I-eider ebonakalayo (lat. Somateria fischeri) - Izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingandile ezivela emndenini wamadada. Ubizwa nangokuthi i-Fisher Gaga ukuhlonipha usosayensi wemvelo waseRussia uGrigory Ivanovich Fisher von Waldheim (1771-1853).
Lezi zinyoni zidla osebeni olusenyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia ne-Alaska, kanye naseSt. Lawrence Island. Ebusika, lapho amanzi embozwe yiqhwa, ababukeli baseRussia abababazekayo bayandiza baye eningizimu, lapho kunezigaba ezingenalo iqhwa loLwandle iBering.
Le yidada elikhulu elikhulu elinekhanda elikhulu nomzimba omkhulu. Yize incane kakhulu kunezihlobo zayo eziseduzane ze-eider ejwayelekile ne-comb eider: ubude bomzimba wakhe busuka ku-51 kuya ku-58 cm ngesisindo esilingana ne-1.63 kg.
Ukudonswa kwesibukeli ku-plumage yokuzalela kulula kakhulu ukwahlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo zamadada asenyakatho ngokwephethini elikhuliswe kahle ekhanda: kunezindawo ezinkulu ezibunjiwe eduze kwamehlo, okuthiwa "Izingilazi", ububanzi bayo bufika ku-3 cm. Umbala wayo ufana nezingubo zomshado zokudonswa kwe-eider ejwayelekile - inezinwele ezifanayo ezimhlophe. Kodwa-ke, isifuba sesibukeli sesilisa asisi-pink, kepha simnyama, kanye nesisu ne-hype.
Ehlobo, uyeka ukuba muhle kangako: ikhanda limbozwe izimpaphe ezimpunga ezesabekayo, isifuba siba nsundu, kanti isisu singcolile ngmpunga. Ngisho izingilazi zicishe zihlangane nomthunzi ojwayelekile we-plumage.
Insikazi yalolu hlobo lwamadada ayithandi ukushintsha izingubo. Umbala wakhe ubomvu-nsundu onamabala amancane unyaka wonke. Akufani nhlobo ne-comb, futhi ungayibona ngamagilasi ansundu aphuzi nezinsika ezisesibeni somlomo, lapho kubo bobabili ubulili kuvela njengegabha elibanzi kakhulu kunasemakhaleni, likhuphuka uqhwaku.
Ama-eider Spideracled endiza aya ezindaweni ezakha izidleke ngoMeyi-Juni ngababili. Amadada aseRussia akhetha le ndawo njengemisipha emincane ye-tundra phakathi kwezigodi zemifula yeKolyma ne-Indigirka. Abantu baseMelika bakhetha ugu lwe-Alaska eningizimu yeGulf of Bristol kusuka eCape Barrow. Into esemqoka ukuthi kufanele kube nezindawo eziningi zokubhukuda ezincane, iziteshi zemifula noma imigwaqo emihle esezingeni elifanele lapha.
Insikazi yakha isidleke kwi-tubercle enotshani eyomile, ikhetha indawo enokubuka okuhle. Indlu yedada ingumgodi ongashona onenqwaba yez ukhula. Ngokuphumula kwamahora angama-24, le nyoni ibekela amaqanda ama-4 noma ama-6 kuyo, iwamboze ngokucophelela izimpaphe zayo.
Umama unakekela amachwane wodwa, ngoba ubaba undiza aye molt ngemuva kokuzalela ngisho nangaphambi kokufakwa. Am amaphuphu ansundu-ansundu azalwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-24 futhi cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqunjelwa alandela owesifazana emanzini. Ngaphambi kokuba bafunde ukundiza, wonke umndeni uhlala kude nolwandle olungenayo echibini elincane lamanzi amasha.
Lapha zidla izinambuzane nezibungu zazo, imbewu yotshani, amajikijolo kanye namahlumela ezitshalo. Lapho izingane sezikhulile, zizohamba ziye olwandle kanye nonina ukuze zidle izimbaza kanye nama-crustaceans okokuqala ngqa empilweni yazo, okufanele zingene kuwo ziphansi.
Amakati aqala abe nezinsuku ezineminyaka engama-50-54, kuthi ngoSepthemba andize aye ebusika. Lapha ababukeli bebuthene emihlambi emikhulu, bakha amaqembu amakhulu ezindaweni ezidla ulwandle. Ngokunokwenzeka, zihlala kude nolwandle olwandle oluvulekile emaphethelweni eqhwa.
I-Macaw parrot
Igama lesi Latin: | Somateria mollissima |
Igama lesiNgisi: | Kuyacaciswa |
Umbuso: | Izilwane |
Uhlobo: | Chordate |
Isigaba: | Izinyoni |
Ukuhlonza: | Ama-Anseriformes |
Umndeni: | Idada |
Umusa: | IGag |
Ubude bomzimba: | 50-70 cm |
Ubude bephiko: | 26—32 cm |
I-Wingspan: | 80-110 cm |
IMisa: | 1800-3000 g |
Ukuchazwa kwenyoni
I-Gaga yidada elikhulu elinomzimba omnyama onentamo emifushane, inhloko enkulu nesiqhomo esithe njo, esikhumbuza nge-goose. Ubude bomzimba wenyoni buqhamuka kuma-50 kuye kwangama-70 cm, amaphiko okuyi-80-110 cm, isisindo sisuka ku-1,8 kuya ku-3 kg.
I-plumage ye-eider evamile evamile ngemuva imhlophe ikakhulukazi, ngaphandle kwekhephu elimnyama elimnyama elisesithombeni sekhanda, i-nape eluhlaza kanye nomzzle omnyama. Isifuba sine-tint kokhilimu obuthuntu obukhanyayo. Isisu nezinhlangothi zimnyama, kukhona amabala amhlophe amhlophe ku-undertery. Umbala womobe uyahlukahluka ngokuya ngezinsizakalo: aphuzi-owolintshi, grey-green aluhlaza atholakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uqhwaku lungahlotshiswa ngamaphethini ahlukahlukene.
Umbala we-eider evamile yabesifazane onsundu ngombala onsundu emifudlaneni emnyama, ikakhulukazi ivezwa ngemuva. Uqhwaku luhlaza okomnqumo noma luhlaza okomnqumo, kumnyama kunokweduna.
Ukukhula okuncane kuvame ukufana nowesifazane emapulumeni, kepha kuhluke kumaplamu amnyama anombala owodwa, ahlotshiswe ngemoto emincane. I-tummy ipendwe ngmpunga.
Izici zamandla
Isisekelo sokudla kwe-gaga kukhona ama-mollusks (okumnandi kakhulu ngezinyoni - izimbaza), abazithola kulwandle. Futhi ekudleni kwabo i-gaga ifaka ama-invertebrates asolwandle: ama-crustaceans, ama-echinoderms nabanye. IGaga idla izinhlanzi kuyaqabukela. Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa kwezinsikazi, izinsikazi zingadla ukudla kwezitshalo ezikuthola ogwini (i-algae, amajikijolo, imbewu namaqabunga otshani).
Ama-eider akhipha ukudla kwawo phakathi nosuku, ehlelela phansi olwandle, imvamisa aze afike kumamitha ayi-2 kuya kwayi-4. Kodwa izinyoni zingakwazi ukungena emanzini aze afike kumamitha angama-20 futhi zibe ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingaphezu komzuzu. Umholi womhlambi ugxumela kuqala emanzini, futhi wonke umuntu ulandela isibonelo sakhe.
IGaga iginya ukudla okutholakele kuphelele. "Ukuzingela" kuthatha imizuzu eyi-15 kuya kwengxenye yehora, ngemuva kwalokho izinyoni zithatha uhlobo lekhefu zihambe ziyophumula ogwini. Ngenkathi ebandayo, okhozi longa amandla alo, luzama ukubamba inyamazane enkulu, noma lunqabe ngokuphelele ukudla lapho kubanda ebusika.
Indawo
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwe-eider ebukekayo ingenye yezindawo ezinqunyelwe phakathi kwazo zonke izinyoni ezinamakhaza. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokuzalela le nyoni zitholakala ogwini lwe-Arctic eRussia ngasemifuleni yeKolyma nase-Indigirka, emngceleni omncane we-tundra phakathi kwezigodi zalezi imifula, futhi nase-Yukon delta e-Alaska. Isifunda esentshonalanga kunazo zonke e-Eastern Siberia, lapho kuphawulwa izidleke zezinyoni, kufanele sibhekwe njengeYana Delta, empumalanga kakhulu - iKolyuchinskaya Bay. E-Melika, abantu abangena e-Alaska bahlala ogwini lwe-Alaska kusuka eCape Barrow eningizimu ye-Gulf of Bristol, kanye nesiqhingi saseSt. Lawrence.
Ebusika, amanzi asogwini azo zonke lezi zindawo ambozwe ungqimba olugqinsi lweqhwa, futhi izinyoni, ngokunokwenzeka, ziqhubekela eningizimu ezingxenyeni ezingenawo amaqhwa oLwandle iBering. Izindiza ezihlukene zalezi zinyoni zaqoshwa eCalifornia (1893), eNorway (1933, 1970), esifundeni saseMurmansk (1938), esiqhingini saseVancouver (1962).
Ukuzala
Ukuqala kwesikhathi sokuzalela ngoMeyi-Juni. Amadada andizela ezindaweni ezidlekayo ngababili ababunjiwe. Abazakhi amakoloni, futhi, njengomthetho, badla ngokwehlukana kwezinye i-eider, bahlala amachibi amancanyana asogwini oluphansi. Kwesinye isikhathi, emizimbeni emikhulu yamanzi enogu olugudle izindwani, ngababili abanamakha ngasikhathi sinye basondele komunye nomunye. Indawo yesidleke, imvamisa kwisibhubu esomile esinotshani obonakalayo kahle eduze kwamanzi, ikhethwa ngowesifazane, imvamisa ilandela nowesilisa. Ugaya umgodi ongashoni emgodini noma emhlabathini, uvame ukufaka izigaxa eziningi zokhula kuwo futhi abeke amaqanda angama-4-5 ngokuphumula kweqanda elilodwa ngosuku. Lapho ukwanda kukhula, idada lisibekela amaqanda ngesikhuhlu, lisikhipha esifubeni. Kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nangaphambi kokuba inzalo ivele, imidwayizi eseduze iyoma, futhi amanzi angomakhelwane aqhele kude nesidleke.
Ukuqala kokufakwa ekufukameleni noma ngaphambi kokubeka iqanda lokugcina, ubude besikhathi salo bucishe bube yizinsuku ezingama-24. Ngobumbano ngokuphelele, idada lihlala liqinile - njenge-eider ejwayelekile, ungasondela kulo ulithinte. Imikhaza izalwa kungakapheli amahora ambalwa. Zimbozwe ngompunga onsundu ngaphezulu bese zimhlophe qwa kusuka ezansi, futhi ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqhasha bashiya isidleke balandele insikazi iye emanzini. Ngenkathi amachwane ehluleka ukundiza, umndeni ugcinwa kude nolwandle emzimbeni wamanzi amasha asondele kakhulu esidlekeni. Abesilisa abahlanganyeli ekufukelweni nasothandweni lwenzalo, bese beshiya owesifazana ngokushesha ngemuva kokubeka iqanda lokugcina, kusale ukuncibilika. Imichilo iba namaphiko lapho ineminyaka engu-50-53, emva kwalokho indiza iye olwandle bese isakazeka.
Incazelo yokubonakala kwesibuko
I-eisher kaFisher inkulu impela, ingenye yomndeni omkhulu wamadada. Unekhanda elikhulu, intamo emfushane enkulu noqhwaku olude, olugobekile. Ubude bomzimba bucishe bube ngama-55-60 cm, isisindo sowesilisa ojwayelekile cishe singamakhilogremu elilodwa nesigamu. Udayi wesibukeli esibukwayo ngombala ungafaniswa nowesilisa wesidalwa esivamile - sinombala ofudumele ofanayo okhilimu, indawo enukayo yezinsiba ngaphezulu komsila nasesizalweni sesisu. Kepha ku-eider ejwayelekile, ibele linombala opinki, kepha isibukeli sinebala elimnyama. Isici esiyingqayizivele sezinyoni zalolu hlobo yilezi amabala amakhulu azungeze amehlo, anikeza igama elithi eider. Ama-Drake anezindawo ezimhlophe ezinomngcele omnyama, kanti izintokazi zinezingilazi ezinsundu noma ezimpunga. Okunye okufakiwe ngumlomo omkhulu futhi omkhulu, ophawuleka kubantu bobabili ubulili. Ngasemuva kwekhanda, umbukeli umbukwane unezimpaphe ezinhle eziphakeme ezakha i-mane noma isixha. Umbala wesilisa ukhanya kakhulu - ibunzi nezihlakala, kanye nengxenye engenhla yekhanda, kuluhlaza okotshani, uqhwaku luluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umbala ofanayo ubonakala ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kodwa ehlobo kukhanya okugqokile kulahleka, owesilisa uthola izithunzi ezingwevu ezimpunga. I-eider ekhangayo yabesifazane ayihlukile kakhulu kummeli ojwayelekile wezinhlobo; kunoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka iba nombala onsundu onamabala amancane akhanyayo. Kwezinye izinhlobo, insikazi yalowo obukekayo iyahluka kuphela ezindaweni zayo ezicijile emehlweni.
Ukuzondla nge-gag nokudla isidleke
I-spideracled eider akuyona inyoni yezinyamazane, idla kakhulu kuma-mollusks, lapho kudingeka ukuthi ungene ekujuleni okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-eider ingajabulela ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi ezincane, kepha lokhu akuyona ukudla okuyinhloko kokudla kwayo. Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa, lapho i-eider ichitha isikhathi sayo esiningi ogwini, izinyoni ezinemibala zidla ngentokozo amajikijolo, amahlumela amasha nembewu yotshani. Izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene kanye nezibungu zazo nazo zikhona ekudleni.
I-eider indizela kumasayithi ahlanganayo asevele kumbhangqwana owakhiwe, insikazi ngokwayo ithola indawo yokwakha isidleke. Njengomthetho, lena indawo lapho indawo ezungeze ugu lwamachibi anezindawo ezinamanzi aphansi ibonakala kahle. Izidleke ezihlakazekile ezihlukile kwezinye izinyoni ngisho nezihlobo. Akuvamile, ngababili abambalwa bokubukeka okumangazayo bangahlala ezindaweni ezigudle ugu. Endlini eyomile enotshani, insikazi ikhipha u-moss noma inhlabathi, iklelisa umbhede wesidleke ukhula. E-clutch kuvame amaqanda acishe abe mahlanu, abekwe ngokulandelana izinsuku eziningana. Owesifazane ufihla ngokucophelela inzalo yakhe ngesikhuhla esifudumele esikhishwe epulazini lakhe. Umama wesikhathi esizayo uhlala emaqandeni aqine ngokwanele, uvikela amaphuphu, noma umuntu eza kumuntu osondele kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. I-clutch incubates cishe amasonto angama-3-4, amantshontsho aqandeka wonke, ngokuphumula kwamahora ambalwa. Abesilisa abahlanganyeli ekuqandeni nasekupheni amantshontsho, ngokushesha ngemuva kokubeka iqanda lokugcina bayandiza. Ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokuqunjelwa amachwane, insikazi ibayisa emanzini. Njengomthetho, izinyanga zokuqala ezingama-2-2 amachwane ahlala emizimbeni enamanzi amnandi futhi kuphela lapho esefakelwe ngokuphelele, umama aholele isifutho olwandle, lapho intsha isakazeka kancane kancane.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nombukeli eider
Lapho sifunda okwengeziwe ngezinyoni zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kuphila kwazo okuhlukahluka futhi okumangazayo.
- Iningi lamachwane asesimanjeni sembukwane awasindi ngenxa yezilwane ezidla ezinye ezingekho emcimbini wokudliva izingane ezisencane. Izinyoni zezinyamazane zithola inyamazane yazo ngokuncipha kwesimo samachwane, asatshalaliswa emathangeni aminyene.
- Ukuqoqwa kombukwane we-eider fluff akwenziwa ngokungafani nenyoni ejwayelekile yalolu hlobo. Izingubo zokulala ezithambile nezingafinyeleleki ngokungathandeki futhi zenziwe kusuka ku-fluff ye-eider ejwayelekile, engavikela kumakhaza ngisho naseqandeni elinamandla. I-pooh iqoqwa ezidlekeni lapho kwafuywa khona amachwane - isibalo sabantu abahluphekayo asihlupheki ngale ndlela. Futhi kungumkhiqizo obalulekile wokukhiqizwa kwezingubo zokugibela.
I-Spideracled eider inokubukeka okungajwayelekile, kwesinye isikhathi okubonakala njengokuhlekisayo futhi kube kubi. Kodwa-ke, le nyoni ihlakaniphile impela futhi iyinqayizivele, eyivumele ukuthi ithathe indawo yayo efanelekile phakathi kwezintandokazi ezinhliziyweni zezazi eziningi ze-ornithologists.
I-Mandrill
IMandrill yinkawu enkulu ngokwedlulele, ephawuleka ngokugqamile ngombala wayo okhanyayo. Umbala wama-mandrils ungenye egqamile futhi enemibala egqamile phakathi kwama-primates nezilwane ezincelisayo ngokuvamile. Ama-Bony grooves agijimela ekhaleni apendwe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ikhala libomvu ngokugqamile, futhi ezinhlangothini zobuso nasentshebeni kuqukethe umbala omhlophe, ophuzi, kwesinye isikhathi owolintshi, wezinwele. Umbala wesikhumba kuma-buttocks usuka ebomvu-eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwesinye isikhathi onsomi. Abesifazane banebala eliphakeme kunabesilisa.
I-Axolotl
I-Axolotl iyisidalwa se-amphibian, egama layo - i-Axolotl - ihumusha ngokuthi "inja yamanzi" noma "inyamazane yamanzi", ehambelana nokubukeka kwayo: i-axolotl ibukeka njenge-newt enkulu enamakhanda amakhulu ngamabili amathathu ama-gill angaphandle anamathela ezinhlangothini.
I-Dwarf Marmoset
I-marmoset emfushane ingenye yabamele abancane kakhulu kulo lonke iqembu lezintandokazi. Ubukhulu balezi zinkawu buvela ku-11 kuya ku-15 cm kuphela, bungabali ubude bomsila kusuka ku-17 kuya ku-22 cm. Isisindo semarmony emincane kusuka ku-100 kuye ku-150 g.
Ukusakazeka kwezinyoni
Ama-Eider asakazekile eduze kwe-Arctic, ogwini olushubile nolusenyakatho lweCanada, iYurophu kanye neMpumalanga yeSiberia. Izinyoni zinezinyoni empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, eHudson's Bay, eJames Bay, eLabrador peninsula, iziqhingi zaseNewfoundland, eCornwallis, eSouthampton, eSomerset. Amagagasi ayatholakala nase-Alaska, e-Aleutian Islands naseziqhingini zaseSt Lawrence naseSt. Matthew.
Kuma-izidleke esidlekeni, akhetha iziqhingi ezinamadwala amancane lapho izinyamazane zingahlali khona, ngokwesibonelo, izimpungushe zase-Arctic.
Naphezu kobunzima besimo sezulu esenyakatho, ama-eider akufuduki futhi awahambi ezindaweni zawo ezejwayelekile kuze kube yilapho ulwandle selumbozwe ungqimba, futhi izinyoni zingazitholela ukudla kwazo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ebusika, i-gaga ingahamba iye enyakatho, hhayi eningizimu kuphela. Iningi labantu baseYurophu lihlala phansi.
I-Spectacled noma i-Fisher Gaga (Somateria fischeri)
Inyoni enkulu ngokwanele yomzimba omkhulu, inekhanda elikhulu entanyeni emfushane nomlomo omude ongahlelekile. Ubude bomzimba busuka ku-51 kuya ku-58 cm, isisindo singama-1.5 kg.
Iduna ngombala weplamu lifana nowesilisa we-eider ejwayelekile. Unokhilimu omhlophe ofanayo emuva, i-nuhvoste emnyama nesisu. Kodwa-ke, isifuba salolu hlobo lumnyama, kanti nekhanda lihlotshiswe ngephethini ethandekayo yezindawo ezinkulu. Izindawo ezifanayo, ezisikhumbuza izingilazi, zitholakala ngamehlo enyoni. Ibunzi, umqhele nezihlathi zabesilisa ziluhlaza, uqhwaku luwolintshi. Ehlobo, ikhanda lesisu sowesilisa kuphenduka impunga, nesifuba kube nsundu.
I-plumage yowesifazane ibubomvu-nsundu emifudlaneni emincane unyaka wonke. Ifana kakhulu ne-eider ejwayelekile ne-comb-eider, ungayihlukanisa nge "amaphuzu" wesici.
Ukukhula okuncane kwama-opera kuyafana nokwesifazane, kepha kuthambile futhi kunamachashazi ambalwa.
Uhlobo luhlala ebangeni elincane - ogwini lwe-Arctic lwaseRussia, emngceleni omncane we-tundra phakathi kwezigodi zaseKolyma nezaseIndigirka, kanye naseYukon Delta e-Alaska.
I-Gaga-comb (iSomateria spectabilis)
Ubungako bezinhlobo buncane futhi buncane kune-eider ejwayelekile. Ubude bomzimba wenyoni buqhamuka ku-55 kuye ku-65 cm, amaphiko aqine ngu-85-105 cm, ubunzima besilisa buqhamuka ku-1.5 kuye ku-2,5 kg, ubunzima besifazane busuka ku-1 kuye ku-2 kg.
I-plumage yesilisa iyakhanya. Ingaphezulu lekhanda nangemuva lekhanda lipendiwe ngombala obomvana ngombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izihlathi ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, uqhwaku lubomvu ngokugqamile, ebunzini lihlotshiswe ngophuma owolintshi osesimweni se-crest (ngenxa yokuthi izinhlobo zinalo igama lazo), ezihlanganiswe nemivimbo emnyama.Ingxenye engezansi yentamo kanye nebele kunombala opinki o-pinki, emuva elimhlophe ngaphambili lingena kumnyama namabala amhlophe ezinhlangothini zomzimba. Ehlobo, iduna limdaka onsundu ngezimpaphe ezimhlophe ngemuva kanye nogobongo. Amaphayi anombala ophuzi noma ophuzi onsundu ngombala.
Kwensikazi, i-plumage nayo ixubekile, kepha ibe nsundu; entwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo iyakhanya. Imivimbo emnyama emincane ibonakala ekhanda nasemhlane. Ingxenye engezansi yamaphiko ilula ngomngcele obomvu omfishane eceleni komphambili. Uqhwaku lumnyama, lube mfushane.
Izinyoni ezincane zifana nowesifazane osemdala, ziboshwe ngombala onsundu obuthuntu.
Uhlobo luhanjiswa emgudwini wonke we-Arctic Circle, ngaphandle kogu lwase-Iceland naseNorway. Izinsimbi zempi eider Islands eziqhingini zeziqhingi zaseCanada.
Izinhlobo lezi ziyafuduka, ubusika buye ezingxenyeni ezingenawo iqhwa olwandle ziye ogwini oluseningizimu yeGreenland, Kamchatka, i-Aleutian Islands neNewfoundland.
Izinduna zowesilisa nabesifazane: umehluko omkhulu
I-Gaga ibonakala nge-dimorphism ebizwayo. Abesilisa bazo zonke izinhlobo banombala ogqamile kunabesifazane. Emapalini abo, imibala emsulwa iyahlula: imnyama, imhlophe, iluhlaza. Abesifazane bafana namadada ajwayelekile. Zenziwe zinsundu ngombala. Ziphinde zihlukaniswe ngumlomo omnyama uma kuqhathaniswa nowesilisa. Ukukhula okuncane kuvame ukubukeka njengabesifazane.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngenyoni
- Ngesonto lokuqala lokuphila (phakathi kokubonakala kwamachwane amnyama engena ekukhanyeni kanye nemvelaphi yawo emanzini), ingxenye enkulu yamachwane iba inyamazane yezinyamazane. Ezifundeni ezixakile, izikhova ezimhlophe ne-arctic fox ikakhulukazi zizingela i-eider. Ezindaweni eziseningizimu, bahlaselwa ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe, izimpungushe ezibomvu nezikhova zokhozi.
- Ukuvikela i-eider ejwayelekile, indlu engcwele yezinyoni, iSant Hubert, yahlelwa okokuqala.
- Ukukhanya okufudumele nokufudumele phansi kuyaziwa kabanzi ngokufaka imicamelo nokugqoka, kanye nezingubo ezifudumele zabantu abasenyakatho, abagibela izikebhe nabasebenza ngezinkanyezi. I-Eiderdown ibonakala ngokusebenza okuphansi okufudumele, ukuqina nokuqina, ngenxa yokuthi le fluff iphakeme kune-fluff yezinye izinyoni. Amazwe amaningi asenyakatho abandakanyeka ekuqoqweni nasekuqhutshweni kwe-fluff, kepha i-Iceland ngokwesiko ihola phambili kule ndawo yokudoba. Kakade emakhulwini eminyaka we-XV ne-XVI, abathengi base-Iceland bahweba ngaphesheya kweNgilandi. Ukuvuna le fluff ehilelekile eRussia. Ngakho-ke, ngekhulu le-16, ama-pomor asithenga esiqhingini saseSpitsbergen, futhi ngekhulu le-17, abathengisi baseRussia, phakathi kwezinye izimpahla, bathumela lokho okubizwa nge- “bird fluff” eHolland. I-fluest ye-Nesting ekhula esiswini sowesifazane ihluka ngesakhiwo kusuka ku-fluff kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba wayo. Le fluff yinde, inenamba enkulu yemifantu ebambelela komunye nomunye, ngenxa yokuthi kuvela okuqhamile kwe-eider phansi. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi i-fluff iqoqwa kusuka ezidlekeni futhi ayikaze ikhishwe ezinyoni ezifile. Namuhla e-Iceland kunamakholoni abiyelwe ngokukhethekile eider eider, enzelwe ukukhishwa kwezimboni phansi kwalezi zinyoni, okuwukuthengiswa okuthe xaxa okuthengiswayo.
- Ama-Elender enza imisindo enkulu ngesikhathi sokuzala kuphela, isikhathi esisele sokuba izinyoni zithule. Iduna likhala ngokungazizwa futhi lishicilela “i-aguu-aguu” ende ngesikhathi sokuzala. Izwi lakhe licishe lifane nomsindo wokukhala kokhozi. Izwi lowesifazane lifana nomjondolo futhi lizwakala ngathi "cr cr crr".
Izimpawu zangaphandle ze-eider ekhangayo
I-Spideracle eider inobude bomzimba obubalelwa ku-58 cm, isisindo: kusuka ku-1400 kuya ku-1800 amagremu.
Lincane kunezinye izinhlobo ze-eider, kepha izilinganiso zomzimba ziyefana. I-spideracled eider ibonakala kalula ngombala wekhaphe lamakhanda. Ukugqamisa okusuka kuqhwaku kuya emakhaleni nasezingilazini kuyabonakala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. I-plumage yeduna nowesifazane ihlukile ngombala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbala wesembozo se-feather nawo ubhekana nezinguquko zesikhathi sonyaka.
I-plumage yowesifazane nowesilisa ihlukile
Ngenkathi yokuza komuntu kowesilisa osekhulile, maphakathi umqhele wekhanda kanye nomhlane wekhanda kuluhlaza okomnqumo, izimpaphe ziyagugiswa. Idiski enkulu emhlophe enenhlanganisela emnyama eduze kwamehlo iqukethe izimpaphe ezincane ezilukhuni ezibizwa ngokuthi 'izibuko'. Umphimbo, isifuba esingenhla nesifunda esingenamikhawulo simbozwe ngezimpaphe ezingcolile, ezinde. Izimpaphe zomsila, phezulu nangaphansi emuva zimnyama. Izimpaphe ezivelele zephiko zimhlophe, ziqhathaniswa nezimpaphe ezinkulu ezinamandla nezinye izinsalela zombala omnyama. I-underwings grey - emamatheka, emhlophe axillary.
I-plumage yowesifazane in nsundu - ibomvu ngombala ngemivimbo emibili emikhulu ye-eider futhi izinhlangothi zimnyama.
Ikhanda nengaphambili lentamo kugobile kunokweduna. Izibuko zinombala onsundu, azikhulunywa kancane, kepha zihlala zibonakala ngenxa yokuqhathaniswa kwazo okwakha nebunzi le-brown ne-iris emnyama. Ingaphezulu lamaphiko linsundu omnyama, kusukela phansi umbala onsomi onsomi onsomi ngombala waso.
Ubuningi bendoda endala
Zonke izinyoni ezincane zinombala wezinsiba njengakulezo zesifazane. Kodwa-ke, imivimbo emincane ngaphezulu futhi izibuko azibonakali kahle, noma kunjalo, ziyabonakala.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezibukwayo
Izidleke ezihlakazekile ezihlangene e-tundra ezindaweni ezisogwini nasendaweni engaphakathi ezweni, kuya kumakhilomitha angama-120 ukusuka ogwini. Ehlobo kutholakala emanzini asogwini, amachibi amancanyana, amachibi, imifudlana kanye nemifula ye-tundra. Ebusika kuvela olwandle oluvulekile, kuze kube semngceleni oseningizimu yebanga.
Izidleke ezihlakazekile ze-tundra endaweni yasogwini
Ukusabalala kwe-eider yokubukwa
Isimangalo esibukekayo sifinyelela ogwini lwe-Eastern Siberia; singabonakala kusukela emlonyeni we-Lena kuya eKamchatka. ENyakatho Melika, etholakala ogwini olusenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Alaska kuya eMfuleni iColville. Ukuqothuka kwakhe kusanda kutholwa, ku-ice sheet eliqhubekayo phakathi kweSt Lawrence nesiqhingi saseMathewu eLwandle iBering.
Kubukeke kungabonakali endizeni
Izici zokuziphatha kwe-eider ekhangayo
Imikhuba yokuziphatha yasesibukweni ayifundiswanga kangako, ingaphezu kwenyoni eyimfihlo futhi ethule. Uphila kahle nezihlobo zakhe, kepha ukwakheka kwezikole akuyona into ebaluleke kangako, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo. Ezindaweni ezizaliswayo, umbukeli uzibona njengedada ebusweni bomhlaba. Kodwa-ke, ubukeka kabi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, umgadli wesilisa owenza imisindo wenza umsindo opholile.
I-Sparkacled Gaga eyimfihlo nenyoni ethule
Ukudla okumangazayo okubukekayo
I-Spideracled eider iyinyoni emangazayo. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, isabelo se-eider esimangazayo siqukethe:
- izinambuzane
- ama-mollusks
- crustaceans
- izitshalo zamanzi.
Ehlobo, futhi idla izitshalo zomhlaba, amajikijolo, imbewu, iphinda iphinde idle ukudla kwama-arachnids. I-spideracled eider ayiveli kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ithola ukudla kungaphezulu kwamanzi. Ebusika, likhipha ama-mollus olwandle oluvulekile, oluyifuna ekujuleni okukhulu. Izinyoni ezincane zidla izibungu zezimpukane zekaddis.
Izinhlobo ezintsha ze-eider ezinhle kakhulu
Isibalo sabafokazi ababukekayo
Inani lomhlaba wonke we-eider elikhangayo lilinganiswa kubantu abangama-330,000-390000. Yize bezamile ukuvimba ukuncipha kwezinyoni ngokuzalanisa i-eider ekuthunjweni, lokho kuhlolwa akuzange kulethe imiphumela ekhethekile. Ukwehla okufanayo kwenani lababukeli ababukeli kwaphawulwa eRussia. Ekamu ebusika ngo-1995, kwabalwa abangu-155,000.
Isibalo sabafokazi ababukekayo eRussia muva nje silinganiselwa ku-100,000 kuya ku-10,000 amabhulukwe okuzalela kanye nabantu abangama-50 000 kuye ku-10,000, yize kunesilinganiso sokungaqiniseki kulezi zibalo. Izibalo ezenziwa eNyakatho Alaska ngonyaka we-1993-1995 zikhombisa ukuba khona kwezinyoni ezingama-7000-10000, ngaphandle kwezimpawu zokwehla.
Inyoni ebukekayo eider omnivorous
Ucwaningo lwamuva nje luthole ukugxila okukhulu kwe-eider ebabazekayo eLwandle iBering eningizimu yeSt. Lawrence Island. Okungenani ubuncane bezinyoni ezingama-333,000 ebusika kulezi zindawo emihlambi yezinhlobo olulodwa eqhweni lepakethe loLwandle iBering.
Isimo sokulondolozwa seiderider esimangazayo
I-Spideracled eider iyinyoni engavamile, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yendawo yayo encane yokusatshalaliswa. Esikhathini esedlule, lolu hlobo lwaqopha ukwehla kwamanani. Esikhathini esedlule, i-Eskimos yayizingela umbukwane, ibheka inyama yayo njengemnandi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakusetshenziswa igobolondo lesikhumba eliqinile negobolondo ngezinhloso zokuhlobisa. Enye inzuzo ye-umbukeli eider, edonsela ukunaka abantu yisikimu sombala esingajwayelekile sombala wethamo lenyoni.
Amanqamu Eider Ebonakalayo
Ukuze ugweme ukwehla, kwenziwa imizamo yokuzalela izinyoni ezithunjiwe, kepha lokhu kwabonakala kunzima ezimweni zehlobo elifushane nelinamandla le-Arctic. Abahlaseli ababukekile bagqunywa ekudingisweni okokuqala ngo-1976. Inkinga enkulu yokusinda kwezinyoni emvelweni yindawo ngqo yezindawo zokudlela izidleke. Kubalulekile ukuthola nokuyilungisa, ngoba indawo yokuhlala kwale nyoni ingabhujiswa ngengozi, ikakhulukazi uma isidleke sombukeli sisendaweni enomkhawulo.
Ukuze kulondolozwe i-eider engavamile ngonyaka we-2000, i-United States yabeka izindawo ezibucayi ezingama-62.386 km2 lapho umgwaqo obukekayo wabonwa khona.
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