonke.

Izinhlanzi nezilwane zasolwandle zazingonkulunkulu futhi zingamalungu emindeni. Akukenzeki ukuthi abesifazane base-Ainu benze tattoo elikhulu elizungeze umlomo wabo, libenze babukeke njengenhlanzi. Inhlanzi yowesifazane iyisidalwa esingcwele. USakhalin wabizwa nangokuthi ezinganekwaneni.

Okhokho bethu babekwazi ukubongwa: leli yizwe elinemifula eliyinkulungwane nenhlanzi eningi. Ngenkathi uqhuma, uzobona izinhlanzi zigijima kakhulu kangangokuba ungawela umfula ugcwale emuva ubambe ingcebo eshelelayo ngezandla zakho.

Ama-salmon apinki, isalmon ye-sockeye, i-salmon ye-chum, i-sturgeon, i-sim, i-malma, i-taimen iyabanjwa. Kukhona imidondoshiya yezinhlanzi. Ukubamba kwakho okukhumbuleka kakhulu ekukhuleni komuntu kuzobanjwa “ngaphandle kokucabanga kabili” nangokubhekana elula. Ukudotshwa kweSakhalin uhlobo lokuvakasha oluzungeza unyaka. Ngendlebe enamakha ekugcineni kosuku olunzima, ukugibela emfuleni iDagi, iNayba, uLangeli muhle.

Unkosikazi wolwandle

Muthi, unomusa futhi uqine, ngize kuwe, ngihawukele. Ngiyakuthanda mfowethu, futhi ngicela ube yisikebhe. Uzobona ulwandle nami. (Kusuka kwifilimu ephathelene namasiko amaNivkhs asendulo, adutshulwe ngu-Sakhalin ngu K. Gevorgyan ngokusho kwencwadi kaC. Aitmatogo "The Pinto Dog Running Out of the Sea").

Ungakwazi ukubona iphupho lakho ngomfanekiso wolwandle ezweni lakithi kuphela eKamchatka naseziqhingini zaseKuril. Uzodlula oLwandle iPacific nezilwandle zalo ngezindlela zezinduna zaseKruzenshtern, Nevelsky, de Vries, uthole ingxenye efanele yezothando lwangempela olunosawoti, futhi ngeke uhlangane nanoma ngubani!

Ukuhamba ngesikebhe uye eSiqhingini saseTyuleniy, umangale usuka kude ngobuningi bezintambo zoboya, uphawu lwezinyoni nezinyoni kulesi sakhiwo somhlaba ngamamitha angama-636. Leli yizwe lezilwane ezethusayo! Ukuvikela ukuthula kwezilwane, kwenqatshelwe lapha ukuhamba ngemikhumbi emikhulu futhi kundize izindiza.

Imikhomo ye-Killer whales nemikhomo yesidoda, amahlengethwa nemikhomo kuzokujabulisa yonke indawo ngokubukeka kwayo. Uzokwazisa umuntu ohamba phambili ngokubhonga okunamandla nokwakha umxhwele kunethoni. Yebo, kuphela okungaba uphawu lokuthengisa lwalesi siqhingi! Kepha i-sea otter enohlanga lwayo oluyigugu "iyindalo yokuhamba" enesimo sokugoma esingaminyaka yonke futhi ibhalisiwe kwi-Red Book.

Emakhulwini eminyaka, baqothula ngenxa yemifino ebhuqiwe kanye ne-grey whale, enkulu kunazo zonke nezindala kunayo yonke imikhomo ye-baleen, eneminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-30. Manje inani labantu seliphethwe, kepha ngabantu abangama-120 kuphela. Ukuwabona olwandle kuyinhlanhla engatheni!

Esiqhingini saseMoneron esiyisimangaliso, uzokwehla ungene lapho kunomoya ongaphansi kwamanzi, lapho kubusa khona izilwane zasogwini, okuvela kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphila emhlabeni. Izindlebe ze-pearlescent, izipanji zasolwandle, ama-sparse-hedgehogs, ama-mussels amakhulu, izinkanyezi zezinhlobo ezingama-25, izimbali ze-mollusk. Ukuntywiliselwa okungenakulibaleka emhlabeni ngobuhle basendulo boLwandle iPacific!

E-Nevelsk diving nge-fur seals kwenziwa endaweni yabo. Nge dolphinarium yedolobha ngobukhulu bezimo, lokhu akunakuqhathaniswa.

Izivakashi zijabulela ukusebenzisa i-sea kayaking, ukusebenzisa i-surfing nokudoba ngomcebo wolwandle. Lungela ukuthi amahlandla ama-3 ngosuku ube nama-sandwich amakhulu nge-caviar, ama-scallops, crayfish, squid, ama-urchins olwandle kanye neklabishi epuletini lakho elinomngcele wepinki.Kuyenzeka upheke crab elibizayo endaweni yokudlela yaseMosike bese ulipheka ebhodweni elijwayelekile emlilweni.

Lord of yonke imimoya nemisinga. Iziqhingi emimoyeni eyisikhombisa

Ukususa lezi zibiliboco zolwandle akuwona umsebenzi olula. KuSakhalin kuphela lapho uzokwazi ukuthi imiphi imimoya yangempela evunguzayo ivela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, iphazamise uhlelo lokuhamba lwezinsuku namaviki. Lapha, izihlahla zibukeka njengezinyoni ezinamagatsha amaphiko, zihlala zelulwa ngaseceleni komfula.

Abantu bendawo nje babiza umoya we-La. Futhi, yilowo nalowo unegama lakhe: I-Ari, iTungur, iCoror ishaya isuka ezindaweni ezingezansi, kukhona i-Alvari, iLangi. Uthunyelwa ngowesifazane. Lapho edansa kancane, umoya ubuthakathaka. Uma ukudansa isikhathi eside futhi kumnandi, khona-ke umoya unamandla. Ukuthwebula kwesivunguvungu esivela emkhathini kufana nokujikeleza kwezakhi zomdanso obhubhisayo omkhulu.

Ngokuya ngesikhundla ebalazweni, eningizimu yeSakhalin naseKuril Islands bangaba yi-Anapa noma iSochi-2, kepha imimoya enamandla ebandayo ayiwuvumeli umoya ukufudumala. Into ejwayelekile ubusika obude obuhambisana neziphepho zeqhwa ezifika ku-50 m / s nama-snows asindayo ayi-6-8 m ukuphakama. Kepha ubekele ukuzilibazisa kwasebusika. Ukukhuphuka ngoqhwa, ukugibela iqhwa, ukukhithiza, ukushushuluza endaweni yaseMountain emoyeni ngenqola yayo yemoto ihamba nge-bang.

Iziqhingi eziqhamuka kolunye uhlangothi zifudunyezwa yimisinga efudumele yoLwandle lwaseJapan kanye neSoyi, futhi ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi kupholile ngenxa yamanzi abilayo e-Okhotsk. Ngakho-ke, ihlobo alishisi, alina imvula, izinyanga eziyisithupha kukhona ama-Mass Milky mists. Isimo sezulu sishintsha ngamabomu ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngisho namahora. Shintsha ngamandla idigri namanzi asogwini kusuka ku-2 kuye ku- +15.

Indawo lapho kuvunguza khona umoya, abantu babiza "umgodi womoya". Ekwindla, ama-swans andiza ngale umgodi, futhi entwasahlobo andiza abuyele emuva.

Lapha izinyoni zigibela entendeni yesandla sakho ...

Iziqhingi zingumbuso ongazeleleki wezinyoni zamatshe. Ama-cormorants, izinyoni zasolwandle, abahlaseli abane-whine esabekayo bahamba ngaphezulu kwamakhanda abo, benze izimakethe zezinyoni zezinyoni eziyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa, bexosha abantu endaweni yabo ngaphansi kwelanga. Uma inani leziqhingi lingabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-400, izinyoni ziyizigidi. Amaswidi, amadada, izinyoni zasolwandle, izimbotshana, ama-albatross, izikhova, ama-guillemot, umkhwenyana, izikebhe, isilima ...

... Unabo ukhozi lwegolide lwezulu, oligqolozile licace bonyana alilibaleki ...

Ubuningi bezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezithile kanye nokutholakala kwezinye zezinto umehluko weSakhalin. Izinkozi zasolwandle zikaSteller ziyizimbali zaseMpumalanga Ekude. Banda kancane, bavame ukufa ngaphambi kokuba babe ngabazali.

KuKunashir kuphela lapho kwaqoshwa khona isidleke esidlekeni sezinyoni ezingasoze zabonwa emhlabeni zesikhoji, futhi ngababili kuphela abahlala ezweni lethu lesikebhe esikhulu sombambo esikhulu. Mhlawumbe unenhlanhla eyanele yokubona lobu buhle obumnandi bokuphela kwezinyoni, okufana nezidalwa ezivela epharadesi elahlekile olwandle. Lapha ngesizini eyodwa ungaba umlindi ojabulayo wezinyoni.

I-Gulliver ezweni lama-giants kanye nezimfene

... Izindiza ze-Ainu zazishaywa. Abesifazane, abantu abadala, izingane zingena zimvula. Masinyane utshani bukhuphuke baba usayizi wendlu. I-Ain eyodwa ngaphansi kweshidi ngalinye, nezingane ezine….

KuSakhalin, kuyajabulisa futhi kuyamangaza ukuzama inguqulo yasendaweni yokuguqulwa kuka-Alice eWonderland. Amakhambi nezihlahla kwakubonakala sengathi kunama-hormone okukhula anjengawe. Otshanini be-bilberry, i-butterbur (i-burdock), ibhere ye-angelica, i-buckwheat - uzoba amamaki amancane.

Futhi phakathi kwezihlahla: umsedari, i-alder, umcamelo, ama-birch (izihlahlana nezinhlobo ezincane) noma emathangeni woqalo, okuyinto emazweni afudumele amade kunomuntu futhi icubungula isihlahla, uyakhula ube ngama-gulliers.

Siyini isizathu se-gigantism yezitshalo

Ingabe yingoba bondla amanzi ancibilikayo asezintabeni, afanayo nalapha emanzini, amanzi aphansi oMhlaba? Noma ingabe kungenxa yomphumela wokugcina ukushisa komhlaba kanye nenhlabathi ye-gley ezindaweni zamaphutha e-tectonic? Kuyacaca ukuthi emhlabeni omncane osashisayo, zonke izinqubo ziyashesha futhi zikhiqiza kakhudlwana. Ngakho-ke, amakhambi akwaSakhalin engeza ama-17 cm ngosuku, afinyelela ku-2-5 m ukuphakama.

Lapha kanye nasezimbali zamakhaza kukhula

I-Dwarfism iwuphawu lwezindawo ezisenyakatho nezindawo eziphakemeyo. Ihlushwa yisimo sezulu esibi noma ukuntuleka kwendawo, ama-ikebans avela ku-saxifrage, peonies, carnations asuka emaweni, ematsheni aqinile, e-lava. Uphawu lwesitshalo seSakhalin luyimbali encane kodwa eyiziqhenyayo futhi eyingqayizivele “itshe” le-edelweiss. Uwuphawu lobuhle nesibindi saleli lizwe.

Omunye umfanekiso wemvelo enokhahlo - ibirch yamatshe enamagatsha aphukile ngendlela exakile kangangokuba uma uyibuka, ngifuna ukuba yimbongi. Yini umdanso oyindilinga wezihlahla zomdanso onomusa?

New Robinsons

Uma enyakatho ubona i-spruce, i-pine nefir, khona-ke cishe izimbali ezishisayo zibusa eziqhingini eziseningizimu. Izinhlobo zezimbali ezingama-Giant endemic zitholakala lapha, njenge-Glen's Lily 3 m ukuphakama. ENingizimu yeKunashir kuphela lapho kukhula khona ubuhle be-magnolia elikhula kalula, umuthi omude onezimbali ezinkulu ezinamakha. Isikebhe sikaSakhalin uNowa sigcina izimbali ezivikelwe nezindala zasendaweni engaphansi.

Lily Glen noMagnolia

Izitshalo zaseningizimu ziguqula le ndawo ibe yindawo ecishe ibe yakudala yamahlathi. IVineyard, Schisandra chinensis, actinidia, lwesinaphi, ukushiswa, i-hydrangea - lemivini ekhuphuka ngokhuni (efanekisiwe ngokulandelana), kanye nama-fern amakhulu, idala i-aura ye-adventure esiqhingini esiwugwadule.

Futhi kuphi, uma kungenjalo e-Kuril Islands, ukuhlangana neRobinson Crusoe? E-Shikotan ebukekayo ene-cape Krai Sveta, umqondisi uS. Govorukhin udubule i-adventure "engonakali" nomlingisi uLu Kuravlev. Imibono yeBezymyannaya Bay yathathwa njengengxenye yefilimu, futhi umoya wakulezi ziqhingi wasiza ekwakheni isimo sangempela sokudingiswa kwe-hermit edumile.

Ngokudlala i-robinsonade, noma ezokuvakasha "zasendle", iziqhingi zaseKuril azinazinkinga. Ezinye zeziqhingi zingabantu abangahlali ndawo, lapho kungekho bantu nhlobo. Lapho uphefumula khona umoya ohlanzekile wesikhala nowokuqala ukuqhamuka namagama emakhona emvelo. Lokhu kungumphetho we-eldorado wezindlela ezinhle nezothando!

Hamba lapha izilwane ezingezwakali kobuhle

Enyakatho naseningizimu kuhlangana eziqhingini nasezwaneni. Isifunda sihlala izilwane zase-Arctic kanye nendawo ephakathi nendawo: i-reindeer, fox, hare, wolverine, noboya. Futhi ama-lianas aseningizimu ne-bamboo ahlanganiswa yizibankwa, izinyoka, izimbungulu, izimvemvane, ngisho nokubhukuda kwesikhumba. Ukuhamba emikhondweni evikelwe ezinhlelweni ze-ecotourism, uzofunda ngamasampula endawo angajwayelekile wezilwane zomhlaba.

Okuphilayo kunezilwane zonke eziphilayo

Futhi ukuxhumana namabhere ngokuvamile kuy ikhadi elivakashelayo leziqhingi. Bengasabi abantu, babamba iso labo yonke indawo. Abantu bendawo bajwayele indoda yobuqili ukuthi iqondane “nebhola lezinyawo” ezihlekisayo ezivela ezinganekwaneni zezingane. Futhi i-Ainu yayinesimo esiphakamile, esingcwele ebhele - "Indoda yasezintabeni, unkulunkulu wezintaba, isilo esingcwele esihlakaniphile."

Owesifazane wayekha amajikijolo ehlathini futhi wahlangana nebhere. Kulesi simo, kuye kwabonakala kuye u-Ayarisuba, unkulunkulu ophakeme weplanethi uSirius. Wazala umntwana kuye, owaba ngu-Ainu wokuqala.

Ngokungafani nezazi, imvelaphi ye-Ainu icacile futhi ayinakuziphendulela. Igama labantu liyafana neNivkh “ayyu” (“bearish”). Futhi emibhalweni yaseRussia ayefakwe kuhlu lwamagama athi “shaggy” ngenxa yoboya obuqinile bomzimba nomzimba.

Ngokuhlonipha ibhere, abakwa-Ainu bakholelwa ukuthi ngalesi silwane bahlala bexhumana nonkulunkulu bomhlaba wabo. Emkhosini weBear, abakwa-Ainu baletha izicelo zabo konkulunkulu besebenzisa imimoya “yokuthumela”.

Ngasikhathi sinye, ibhere belingalungiselelwe nje ukuthunywa okungcwele, kepha lihlobene nalo. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, ibhele teddy lalihlala edolobhaneni, lalondliwa ngobisi lwabesifazane, laliphuca futhi lidwebe njengabantu. Kuma-Ainu asendulo, ibhere laliyisihlobo segazi ne-DNA.

Ukuvakashela umhume weBear Tragedies, uzofunda ngeholide lasendulo le-cosmogonic. Futhi lapho uhlangane nomnikazi wezintaba ngendlela emincane, lungela ukuzwa isikhashana sokuzazi wena. Ngemuva kwakho konke, nomuntu, yize eyentaba. Imiphi imimoya engenzi ihlaya uma useSakhalin!

Ukuhlangana nesizwe sebhere kuzoba ziningi futhi zihluke! Futhi amahlaya amakha, ikakhulukazi nathi.

Uhlobo lukaSakhalin lokupenda kukaRepin "Abalindanga".

Futhi uluthanda kanjani ihlaya elinjalo noma iphutha elihle lemvelo kaSakhalin - ibhere elingwevu lomlotha?

Umoya womlando

Ingqikimba yendabuko eno-furry ibaluleke kakhulu kwaSakhalin kangangokuba kuneMnyuziyamu weBear. Umhlaba ugcwele hhayi kuphela ngomlando wezinhlanga zasendaweni. Nansi iminyuziyamu eminingana lapho amakhulu ezinkulungwane zemibukiso yezikhathi zasendulo aqoqwa ngokucophelela. Isiqhingi ngasinye sinomnyango waso womlando wendawo.

Uhambo lokufundisa eSakhalin lukhethekile, uzofunda okuningi futhi ubone lapha kuphela. Ikhasi likaChekhov alihlukaniseki emlandweni walesi siqhingi, ngenxa yencazelo yezenhlalo yencwadi yakhe, ethathe isiphetho sobugqila bokuhlawuliswa ngamakhosi.

Naphezu kokude kweziqhingi, izimpi zafika nalapha. Iminyaka enzima yezwe lokuqala nelesibili ihlala ezikhumbuzweni kubavikeli beziqhingi nezinsalela zemishini yezempi ezokuza kuwe yonke indawo.

Nawu umoya waseJapan, unuka iJapan lapha

Ukuba seSakhalin uzothinta iJapan ngokwengxenye. Ukusondela kweRussia nomakhelwane wayo wase-Asia kwagxilisa impilo, amasiko nezinkolelo zabantu ababili.

Imyuziyamu eyinhloko yomlando wendawo yeYuzhno-Sakhalinsk itholakala esigodlweni saseJapan. Futhi amasango eTories asehlukanisa umhlaba wabaphilayo kanye nemimoya. Isizwe esithuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni esivela ku-Ainu ukholo konkulunkulu baseKamui. Umoya waseJapan ubuye uzwakale ngendlela iziqhingi ezakhiwe ngayo ngokuzwakalayo nangokwakheka kwazo ngesikhathi esakhiwa seminyaka engama-40 yamaJapan.

Kuhlanganiswe ikhathalogi yazo zonke izikhumbuzo zomlando zesikhathi saseJapan seKarafuto kwaSakhalin. Lezi yizinto eziyi-117: Amathempeli amaZionist, amabhuloho, amalambu okukhanya, izakhiwo zamasosha. Kuzovumela izivakashi ukuthi zingaphuthelwa neyodwa.

Ikhulu elisha nokuxhumeka kwezikhathi

Lapho edala iSaharen Nasiri, uNkulunkulu wabeka itshe phezu kwelinye. Wonke umuntu wagcotshwa ngamafutha. Lapho amatshe ehamba, kuphuma uwoyela. Umoya onamandla uhlala ngaphansi komhlaba. Umoya wakhe uphuma ngezimbobo zomhlaba.

Sekuyisikhathi eside i-Ainu neNivkhs ingofakazi bokukhishwa kwamalahle, igesi kanye no-oyela, beyibiza ngokuthi izintaba, imifula kanye neziqhingi “ezimnyama”. Ikhulu leminyaka "laxaka" ukuthi lingayakha kanjani iSakhalin, likhipha izinsiza zalo ezicebile, futhi lingalimazi ubuntu obuhlukile.

Amapulatifomu kagesi wephrojekthi yeSakhalin-2 akhiwe ngohlobo lwehinge, futhi amapayipi epayipi legesi angakwazi ukwelula ngesikhathi sokuhamba komhlaba futhi ahambahamba imifula ebabazekayo nemizila ye-grey whale. Le ndalo enhle yenqubekelaphambili iyisimangaliso esiyingqayizivele salesi sifunda njengasekhaya.

Futhi ithangi elikhulu i-Grand Mereya lihamba ngaphesheya kolwandle ngegama lentombazane engu-Ainka, uMerea, owake walinda umatilosi waseDashi, uGeorg, uhlala emncane futhi emuhle njalo. Ngemuva kwamakhulu amathathu eminyaka, lo mhlangano wenzeka: umakhi wepayipi legesi kwakuyinkampani yamaDashi uShell. AbakwaNivkhs bathi isikhathi asinamandla ngaphezu kothando oluqinile.

Imimoya nengokomoya - amagama ezimpandeni ezifanayo

Uthando ngezwe lomdabu luhamba nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Abantu basendulo ngesimo sabo sengqondo esithandekayo, esizwelayo ngemvelo, ingokomoya lemvelo lalisegazini. Njengengxenye yalolu thando.

Umqambi wezidalwa eziphilayo wafundisa amaNivkhs ukuthi angahlukumezi inyamazane, hhayi ukuthi ayithathe ngokungaphezu kwesidingo. Ngenkathi amanye amaNivkhs athola kahle ephula umthetho wokuhlasela, uKurn Somandla udlulisela ulaka ku-Yg-myth. Ulwandle lwafika emhlabeni futhi lwabulala konke okuphilayo.

UMkhandlu wabantu nezilwane owasinda kuZamcolo ezintabeni zaseNabil zaseSakhalin, wenza iCode of Life yokuthi ungazisebenzisa kanjani izipho zawonkulunkulu ngokuhlakanipha. Kufanele kube nguMthetho wabantu esiphila nabo. Ukuze ulondoloze umcebo walesi sihlalo esimangalisayo emaphethelweni olwandle izikhathi ezintsha. Ukuze, njengakuqala, imikhomo empunga ibhukuda iye osebeni lweSakhalin. Futhi kubahlali kwakungekho mbuzo: i-Motherland iqala kuphi? Ukusuka ezweni elihle kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi, lapho, ngaphansi kwemisebe yelanga elincane, abantu bomdabu babuyela ebuntwaneni babo be-rapt:

umnikazi wonxweme lapho baphokophele khona

kusuka kuSuku Lokudalwa

lapho impilo yami - konke - njengenyoni - kuhamba ... (Roman Hye)

EsiFundeni Sakhalin, ukuhamba nezivakashi zasekhaya kuyakhula. Minyaka yonke, abafokazi abaningi ngokwengeziwe bavakashela iSakhalin nama-Russia izikhathi ezi-2. Amathrendi ayaqhubeka anda.

Vuma, uphawu oluhle. Kepha kimi, lokhu kuyiphupho nje kuze kube manje. Ngeshwa, izindleko zohambo olunjalo manje "ziya ngokudlanga." Ibanga elide lenza amathikithi abize. Imizila yohambo ethuthukiswa izinhlangano zasekhaya zokuhamba nayo nayo ayishibhile, kepha angisho lutho ngokuvakasha kwe-copyright. Yingakho iholide elichithwa ekufundweni komhlaba omangalisayo, lihlala kimi liyiphupho nje. Kepha amaphupho kwesinye isikhathi ayagcwaliseka, okungenani ngiyakholelwa kuwo. Izinkanyezi ziphendukele kimi futhi kuzoba nohambo oluya kuleli kona enhle yezwe lethu.

Uma ungazange uthathe isinqumo ngokuqonde eholidini lakho, funda isihloko esithi "Amaholide phesheya noma eRussia: yini engcono ngekhwalithi nentengo?", Mhlawumbe imininingwane enikezwe lapho izokuholela esinqumweni esifanele.

Shiya imibono, wabelane ngendatshana ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, kuhlale kumnandi ukubona ukuthi umsebenzi wami awulona ize.

Isihloko

Igama elithi "Sakhalin" livela egameni lesiManchu soMfula i-Amur - "Sakhalyan-Ulla", okusho ukuthi "Amadwala oMfula Omnyama" - igama elaphrintiwe ebalazweni labizwa ngephutha likaSakhalin, kwathi ezihlelweni ezalandela zamamephu zase zivele ziphrintiwe njengegama lesiqhingi. .

Igama lesiJaphane lesiqhingi - uKarafuto - lisusela enkulumweni ye-Ainu "Kamuikara putoi-mosir", Okusho ukuthi" izwe likankulunkulu womlomo. " Kodwa-ke, eJapan yanamuhla, igama livame ukusetshenziswa. ISachcharin (サ ハ リ ン), okuwukuguqulwa kwamagama kwegama lesiRussia.

Ukukhululeka

Ukukhululeka kwalesi siqhingi kuhlanganiswa nezintaba eziphakathi nendawo, izintaba eziphansi namathafa aphansi. Izindawo ezingaseningizimu nezisenkabeni yesiqhingi zinezindawo zezintaba futhi zakhiwe ngezinhlobo ezimbili zezintaba ezihlangene - iWestern Sakhalin (efinyelela ku-1327 m ukuphakama - i-Onor idolobha) nezintaba zase-East Sakhalin (kufinyelela ku-1609 m ukuphakama - Idolobha laseLopatin), ihlukaniswe yiTym- ende ende. Poronayskaya lowland. Inyakatho yesiqhingi (ngaphandle kweSchmidt Peninsula) iyithafa elinentaba elinomusa.

Ugu lwalesiqhingi lubhalwe kancane, izindwani ezinkulu - i-Aniva neTerpeniya (ebanzi evulekile eningizimu) zitholakala ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu naphakathi nesiqhingi, ngokulandelana. Amaphephelo amabili amakhulu nama-peninsulas amane avele ogwini.

Izifunda eziyi-11 ezilandelayo zihlukaniswa ekuphumeleleni kweSakhalin:

1. I-Schmidt Peninsula (cishe amakhilomitha ayi-1,4,000,000) iyisifunda esinezintaba enyakatho ekude nesiqhingi, kwezinye izindawo ngamabhange agqumayo nemigwaqo emibili ehlanganisiwe - eNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga, indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke idolobha laseTatu Brothers (623 m), elixhunyaniswe eNorth Sakhalin ithafa le-Isthmus of Isthmus, ububanzi balo buqine kakhulu ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-6,
2. INorth Sakhalin Plain (engaba amakhilomitha ayinkulungwane ezingama-28) iyindawo ehamba kancane eningizimu ye-Schmidt Peninsula ene-network enamagatsha anamanzi amaningi, inamanzi angenamuntu futhi izintaba eziphansi, ukusuka kuBaikal Bay ngasenyakatho kuya ekujuleni kwemifula yeNysh neTym eningizimu, iphuzu ngidolobha laseDaahuria (601 m), ugu olusenyakatho-mpumalanga yesiqhingi luphakama njenge-subarea, ebonakala ngamachibi amakhulu (amakhulu kunawo onke - iPiltun, Chayvo, Nyisky, Nabilsky, Lunsky bays), ahlukaniswe nolwandle ngemichilo emincane ye-alluvial , Izindunduma, izindawo eziphansi zasolwandle - kule subarea kanye neshelufu eliseduze loLwandle i-Okhotsk yizinkundla ezinkulu zika-Sakhalin ze-oyela negesi,
3. Izintaba zase West Sakhalin zelule cishe cishe ama-630 km ukusuka e-s. I-Hohe (51 ° 19 'N) enyakatho ukuya eKeneni le-Krillon eningizimu esesiqhingi, ububanzi obujwayelekile bezintaba bungamakhilomitha angama-40-50, ubukhulu obukhulu (ekugcineni kweCape Lamanon) bungamakhilomitha angama-70, ingxenye yama-axial yakhiwa yiKamyshovy (enyakatho ye-Isthmus of Belt ) kanye nobubanzi bomhlanga waseNingizimu,
4. ITym-Poronayskaya lowland itholakala maphakathi nesiqhingi futhi iyindawo enezintaba eziphakemeyo, inwebeka cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-250 ohlangothini oluhlanganayo - ukusuka eTerpeniya Bay eningizimu kuya ekujuleni kwemifula yeTym neNysh enyakatho, ifinyelela kububanzi obukhulu (kufika ku-90 km) emlonyeni umfula iPoronay, ubuncane (km-6 km) - esigodini saseTym River, enyakatho udlulela eNabil Lowland, embozwe ngesembozo esiminyene sediments yaseCenozoic, eyenziwe ngezindawo zokudoba zama-Quaternary: amasanti amatshe, amatshe amatshe amachibi, indawo enkulu eningizimu Ingxenye yesibili ibizwa nge-Lowlands Poronai "tundra"
5. Indawo ephansi yaseSusunai itholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yesiqhingi futhi ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayi-100 ukusuka e-Aniva Bay eningizimu kuya eMfuleni iNaiba enyakatho, indawo ephansi inqunyelwe yizintaba zaseWest Sakhalin entshonalanga, iSusunai Range neKorsakov Plateau empumalanga, kanti indawo ephansi ifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-20 engxenyeni eseningizimu. , enkabeni - 6 km, enyakatho - 10 km, ukuphakama okuphelele enyakatho naseningizimu awudluli kumamitha angama-20 ngaphezu kolwandle, enkabeni, kumanzi weSusuya neBig enjalo imifula, ifinyelela kumamitha angama-60, kungohlobo lwendawo ephansi yangaphakathi kanye imele Ukudangala komoya okudala ukwakheka okukhulu kwezindawo zokuhlala ezise Quaternary phakathi kwamathafa aseSusunai amadolobha aseYuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Aniva, iDolinsk kanye nasekhaya kuze kube yingxenye yabantu besiqhingi,

Amanzi angaphakathi nezwe

Imifula emikhulu yaseSakhalin:

ESakhalin, kukhona amachibi angama-16,120 anendawo ephelele engamakhilomitha ayi-1000. Zonke azinamanzi. Izindawo okuhlushwa kuzo okukhulu kakhulu zingasenyakatho nasempumalanga eseningizimu nesiqhingi. Amachibi amabili amakhulu eSakhalin yiNevskoye enendawo yesibuko esingamakhilomitha angama-178 (isifunda sasePoronaysky, eduze komfula wePoronai) neTunaycha (174 km²) (isifunda saseKorsakovsky, enyakatho neMuravev Lowland), womabili lamachibi angaloluhlobo lwamachibi. AmaLagoon enza ama-20% ogwini lweSakhalin Island. Izakhiwo ezibanzi kakhulu zamachibi, ezihlala ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-200 omgwaqo ogudle ugu, zigxila enyakatho-mpumalanga naseningizimu yesiqhingi.

Okumbiwayo kwendalo

ISakhalin ibonakala ngekhono eliphakeme kakhulu lemithombo yemvelo. Ngaphezu kwezinsizakalo zezinto eziphilayo, ngezinqolobane zazo iSakhalin enye yezindawo zokuqala eziseRussia, lesi siqhingi neshalofini laso sinezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zogesi wamalahle kanye namalahle. Ngokomthamo wezinqolobane ezihloliwe zegesi i-condensate, iSakhalin Oblast ithatha indawo yesi-4 eRussia, igesi - i-7, amalahle - i-12 (iyagula.) Namafutha - indawo ye-13, ngenkathi ngaphakathi esifundeni izinsalela zalezi zimaminerali zisebenza. igxile ngokuphelele kuSakhalin nashelfini lwayo. Phakathi kweminye imithombo yemvelo yesiqhingi kukhona ukhuni, igolide, i-mercury, iplatinamu, i-germanium, chromium, talc, zeolites.

"Incwadi Ebomvu"

Imvelo yesiqhingi, izimbali, nemikrofoni yesiqhingi ifaka izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, izitshalo kanye nesikhunta ezingavikelekile. Izinhlobo eziyi-18 zezilwane ezincelisayo ezibhalisiwe eSakhalin, izinhlobo ezingama-97 zezinyoni (kufaka phakathi izidleke ezingama-50), izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zezinhlanzi, izinhlobo ezingama-20 zama-invertebrates, izinhlobo ezingama-113 zezitshalo ezinemisipha, izinhlobo eziyi-13 zama-bryophytes, izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ze-algae, izinhlobo eziyi-14 zamakhowe nezinhlobo ezingama-20 ze-lichens (i.e. 136 Izinhlobo zezilwane, izinhlobo eziyi-133 zezitshalo kanye nezinhlobo ezingama-34 zamakhowe (ingqikithi yezinhlobo ezingama-303) ezivikelekile, okusho ukuthi zibhalwe kwiBhuku elibomvu lesifunda Sakhalin, ngenkathi cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ifakiwe kwiNcwadi Ebomvu Yombuso WaseRussia.

Ezitsheni eziqhakaza izimbali “ezibomvu ezibomvu”, izimbali zeSakhalin zifaka i-aralia ebunjwe yinhliziyo (I-Aralia cordata), ICalypso ene-bulbous (ICalypso bulbosa), Glen Cardiocrinum (I-Cardiocrinum glehnii), sedge Japanese (Carex japonica) bese uhola impunga (I-Carex livida), Ama-venus slippers real (ICypripedium calceolus) nokugeleza okukhulu (I-cypripedium macranthum), Grey kabiliDiphylleia grayi), fenugreek engenamahlamvu (Epipogium aphyllum), I-kandyk yaseJapan (Erythronium japonicum)Gastrodia elata), xiphoid iris (Iris ensata), aryolanthus (IJuglans ailanthifolia), kalopanaks-blade eziyisikhombisa (Kalopanax septemlobum), i-tiger lily (ILilium lancifolium), I-honeysuckle kaTolmachevI-Lonicera tolmatchevii), i-strider-seed strider (Macropodium pterospermum), iqabunga lonke le-mileakiaki (I-Miyakea integratedifolia) (i-miyakiya kuphela ukuphela kohlobo lwesitshalo semithambo ku-Sakhalin), isidleke siyaqhakaza (I-Neottianthe cucullata), peonies obovate (Paeonia obovata) kanye nentaba (I-Paeonia oreogeton), i-bluegrass rough (I-Poa radula) ne-Wright's viburnum (I-Viburnum wrightii), i.e. izinhlobo ezingama-23. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezitshalo eziyisishiyagalombili "zeBhuku eliBomvu" kulesi siqhingi: izimboni ezimbili zokuzivocavoca - juniper Sargent (Juniperus sargentii) kanye spiky yew (I-Taus cuspidata), izinhlobo ezintathu zefern-like - Midwort Asia (Isoëtes asiatica), Mikel leptorumor (Leptorumohra miqueliana) ne-mecodium kaW Wright (I-Mecodium wrightii), Izinhlobo ezimbili nezinhlobonhlobo zama-mosses - i-brioxifium yaseJapan (Bryoxiphium norvegicum var. japonicum), ENyakatho Necker (Neckera borealis), futhi i-plagiotherium iyisimungulu (I-Plagiothecium etiusissimum) .

Ababusi besiqhingi

Ababusi bezempi

Ukudluliswa kweNorthern Sakhalin kuya e-USSR

Ngemuva kwezingxoxo ezinzima phakathi kwe-USSR neJapan, iSivumelwano saseBeijing sasayinwa ngoJanuwari 20, 1925, okwabuyisela ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe nokwasho ukuthi iSoviet Russia ibamukele. IJapan yenza isithembiso sokudedela insimu eyayihlaselwe enyakatho yeSakhalin kuze kube uMeyi 15.

Ukusebenza kwale nkontileka kunikezwe ikhomishini ebhekelele konke okuholwa yi-ejensi yePeople's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs V. Ya. Aboltin. Kuhlanganisa nabasebenzi be-OGPU, i-People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs kanye ne-Revolutionary Military Council yasenyakatho yeSakhalin. NgoFebhuwari, bafika eKhabarovsk, lapho kusuka khona ngemigilingwane eyishumi, amathathu ayehlome ngemoto enqoleni ukuze abavikele emoyeni, kwathi ekubanjweni kwezinja baya kulesi siqhingi. Onke amalungu ekhomishini abegqoke amakhishi nendawo yokugcina impahla ethengiwe lapho. NgoFebhuwari 28, ikhomishini yasuka eKhabarovsk, kwathi ngoMashi 21 e-Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, lapho kukhona umyalo waseJapan, kwaba nomhlangano wokuqala weqembu lokudluliselwa enyakatho yeSakhalin.

Njengoba amaJapan abona umphumela wezinkulumo zeBeijing njengengalungile, ikhomishini yayilungiselela ukuthi kungahle kuvuswe. Njengoba uV. Ya. Aboltin ekhumbula, ukuthunyelwa kweSoviet kwakudingeka hhayi ukuqina kuphela ekufezeni imiyalelo kahulumeni, kodwa futhi nokuguquguquka kwezimo zezombusazwe. Inhloko yaleli thimba yahlangana amahlandla ayisishiyagalolunye nenxusa laseJapan futhi yakwazi ukwakha ubudlelwano obuhle noma obuncane bokuthula nomyalo waseJapan, owathi ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene nangezindlela ezahlukahlukene wazama ukuvikela insimu eyayihlaselwe. Ngenxa yomsebenzi ohlanganyelwe yikhomishini yaseSoviet kanye nabamele abaseJapan, abahlangane amahlandla ama-6 wezingxoxo, ngoMeyi 1, kwasayinwa isivumelwano sokugcina sokuqothuka kweJapan yeNyakatho Sakhalin.

Ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwendawo yesiqhingi eSoviet Union kwehle emlandweni njengomunye wemisebenzi ebukhali yezobunhloli beSoviet kanye nePeople's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, engaxazulula ngokuthula ukuphikisana futhi ifinyelele ekuhoxisweni okufika ngesikhathi kwamasosha aseJapan.

UVladimir Aboltin wabe esehola ukuphathwa kweSoviet enyakatho yeSakhalin, eyasungula iphephandaba iSovetsky Sakhalin. Ibuye yahlelwa ngu-Aboltin.

Ukuhanjiswa kweningizimu yeSakhalin

Ngenxa yokunqoba kweJapan phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, yonke indawo yeSakhalin Island (kanye nazo zonke iziQhingi zaseKuril) yafakwa eSoviet Union (RSFSR).

I-Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk yasungulwa njengengxenye yoMbuso WaseRussia ngonyaka we-1882 ngaphansi kwegama elithi Vladimirovka. Ngemuva kokunqoba kwe-USSR kanye nababambisene nabo eMpini Yezwe II, kanye nesiqhingi sonke, badlulela e-USSR.

Imali engenayo

NgoJanuwari-Agasti 2009, umholo ojwayelekile eSakhalin Oblast wawungama-ruble angama-31,947. ngenyanga, futhi isilinganiso semali engenayo yanyanga zonke nge-rubita engama-ruble ayi-24,225. (cishe ama- $ 800), okungukuthi, kwakuphawuleka (ngamaphesenti angama-44) ukuphakama kunesilinganiso saseRussia, okwathi ngo-Ephreli-Juni 2009 saba ama-ruble ayi-16,879 ngenyanga. . Uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo sango-2008, iholo langempela esifundeni lenyuke ngo-13.5%, yize amandla alo okuthenga uqobo ehle kancane - ngo-0.5%. Ngokuya mayelana nokusebenzisa kwabathengi (ama-ruble ayi-17,449 / ngenyanga nge-capita e-IV-VI. 2009), isifunda iSakhalin siqala kuqala eRussia Far East nesine kulo lonke elaseRussia (ngemuva kweMoscow, Yamalo-Nenets kanye I-Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okhobo).

Isabelo se-10% sabantu abacebe kunabo bonke esifundeni Sakhalin sibiza ama-33,5% wemali yonke engenayo. Ngakho-ke, iholo eliphakathi leziphathimandla zesifunda eSakhalin engxenyeni yokuqala yango-2009 lalingama-ruble angama-78,887 ngenyanga, futhi ezinhlanganweni zomthetho lalilingana nama-ruble ayizi-122,031 ngenyanga. . Isabelo se-10% sabantu abampofu kakhulu sibala kuphela i-1,6% yemali ephelele yesifundazwe.

Lesi siqhingi sibonakaliswa umehluko oqinile wokuthola imali: IYuzhno-Sakhalinsk nezindawo ezikhiqiza uwoyela ezisenyakatho zihola, kanti nezindawo ezikude ezicindezelekile ngomkhiqizo omile kuma-90s zisemuva kakhulu. Isibonelo, eYuzhno-Sakhalinsk iholo lanyanga zonke lama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10-15. Kubhekwa njengephansi ngokungenanjongo, ngenkathi emadolobheni amancane namadolobhana asogwini olusentshonalanga (ikakhulukazi, ezifundeni zaseTomarinsky, e-Uglegorsky, e-Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalin) lokhu kuyimali enhle kakhulu. Ukuntuleka kwemali engenayo esemthethweni ezindaweni eziningi zesiqhingi kuvame ukunxephezelwa ukwanda kokuzingela - okokuqala, ukuvuna ngokungekho emthethweni kwe-caviar ebomvu.

Umholo ophilayo

Izindleko zokuphila kwekota yokuqala ka-2009 zafinyelela kuma-ruble angama-8094 esifundeni sonke. (cishe ama- $ 270), kufaka phakathi inani labantu abanamandla - ama-ruble angama-8551, kwabahola impesheni - 6 610, ezinganeni - ama-ruble ayi-7655.

Isamba sabantu imali engenayo engaphansi kwezinga lokudla singabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-126,2, noma ama-24,5% wabantu (kwikota yokuqala ka-2008 - abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-110.4, noma ama-21.3%).

Impesheni kanye nezimpesheni

Njengoba izifunda ezimbili ezisenyakatho zeSakhalin - i-Okhinsky neNogliksky - zithathwa njengezifunda zaseNyakatho Ekude, kanti izifunda ezisele zilinganiswa nezifunda zeFar North, isikhathi sokuthatha umhlalaphansi esiqhingini siphansi kakhulu kunengxenye yeRussian Federation, futhi iminyaka engama-50 yabesifazane nengama-55 emadodeni (anama-20- isipiliyoni somsebenzi wasehlobo eSakhalin).

Ngokusho kwesikhwama sempesheni sesifunda saseSakhalin, kusukela ngo-Ephreli 1, 2009, kubhaliswe abawu-157 785 bezimpesheni (cishe u-30% wabantu), kulaba bantu abangama-73,377 abaqhubeka nokusebenza. Isilinganiso esilinganiselwe sezimpesheni, kucatshangelwa izinkokhelo zesinxephezelo, njengokwenombolo efanayo, zaba ngama-ruble angama-6967.8. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esihambisanayo ngonyaka ophelile, usayizi wezimpesheni ngamagama aphelele ukhuphuke ngo-28,6%, ngokweqiniso - ngo-12%. Ngaphandle kwabahola impesheni yabantu abadala, abantu abayi-1529 abaneminyaka yobudala abasebenzayo abanakekela izakhamuzi ezikhubazekile bathola impesheni.

EzokuThutha

Inethiwekhi yomgwaqo wesitimela yomphakathi ihlanganisa iningi lalesi siqhingi (ukuxhumana okude kakhulu ukusuka eYuzhno-Sakhalinsk kuya edolobhaneni laseNogliki), kukhona nesitimela sasolwandle esinqamula ezweni. Ujantshi weSakhalin uyathakazelisa ukuthi, kuze kube unyaka ka-2019, wawusebenza ngegeji elingu-1067 mm, elingajwayelekile eRussia, lashiya eJapan. E-USSR, ngqo kwa-Sakhalin, TG16 kanye ne-TG22 locomotives kwakhiwa futhi kwakhiwa ngochungechunge.

Sebenza ekushintsheni kwethrekhi kufinyelela ku-1520 mm gauge yaseRussia kwenziwe kusukela ngo-2004. Ukuhamba kwabagibeli ngemuva kokuphinde kwakhiwe ithrekhi kwavulwa ngoSepthemba 1, 2019. Ezokuhamba, kusetshenziswa ama-TG16M locomotives kanye namabhasi wesitimela e-RA3.

Ojantshi abangewona omphakathi (umnyango omfishane) benza izinto zokuhamba ezindaweni lapho kungekho khona ujantshi womphakathi. Iningi lazo lahlakazeka, kwaqhubeka isitimela esisheshayo esisesilinganisweni esise-Uglegorsk.

Ngawo-1950s, kwenziwa umzamo wokwakha umhubhe waseSakhalin-mainland, owashiywa ngemuva kokushona kukaStalin.

Kunephrojekthi yomugqa wesitimela ophakathi kweKhabarovsk Territory neSakhalin enqamula eNevsky Strait esizeni seLazarev-Pogibi. Ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho kufanele. Ubude bomgwaqo omkhulu buzoba ngu-540-580 km. Ngokuzayo, kuhlelwe ukuthi kuxhunyaniswe iSakhalin nesiqhingi saseJapan iHokkaido, kepha ngokusho kwesitatimende salowo owayengumphathi weRussia Railways, uVladimir Yakunin, le phrojekthi ivinjezelwa yizinkinga zezombusazwe ezingalungiswanga phakathi kweRussian Federation neJapan. Njengamanje, ukuxhumana phakathi kwezwe kanye neSakhalin kwenziwa ngomkhumbi iVanino-Kholmsk.

Imigwaqo ixhumeka cishe kuyo yonke indawo yesifunda. Izinga lemigwaqo alilihle, i-asphalt pendment isengxenyeni eseningizimu kuphela.

I-Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk ixhumeke emoyeni neMoscow, Novosibirsk, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk neVladivostok, ngamadolobha namadolobhana weSakhalin Region (Okha, Shakhtyorsk, Nogliki, Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Burevestnik (e-Iturup Island), kanye naseJapanoro (Tokyo). IHakodate), iSouth Korea (Seoul) neChina (Harbin, futhi muva nje, iBeijing). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukusuka eYuzhno-Sakhalinsk (isikhungo sesifunda) akukho ukuxhumana okuqondile nendawo yesifunda saseSevero-Kurilsk, futhi kufanele ufike lapho ngendlela yokujikeleza - ngePetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

Amanothi

1. Island I-Lutsky S.L. Sakhalin Island
2. Island Chekhov A.P. Sakhalin Island
3. ↑Inkambu B.P.Amazwe Nabantu BaseMpumalanga / Ngaphansi kokuhlelwa okujwayelekile kwe-Olderogge D. A. .. - M .: Nauka, 1968. - P. 68-85. - 264 k.
4. ↑Yekela - isihloko esivela kwi-Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
5. ↑Sakhalin - isihloko esivela kwi-Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
6. ↑V. S. Labay, I. A. Atamanova, D. S. Zavarzin, I. V. Motylkova, O. N. Mukhametova, V. D. Nikitin.Izidumbu zamanzi zaseSakhalin Island: kusuka kumachibi kuya kumachibi / G.V. Matyushkov. - Isikhungo sesabelomali soMbuso sesiko "iSakhalin Museum Museum of Local Lore". - I-Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Indlu Yokuphrinta Yesifunda Sakhalin, 2014 .-- S. 8, 10, 13. - 208 k. - Amakhophi angama-500. - I-ISBN 978-5-900334-71-4. Kugcinwe ngo-Septhemba 14, 2017 emshinini we-Wayback Machine
7. ↑UPetukhov A.V., Kordyukov A.V., Baranchuk-Chervonny L.N. I-Atlas yezitshalo zemithambo eseduze kweYuzhno-Sakhalinsk // Isingeniso. - I-Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Akon, 2010. - S. 9. - ISBN 978-5-904209-05-6
8. ↑IBarkalov V. Yu., Taran A. A. Uhlu lwezinhlobo zezitshalo zemithambo e Sakhalin Island // Flora nase Fauna ye Sakhalin Island (Mater. International Sakhalin Project). - IVladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. - Ingxenye 1. - S. 39-66. - I-ISBN 5-8044-0467-9
9. ↑ I-Nechaev V.A. Sibutsetelo senyama yezinyoni (Aves) I-Sakhalin Oblast // Encwadini: Izimbali nezilwane zaseSakhalin Island (Izinsizakalo zeProjekthi ye-Sakhalin Yomhlaba jikelele). Ingxenye 2. (ISBN 5-8044-0507-1) - IVladivostok: Dalnauka, 2005. - P. 246-327.
10. Book Incwadi ebomvu ye-Sakhalin Oblast: Izitshalo. - I-Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: I-Sakhalin. Isikhulu Ukushicilela Indlu, 2005 .-- 348 k.
11. ↑ 12Inani labantu baseSakhalin naseKuril Islands lingabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-510.9. 02/03/2010. Izibalo. I-Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Sakhalin. Imininingwane
12. Inani labantu baseRussia Federation ngomasipala kusukela ngomhlaka 1 Januwari 2013. - M: Federal State Statistics Service yeRosstat, 2013. - 528 k. (Ithebula 33. Inani lezigodi zasemadolobheni, omasipala, izindawo zasemadolobheni nezasemakhaya, izindawo zasemadolobheni, izindawo zasemakhaya).(Akuchaziwe) (isixhumanisi esingafinyeleleki). Usuku lokwelashwa ngoDisemba 11, 2019.Kulondolozwe ngomhlaka 13 Meyi, 2019.
13. Inani labantu baseRussia Federation ngomasipala kusukela ngomhlaka 1 Januwari 2016
14. ↑I-M.S. Vysokov.Isahluko 10. Iziqhingi zaseKuril ngekhulu le-XVII (Russian). Umlando weziqhingi zaseKuril. ISakhalin State University.
15. Up Umsebenzi weNyakatho Sakhalin nemvume yaseJapan
16. ↑L. Izinyathelo.Ummeli we-People's Commissar Chicherin. Njengoba ngaphandle kokudutshulwa kube munye kwaqedwa umsebenzi waseNyakatho Sakhalin (Russian). I-Soviet Sakhalin. Ukuphathwa KwesiFunda Sakhalin (Juni 8, 2017). Usuku lokufaka isikhalo ngoSepthemba 16, 2019.
17. ↑ 12Umholo ojwayelekile wanyanga zonke eSakhalin ucishe ube ngama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-32 - iSakhalinstat. 10/27/2009. Izibalo. Sakhalin. Imininingwane
18. ↑ 12Imali engenayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali yabathengi ngenhla ngayinye ngonyaka we-2009(Akuchaziwe) (isixhumanisi esingafinyeleleki). Kulondolozwe ngomhlaka 20 Ephreli 2006.
19. ↑ 12Ingxenye yesine yabantu baseSakhalin ihlala ngaphansi komugqa wobuphofu. 04/23/2009. Izindaba. Sakhalin. Imininingwane
20. Engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka, umholo ojwayelekile wenyanga wezikhulu zesifunda eSakhalin waba ngama-ruble angama-78,887. 08/25/2009. Izibalo. I-Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Sakhalin. Imininingwane
21. ↑ Isilinganiso sempesheni eseSakhalin ngama-ruble angama-6968, kanti isibonelelo sengane singama-ruble angama-274. 04.23.2009. Izibalo. Sakhalin. Imininingwane
22. Akhal UShakin ushintshele kwisiko laseRussia(Akuchaziwe) (Septhemba 1, 2019).
23. ↑ Ojantshi abancane be-Narrow-gauge of the Sakhalin region - S. Bolashenko(Akuchaziwe) (isixhumanisi esingatholakali - indaba ) .
24. ↑ 12I-Yurchak V.A.ISAKHALIN TUNNEL EMBALWINI YEMISEBENZI YOKUTHUTHUKA ERUSSIA // Izinto zokwenziwa kwe-VIII International Student Electronic Science Science Convention(Akuchaziwe) (16.01.201).
25. ↑Alexey Chichkin.I-Russia iphinda iqale kabusha enye iphrojekthi yezokuthutha eSoviet(Akuchaziwe) (isixhumanisi esingafinyeleleki). TPP-Yazisa (Agasti 6, 2012). Usuku lokwelashwa Julayi 8, 2015.Kugcinwe kungomhlaka 9 Julayi 2015.
26. I-Yakunin: ezepolitiki zivimbela ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokuhamba phakathi kweSakhalin neHokkaido(Akuchaziwe) . ISITOLO (Julayi 8, 2015).

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