UMazda ukhulume ngokuxhasa amaphrojekthi amaningana ocwaningo athuthukisa ama-biofuel aluhlaza okotshani. Ngokuzayo, kuhlelwe ukuthi kudedelwe ukukhishwa kwayo okukhulu.

Sebenzela ukudala ugesi omusha wezinjini zokuhlanganisa zangaphakathi ezisuselwa olwandle kwenziwa ngo-University of Hiroshima kanye neTokyo Institute of Technology. Ngesikhathi sokuhlangana, uphethiloli ukhipha kuphela umthamo wekhabhoni dioksijini owawukade udonswa ngaphambili ngumkhathi ngesikhathi sokukhula. Ngenxa yalokhu, uphethroli awuthathi hlangothi ngokuya ngokukhishwa okuyingozi.

Ngokungezelela ebunganini bemvelo, phakathi kwezinzuzo zohlobo olusha lwamafutha, ukuqaphela kwe-algae kuyaphawulwa, okungakhula ezifundeni ezingakulungele ezinye izinhlobo zezolimo. Amanzi amasha awadingeki ekuniseleni kwawo. Amafutha asuselwa kubo ayakwazi ukuguquguquka futhi angabi nobungozi uma kuchithwa.

Inkinga enkulu ye-biofuel entsha evela kulwelwe yizindleko eziphakeme zokukhiqiza ngokuqhathaniswa nophethiloli ojwayelekile nodizili. Uma ingaxazululwa, iMazda ihlela ukusebenzisa uphethiloli omusha kumaphesenti angama-95 ezimoto ngo-2030. Lokhu kuzovumela ukuqhubeka nokukhiqiza izimoto nge-ICE kuze kufike okungenani ama-2040.

Izizukulwane zama-biofuel zemifino

Izinto zokwakha zihlukaniswe izizukulwane.

Izinto ezingemuva isizukulwane sokuqala izitshalo ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamafutha, isitashi, ushukela. Amafutha emifino acutshungulwa abe yi-biodiesel, futhi ama-starches noshukela aguqulwa abe yi-ethanol. Ngokunikezwa ushintsho olungaqondile ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba, izinto ezinjalo ezingavuthiwe zivame ukulimaza kakhulu isimo sezulu kunalezo ezingagwenywa ngokungashisi ugesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhoxa kwayo emakethe kuthinta ngqo intengo yokudla. Cishe wonke ama-biofuel wesimanjemanje akhiqizwa ngezinto zokusetshenziswa zesizukulwane sokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuzala zesizukulwane sesibili kusesigabeni sokuqala sokuthengiswa noma kwinqubo yocwaningo.

Izinsalela zokudla okungezona zokudla ezitshaliwe, utshani nezinkuni ziyabizwa isizukulwane sesibili izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ukuyithola kubiza kakhulu kunaleyo yezitshalo zesizukulwane sokuqala. Izinto ezinjalo zokusetshenziswa ziqukethe i-cellulose ne-lignin. Ingashiswa ngokuqondile (njengoba kwenziwa ngokwesiko ngokhuni), kwenziwe igesi (ethola amagesi avuthayo), futhi icindezelwe. Okubi okukhona esizukulwaneni sesibili sempahla eluhlaza kuthathwa izinsiza zomhlaba kanye nembuyiselo ephansi ngendawo yunithi ngayinye.

Isizukulwane sesithathu izinto zokusetshenziswa - ulwelwe. Azidingi izinsiza zomhlaba, zingaba nenqwaba yama-biomass kanye nesilinganiso esiphakeme sokuzala.

I-Second Generation Biofuels

Ama-biofuel wesizukulwane sesibili - amafutha ahlukahlukene atholakala ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuphamba we-biomass, noma ezinye izinhlobo zamafutha, ngaphezu kwe-methanol, i-ethanol, i-biodiesel ekhiqizwe emithonjeni yezinto zokusetshenziswa "zesizukulwane sesibili".

Imithombo yezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezingamagesi wesizukulwane sesibili ziyizithako ze-ligno-cellulosic ezisele ngemuva kokuba izingcezu zezinto zokwenziwa ezingasebenzi ezifanele ukusetshenziswa embonini yokudla zisuswe. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-biomass ekukhiqizweni kwama-biofuel wesizukulwane sesibili kuhloswe ukunciphisa inani lomhlaba osetshenziselwa ezolimo. Izitshalo - Imithombo yezinto zokusetshenziswa kwesizukulwane sesibili ifaka:

• Ama-algae ayizidalwa ezilula eziguqulwe ukuze zikhule emanzini angcolile noma anosawoti (ziqukethe uwoyela ongaphezulu kwamakhulu amabili kunemithombo yesizukulwane sokuqala, njengow soya),
• Ujinja (isitshalo) - ukhula ngokujikeleza ukolweni nezinye izilimo,
• I-Jatropha curcas noma iJatropha - ekhula enhlabathini eyomile, enokuqukethwe kawoyela okungama-27 kuye kwangama-40% kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane.

I-pyrolysis esheshayo ikuvumela ukuthi ujike i-biomass ibe uketshezi okulula futhi okushibhile ukuthutha, ukulonda nokusebenzisa. Ukusuka kuluketshezi, kungenzeka ukukhiqiza uphethiloli wezimoto, noma uphethiloli wezitshalo zamandla.

Kuma-biofuel wesizukulwane sesibili athengiswa emakethe, adume kakhulu yiBioOil ekhiqizwa yinkampani yaseCanada iDynamotive nenkampani yaseGerman CHOREN Industries GmbH.

Ngokusho kwesikhungo saseJalimane Energy Agency (iDeutsche Energygie-Agentur GmbH) (nobuchwepheshe bamanje), ukukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli we-biomass pyrolysis kungabekela u-20% wezidingo zikagesi zaseJalimane. Ngo-2030, ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, i-biomass pyrolysis inganikeza ama-35% ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto kaphethiloli waseJalimane. Izindleko zokukhiqiza zizoba ngaphansi kwe- € 0,80 ilitha likaphethiloli.

IPyrolysis Network (PyNe), inhlangano yocwaningo ehlanganisa abacwaningi abavela emazweni ayi-15 ase-Europe, e-USA naseCanada, yadalwa.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ewuketshezi ye-coniferous wood pyrolysis nakho kuyathembisa kakhulu. Isibonelo, inhlanganisela ye-70% gum turpentine, 25% methanol ne-5% acetone, okungukuthi, izingxenyana ezomile ze-pine resinous, zingasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo njengokubuyisela uphethiloli we-A-80. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nge-distillation, kusetshenziswa imfucuza ekhiqizweni kwezinkuni: amagatsha, isiphunzi, amagxolo. Ukukhishwa kwezingxenyana zamafutha kuze kufike kumakhilogremu ayi-100 ngethoni yokungcola.

Okwesithathu Generation Biofuels

Ama-biofuel wesizukulwane sesithathu angamandla avela ku-algae.

UMnyango Wezamandla wase-United States kusuka ngo-1978 kuya ku-1996 wafunda ama-algae aphezulu ku-Aquatic Species Program. Abaphenyi baphethe ngokuthi iCalifornia, iHawaii, neNew Mexico zilungele ukwenziwa kwezimboni ze-algae emachibini avulekile. Iminyaka engu-6, i-algae ibilinywa emachibini anendawo eyi-1000 m². I-New Mexico Pond Ibanjwe Kakhulu e-CO₂. Ukukhiqiza bekungaphezu kwama-50 gr. ulwelwe nge-1 m² ngosuku. Amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200 wamachibi angakhiqiza uphethiloli owanele ukusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke kwezi-5% zezimoto zase-US. Amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200 - lokhu kungaphansi kuka-0,1% womhlaba wase-US ofanele ukukhula kwe-algae. Ubuchwepheshe busenezinkinga eziningi. Isibonelo, ama-algae athanda amazinga okushisa aphezulu, isimo sezulu sasogwadule sifanelwe kahle ukukhiqizwa kwawo, kepha umgomo othile wokushisa uyadingeka umahluko wokushisa ebusuku. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, ubuchwepheshe abuzange bungene ekukhiqizeni kwezimboni ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi zika-oyela.

Ngaphezu kokukhula kwe-algae emachibini avulekile, kukhona ubuchwepheshe bokukhula kwe-algae ezindaweni ezincane ze-bioreactors ezitholakala ezitshalweni zamandla. Ukushisa okungcolile kwesitshalo esishisayo samandla kungamboza kuze kufinyelele ku-77% wezidingo zokushisa ezidingekayo ekukhuleni kwe-algae. Lobu buchwepheshe abudingi isimo sezulu esishisayo sasehlane.

Izinhlobo zama-Biofuel

Ama-biofuel ahlukaniswe ama-solid, uketshezi kanye nama-gaseous. I-Solid ngokhuni lwendabuko (imvamisa inesimo sokwenza imfucuza eyenziwe ngokhuni) nama-pellets kaphethiloli (okucindezelwe izinsalela ezincane zokhuni)

Amafutha we-Liquid yi-alcohols (methanol, ethanol, butanol), ama-esters, ama-biodiesel kanye ne-biomass.

Amafutha amagesi - ukuhlanganiswa kwegesi okuhlukahlukene ne-carbon monoxide, i-methane, i-hydrogen etholakala ngokubola okushisayo kwezinto ezingavuthiwe lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo (i-gasization), ngaphandle komoya-mpilo (i-pyrolysis) noma ngokuvutshelwa ngaphansi kwethonya lamagciwane.

I-biofuel eqinile

I-Firewood nguphethiloli odala kakhulu owasetshenziswa isintu. Njengamanje, emhlabeni jikelele wokwenza izinkuni noma i-biomass, amahlathi wamandla akhulile, aqukethe izinhlobo ezikhula ngokushesha (i-poplar, i-eucalyptus, njll). E-Russia, izinkuni ne-biomass ngokuyinhloko ziyisipulpiti, ezingalungele ikhwalithi yokukhiqiza izinkuni.

Ama-granules we-Fuel kanye nama-briquette - imikhiqizo ecindezelwe evela kudoti wezinkuni (sawdust, izinkuni zokhuni, amagxolo, ukhuni oluhle nolungaphansi komhlaba, izinsalela zokugawula izingodo ngenkathi kugawulwa izingodo), utshani, imfucuza yezolimo (ama-sunkser, i-nutshell, umquba, amaconsi enkukhu) nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ama-granules wezinkuni abizwa ngama-pellets, asesimweni samakamelini angama-cylindrical noma ayindilinga anobubanzi obuyi-8-23 mm nobude obungu-10-30 mm. Njengamanje, eRussia ukukhiqizwa kwama-pellets kaphethiloli kanye nama-briquette kunenzuzo yezomnotho kuphela ngamanani amakhulu.

Imithombo yamandla yemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo (ikakhulukazi umquba, njll.) Iyalotshwa, yomiswe futhi ishiswe lapho kuqubuka khona umlilo ezakhiweni zokuhlala nasekuphathisweni kwezikhungo zamandla ezishisayo, ezikhiqiza ugesi oshibhile.

Izinhlobo zemvelaphi yemvelo - ezingafakwanga noma ngesilinganiso esincane sokulungiselela ukushiswa: i-sawdust, izinkuni zokhuni, amagxolo, umkhovu, usisi, utshani, njll.

Amapulangwe ezinkuni - akhiqizwa ngokugaya izinkuni ezinhle noma izinsalela zokuvuna ngesikhathi sokuvuna ngqo endaweni yokusika noma izinkuni zokulungisa imfucuza ekukhiqizweni kusetshenziswa ama-chipper eselula noma kusetshenziswa ama-chipper ama-station (shredders). EYurophu, izinkuni zezinkuni zishiswa ikakhulu ezitshalweni ezinkulu zamandla ezishisayo ezinesisindo esisodwa kuya kumashumi ama-megawatts.

Imvamisa futhi: i-petat petat, imfucuza eqinile kamasipala, njll.

I-Bioethanol

Ukukhiqizwa komhlaba nge-bioethanol ngonyaka ka-2015 kwaba amalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-98,3, kuthi angama-30 kuwo ayeseBrazil kanti angama-56.1 e-United States. I-Ethanol eBrazil ikhiqizwa ngokuyinhloko kusuka kumoba, nase-United States kusuka emmbolweni.

NgoJanuwari 2007, kumyalezo owawuyisa kuCongress, uGeorge W. Bush waphakamisa ukuthi kube no-20 ngo-10 uhlelo. Uhlelo luhlongoza ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngama-20% eminyakeni eyi-10, okuzonciphisa ukusetshenziswa kawoyela ngamaphesenti ayi-10. U-15% kaphethiloli obekumele ubuyiselwe esikhundleni se-biofuel. NgoDisemba 19, 2007, uMongameli wase-US uGeorge W. Bush wasayina umthetho wase-United States Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA ka-2007), nowawufuna ukuthi kukhiqizwe amalitha ayizigidi ezingama-36 e-ethanol ngonyaka ka-2022. Ngaso leso sikhathi, kwakungamelwe kukhiqizwe amalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nantathu evela ku-cellulose - hhayi izinto zokudla ezingavuthiwe. Ukuqaliswa komthetho kubhekane nobunzima obuningi nokubambezeleka, izinhloso ezichaziwe lapho ziphinde zabuyekezwa zaya phansi.

I-Ethanol ingumthombo wamandla omncane “wamandla” kunamandla kaphethiloli, imayela lezimoto ezigijimayo I-E85 (ingxube yama-85% ethanol ne-15% kaphethiloli, incwadi ethi "E" evela kwi-English Ethanol), ngevolumu yenjini ngayinye icishe ibe ngama-75% wemayela lezimoto ezijwayelekile. Izimoto ezijwayelekile azikwazi ukusebenza ku-E85, yize izinjini zokuhlanganisa ngaphakathi zisebenza kahle I-E10 (eminye imithombo ithi ungasebenzisa i-E15). Kwi-ethanol "yangempela" ingasebenza kuphela okuthiwa. "Imishini ye-" Flex-Fuel "(imishini" ye-"---fu-fu" Lezi zimoto zingasebenza futhi kuphethiloli ojwayelekile (isengezo esincanyana se-ethanol sisadingeka) noma kwinhlanganisela engqubuzanayo yomabili. IBrazil ihola phambili ekukhiqizweni nasekusetshenzisweni komoba bioethanol njengophethiloli. Iziteshi zikagesi eBrazil zinikeza ukhetho I-E20 (noma u-E25) ngaphansi kokushayelwa uphethiloli ojwayelekile, noma i-"acool", i-ethanol azeotrope (96% C₂H₅Amanzi we-OH kanye ne-4%, iqoqo le-ethanol eliphakeme alitholakali ngokutholwa okwejwayelekile). Ngokuthatha iqiniso lokuthi i-ethanol ishibhile ukwedlula uphethiloli, ama-ejenti angaqoli aqinisa i-E20 nge-azeotrope, ukuze ukuhlangana kwayo kufinyelele ngasese ku-40%. Ukuguqula umshini ojwayelekile ube yi-flex-fuel kungenzeka, kodwa kungenzeki ngokomnotho.

ICellulose Ethanol Production e-USA

Ngo-2010, i-United States Environmental Protection Agency (i-EPA) yakhipha imininingwane ekwakhiweni kwamalitha ayizigidi eziyi-100 e-cellulose ethanol e-United States, ngokususelwa kwizitatimende ezivela ezinkampanini ezimbili. Amafutha ahlukahlukene futhi Amandla weCello. Zombili lezi zinkampani ziyeke ukusebenza ngawo lowo nyaka ngaphandle kokuqala ukukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli.

Ngo-Ephreli 2012, inkampani Ushukela oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukhiqize amalitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20 zokuqala, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho wawushiya lo msebenzi.

Inkampani I-INEOS Bio Ngo-2012, imemezele ukwethulwa "kokuqala kokukhiqizwa kwe-ethanol ye-cellulose enamalitha ayizigidi eziyi-8 ngonyaka," kodwa i-EPA ayizange ibhale noma yikuphi ukukhiqizwa kwangempela kuyo.

Ngo-2013, i-EPA yathola ukukhiqizwa kwe-zero cellulose ethanol eMelika.

Ngo-2014, izinkampani ezine zamemezela ukuqala kokuhlinzekwa:

• Ama-Quad County Corn processers - Julayi 2014, amalitha ayizigidi ezimbili ngonyaka,
• PHEPHA - Septhemba 2014, amalitha ayizigidi ezingama-25 ngonyaka,
• Abengoa - Okthoba 2014, amalitha ayizigidi ezingama-25 ngonyaka,
• Dupont - Ngo-Okthoba 2015, amalitha ayizigidi ezingama-30 ngonyaka.

Ngokwe-EPA yango-2015, empeleni kwakhiqizwa amalitha ayizigidi ezingama-2,2, okungukuthi, ama-3.6% ezishiwo yizinkampani ezine okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla.

Abengoa ngonyaka ka-2015 umemezele ukuqothuka.

Isenzo se-Energy of Independent Independent and Security, esaphasiswa ngonyaka we-2007 yi-US Congress, sasifuna ukukhiqizwa kwamalitha ayi-3 billion e-US ngonyaka ka-2015. Ngakho-ke, ukukhiqizwa kwangempela kufinyelele ku-0,073% wenhloso emenyezelwe yiCongress, naphezu kokutshalwa kwezimali okuphambili nokusekelwa kombuso.

Abagxeki bathi imizamo engaphumelelanga yokuthengisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-cellulose ethanol e-United States yaqala ngaphezulu kwekhulu leminyaka eyedlule futhi iphindwa cishe njalo eminyakeni engama-20 kuye kwengama-30, futhi kunezibonelo lapho ukukhiqizwa kudlula amalitha ayisigidi ngonyaka. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, emuva ngo-1910, inkampani Utshwala obujwayelekile uthole utshwala emfucweni eyenziwe ngokhuni emabhizinisini amabili anesisindo esingamalitha ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu nezinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa ngosuku. Basebenze iminyaka eminingana.

I-Biomethanol

Ukutshala kwezimboni nokuguqulwa kwe-biotechnological of marine phytoplankton akukafiki esigabeni sokuthengiswa kwezentengiso, kepha kubhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezinethembisayo ekukhiqizweni kwamafutha omoya.

Eminyakeni yama-80s yakuqala, amazwe amaningi ase-Europe ahlangana ngokuyisisekelo kwakhiwa iphrojekthi ehlose ukudala izinhlelo zezimboni zisebenzisa izindawo ezisogwini ezisogwini. Ukuqaliswa kwalomsebenzi kwavinjezelwa ukwehla kwezinga lentengo kawoyela.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-biomass eyinhloko kungenzeka ngokutshala i-phytoplankton ezindaweni zokugcina okwenziwe ogwini lolwandle.

Izinqubo zesekondari yi-methane Fermentation ye-biomass kanye ne-hydroxylation eyalandela ye-methane ukukhiqiza i-methanol.

Izinzuzo ezingaba khona zokusebenzisa i-microscopic algae zingokulandelayo:

• umkhiqizo ophakeme we-phytoplankton (kufika ku-100 t / ha ngonyaka),
• awusetshenziswa umhlabathi ovundile noma amanzi amasha.
• inqubo ayincintisani nokukhiqiza kwezolimo,
• ukusebenza kahle kwale nqubo kufinyelela ku-14 esiteji sokukhiqizwa kwe-methane ne-7 esiteji sokukhiqizwa kwe-methanol.

Ngombono wokukhiqizwa kwamandla, le ndlela yezinto eziphilayo ingaba nezinzuzo ezinkulu kwezomnotho uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokuguqula amandla elanga.

I-Biobutanol

I-Butanol-C₄H₁₀O utshwala butyl. Uketshezi olungenamibala onephunga lesimilo. Isetshenziswa kabanzi njengezinto zamakhemikhali ezikhiqizwayo embonini, futhi ayisetshenziswanga njengamafutha okuhambisa ngezinga lokuhweba. E-United States, kukhiqizwa amalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-1,39 ze-butanol ngonyaka cishe ngemali engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-1,4.

I-Butanol yaqala ukukhiqizwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 isebenzisa amagciwane Clostridia acetobutylicum. Eminyakeni engama-50s, ngenxa yokuwa kwentengo kawoyela, yaqala ukukhiqizwa emikhiqizweni kaphethiloli.

IButanol ayinazindawo ezonakalisayo, ingadluliselwa ngaphezulu kwengqalasizinda ekhona. Ingakwazi, kepha akudingeki, ixubane namafutha endabuko. Amandla we-butanol asondele kumandla kaphethiloli. I-Butanol ingasetjenziswa kumaseli wamalahle nanjengendwangu eluhlaza ekhiqizweni kwe-hydrogen.

Umoba, ubhontshisi, ummbila, ukolweni, umdumbula futhi, ngokuzayo, i-cellulose ingaba yizinto ezingavuthiwe zokukhiqiza i-biobutanol. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-biobutanol athuthukiswe yiDuPont Biofuels. Ama-Associated aseBrithani Foods (ABF), BP naseDuPont akha isitshalo se-biobutanol e-UK ngomthamo wamalitha ayizigidi ezingama-20 ngonyaka ngezinto ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa.

Dimethyl ether

Ingakhiqizwa zombili kusuka kumalahle, igesi yemvelo, kanye ne-biomass.Inani elikhulu le-dimethyl ether likhiqizwa kusuka ku-pulp yedoti nokukhiqizwa kwephepha. Iphuza utshwala ingcindezi ephansi.

I-Dimethyl ether uphethiloli onemvelo ngaphandle kokuqukethwe kwesibabule, okuqukethwe ama-nitrogen oxides kumagesi aqeda kungamaphesenti angama-90% kunaphansi kaphethiloli. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-dimethyl ether akudingi okokuhlunga okukhethekile, kepha kuyadingeka ukuguqula amasistimu wokuhlinzekwa kwamandla (ukufakwa kwemishini yegesi, ukulungisa ukwakheka kwengxube) kanye nokulahlwa kwenjini. Ngaphandle koshintsho, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ezimotweni ezinenjini ye-LPG kokuqukethwe okungu-30% kaphethiloli.

NgoJulayi 2006, i-National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (China) yamukela indinganiso yokusetshenziswa kwe-dimethyl ether njengamafutha. Uhulumeni waseChina uzokweseka ukuthuthukiswa kwe-dimethyl ether njengendlela engenye yokusebenzisa udizili. Eminyakeni engu-5 elandelayo, iChina ihlela ukukhiqiza amathani ayizigidi ezingama-5- 10 we-dimethyl ether ngonyaka.

UMnyango Wezokuxhumana Nezokuxhumana eMoscow walungisa isinqumo sokulungiswa kukahulumeni wedolobha "ekwandisweni kokusetshenziswa kwe-dimethyl ether nezinye izinhlobo zezimoto."

Izimoto ezinenjini ezihamba nge-dimethyl ether zakhiwa ngabakwaKAMAZ, Volvo, Nissan nenkampani yaseChina iSAIC Motor.

I-Biodiesel

I-Biodiesel inguphethiloli obususelwa emafutheni ezilwane, ezitshalo kanye nemvelaphi yama-microbial, kanye nemikhiqizo yokuhlobanisa kwabo. Ukuthola i-biodiesel, kusetshenziswa amafutha emifino noma yezilwane. Izinto eziwugwayi zingadlwengulwa, isoya, isundu, uwoyela kakhukhunathi, noma amanye amanye amafutha aluhlaza, kanye nemfucuza evela embonini yokudla. Kwenziwa ubuchwepheshe kwezobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ama-biodiesel kusuka ku-algae.

Bio uphethiloli

Ososayensi baseRussia abavela eJoint Institute for High Temperature (OIVT) yeRussian Academy of Science kanye neMoscow State University basungule futhi bahlolwa ngempumelelo isitshalo sokuguqula i-microalgae biomass ibe yi-bio-petrol. Uphethroli odalekile oxutshwe nophethiloli ojwayelekile uvivinywe enjini yomlilo yangaphakathi enezitezi ezimbili. Ukuthuthuka okusha kukuvumela ukuthi ucubungule ngokushesha yonke i-biomass of algae, ngaphandle kokomiswa. Phambilini imizamo yokuthola i-bio-petrol kusuka ku-algae ihlinzekelwe isigaba sokumisa, esasinamandla ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla ukufinyelela kwamandla kagesi kaphethiloli. Manje le nkinga isixazululekile. Inqubo ekhula ngokushesha ye-microalgae ikhiqiza kakhulu amandla wokukhanya kwelanga ne-carbon dioksijini ku-biomass ne-oxygen kunezihlahla zomhlaba ezijwayelekile, ngakho-ke ukuthola ama-biofuel kuyathembisa kakhulu.

UMethane

IMethane yenziwa ngemuva kokuhlanzwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokungcola kwegesi okuthiwa yenziweyo yemvelo kusuka kumafutha aqinile anekhabhoni afana namalahle noma izinkuni. Le nqubo exothermic yenzeka emazingeni okushisa angama-300 kuye kwangama-450 ° C kanye nengcindezi ye-1-5 bar lapho kukhona i-catalyst. Emhlabeni sekuvele kunezitshalo eziningana ezithunyelwayo zokukhiqiza i-methane kusuka kudoti lokhuni.

Ukugxekwa

Abagxeki ekuthuthukisweni komkhakha we-biofuel bathi isibalo esikhulayo sama-biofuel siphoqa abalimi ukuthi banciphise indawo ngaphansi kwezilimo zokudla baphinde babasabalalise baphinde basebenzise izitshalo zikagesi. Isibonelo, ekwakhiweni kwe-ethanol kusuka kummbila wokudla, i-bard isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza okuphakelayo kwemfuyo kanye nezinkukhu. Ekhiqizweni kwe-biodiesel kusuka soya noma kudlwengulwe, ikhekhe lisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwezilwane. Okusho ukuthi, ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuel kudala esinye isigaba ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezolimo.

• Ngokusho kwesazi sezomnotho e-University of Minnesota, ngenxa yokuqhuma kwe-biofuel boom, inani labantu abalambile kule planethi lizokwenyuka lifinyelele kubantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,2 ngonyaka ka-2025.
• Inhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo ye-United Nations (i-FAO) embikweni wayo we-2005 ithi ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwe-biofuel kungasiza ekushintshiseni imisebenzi yezolimo neyamahlathi nokwenza ngcono ukuphepha kokudla, kube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni komnotho. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel kuzokwakha amathuba emisebenzi emazweni asathuthuka futhi kunciphise ukuxhomekeka kwamazwe asathuthuka ekuthengisweni kwamafutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuel kuzovumela ukubandakanyeka komhlaba njengamanje ongasetshenziswa. Ukwenza isibonelo, eMozambiki, ezolimo zenziwa ngamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-4,3 amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-63,5 komhlaba ongaba ofanele.
• Ngonyaka we-2007, izitshalo ezingama-110 ze-distillation zase zisebenza e-United States ukukhiqiza i-ethanol kanti ezinye ezingama-73 bezisakhiwa. Ekupheleni kuka-2008, amandla okukhiqiza i-ethanol ase-US afinyelela amalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-11.4 ngonyaka. Enkulumweni yakhe esizweni ngonyaka ka-2008, uGeorge W. Bush wacela ukuthi kuphakanyiswe ukukhiqizwa kwe-bioethanol ngonyaka ka-2017.
• Encwadini i-Commander-in-Chief's Thoughts (03/28 / 2007), uFidel Castro Rus wagxeka uMongameli wase-US uGeorge W. Bush, othi "ngemuva kokuhlangana nabakhiqizi bezimoto ezinkulu baseMelika bazwakalise umbono wakhe wokukhiqiza uphethiloli ekudleni ... Inhloko yombuso yaqhosha ngokuthi iMelika isebenzisa ummbila njengento eluhlaza, sebevele sebengumkhiqizi wokuqala we-ethanol, ”kubhala uCastro. Futhi-ke, ngokusekelwe kwizibalo namaqiniso, wakhombisa ukuthi indlela enjalo izokhulisa izinkinga zokuhlinzekwa kokudla emazweni omhlaba wesithathu, abantu bawo abavame ukubulawa yindlala.
• E-Indonesia naseMalaysia, ingxenye enkulu yehlathi lemvula yanqunywa ukuze kwakhiwe amasimu esundu. Kwenzeka into efanayo naseBorneo naseSumatra. Isizathu kwakuwumjaho wokukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel - uphethiloli njengenye indlela esebenza ngophethiloli (uwoyela odlwenguliwe ongasetshenziswa njengamafutha efomini elimsulwa). Ukusetshenziswa kwezindleko eziphansi kanye namandla aphansi - okudingayo ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha ahlukile kusuka emikhawulweni yama-semi-technical.

Izinketho zokulinganisa

I-Bioenergy ivame ukubonwa njengokuthatha indawo enkulu yamandla wezinto ezingafuneki zamakhabhoni ezingathathi hlangothi. Isibonelo, I-International Energy Agency ibheka i-biioenergy njengomthombo ongaba namandla angaphezu kwama-20% wamandla ayisisekelo ngonyaka ka-2050, umbiko ovela kuNobhala Wezimali we-UNFCCC ulinganisela ukuthi amandla we-bioenergy angatholakala kuma-exajoules angama-800 ngonyaka (i-EJ / ngonyaka), edlula kakhulu amandla wamanje omhlaba. Njengamanje, isintu sisebenzisa amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili zama-biomass ngonyaka (sinciphisa i-biomass etholakala emvelweni yasemhlabeni ngo-23,8%), amandla ayo amakhemikhali yi-230 EJ kuphela. Ngo-2015, i-biofuel yakhiqizwa ngokuqukethwe kwamandla ka-60 EJ, ​​okuyi-10% yesidingo samandla esiyinhloko. Izenzo ezikhona zezolimo nezamahlathi azikhulisi umkhiqizo ophelele we-biomass emhlabeni, zimane zisabalalisa kabusha kusuka ezimisweni zemvelo zemvelo zivumela izidingo zomuntu. Ukwanelisa u-20-50% wesidingo samandla ngenxa ye-biofuel kungasho ukukhuphuka kwenani le-biomass etholwe emazweni ezolimo ngezikhathi ezingama-2-3. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, inani elandayo labantu lizodinga ukuhlinzekwa ngokudla. Okwamanje, izinga lokukhiqizwa kwezolimo njengamanje lithinta amaphesenti angama-75 omhlaba ongenazihibe ogwadule nolweqhwa, okuholela ekucindezelweni okukhulu emvelweni yemvelo nokukhishwa okukhulu kwe-CO₂ . Amandla wokuthola inani elikhulu le-biomass eyengeziwe ngokuzayo kuyinkinga enkulu.

"Ukungathathi hlangothi kweCarbon" kwe-biioenergy

Umqondo "wokungathathi hlangothi" we-biioenergy usabalele, ngokusho ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okuvela ezitshalweni akuholeli ekwengezweni kwe-CO₂ emoyeni. Leli phuzu ligxekwa ososayensi, kepha likhona emibhalweni esemthethweni ye-European Union. Ikakhulu, ifaka umyalo wokukhulisa isabelo se-biioenergy to 20% kanye nama-biofuel ezokuthutha aye ku-10% ngo-2020. Kodwa-ke, kunomzimba okhulayo wobufakazi besayensi obuphika ukungabaza kulokhu thesis. Izitshalo ezikhulayo zokukhiqiza i-biofuel zisho ukuthi umhlaba kufanele ususwe futhi ukhululwe kwezinye izimila ezingakhipha ngokwemvelo ikhabhoni emkhathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigaba eziningi zenqubo yokukhiqiza i-biofuel nazo ziba nomphumela we-CO.₂. Ukusebenza kwamathuluzi, izinto zokuhamba, ukucubungula amakhemikhali ngezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuphazamiseka kwenhlabathi kuhambisana ngokungenakuphikwa ukukhishwa kwe-CO₂ emoyeni. Ibhalansi yokugcina kwezinye izimo ingaba mubi kakhulu kunalokho lapho kuvutha amalangabi. Enye inketho ye-biioenergy ifaka phakathi ukuthola amandla emfucumfucu yezolimo ehlukahlukene, ukusebenza ngamapulangwe, njll. Kusho ukususwa kwalokhu kungcola kusuka emvelweni yemvelo, lapho ngesikhathi semvelo yemicimbi, ikhabhoni okukuyo, njengomthetho, kungadlula emhlabathini lapho inqubo yokubola. Esikhundleni salokho, idedelwa emkhathini lapho ishiswa.

Ukuhlolwa okuhlanganisiwe okusekwe emjikelezweni wobuchwepheshe be-biioenergy teknoloji kunikeza imiphumela ehlukahlukene ngokuya ngokuthi izingqinamba noma izinguquko eziqondile nezingaqondile ngokusetshenziswa komhlaba ziyabhekelwa, kungenzeka ukutholwa kwemikhiqizo ngemikhiqizo (isb. Okuphakelwa kwemfuyo), indima ebamba ukushisa ye-nitrous oxide ekukhiqizweni komanyolo nezinye izinto. Ngokusho kukaFarrell et al. (2006), ukuphuma kwe-biofuel ezitshalweni kungaphansi kuka-13% kunokukhishwa kwegesi okujwayelekile. Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-US Environmental Protection Agency lukhombisa ukuthi "ngeminyaka" yesikhashana engu-30, ama-biodiesel aqhathaniswa namafutha ajwayelekile ahlinzeka ukusuka ekuncishisweni kwama-26% kuye ekukhuphukeni kokuphuma kwe-34% ngokuya ngemibono eyenziwe.

Isikweletu se-Carbon

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-biomass embonini yamandla kagesi kudala enye inkinga yokungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon, okungeyona eyejwayelekile ukuthutha ama-biofuel. Njengomthetho, kulokhu sikhuluma ngokushisa izinkuni. CO₂ kusuka kwezinkuni ezivuthayo ingena ngqo emkhathini ngesikhathi senqubo evuthayo, futhi ukukhishwa kwayo emoyeni kuvela lapho izihlahla ezintsha zikhula amashumi namakhulu eminyaka. Lesi sikhathi se-lag ngokuvamile sibizwa ngokuthi "isikweletu sekhabhoni", kumahlathi aseYurophu sifinyelela eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili. Ngenxa yalokhu, "ukungathathi hlangothi" kwezinkuni njenge-biofuel akunakuqinisekiswa esikhathini esifushane nesiphakathi, okwamanje, imiphumela yokuboniswa kwesimo sezulu ikhombisa isidingo sokwehliswa okusheshayo kokukhishwa kwomoya. Ukusetshenziswa kwezihlahla ezikhula ngokushesha kusetshenziswa umanyolo kanye nezinye izindlela zobuchwepheshe bezolimo bezimboni kuholela ekungenisweni kwamahlathi ngamasimila aqukethe amakhabhoni amancane kunawemvelo yemvelo. Ukusungulwa kwamahlathi anjalo kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukuncipha kwenhlabathi kanye nezinye izinkinga zemvelo ezifanayo nemiphumela yokwanda kokuqothuka kokusanhlamvu.

Imiphumela Yezemvelo

Ngokusho kocwaningo olushicilelwe kule magazini Isayensiukwethula izindleko zokungenisa ze-CO₂ kusuka ezintweni zokubasa, lapho kunganakwa ukuphuma kwe-biofuel, kuzoholela ekwandeni kwesidingo se-biomass, okuzothi ngonyaka ka-2065 kuguqulwe ngokoqobo wonke amahlathi emvelo asele, amamaki kanye nokunye okuningi kokunye kwemvelo kube ngamasimu e-biofuel. Amahlathi manje ase ebhujiswa ngenxa yama-biofuel. Ukwanda kwesidingo sama-pellets kuholela ekwandeni kokuhweba kwamanye amazwe (ngokuyinhloko okunikezwa eYurophu), okusongela amahlathi emhlabeni jikelele. Isibonelo, umkhiqizi kagesi wamaNgisi u-Drax uhlela ukuthola ingxenye yamandla ayo ama-4 GW kuma-biofuels. Lokhu kusho isidingo sokungenisa amathani ayizigidi ezingama-20 ngokhuni ngonyaka, okuphindwe kabili kunalokho okuvunwa e-UK uqobo.

Ukusebenza Kwamandla we-Biofuel

Amandla we-biofuel ukusebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko wamandla kuncike kwinzuzo yayo yamandla, okungukuthi, isilinganiso samandla awatholile asetshenzisiwe osetshenzisiwe. Ibhalansi yamandla we-ethanol ye-cereal ixoxwa kuFarrell et al. (2006). Ababhali baphetha ngokuthi amandla akhishwe kulolu hlobo kaphethiloli aphezulu kakhulu kunokusetshenziswa kwamandla kukhiqizwa kwawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uPimentel noPatrek, bathi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kungamaphesenti angama-29 ukwedlula amandla atholakalayo. Lokhu kungafani kuhlobene kakhulu nokuhlolwa kwendima yemikhiqizo esetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo ethile, okungathi kusetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa okunethemba lokusetshenziswa kwezilwane kanye nokunciphisa isidingo sokukhiqizwa soya.

Umthelela Ekuvikelekeni Kokudla

Ngoba, ngaphandle kweminyaka yokuzama nokutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile, ukukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli kusuka ku-algae akunakususwa ngaphandle kwelabhorethri, i-biofuel idinga ukususwa kwepulazi. Ngokusho kwe-IEA yango-2007, ukukhiqizwa konyaka we-1 EJ kwezokuthutha amandla e-biofuel ngonyaka kudinga amahektha ayi-14 omhlaba wokulima, i.e. 1% kaphethiloli wokuhamba udinga i-1% yomhlaba wezolimo.

Ukusatshalaliswa

Kulinganiselwa yiWorldwatch Institute Ngo-2007, amalitha ama-biofuel ezinkulungwane ezingama-54 akhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke, amelela u-1.5% wokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli uketshezi emhlabeni. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Ethanol kufinyelela amalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-46. I-United States neBrazil bakhiqiza ama-95% e-ethanol yomhlaba.

Ngo-2010, ukukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke kwama-biofuel khemikhali kukhule kwaba amalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-105, okuyi-2.7% yokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli emhlabeni kuthutha imigwaqo. Ngo-2010, kukhiqizwe amalitha ayizigidi ezingama-86 e-ethanol namalitha ayi-19 ezigidi zama-biodiesel. Isabelo seMelika neBrazil ekukhiqizweni kwe-ethanol yomhlaba sehle saya ku-90%.

Ngaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yokusanhlamvu e-USA, okungaphezulu kwengxenye yodlwenguliwe eYurophu, futhi cishe uhhafu womhlanga waseBrazil uyahamba ekukhiqizeni i-biofuel (Bureau et al, 2010).

Ama-biofuel eYurophu

I-European Commission isibekele umgomo wokusebenzisa eminye imithombo yamandla okungenani amaphesenti ayi-10 ezimoto ngo-2020. Kukhona nelitshe lesikhashana lika-5.75% ngonyaka we-2010.

NgoNovemba 2007, kwasungulwa i-Renewable Fuels Agency e-UK ukubhekela ukwethulwa kwezidingo zamandla kagesi ezivuselelekayo. Leli komiti laholwa ngu-Ed Gallaher, owayengumphathi omkhulu kwi-Environmental Agency.

Ukuphikisana ngokusebenza kwama biofuel ngonyaka we-2008 kuholele esifundweni sesibili esiphelele sale nkinga yikhomishini eholwa nguGallagher. Imiphumela engaqondile yokusetshenziswa kwama-biofuel ekukhiqizweni kokudla, ukwahluka kwezilimo ezikhulisiwe, amanani entengo yokudla nendawo yezolimo yahlolwa. Umbiko uphakamise ukuthi kwehliswe amandla okuqala kokwethulwa kwama-biofuel aze abe ngu-0.5% ngonyaka. Inhloso yamaphesenti ama-5 ngale ndlela akufanele ifezeke ngaphambi konyaka wama-2013/2014, eminyakeni emithathu emuva kwalokho obekuhlongoziwe ekuqaleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kufanele kuhambisane nesibopho esiyimfuneko sokuthi izinkampani zisebenzise ubuchwepheshe bamuva obugxile kuphethiloli wesizukulwane sesibili.

Ukuqala ngo-Ephreli 1, 2011, ungathenga injini yedizili entsha eziteshini zikagesi zaseSweden ezingaphezu kuka-300. ISweden yaba izwe lokuqala emhlabeni lapho kungenzeka khona ukukhulisa izimoto nge-eco-diesel, eyenziwe ngesisekelo samafutha ephayini yaseSweden. "Lesi yisibonelo esihle sokuthi singazisebenzisa kanjani izinto eziningi ezibalulekile zamahlathi nokuthi" igolide eliluhlaza "lwethu lungayinikeza kanjani eminye imisebenzi nesimo sezulu esingcono" - UNgqongqoshe Wezolimo Eskil Erlandsson / Eskil Erlandsson.

NgoMashi 8, 2013, indiza yokuqala yezentengiso ye-biology eyalandela yaqedwa. Indiza leyo ibisetshenziswa yi-KLM Boeing 777-200 emzileni i-Amsterdam - New York.

EFinland, uphethiloli wezinkuni uhlinzeka cishe ngama-25% wokusebenzisa amandla futhi ungumthombo wawo oyinhloko, futhi isabelo sawo sihlala sikhula njalo.

Isizinda esikhulu samandla esishisayo emhlabeni njengamanje sakhiwa eBelgium. Amandla we-bee emneneezosebenza kuma -huni wezinkuni.Amandla ayo kagesi azoba ngu-215 MW, kuthi amandla ayo ophethiloli abe ngu-100 MW 107, ozohlinzeka ngogesi emizini engama-450,000.

Biofuel eRussia

Ngokusho kukaRosstat, ngonyaka ka-2010, ukuthengiswa kwezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwaseRussia ngezinto ezakhiwe ezitshalweni (kufaka phakathi utshani, ikhekhe lamafutha, iziqhekeza zokhuni nezinkuni) kwaba ngamathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-2,7. I-Russia ingelinye lamazwe amathathu athumela i-pellets kaphethiloli emakethe yaseYurophu. Cishe yi-20% yama-biofuel akhiqizwa eRussia.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-biogas okungenzeka eRussia kufinyelela kumamiliyoni ayizinkulungwane ezingama-72 m 72 ngonyaka. Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi okungaba khona kusuka kuma-biogas yi-151,200 GW, ukushisa - 169,344 GW.

Ngo-2012-2013, kuhlelwe ukuthi kuthunyelwe izikhungo zamandla ze-biogas ezingaphezu kuka-50 ezifundeni ezingama-27 zaseRussia. Umthamo ofakiwe wesiteshi ngasinye uzosuka ku-350 kW uye ku-10 MW. Inani leziteshi lizodlula i-120 MW. Izindleko eziphelele zamaphrojekthi zizoqhamuka kuma-ruble angama-58,5 kuya kwangama-75.8 billion (ngokuya ngamapharamitha wokuhlola). Ukuqaliswa kwale phrojekthi kwenziwa yiGazEnergoStroy Corporation kanye neBioGazEnergoStroy Corporation.

Ukukhiqizwa komhlaba okulahliwe kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel

Ngokuya ngephuzu lokubuka okuvamile, imiphumela emibi yokusebenzisa i-biofuel ingagwenywa uma izinto eziluhlaza zenzelwe zona emazweni okuthiwa “ashiywe” noma “ashiywe”. Isibonelo, iBritish Royal Society embikweni wayo ifuna izinqumo zezepolitiki eziklanyelwe ukuguqula ukukhiqizwa "emazweni ayincithakalo anezinto eziphilayo eziphansi noma izindawo ezilahliwe." Ocwaningweni olwenziwe yiCampbell et al 2008, amandla we-bioenergy womhlaba ongashiywe kahle angaphansi kwama-8% wezidingo zamandla zamanje ezisebenzisa amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-385-472. Ukukhiqizwa kwalezi zindawo kwamukelwa ngamathani angama-4,3 ngehektha ngalinye ngonyaka, okuyinto ephansi kakhulu kunokuqhathaniswa kwangaphambilini (kuze kufike kumathani ayishumi ngehektha ngalinye ngonyaka). Ukucwaninga kwe-Field et al (2008), ngokusho kwakhe lapho kunamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-386 aleyo ndawo, kungaba yisibonelo sendlela yokuthola ipulazi “elishiywe” lilungele ukukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel. Noma yimuphi umhlaba lapho okulinywe kuwo okulinywe kuwo kusukela ngo-1700 kanti kuwo, ngokwezithombe zesiphuphutheki, ongalinywanga manje, uthathwa ngokuthi “ulahliwe” uma kungekho hlathi noma kuhlalwa kuwo. Ngasikhathi sinye, akukho mzamo owenziwayo wokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezakhamizi zakulezi zindawo amadlelo, ukubutha, ukulima izingadi, njll. Ngenxa yalokho, umlobi wokubuyekezwa kwezifundo eziyishumi nesikhombisa zokubhalwa kwemininingwane yokukhiqiza ye-Goeran Berndes biofuel, “amazwe ngokuvamile bayisisekelo sabantu basemakhaya. ” Iningi lababhali ababhala ekukhiqizweni kwe-biofuel liya ngokwazisa ngomqondo “womhlaba ongasebenzi” futhi kubandakanya nezindawo ezinkulu zamadlelo eLatin America, e-Afrika nase-Asia kulesi sigaba. Kucatshangelwe ngokusobala ukuthi ukushintshwa kokulima okwandayo kulawa mazwe kuyisisekelo sezakhamuzi zawo zamanje, futhi indlela yabo yokuphila yamanje, ethuthukiswe yisipiliyoni sezizukulwane eziningi zokhokho babo, ayinalo ilungelo lokuqhubeka nokubakhona. Leli phuzu ligxekwa abavikeli bendlela yokuphila yendabuko njengokuphazamisa ukuhlukana kwesiko lesintu nokungahloniphi amalungelo emiphakathi yasendaweni. Babuye babalule ukubaluleka kolwazi lwendabuko kanye nemikhuba enika amandla indlela yokuphila esimeme. Ngokwenhlangano i-International Lands Coalition, njengamanje ama-42% abo bonke ukubanjwa komhlaba emhlabeni enzelwe ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuel. Abakhiqizi bayo bavame ukuhlukanisa amakhulukhulu ezigidi zamahektha omhlaba eningizimu neNingizimu Afrika ngokuthi “ashiywe” futhi “ayafinyeleleka ngentuthuko,” benganaki iqiniso lokuthi amakhulu ezigidi zabantu ahlala kulawa mazwe futhi aziphilisa ngawo. Ukulimala kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nakho kuvame ukunakwa. Amathumba ahlanganiswa yiqiniso lokuthi la mazwe avame ukuphathwa ngokuhlanganyela yimiphakathi yasemakhaya, enamalungelo abo asuselwa emibonweni yendabuko yendawo futhi engabhalisiwe ngokusemthethweni. Izinzuzo zabahlali bendawo ekwakhiweni kwemisebenzi zivame ukuthi zingasho lutho ngenxa yokuqina kwemali yezinhlelo ezisetshenzisiwe zokukhiqiza kanye nokuhlanganiswa okungahambi kahle kwemiphakathi yasendaweni kulezi zinhlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intengo yokuqasha kanye nezinga lemivuzo kunqunywa ngebhalansi yamandla ezinhlangano ezibandakanyekile ekuthengiselweni, futhi inzuzo, njengomthetho, iseceleni kwezezimali okwenzeka kwamanye amazwe. IColchester (2011) ikhombisa ukuthi kusetshenziswa amandla okuphoqelelwa ekusebenziseni i-de facto ekukhiqizeni uwoyela wesundu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi ethenjiswa imiphakathi yasendaweni njengesimo sokudluliselwa komhlaba ivame ukuqedwa eminyakeni embalwa nje (iRavanera neGorra 2011). Sekukonke, isimo sokuncika kobunye kwezakhamizi zasemakhaya ekuthengisweni okukhulu asisebenzi kubo. EBrazil, isifiso sabalimi abafudukayo ukuba “bazisebenzele ngaphandle komnini-ndawo” samukelwa njengento esemqoka ekubhujisweni kwamahlathi ase-Amazonia (dos Santos et al 2011).

Izindinganiso

Janawari 1, 2009 eRussia GOST R 52808-2007 “Ubuchwepheshe obungeyona eyendabuko. Energy biowaste. Imigomo nezincazelo. " I-Order No. 424-st ekwazisweni kwaleli zinga ivunyelwe nguRostekhregulirovanie ngoDisemba 27, 2007.

Leli zinga lakhiwa iLaborator of Renewable Energy Source yeJografi yaseMoscow State University. I-MV Lomonosov futhi ibeka imigomo nezincazelo zemiqondo eyisisekelo emkhakheni wama-biofuel, ngokugcizelela amandla omoya noketshezi.

EYurophu, kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2010, kusetshenziswa indinganiso eyodwa yama-biofuel EN-PLUS.

Ukulawulwa kwamazwe omhlaba

Iqiniso elithokozisayo ukuthi iKhomishini yaseYurophu ihlose ukukhuthaza amazwe abambe iqhaza ukuthi adlulisele izimoto ku-biofuel ngenani le-10% leyonke. Ukufeza le nhloso, sekwenziwe imikhandlu ekhethekile namakhomishini futhi basebenza e-Europe, okugqugquzela abanikazi bezimoto ukuthi baphinde bahlinzeke ngezinjini zabo baphinde balawule nekhwalithi yama-biofuel anikezwe izimakethe.

Ukugcina ukulingana kwe-bio kuPlanethi enguMhlaba, amakhomishini aqinisekisa ukuthi inani lezitshalo ezingamakha aluhlaza okhiqizwayo wemikhiqizo liyakhuphuka nokuthi alithathelwa indawo yizitshalo lapho kukhiqizwa khona i-biofuels. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhizinisi akhiqiza i-biofuels kumele njalo athuthukise ubuchwepheshe bawo futhi agxile ekukhiqizeni uphethiloli wesizukulwane sesibili.

Okungokoqobo kwamafutha eRussia nasemhlabeni

Imiphumela yomsebenzi onjalo osebenzayo ibingakapheli isikhathi esizayo. Isibonelo, ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyishumi yekhulu leminyaka, iziteshi zerhasi ezingama-300 bezivele zisebenza eSweden, lapho ungagcwalisa khona ithangi nge-biodiesel enemvelo. Kwenziwa ngamafutha ezihlahla zikaphayini ezidumile ezikhula eSweden.

Futhi entwasahlobo ka-2013, kwenzeka umcimbi owaphenduka umfutho ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza uphethiloli bezindiza. Indiza ethathe izintambo i-biatlel ivele e-Amsterdam. Le Boeing yafika ngokuphepha eNew York, ngaleyo ndlela yabeka isisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwamafutha anemvelo futhi angabizi kakhulu.

IRussia ithatha isikhundla esijabulisayo kule nqubo. Singabakhiqizi bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-biofuel, sithatha indawo yesithathu ekulinganisweni kwabathumela kwamanye amazwe uphethiloli! Kepha ngaphakathi ezweni lethu, sidla uphethiloli ongaphansi kwama-20%, ngenkathi siqhubeka nokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezibizayo.

Izifunda ezingama-27 zaseRussia zaba yizindawo zokuhlola lapho kwakhiwa khona izikhungo zamandla ezinamandla ka-biogas. Le projekthi ibiza cishe ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-76, kepha imali eyongiwe ekusebenzeni kweziteshi idlula lezi zindleko izikhathi eziningi.

Umklomelo Wokukhanyiselwa

Okuthembisa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuselelwa kabusha zibe ngama-biofuel kanye nogesi, kanye nezixazululo zokukhiqizwa kokufakwa kwe-biopolymer. Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto zobuchwepheshe kuvumela ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha, i.e., ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kumjikelezo omusha wokudalwa komkhiqizo (ikakhulukazi, izingxenyana zamaseli kaphethiloli kanye ne-bioplastics).

Amandla wokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe eRussia aphakeme kakhulu. Ukuthuthuka nokwenziwa kwabo kuzoholela esikhathini esiphakathi ukuthi kunciphise ukuthembela komnotho wezwe emithonjeni yamandla, imikhiqizo nobuchwepheshe bangaphandle, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezimakethe ezintsha.

Imiphumela

Ukugqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wezothutho, kwandise ubungani bayo bemvelo kanye nokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo zikagesi.

Ukunciphisa ubulukhuni bokuncintisana phakathi kwezindawo ezihlwanyelwe kwezobuchwepheshe nezithengisa ukudla (ngenxa yokutshalwa kwama-microalgae kuma-phytoreactors, i-vortex ezintantayo ze-aquarium reactors, amadamu okugcina avulekile).

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezifunda ezinezimo ezingezinhle zezomnotho kanye nokwehla kokuncika kwabo emandleni angeniswayo.

Ukuthola amaprotheni, ama-antioxidants, imibala yokudla neminye imikhiqizo ewusizo evela kwi-microalgae.

Izilinganiso zemakethe

Ngo-2030, umkhiqizo we-biofuel wembulunga yonke uzokhuphukela kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-150 ku-uwoyela olinganayo, ngamanani okukhula minyaka yonke ama-7-9%. Isabelo saso sizofinyelela ku-4-6% kaphethiloli ophelele owenziwa ngumkhakha wezokuthutha. Ama-biofuel e-algae angangena esikhundleni samalitha angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-70 wezinto zokubasa ezingapheli ngonyaka. Ngo-2020, imakethe ye-biofuel eRussia ingakhula izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-1.5 - ifinyelela kumaki wamathani ayizigidi ezi-5 ngonyaka. Ithuba okungenzeka libonakaliswe kakhulu lomkhuba: 2025–2035.

Abashayeli Nezithiyo

Izinqubomgomo zezemvelo zamazwe athuthukile ukunciphisa ubukhulu bokungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Isidingo sokutshala imali enkulu ngokwakhiwa kwezitshalo ze-biodiesel, ukulungiswa kwezinqubo zobuchwepheshe.

Ukuxhomekeka kokusebenza kahle kokukhula kwe-microalgae ekujuleni kokukhanya kwelanga (lapho ikhule emanzini avulekile).

Amandla kagesi wezinto eziphilayo

Izinqubo zokusebenzisa nokuhlanza imfucuza zingahlanganiswa nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ebaluleke kakhulu kanye nogesi. Kusetshenziswa amadivaysi akhethekile - amaseli we-microbial fuel (MTE) - kwenzeka ukuthi kukhiqizwe ugesi ngokuphuma kudoti ngqo, kudlule izigaba zokukhiqizwa kwe-biogas kanye nokusebenza kwayo okulandelayo kugesi.

Ama-MTE ayindlela yohlelo lokuphilayo. Ukusebenza kokusebenza kwaso kuncike emsebenzini we-metabolic wama-bacterium adiliza i-organic compounds (imfucuza) futhi adlulise ama-elektroni kwisekethe kagesi esakhelwe ohlelweni olufanayo. Ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwamagciwane anjalo kungatholakala ngokuwangenisa ohlelweni lobuchwepheshe bezitshalo zokwelapha amanzi amdaka aqukethe izinto ezi-organic, ukuwohloka kwazo okuhambisa amandla.

Kunokuthuthuka okusevele okwenziwe elebhu okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-MTE ukukhulisa amabhethri. Njengoba ukukalwa nokwenza kahle kwezixazululo kwezobuchwepheshe kuba lula ukuhlinzeka ngogesi kumabhizinisi amancane. Isibonelo, ama-MTE asebenza kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngamanani ukusuka kumashumi kuye ezinkulungwaneni zamalitha azonikeza amandla okuzimela ezikhungweni zokwelashwa.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo

Ukubikezelwa kwesakhiwo semakethe ye-biofuel yomhlaba: 2022 (%)

Amandla kagesi wezinto eziphilayo

Izinqubo zokusebenzisa nokuhlanza imfucuza zingahlanganiswa nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ebaluleke kakhulu kanye nogesi. Kusetshenziswa amadivaysi akhethekile - amaseli we-microbial fuel (MTE) - kwenzeka ukuthi kukhiqizwe ugesi ngokuphuma kudoti ngqo, kudlule izigaba zokukhiqizwa kwe-biogas kanye nokusebenza kwayo okulandelayo kugesi.

Ama-MTE ayindlela yohlelo lokuphilayo. Ukusebenza kokusebenza kwaso kuncike emsebenzini we-metabolic wama-bacterium adiliza i-organic compounds (imfucuza) futhi adlulise ama-elektroni kwisekethe kagesi esakhelwe ohlelweni olufanayo. Ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwamagciwane anjalo kungatholakala ngokuwangenisa ohlelweni lobuchwepheshe bezitshalo zokwelapha amanzi amdaka aqukethe izinto ezi-organic, ukuwohloka kwazo okuhambisa amandla.

Kunokuthuthuka okusevele okwenziwe elebhu okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-MTE ukukhulisa amabhethri. Ngokukhula nokwenza kahle kwezixazululo kwezobuchwepheshe, kuzokwazi ukuhlinzeka ngogesi kumabhizinisi amancane. Isibonelo, ama-MTE asebenza kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngamanani ukusuka kumashumi kuye ezinkulungwaneni zamalitha azonikeza amandla okuzimela ezikhungweni zokwelashwa.

Imiphumela

Ukwenza ngcono ubungani bemvelo bezinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamabhizinisi, ukunciphisa ukuncika kwabo emithonjeni yangaphandle kagesi, ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nezindleko zokuthola ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha.

Ukwenza ngcono isimo ezindaweni eziphelelwa amandla, kukhulise ukuncintisana kwabo ngokusebenzisa i-MTE.

Amathuba okukhiqizwa okuzimele kukagesi ngezinhloso ezingezona zamandla (ngokwesibonelo, emapulazini amancane).

Izilinganiso zemakethe

I-70% - isabelo semfucuza esizocutshungulwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-biotechnology sizonyuka ngo-2020 eRussia uma siqhathaniswa no-2012. E-European Union, isabelo sikagesi kusuka kuma-biogas sizoba cishe yi-8%. Igama okungenzeka libonakaliswe ngalo mkhuba omkhulu: 2020–2030.

Abashayeli Nezithiyo

Ukwanda kokungcola okuphathekayo kanye nokwanda kwesidingo sikagesi.

Amandla wokusebenza nge-bioreactors njenge-MTE emithonjeni ehlukahlukene yamandla, kufaka phakathi amanzi angcolile.

Izinga elilinganiselwe lokutshala imali elidingekayo ukuhlanganisa i-MTE ezinqubweni zobuchwepheshe, isikhathi sokubuyiselwa isikhathi eside.

Isidingo sokuxhuma ama-bioreactors kumasayithi wokuchitha.

Ukusebenza okuncane okuphansi kwemiklamo yezimboni esebenza njengamanje yokusebenza kwama-bioreactors ohlobo lwe-MTE.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo

Ucwaningo lwezinhlelo ezingama-electrochemical ezincane ngohlobo: 2012 (%)

Ukufakwa kwepholymer ye-Biodegradable

Ubiquity bokupakisha abenziwe ngamakhompiyutha okwenziwa (izikhwama, amafilimu, iziqukathi) kuholela ekwandeni kwenkinga yokungcoliswa kwemvelo. Ingasombululwa ngokushintshwa kokufakwa kwezinto ezifakiwe kusuka kuma-polymers anezinto ezinokuphinda zisetshenziswe kabusha futhi zilungele ukusetshenziswa.

Emazweni athuthukile kakhulu, kuthathwa inkambiso embonini yokufaka yokufuduka kwezinto ezinde kakhulu futhi ezinde (kuze kube yiminyaka engamakhulu amaningana) zokupholisha izinto zokwenziwa (ezinesikhathi sokuphinda zisebenze kabusha izinyanga eziyi-2-3). Umthamo waminyaka yonke wokusetshenziswa kwabo eNtshonalanga Yurophu kuphela ungamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-19, eNyakatho Melika - amathani ayinkulungwane ayi-16. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwizinkomba eziningi, izinto zokufakelwa ze-biopolymer zisasalele ngemuva kwezendabuko zokwenziwa kwendabuko.

Ubuchwepheshe bokwenza izinto ze-biopolymer ezisuselwa ku-polylactic acid kusuka kushukela wezitshalo wezitshalo zikakolweni noshukela we-beet kuvumela ukufakwa okunezimpawu zabathengi eziphakeme: eziguqukayo futhi eziqinile, ezingamelana nomswakama nezinhlanganisela ezinolaka, ezingatholi iphunga, ezinezithiyo eziphakeme zokuvimba futhi ngasikhathi sinye kahle futhi zibola ngokushesha . Ukwenza ngcono ubuchwepheshe kuhloswe ngakho ukwehlisa amandla abo wezinto ezibonakalayo namandla.

Isizukulwane sesibili sama-biofuel

Ubunzima bokukhiqiza bokuthi kudinga izinto eziningi zezitshalo. Futhi ukuyilima, kudingeka amasimu, okuthi, uma ebekwe kahle, kufanele asetshenziselwe izitshalo zokudla ezikhulayo. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe obusha kuhloswe ukukhiqiza ama-biofuel hhayi aqhamuka kuso sonke isitshalo, kodwa emfucumeni evela komunye umkhiqizo. Amapulangwe ezinkuni, utshani ngemuva kokubhula okusanhlamvu, izicubu ezivela kujongilanga, ikhekhe lamafutha kanye nekhekhe lezithelo, kanye nomquba nokunye okuningi - yilokhu okuba yinto eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yesizukulwane sesibili.

Isibonelo esivelele sama-biofuel wesizukulwane sesibili igesi “yokuthuthwa kwendle,” okungukuthi, i-biogas equkethe i-carbon dioxide ne-methane.Ukuze ama-biogas asetshenziswe ezimotweni, kususwe i-carbon dioxide kuwo, ngenxa yalokho, okusalayo kwe-biomethane. Cishe ngendlela efanayo, i-bioethanol ne-biodiesel zitholakala ku-biological mass.

Ungayenza kanjani i-biodiesel

Ukuze ukhiqize i-biodiesel, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa i-viscosity yamafutha zemifino. Ukuze wenze lokhu, i-glycerin iyasuswa kuyo, kuthi utshwala buthulwe emafutheni esikhundleni salokho. Le nqubo idinga ukucwaswa okuningi ukususa amanzi nokungcola okuhlukahlukene. Ukusheshisa inqubo, kufakwa i-catalyst ku-oyili. Utshwala buyangezwa nengxube. Ukuthola i-methyl ether, i-methanol ingezwa emafutheni, kanti ne-ethanol iyengezwa ukuthola i-ethyl ether. I-acid isetshenziswa njenge-catalyst.
Zonke izinto zihlanganiswa, bese kuthatha isikhathi ukukhipha. Ungqimba olungaphezulu lwethangi yi-biodiesel. Ungqimba oluphakathi luyinsipho. Ungqimba olungezansi yi-glycerin. Zonke izingqimba ziya komunye umkhiqizo. Kokubili i-glycerin kanye nesepha kuyizinto ezihlanganayo ezidingekayo emnothweni wezwe. I-Biodiesel idlula ekuhlanzweni okuningi, iyakhanywa, ihlungwe.
Izibalo zalokhu kukhiqizwa zithakazelisa impela: ithani likawoyela elihlanganyela ne-110 kg yotshwala kanye namakhilogremu ayi-12 okubangela imiphumela ngamalitha ayi-1,100 e-biodiesel kanye nama-glycerin angaphezu kuka-150 kg. I-Biodiesel inombala ophuzi we-amber, ufana ne-oyela enhle entsha efakwe usawoti elangeni, i-glycerin emnyama, futhi isivele iba ngama-38 degrees. I-biodiesel yekhwalithi enhle akufanele ibe nokungcola, izinhlayiya noma ukumiswa. Ukulawulwa okuqhubekayo kwekhwalithi lapho usebenzisa i-biodiesel, izihlungi zezezimoto kufanele zihlolwe.

Ukukhiqizwa kweBioethanol

Ukuvutshelwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe ezigcwele ushukela kuyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwe-bioethanol. Le nqubo ifana nokuthola utshwala noma ukukhanya kwelanga njalo. Isitashi sokusanhlamvu siphenduka ushukela, kufakwe imvubelo kuso, bese kutholakala imash. I-ethanol ehlanzekile itholakala ngokuhlukanisa imikhiqizo ye-Fermentation, lokhu kwenzeka ezinsikeni ezikhethekile. Ngemuva kokuhlunga okuningi, ayomile, okungukuthi, amanzi ayakhishwa.

IBioethanol ngaphandle kokungcola kwamanzi ingangezelelwa uphethiloli ojwayelekile. Ukuhlanzeka kwendalo kwe-bioethanol kanye nomthelela wayo omncane emvelweni kuyaziswa kakhulu embonini, ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lentengo le-biofuel elivelayo linengqondo kakhulu.