Umthamo omkhulu wamanzi amasha uhlanganiswe esembozweni seqhwa namaqhwa, futhi yingxenye encane yawo kuphela esatshalaliswa emizimbeni yamanzi entsha. Futhi leli nani lingakwanela izidingo zabo bonke abantu, uma kungenjalo ngokungcoliswa okukhulu kwezilwandle.
Inqubekela phambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe yaleli khulu lamashumi amabili kuholele ekungcoleni okusebenzayo kwamabheshi amanzi, isilinganiso sawo sikhula minyaka yonke.
Zonke izinto ezingcolisayo zihlukaniswe ngokwezigaba ezintathu izinhlobo:
Kwande kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali njengezibulala-zinambuzane, izinsimbi ezisindayo, imikhiqizo kawoyela nophethiloli, izakhi zokwenziwa ezahlukahlukene. Ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali yikhona okuvame kakhulu futhi okuphikelelayo, okunomphumela onamandla ku-hydrosphere. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuzihlanza ngokuphelele kwamanzi emvelo okunalolu hlobo lokungcola akunakwenzeka.
U-fig. 1. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi yimikhiqizo kawoyela
To ukungcola kwemvelo izifo ezahlukahlukene. Ukungcoliswa kwegciwane kuncishiswa ekusakazekeni kwesikhunta, i-protozoa, amagciwane we-pathogenic, futhi kungokwesikhashana.
Phezu kwezinhlobo eziphambili zokungcoliswa komhlaba, ama-hydrospheres nawo akhipha ukuvimba kwamanzi ngezinsalela zokufakelwa kwezinkuni, imfucuza yasendlini neyezimboni, ebhebhethekisa kakhulu isimo samanzi, icasule ukulingana okuntekenteke kwemvelo.
U-fig. 2. Imfucuza yasendlini emanzini emvelo
Imiphumela yokungcola kwe-hydrosphere
Imithombo yamanzi ingcebo yemvelo edala zonke izimo zempilo enhle emhlabeni. Kepha nokunikezwa kwabo okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu, isintu sikwazile ukuletha isimo esibucayi. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi impilo izokuba yimbi kangakanani emhlabeni uma kungcoliswa umhlaba we-hydrosphere.
Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ukungcoliswa kwamanzi olwandle kuholela kwizinguquko ezinkulu kuphiramidi lokudla, ukulahleka okuphelele kokuxhuma kwezimpawu ku-biocenosis, ukonakala kwempilo yempilo nokufa kwenani elikhulu labamele isitshalo nezilwane zomhlaba.
Usongo olukhethekile kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikule planethi ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kwe-hydrosphere. Imfucumfucu ye-radioactive yibhomu lesikhathi sangempela, elingangena ukusebenza nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, lisula zonke izinto eziphilayo ebusweni bomhlaba.
Ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kokugcina kwemithombo yamanzi, zonke izinhlobo zokukhiqiza zidinga ukwethula ubuchwepheshe obusha, ikakhulukazi, imijikelezo yokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi evaliwe. Ngenxa yabo, amanzi angcolile awaphonswa emithonjeni yemvelo, kodwa ayelashwa futhi asetshenziswe kaningi kunqubo yezinqubo zokukhiqiza.
U-fig. 3. Uhlelo lokwelashwa kwamanzi
Ukungcoliswa komhlaba
I-Hydrosphere ihlanganisa wonke amanzi amahhala angahamba ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla elanga namandla adonsela phansi. Lawa ngamanzi olwandle, izilwandle, amachibi, iqhwa, ngaphansi komhlaba, umfula, umfula, umkhathi (ngesimo somusi, inkungu).
Njengoba kuphawuliwe eSigabeni 2.2.3, kukhona cishe amakhilomitha ayi-1,4 wamanzi kasawoti eMhlabeni (97%). Indawo engaphezulu iyizigidi ezingama-361 km 2. Emhlabeni kungafinyelela ezigidini ezingama-40 (3%) amanzi amasha ahlanzekile. Ngendlela yokugeleza kabusha kwemifula yomhlaba evuselelwa minyaka yonke, umthamo wamanzi ahlanzekile adingeka kakhulu ezinto eziphilayo awabalelwa ezigidini ezingama-0,4 km, noma cishe u-0,1% wevolumu yayo.
Izinhlobo zokungcola kwe-hydrosphere
Hlukanisa ukungcola kwe-hydrosphere ngemvelo: amaminerali (cishe ama-42%), i-organic (cishe i-58%), i-biological (bacteria), ngento: izimboni, ikhaya, fecal, nge-solubility: ayincibilikili, ayinyibiliki, njll.
Ukungcoliswa kwamaminerali kufaka isihlabathi, udaka, i-slag, usawoti, ama-alkali, uwoyela wamaminerali, njll., Okuqukethwe amanzi amdaka ezimboni zensimbi nezobunjiniyela, imfucuza evela ezimbonini zamafutha nasekusebenzeni.
Okungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo ngemvelaphi kuhlukaniswe phakathi imifino: utshani, izitshalo nezinsalela zokudla, iphepha, imikhiqizo kawoyela, izilwane: Ukungcoliswa kwamapulazi emfuyo, ukwabiwa kwezilwane, izinkomo ezibalekile, amasudi omzimba, ama-biofactories.
Imithombo yokungcoliswa kwe-hydrosphere -iyinto noma into eyethula ukungcola, ama-microorganisms noma ukushisa emanzini. Angamanzi asemkhathini futhi ancibilikayo emadolobheni, amanzi amdaka asekhaya nawezimboni, ukufuya kwemfuyo namanzi aphansi komhlaba angcoliswe ngumanyolo kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Cishe ayizigidi ezingama-30 zamamitha amanzi angafakwanga adonswa emzimbeni wamanzi minyaka yonke. Imbangela enkulu yokungcoliswa kwamanzi olwandle ukungchitheka kawoyela. Ukungcoliswa kwezinhlelo zamanzi kuyingozi kakhulu kunokungcoliswa komkhathi, ngoba izinqubo zokuhlanza amanzi zihamba kancane.
Ukungcoliswa kwemifula nezidumbu zamanzi. Bangcoliswa amanzi amdaka avela kumabhizinisi wezimboni nawomasipala, amanzi ezimayini, izimayini, amasimu kawoyela, ukungcola komoya wasemkhathini, ukulahlwa kwezinto zokuhamba, imikhiqizo yezolimo kanye nokufakwa kwezilimo zezimboni, imfucumfucu yezimboni, imfucuza yezinkuni ngesikhathi sokuvuna kanye nokugawulwa kwezinkuni. Okuqukethwe kungafaka: ama-survivants, okokuhlanza okwenziwe ngemithi, isibulala-zinambuzane nezinye izinto ezihlanganiswa ngamakhemikhali, imithambeka ye-fecal, njll.
Ezindaweni eziningi ezinabantu abaningi, kakhulu imifula ingcolile. Amanzi emifula enjalo awadakiwe kuphela, kepha awukwazi ukubhukuda kuwo. INayile ingumfula wasendulo wesintu, ngoba unyaka uthola cishe amamiliyoni ayi-100 e-3 yemfucumfucu enobuthi nokukhuculwa kwendle. ENdiya, kusukela ngo-1940 kuya ku-1950, izifo ezibangelwa yi-fecal ezivela emanzini angcolisiwe kwaholela ekufeni kwabantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezingama-27. I-Rhine isiphenduke umgede we-Europe. Isidlakudla esisodwa kuphela, iBayor, esidonsela kuyo amathani afinyelela kuma-3,000 ezinto ezinobuthi minyaka yonke. Ku-Main, ama-plums anobuthi ngenani elingaphezu kwamathani angama-800 anikezwa nguFarbercht Hoechst. Cishe ama-25 km 3 / ngonyaka wamanzi amdaka angena emfuleni omkhulu kunabo bonke eYurophu iRussia, iVolga, enamanzi ahamba eduze kwaseVolgograd ngo-240 km 3 / ngonyaka. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi amdaka kungaphansi kuka-1/10, kanti ngamazinga kufanele kube kusuka ku-1/20 kuya ku-1/30.
Amachibi ayafa. Isibonelo salokhu yi-Aral Sea-lake, efayo ngenxa yokwehla kwezinga lamanzi maqondana nokwakhiwa komsele weKarakum kanye nokwanda kokugeleza kwamanzi emifuleni ye-Amu Darya neSyr Darya yokunisela. Elinye iLake Lakes of America - iLake Erie - liphenduka libe yichibi lamanzi okugcwala indle, lapho izinkulungwane eziyisithupha zamamitha okuhambisa indle kuze kube yizigidi ezingama-40 m kokukhishwa kwezimboni ngonyaka. Igcotshwe ikakhulukazi yimithombo yamaphampu we-pulp, iLake Ladoga kanye nelichibi elihlanzekile kunazo zonke emhlabeni - iChibi iBaikal.
Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angcolile futhi ancishisiwe. Ngisho nezinguzunga zeqhwa zingcoliswa imvula. Eqhweni laseGreenland, okuqukethwe okuholayo ngo-1969 kuqhathaniswa no-1953 kukhuphuke ngezikhathi ezingama-20 futhi kweqe izinga lemvelo leqhwa elihlanzekile ngezikhathi ezingama-500.
Ukungcoliswa kwezilwandle. Kwenzeka: njengomphumela wemisebenzi yezimboni, yezolimo neyasendlini, okuholela ekungcolisweni kwemifula egeleza olwandle, ngenxa yokulahla imfucuza kanye nokungcola okungcolile olwandle, ngenxa yokuchitheka kawoyela kusuka kumathangi ngesikhathi sokuwa kwawo. Okunye kokukhishwa kumanyolo okuhlanganisa izingxenye zasogwini lolwandle nezilwandle, kudala inqwaba ye-phytoplankton, ukukhula komhubhe oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kugcwalisa ngezindawo ezinkulu zamanzi nokufa kwezinye izinto eziphilayo zolwandle. Manje sekufinyelele ezingeni lokuthi ulwandle, ngaphandle kwemisebenzi ebalulekile yokubhukha yokuzihlanza, alusakwazi ukubuyisela izimfanelo zalo zemvelo uma lungasizwanga. Okokuqala, lokhu kusebenza emanzini angaphakathi ezweni: iCaspian, iMedithera, iBaltic, ebomvu, i-Aral kanye nolunye ulwandle. Ngokusho kwesiphetho sikaJ.I. ICousteau, ngaphandle kwezinyathelo eziphuthumayo zokubuyisa amanzi oLwandle iMedithera, izokufa ngeminyaka engama-40 kuphela.
Esikhundleni sokuqala phakathi kokungcola kolwandle ngamafutha. Ngakho-ke, ingozi eyenzeke emthonjeni oseduze kwaseSanta Barbara eCalifornia ngo-1969 yayihambisana nokuchitheka kosuku olwandle okungaba amalitha ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu kawoyela. Ingozi yesuphamakethe "iTorri Carion" empumalanga eseningizimu yeNgilandi iholele ekungcolisweni kolwandle ngamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-17 kawoyela. Futhi lezi zibonelo zingakhonjelwa isikhathi eside. Ngenxa yokuchitheka kawoyela, ukukhiqizwa okuyinhloko kolwandle eminyakeni engama-25 edlule kwehle ngo-15-25%. Okunye ukungcola kwamanzi olwandle ama-pesticides, imfucuza evela ezimboni zensimbi nezamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi lezo eziqukethe izinsimbi ezintathu ezisindayo: i-zebus, ithusi nomthofu. Ngakho-ke, cishe amathani ezinkulungwane eziyisi-5 we-zebhuloni akhishwa endaweni yasemanzini minyaka yonke.
Umphumela wokungcoliswa kwe-hydrosphere ezitshalweni, izilwane kanye nakubantu
Imvula ye-asidi ezikhiqizwa yimikhiqizo yokukhanya kwamalahle emvelo nemikhiqizo kawoyela, zonakalisa izimila, futhi zibhebhethekisa izinga lamanzi aphansi komhlaba. Ukunyuka kwamarekhodi kwe-acidity ku-pH 2.4 kuqoshwe edolobheni laseScotland iPitlochry. Enyakatho yeScandinavia, kwakhiwa amachibi e-acid. E-Austria ngonyaka we-1983, amahektare amahlathi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200 athinteka. Ukufa kwehlathi kuholela ekuguguleni kwamathambeka ezintaba, kwandise ingozi yokuqubuka nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Amahlathi aphenduka udaka olunamatshe.
Ukusuka ekuphanjukisweni kwamanzi angalungiswa kube yimizimba yamanzi, izinhlanzi nezitshalo zasemanzini ziyafa. Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwamanzi ngumuntu oqukethe ukugxila kokungcola okulimazayo kaningana ephakeme kune-MPC kuholela ezifweni ezingapheli zesikhumba, esiswini, kanye nesibindi. Ngokweqile kwe-MPC, ubuthi nokufa kungenzeka. Ukuvela kwamagciwane emanzini kungadala ubhubhane, njengekholera.
Ubungozi obukhethekile ezintweni eziphilayo kungukungcola kwezilwandle kanye nendawo esogwini ngesikhathi sokuchitheka kawoyela kusuka kumathangi akhubazekile (cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyishumi / ngonyaka), ngesikhathi sezingozi ezisekelweni zokudonsa olwandle, naphakathi kokugeza kwamathangi (cishe amathoni ayizigidi ezimbili / ngonyaka). Imvamisa, izingozi ezinjengalezi zibangela inhlekelele yemvelo ezindaweni lapho i-oyili ichithelela khona emanzini, ngoba imikhiqizo kawoyela neyamafutha inomphumela olimazayo ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo, ngokuyinhloko i-plankton, umkhiqizo wokuqala wokudla wezilwane eziningi zasolwandle.
Imithombo yokungcoliswa kwe-hydrosphere
Inkinga enkulu ukungcoliswa komhlaba. Ochwepheshe baqamba le mithombo elandelayo yokungcoliswa kwamanzi:
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- amabhizinisi ezimboni
- imisebenzi yezindlu neyomphakathi,
- ukuthutha kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli,
- ezolimo zezolimo,
- uhlelo lokuhamba
- ezokuvakasha.
Ukungcoliswa kwamalwandle
Manje ake sixoxe kabanzi ngezehlakalo ezithile. Ngokuqondene nomkhakha wamafutha, ukuvuza okuncane kawoyela kwenzeka ngenkathi kukhishwa izinto ezingavuthiwe emashalofini olwandle. Lokhu akuyona inhlekelele njengokuchitheka kawoyela ngesikhathi sezingozi zethangi. Kulokhu, i-oyili yamafutha ihlanganisa indawo enkulu. Izakhamizi zezidumbu zamanzi ziyajaha ngoba uwoyela awuvumeli umoya-mpilo ukuba udabule. Izinhlanzi, izinyoni, ama-mollusks, amahlengethwa, imikhomo, nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, ziyaphela. Endaweni yokuchitheka kawoyela, ifomu lezindawo ezifile, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamanzi kuyashintsha, futhi kungafaneleki kunoma yiziphi izidingo zomuntu.
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Ukungcoliswa kwemifula namachibi
Amachibi nemifula egeleza ezwenikazi ihlushwa yimisebenzi ye-anthropogenic. Empeleni nsuku zonke, imishini yezokwelapha engafakwanga yezimboni nezezimboni iyakhishwa kuzo. Umanyolo wezimbiwa kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane nayo iwela emanzini. Konke lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi indawo enamanzi igcwele izinto ezimbiwa phansi, ezifaka isandla ekukhuleni okusebenzayo kwe-algae. Bona-ke, basebenzisa inani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo, abahlala endaweni yezinhlanzi nezilwane zasemfuleni. Lokhu kungaholela ngisho ekufeni kwamachibi nasemachibini. Ngeshwa, amanzi angaphezulu komhlaba futhi angaphansi kokungcoliswa kwemvelo kwamakhemikhali, okwenzeka ngenxa yemikhuba yabantu.
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Imithombo yamanzi ingcebo yomhlaba wethu, mhlawumbe miningi kakhulu. Futhi lokhu kunikezwa okukhulu kwabantu okwazile ukuletha isimo esibi kakhulu. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, umkhathi we-hydrosphere, kanye nezakhamizi zemifula, ulwandle, izilwandle, kanye nemingcele yezidumbu zamanzi iyathinteka. Abantu kuphela abakwaziyo ukusiza ukuhlanza izindawo zasemanzini ukusindisa izindawo eziningi zamanzi ekubhujisweni. Isibonelo, uLwandle i-Aral selusondele ekuqothulweni, futhi ezinye izidumbu zamanzi zilindele ukuphela kwaso. Ngokulondolozwa kwe-hydrosphere, sizosindisa izimpilo zezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane, futhi sishiya nokuhlinzekelwa kwamanzi ezizukulwaneni zethu.
Indima yamanzi
Amanzi adlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni zemvelo nakwezesimo sezulu. Amanzi axazululwa endaweni yonke kumakhemikhali. Indima ebalulekile yamanzi kule planethi kungenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezibonakalayo.
Amanzi anomthamo wokushisa ophakeme we-4.18 J / g · K (umthamo wokushisa komoya ngu-1.009 J / g · K). Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, amanzi ayaphola futhi afudumale kancane, abe ngumlawuli wokushisa emhlabeni.
Ubunzulu bamanzi bukhulu ku-3.98 ° C futhi ngu-1.0 g / cm 3. Ubuningi bamanzi buyehla bobabili ngokushisa futhi okunciphayo. Le anomaly yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlala emizimbeni yamanzi ebandayo ebusika. Njengoba iqhwa likhanya kunamanzi (ukuqina kwalo kuphansi), libekwe phezu komhlaba futhi livikele izingqimba zamanzi ezingaphansi komkhuzi. Ngokuncipha okuthe xaxa kwezinga lokushisa, ukushuba kwengqimba yeqhwa kuyanda, kepha izinga lokushisa kwamanzi ngaphansi kweqhwa lihlala likhona kuleveli
I-4 ° C, evumela impilo yasemanzini.
Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwe-hydrosphere
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kubonakale ekuguqukeni kwezakhiwo zomzimba neze-psychanoleptic, ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwama-sulfates, chloride, nitrate, izinsimbi ezinobuthi, ukwehla komoya ophehluzekile emanzini, ukubonakala kwezinto ezinomsakazo, amagciwane we-pathogenic nokunye okungcola. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi angaphezu kuka-420 km 3 wamanzi amdaka akhishwa minyaka yonke emhlabeni.
Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwe-hydrosphere yile:
- amanzi amdaka asezimboni
- amanzi amdaka asekhaya,
- khipha amanzi asezindaweni eziniselwa,
- amasimu ezolimo kanye nezinkundla zemfuyo ezinkulu,
- ukuthuthwa kwamanzi.
Konke ukungcola kwamanzi amdaka kuhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu:
- ukungcola kwemvelo: ama-microorganisms - amagciwane, amagciwane, izitshalo - i-algae, imvubelo, isikhunta,
- Ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali: ukungcola okuvame kakhulu yimikhiqizo kawoyela nowoyela, i-survivants, i-pesticides, izinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-dioxin, ama-phenols, i-ammonia ne-nitrite nitrogen, njll.
- ukungcola okuphathelene nomzimba: izinto ezinemisebe, uketshezi olunqanyuliwe, isaladi, isihlabathi, isaladi, ukushisa, njll.
Izinhlobo Zokungcoliswa kwamanzi
Ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kungaba yi-organic (ama-phenols, ama-pesticides), ama -organic (usawoti, i-asidi, i-alkali), ubuthi (i-mercury, i-arsenic, i-cadmium, ukuhola), okungeyona ubuthi. I-Eutrophication yinto exhunyaniswa nokungena emanzini emizimbeni yenani elikhulu lezakhi zomzimba (i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus compounds) ngesimo somanyolo, amasekhethi, imfucuza yezilwane.
E-Russia, ukugcwala kokungcola kweqa i-MPC emizimbeni eminingi yamanzi (Ithebula 6). Lapho imiswa phansi kwezidumbu zamanzi, izinto eziyingozi zidonswa yizinhlayiya zamadwala, zinikwe i-oxidized - zincishiswe, zimanzeke. Kodwa-ke, njengomthetho, ukuzihlanza ngokuphelele akwenzeki.
Ukungcola kwegciwane kuvezwa ngokubonakala emanzini wegciwane le-pathogenic, amagciwane, i-protozoa, isikhunta, njll.
Ukungcoliswa ngokomzimba kungaba radioactive, mehendi, ezishisayo.
Okuqukethwe kwezinto ezinemisebe emanzini, noma ukugxila okuncane, kuyingozi kakhulu. Izinto ezinemisebe ziwela emanzini angaphezulu komhlaba lapho kulahlwa imfucumfucu enobuthi kuyo, kudoti kungcwatshwe, njll.Izinto ezi-radioactive zingena emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ngenxa yemvula yazo ebusweni bomhlaba nasekhasheni elilandelayo elilandela emhlabathini, noma ngenxa yokuxhumana kwamanzi asemhlabeni ngamatshe e-radioactive.
Ukungcoliswa kwemishini kubonakaliswa yi-ingress yokungcola okungafani Mechan okungena emanzini (i-sludge, isihlabathi, isilika, njll.), Okungalimaza kakhulu izici ze-organoleptic.
Ukungcoliswa komoya okuhambisana nokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa lamanzi emvelo ngenxa yokuxubana kwabo namanzi enqubo. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi angcolisayo avela ezitshalweni zamandla ezishisayo nezitshalo zamandla enuzi likhulu ngo-10ºC ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lemizimba yamanzi ezungezile. Ngokushisa okuqhubekayo, kukhona ushintsho ekwakhiweni kwegesi nokwamakhemikhali emanzini, okuholela ekuphindaphindweni kwamagciwane e-anaerobic, ukukhishwa kwamagesi anobuthi - N2S, CH4. Ama-blooms wamanzi, ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwe-microflora ne-microfauna.
Imisebenzi yezemvelo
Ukuvikela amanzi angaphezulu ekungcoleni, kunikezwe lezi zindlela zokuvikela ezemvelo ezilandelayo.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obungenamali futhi obungenamanzi, ukwethulwa kwezinhlelo zokuphakela amanzi okuvuselelekayo - ukudalwa komjikelezo ovalekile wokusetshenziswa kwamanzi amdaka asezimboni nasezindlini, lapho amanzi angcolile esaba khona ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi ukungena kwawo emizimbeni yamanzi angaphezulu kufakwa ngaphandle.
- Ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka.
- Ukuhlanzwa kanye nokubulala amagciwane amanzi asetshenziselwa ukufakelwa kwamanzi nezinye izinhloso.
Ukungcoliswa okukhulu kwamanzi okuphezulu komhlaba - Ngakho-ke, amanzi angcolile, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuqaliswa kwezindlela ezisebenzayo zokwelapha amanzi angcolile kungumsebenzi ophuthumayo nowemvelo.
Ukuhlanza ngomshini
Isetshenziselwa ukususa izinto ezimisiwe emanzini amdaka (isihlabathi, izinhlayiya zobumba, imicu, njll). Ukuhlanza mehendi kususelwa kwinqubo ezine:
- ukucindezela,
- ukusekela
- ukucubungula emkhakheni wezenzo zamandla we-centrifugal,
- ukuhlunga.
Ukuhlunga kutholakala ku-gratings kanye ne-fiber ekubambeni. Isetshenziselwa ukukhipha i-inclusions enkulu ne-fibrous emanzini amdaka (amanzi amdaka epulpini kanye nezimboni zamaphepha nezindwangu). Ububanzi bezikhala buyi-10 - 20 mm.
Ukudlengwa kususelwa ekulahlekelweni kwamahhala kokungcoliswa nge-density kwabantu ρ> ρ yamanzi noma ukwenyuka kokungcola nge-ρ Pestov Sergey 2013 (c)
Ukungcoliswa Kwamafutha Olwandle Emhlabeni
Ukukhiqizwa kawoyela kungenzeka emhlabeni noma phesheya kwezilwandle. Kuzona zozimbili lezi zinhlobo, imikhiqizo ehlanziwe idedelwa kwimvelo. Umthamo wokuvuza okunjalo awunakwa, kepha uhlala usebenza. Ngenxa yalokhu, uwoyela uyatheleleka - amachibi, amachibi, amanzi asemhlabathini, olwandle kanye nolwandle.
Ukungcola kawoyela kungenzeka ngesikhathi:
- izingozi zamathangi aletha izinto zokusetshenziswa noma imikhiqizo,
- izimo ezingalindelekile kumapulatifomu kawoyela,
- izimo eziphuthumayo kumapayipi abekwe phansi kwezilwandle nolwandle.
Izinhlekelele ezinkulu zezimboni eminyakeni engama-30 yile:
- ingozi eyenzeka eGuanaraba Bay okuholela enhlekeleleni yemvelo eRio de Janeiro,
- Ingozi yamathangi yenzeke ogwini lwaseSpain,
- ukuchitheka kawoyela kaphethiloli kanye nama-hydrocarbons avela kuTanker ePhilippines,
- Ukulimala kwamathangi amabili eKerch Strait kuholele ekuchithekeni kwamafutha nokufa kwezilwane nezinhlanzi zasemanzini,
- Inhlekelele enkulu kakhulu yesikhulumi samafutha eGulf of Mexico.
Ukungcola Kwezitha
Ama-detergents angumthombo wokungcoliswa kwe-hydrosphere. Lezi yizinto ezingezwa kuma-detergents. Banciphisa ukungezwani kwamanzi. Lokhu kuholela ekukhuliseni amagwebu nokuhlanzwa okungcono kwezindawo ezivela ekungcoleni.
Izingcweti zifaka:
- gels zokugeza
- abahlanza
- imibala kanye nemibala,
- izinto zepulasitiki ne-polyvinyl chloride,
- ama-shampoos
- okokuhlanza izitsha zokugeza kanye nezindawo eziphezulu,
- okokuhlanza nejeli.
Ama-detergents abizwa nangokuthi ama-survivants. Izinto ezifakwayo ezisetshenziselwa ezolimo ukukhuthaza izidakamizwa ezibulala izinambuzane kanye nezinye izichumisi, kanye nama-parasitic agents.
Ama-cosmetic kanye nama-detergents angena emhlabathini kanye namanzi amdaka, akhishwa olwandle nasolwandle.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali emisebenzini yezolimo kuholela ekutheni avele ezitshalweni futhi ancibilike emanzini, awele emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ngenxa yezulu, athelele ingxenye yamanzi amhlophe ye-hydrosphere. Imifudlana egeleza olwandle iqhubeka nokuthwala izinto ezinobuthi.
Amaminerali wamanzi
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi amaminerali kungukufakelwa kwalezi zinto ezilandelayo ku-hydrosphere:
- usawoti wamaminerali
- ama-asidi nezixazululo zawo,
- ama-alkali
- izinsimbi ezisindayo
- i-slag ekukhiqizeni imfucuza,
- izinhlayiya ze-ore ezivela ezitshalweni zokuqunjelwa,
- izinhlayiya zobumba.
Ukungcola kwamanzi anosawoti kuyindlela yokungcola nezinto ezingamaminerali. Izinga lokudakwa inani lempahla esele ngemuva kokuhwamuka kwamanzi bese iwela ngaphandle kwesimo sokuqina okuqinile.
Ukungcoliswa kwensimbi esindayo
Izinsimbi ezisindayo ziwuhlobo oluyingozi lokungcola. Bahlangana ngokuma kwabo kanye namaqembu wezinto ezilandelwayo, kepha baba nomthelela omubi kubantu nasezilwaneni. Ukususwa kwabo kunzima. Izinsimbi ezisindayo nosawoti wazo zihlala emzimbeni kuze kube phakade, kuthinta kabi izitho nezinqubo zokuphila, kubangele ukuguquka nokudla okunobuthi.
Imithombo yezinsimbi ezisindayo:
- izinto zemvelo - isimo sezulu samatshe kanye nenhlabathi, ukuguguleka, umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo,
- izinto ezibangelwa ngumuntu ezihambisana nokwenza kanye nokumbiwa kwezokumbiwa phansi, amandla omlilo, imisebenzi yezolimo kanye nezimoto.
Ukungcoliswa komoya
Ukukhishwa kwemishini efudumele kuholela ekufudumaleni okuhleliwe kwemithombo yemithombo yemvelo. Njengomphumela, i-hydrosphere ihlangabezana nokushiswa ngokweqile kanye nokungcoliswa komoya. Lokhu kuthinta kabi impilo yezinto eziphilayo, ikhaya lazo lingamanzi amasha kanye namachibi kasawoti.
Isibonakaliso esihle kakhulu somphumela wokugcwala kwamanzi ngokweqile kwezinto eziphilayo yilesi simo esinomugqa omkhulu womgoqo. Ngenxa yokuthi amanzi olwandle asekufudumeze cishe ngo-1 ° C, amakhorali asemhlolweni aqala ukufa. Futhi le nqubo iqala ukuthatha umlingiswa ongalungiseki, odinga isixazululo ngokushesha senkinga.
Ukungcoliswa kwePolymer
Imvelo nokuhlangabezana nomthwalo wokuphila komuntu. Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcola yile:
- i-polyvinyl chloride
- polyamide
- i-polystyrene
- i-polyester
- polyethylene
- i-lavsan
- amarubhi
- irabha.
Ipulasitiki engaboli igcwalisa ugu, icekele phansi izinto eziphilayo.
Izindlela zokuthola ukungcoliswa emanzini
Ukutheleleka kwe-Earth hydrosphere kwenzeka ngezindlela ezilandelayo:
- Ukungcoliswa okuqondile okuyinhloko - ngale ndlela, izinto eziyingozi zingena ngqo emzimbeni wamanzi kusuka ngaphandle,
- Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo - kulokhu, izinto ezinobuthi zingena kuqala enhlabathini noma emoyeni, futhi kuphela lapho zingena emanzini.
Ukumelana nokungcola
Ngokwesilinganiso sokuqina kwamakhemikhali angena endaweni yasemanzini, ukungcoliswa kwe-hydrosphere kungahlukaniswa kube:
- engazinzile - amakhemikhali angena kumjikelezo wezinto ku-hydrosphere, ngenxa yalokho anyamalala ngokushesha ngaphansi kwethonya lokuphilayo,
- okuphikelelayo - izinto ezingcolisayo azihlanganyeli emjikelezweni wemvelo wamakhemikhali e-hydrosphere, ngaleyo ndlela ziqongelela futhi ziqhubeke nokungcolisa amanzi.
Ukuze uhlole izinga lokutheleleka, sebenzisa inkomba ye-hydrochemical yokungcoliswa kwamanzi.
Izinga lokusabalala kokungcola
Ngokwesilinganiso sokusatshalaliswa, kukhona:
- ukungcoliswa komhlaba, okuphelele okungenzeka nomaphi emhlabeni,
- isilinganiso sesifunda sobuthi bamanzi senzeka endaweni, endaweni ethile yomhlaba,
- Ukungcoliswa kwendawo kwenzeka ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamanzi lapho amabhizinisi angcolisa imvelo akhiwe
Kuyini ukungcola komoya oyingozi wezinto eziphilayo?
Kunemiphumela ehlukahlukene yemvelo ebangelwa ukungcoliswa komhlaba. Kepha konke kuthinta kabi:
- umsebenzi womzimba
- inqubo yokukhula ephelele,
- ukusebenza kahle
- uhlelo lokuzala nokukhiqizwa okujwayelekile.
Ngakho-ke, ukuvikelwa kwamanzi ekungcoleni kudinga ukunakwa okuseduze kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesixazululo esibanzi senkinga ye-hydrosphere ubuthi.
Imiphumela ye-Neurotoxic
Izinsimbi ezisindayo, eziwela emzimbeni ophilayo, zibangela ukubhujiswa kwezicubu zezinzwa. Uhlelo luyeka ukusebenza ngokuphelele, okuholele ekuphazamisekeni kwemizwa okuhlukahlukene:
- ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa
- ukucindezela
- Ukudana
- i-Autism
- ukungasebenzi kwengqondo okuncane,
- ukuphazamiseka kwethambo le-autism
- ukubuyiswa kwengqondo
- ukuphazamiseka kokulala
- migraines
- ukwephulwa komsebenzi we-vascular,
- ukugeleza kwegazi okungahambi kahle ezithweni zobuchopho,
- okuholela ekuphulweni kwemisebenzi yengqondo.
Ukuphazamiseka kokuzala
Uma ukugcwala kokungcola kubalulekile, khona-ke umzimba ungafa ngokushesha. Uma ukuhlushwa kuphansi, khona-ke izinto ezinobuthi kancane kancane zibuthana emzimbeni, kunciphisa umsebenzi wazo okhiqizayo.
Kungukungcola okuyingozi nokungcola kwe-radioactive okuqukethwe emanzini okungaholela ekulahlekelweni yikhono lokuzala.
Ukuphazamiseka Kwamandla Amandla
Ukushintshaniswa kwamandla kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokusebenza komzimba. Le nqubo yenzeka ezingeni le-interellular. Kepha uma ama-membrane amaseli eveza izinto ezilimazayo, inqubo yokushintshana kwamandla iyaphazamiseka kuzo. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinqubo zokuphila emzimbeni ziqala ukwehla, bese ziyeka bese umzimba uyeka ukuba khona.
Izindlela zokuqinisa ukuthula kwemvelo ye-hydrosphere
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kudinga ukuvikelwa kwe-hydrosphere. Njengoba ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kuzoholela ekukhishweni okungalawulwa kokungcola nezinto ezinobuthi, okuzoba nomthelela omubi kakhulu esimeni sendawo yasemanzini. Ukuvikelwa kwe-Hydrosphere kufanele kufake phakathi ukungcola kwamanzi amdaka.
Ithonya lezimoto nalo kufanele linciphe. Amazwe amaningi athathe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo kulokhu, sibeka esikhundleni izinjini zikaphethiloli ezidonsa ngogesi.
Inkinga yokungcoliswa kwamanzi yinkinga yomhlaba wonke, edinga indlela ehlanganisiwe, mayelana nokubanga isilinganiso sokusakazeka nengozi yokungcola. Ukuvikela i-hydrosphere ekungcoleni kwamakhemikhali kungenye yezinkinga eziphambili ezidinga izindlela namathuluzi ahlukahlukene.