Ama-Dinosaurs ezindizayo: Longiskwama Ngubani uLongiskwama? * Izilwane ezihuquzelayo

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Iya kusihloko sesigaba: Izinhlobo zama-dinosaurs

Eminyakeni yama-70s yokuqala, isazi se-paleoentomologist A.G. Sharov (Paleontological Institute of the ANSSSR) satholakala kuFerghana Valley (Kyrgyzstan), emafektri weLate Triassic wepheshana leMadigen, ingxenyeni engaphambili yesigaxa esinogebhezi lwensalela yedlanzana. Phezu kwothayela lobumba olunzima, okugcinwe kulo ithambo laso, kufakwa emigqeni ehlukile yesembozo sangaphandle: izikali eziphakeme nezigqagqene zibonakala ngokucacile esifundeni somphimbo nangasemaphethelweni angasemuva ehlombe nengaphambili. Izikali zesikhumba esidliwayo esinamaphiko ziphenduke zaba eziphawuleka ngokukhethekile - lezi zinde (kufika ku-10-12 cm) nokwakheka okufana nezimpaphe ezandisiwe ekugcineni.

Emininingwane eshicilelwe etholakele, uSharov waqamba isidalwa esidalaI-Longisquama insignis. Ngokubona kwakhe, i-longiskwama yayihlala ezihlahleni futhi ihamba emoyeni, isebenzisa okokuhlanza, obekucatshangwa ukuthi kulayini owodwa, njengezimpawu eziyinqaba. Ukholelwe ukuthi lesi sithoba seTrassassic singelinye igatsha lama-archosaurs (isidalwa esiphilayo, okubandakanya i-thecodonts, ama-dinosaurs, izingwenya kanye nama-dinosaurs ezindizayo), ahlobene nezinyoni. Isiphetho sokugcina sidalwe ukuba khona kweforamu yangaphambi kobudala e-longisquam, ama-clavicles afana nemfoloko ejwayelekile yezinyoni, nokwakheka kwezinhlaka ze-dorsal, okuyinto, ngokusho kososayensi, eziphikisana nalokho obekulindelwe kokhokho bezinyoni.

Kamuva, uLongiskwam akavamile ukukhunjulwa. Kwabonakala kuphela i-athikili yesayensi eyakhishwa ngo-1987 ngabakwa-pale Europeanologists base-West. Kubonisa ukwakheka kwe-aerodynamic kwama-dendal dendalini kanye nokuhlelwa kwawo kwemigqa emibili. Ngalesi sisekelo, bekucatshangwa ukuthi i-longiskwama kunalokho kuhlelwe kusuka esihlahleni kuya kwesinye, njengoba kwenziwa, ngokwesibonelo, nge-squirrel yesimanje noma isilokazana lodrako. Kusukela ngalowomzuzu kuqhubeke, ukushicilelwa okuhle okwenziwe ngo-longiscuwas kwaqala ukushicilelwa ezincwadini eziningi zesayensi ezithandwayo.

Eminyakeni yamuva, inzalo ku-longskwama ivuselelwe ngenxa yengxoxo eqinisiwe ngenkinga yemvelaphi yezinyoni. Ekuqhubekeni kwayo, inani labasekeli bemicabango yokuthi umsuka wezinyoni usuka kuma-dinosaurs lenyuka, elathonywa kakhulu umucu wokutholwa e-China of dinosaurs zakuqala zeCretaceous ezinsalela zezimpaphe zemvelo zesilika kanye nokufakelwa kwezilonda zesikhumba kufana kakhulu nesembozo sezimpaphe. Futhi lapha bakhumbula i-longiscuwa eyinkinga.

Ngo-1999, e-University of Kansas (e-USA), ababhali balesi sihloko, kanye neqembu labacwaningi bezokwelapha baseMelika kanye nezazi zezilwane (J.Ruben, L. Martin, A. Feduccia nabanye), besebenzisa izindlela zanamuhla, kanye namathuba wezithombe zedijithali, bazama ukubheka kabanzi izakhiwo ze-morphological ze-longiscwam. Bekulindelekile ukuthi lesi reptile seTrassassic sizokwazi ukuqinisekisa umbono wososayensi abanamandla abaningi abavumela umsuka wezinyoni ezivela kwamanye ama-archosaurs angama-dinosaur.

Umphumela womsebenzi ohlanganyelwe kwaba ukushicilelwa kwendatshana enesihloko esithi "Izimpaphe Ezingezona Izinyoni zeLate Triassic Archosaurus", okufakazela ukuthi izinsimbi ezifakwa emgodini we-longisquama zine-fan kanye nomgodi we-axial shaft, okuyisisekelo sawo esincishisiwe futhi esiyindilinga. Zonke lezi zibonakaliso zibonisa ukufana kohlaka lomgogodla nensipho, okuthi, ngokungafani nesikali, kwakheka kusuka endaweni engaphansi yesikhumba - i-follicular papilla. Ngakho-ke, singaphetha ngokuthi izakhiwo ezinjengezimpaphe zavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-75-80 ngaphambili kune-Archeopteryx, inyoni endala kunazo zonke eyayihlala eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-150 eyedlule, ekupheleni kwenkathi yeJurassic. Esitatimendeni somlomo sabanye ababhali baseMelika ngalesi sihloko, bekuphikiswa ukuthi i-longiscwama akuyona eyama-dinosaurs nokuthi izinyoni kungenzeka ukuthi zihlobene nalezi zinsuku.

Le ndatshana ivuse isasasa lomphakathi kabanzi nokuhamba kwamazwana kumaphephabhuku amakhulu aphesheya. Uhla lwemibono yezazi lwalukhulu. Abanye babo babekulungele ukuvumelana nakho konke okwashiwo, futhi abanye ngokwezigaba bekuphikisana nako. Abanye babona ubukhulu bezingxenye zamadorsal of Longisquama, kepha abenelisekanga ngokuchazwa kwemininingwane eminingana yokuziphatha (ababhali balesi sihloko nabo babenezingxabano ngalesi sihloko), kanti abanye, ngaphandle kokuphakamisa ukuphikisana okuyisisekelo, abasibonanga isizathu sokushiya umqondo wobumbano phakathi kwezinyoni namadayinaso. Izinkulumo eziningi zivame ukuzwakalisa ukumangala ukuthi le ndatshana ayihloli ukwakheka kwamathambo futhi ayihlaziyi ubudlelwane bomndeni be-longiscwam, okuyinto ochwepheshe abaningi abangacaci kahle ngayo. Ngeshwa, umehluko wesikhundla sabalobi baseRussia waleso sihloko, ohlanganisa ukusekela izimpikiswano ngokuthanda ukubumbana kwesakhiwo sezinhlelo zokusebenza zedorsal, usasele ngaphandle kwemingcele yezimpikiswano kwabezindaba zakwamanye amazwe. Akunasizathu sokungabaza isiphetho sikaSharov maqondana nokuhlangana okuhleliwe nobudlelwano be-longiscwam nathi, njengabo bonke ababhali bethu, ngesikhathi lesi sihloko sishicilelwa kwisayensi.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Ukuma okuhleliwe akuqondakali ngokuphelele. Emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, ababhali bayithatha njenge-lepidosaurus, i-prolacertilia, noma njenge-archosauromorph efakiwe eqenjini I-Avicephala kanye ne Coelurosauravidae, Drepanosauridae, Protoavis. Abanye ababhali baze babheke i-longiskwama njengedayinaso encane.

Isazi se-paleontologist A. G. Sharov uqobo siveze ukuthi i-longiscwam igatsha lama-archosaurs ahlobene nezinyoni. Ufike kulesi siphetho ngemuva kokufunda ngezakhi zezakhiwo zezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo - ubukhona bokuvulwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwe-longorbital, i-collarbone, njenge-keel yenyoni, kanye nokwakheka kwama-appendages e-dorsal.

Incazelo

Izithasiselo ze-dorsal zinde, ubude be-10-12 cm, zandiswa ekugcineni, ngesithsaba kanye nomgodi we-axial ozwakala, okuyingxenye ye-basal okuyimingcele futhi kuyindilinga. Indawo nenhloso yohlelo olude lwe-scaly dorsal appendages luseyimpikiswano. Ngesikhathi sokuphinda kwakhiwe, izikali zivame ukutholakala ngemuva. Kodwa-ke, akwaziwa ukuthi sikuphi isikhundla - ngokuvundlile noma mpo, kulayini owodwa noma amabili abekwe kulesi silwane. Akukaziwa futhi ukuthi bebengamaselula yini. Umbono ovame kakhulu, ovezwe okokuqala ngumvumbululi uSharov, uthi okufakwayo ku-dorsal kwakha uhlobo lwe- "parachute", okunikeza indiza ehlelayo. Kukholelwa futhi ukuthi izikali zingasetshenziswa ukulawula ukuhanjiswa kokushisa noma ekuziphatheni kwezenhlalo kwalezi zilwane. Kakhulu abacwaningi abangabaza kakhulu bakholelwa ukuthi iziqeshana zeminwe ezitholakele azilingani, kodwa izingcezu zezitshalo.

ULongiskwama mhlawumbe wayehlala ezihlahleni, ezondla izinambuzane.

Ngubani uLongiskwama - Biology

Eminyakeni yama-70s yokuqala, isazi se-paleoentomologist A.G. Sharov (I-Paleontological Institute of the Academy of Science of the USSR) satholakala kuFerghana Valley (Kyrgyzstan), ekubekeni kwamatshe eLate Triassic wepheshana leMadigen, ngaphambili kwesikhumba esinogebhezi lwesidalwa esidala semvelo. Phezu kwothayela lobumba olunzima, okugcinwe kulo ithambo laso, kufakwa emigqeni ehlukile yesembozo sangaphandle: izikali eziphakeme nezigqagqene zibonakala ngokucacile esifundeni somphimbo nangasemaphethelweni angasemuva ehlombe nengaphambili. Isikali sangaphansi sezilwane ezihuquzelayo saphenduka samangalisa kakhulu - zinde (zifinyelela ku-10 - 12 cm) nokwakheka okufana nezimpaphe kukhuphuke ekugcineni.

Umdwebo weLongiskwama owethulwe encazelweni yokuqala ye-A.G. USharov.

Emininingwane eshicilelwe etholakele, uSharov waqamba isidalwa esidala I-Longisquama insignis (i-longhavel engajwayelekile). Ngokusho kwakhe, i-longiskwama yayihlala ezihlahleni futhi ikwazi ukuhamba emoyeni, isebenzisa okokuhlanza, obekucatshangwa ukuthi kulayini owodwa, njengamakhompiyutha angavamile. Ukholelwe ukuthi lesi sithoba seTrassassic singelinye igatsha lama-archosaurs (isidalwa esiphilayo, okubandakanya i-thecodonts, ama-dinosaurs, izingwenya kanye nama-dinosaurs ezindizayo), ahlobene nezinyoni. Isiphetho sokugcina sidalwe ukuba khona kweforamu yangaphambi kobudala e-longisquam, amabala ahambisana nezimpawu zezinyoni, kanye nokwakheka kwezinhlaka ze-dorsal, okungukuthi ngokusho kososayensi, akuphikisani nalokho obekulindelwe kokhokho bezinyoni.

Kamuva, uLongiskwam akavamile ukukhunjulwa. Kwabonakala kuphela i-athikili yesayensi eyakhishwa ngo-1987 ngabakwa Paleontologists base Ntshonalanga Yurophu. Kubonisa ukwakheka kwe-aerodynamic kwama-dendal dendalini kanye nokuhlelwa kwawo kwemigqa emibili. Ngalesi sisekelo, bekucatshangwa ukuthi i-longiskwama kunalokho kuhlelwe kusuka esihlahleni kuya kwesinye, njengoba kwenziwa, ngokwesibonelo, nge-squirrel yesimanje noma isilokazana lodrako. Kusukela ngalowomzuzu kuqhubeke, ukushicilelwa okuhle okwenziwe ngo-longiscuwas kwaqala ukushicilelwa ezincwadini eziningi zesayensi ezithandwayo.

Eminyakeni yamuva, intshisekelo ku-longishwam ivuselelekile ngenxa yengxoxo eqinisiwe ngenkinga yemvelaphi yezinyoni. Ngesikhathi sokuqhubeka kwayo, inani labasekeli bomqondo wokuqala wemvelaphi yezinyoni kusuka kuma-dinosaurs lenyuka, elathonywa kakhulu umucu wokutholwa e-China of kwasekuqaleni ama-dinosaurs angama-Cretaceous ezidliwayo ngezinsalela zezimpaphe zemvelo noma ukubekwa kwesimo sesikhumba esifana kakhulu nokwembozwa izimpaphe. Futhi lapha bakhumbula i-longiscwam eyinkinga.

Umphumela womsebenzi ohlanganyelwe kwaba ukushicilelwa kwendatshana enesihloko esithi "Izimpaphe Ezingezona Izinyoni zeLate Triassic Archosaurus", lapho kufakazelwa khona ukuthi izinsimbi ezihlanganisiwe ze-longisquama zinezimpahla ezifakwayo nomgodi we-axial ozwakala, okuyisisekelo sawo esincishisiwe futhi esiyindilinga. Zonke lezi zibonakaliso zibonisa ukufana kohlaka lomgogodla nensipho, okuthi, ngokungafani nesikali, kwakheka endaweni egxilile yesikhumba - i-follicular papilla. Ngakho-ke, kungaphethwa ngokuthi izakhiwo ezinjengezimpaphe zavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-75-80 ngaphambili kunaleyo i-Archeopteryx, inyoni endala kunazo zonke eyaphila eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-150 eyedlule, ekupheleni kwenkathi yeJurassic. Esitatimendeni somlomo sabanye ababhali baseMelika ngalesi sihloko, kwathiwa i-longiscwama akuyona eyama-dinosaurs nokuthi izinyoni kungenzeka ukuthi zihlobene nalezi zinsuku.

Le ndatshana ivuse isasasa lomphakathi kabanzi nokuhamba kwamazwana kumaphephabhuku amakhulu aphesheya. Uhla lwemibono yezazi lwalukhulu. Abanye babo babekulungele ukuvumelana nakho konke okwashiwo, futhi abanye ngokwezigaba bekuphikisana nako. Abanye babona ubukhulu bezicelo ezisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwe-dorsal of Longisquama, kepha abenelisekanga ngokuchazwa kwemininingwane eminingana ye-morphological (ababhali balesi sihloko nabo babenezingxabano ngalesi sihloko), kanti abanye, ngaphandle kokuphakamisa ukuphikisana okuyisisekelo, abasibonanga isizathu sokushiya umqondo wobudlelwano bezinyoni neziduna. Izinkulumo eziningi zivame ukuzwakalisa ukumangala ukuthi le ndatshana ayihloli ukwakheka kwamathambo futhi ayihlaziyi ubudlelwane bomndeni be-longiscwam, okuyinto ochwepheshe abaningi abangacaci kahle ngayo. Ngeshwa, umehluko wesikhundla sabalobi baseRussia waleso sihloko, oqukethe ukusekela izimpikiswano ngokuthanda ukubumbana kwesakhiwo sezinhlelo zokusebenza zedorsal, usasele ngaphandle kwemingcele yezimpikiswano kwabezindaba zakwamanye amazwe. Kwakungekho sizathu sokungabaza isiphetho sikaSharov mayelana nokuhlangana okuhleliwe nobudlelwano be-longiscwam nathi, njengabo bonke ababhali bethu, ngesikhathi lesi sihloko sishicilelwa kwiSayensi.

Muva nje, ukungezelelwa okuthe xaxa kwe-vertebrae yesibeletho kanye nebhande lamahlombe e-longiskwama kwenziwa ePaleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminye imininingwane yokwakheka kukakhakhayi wesilwane esifuywayo yahlolwa ngokucophelela kusetshenziswa imakroskopu enesinqumo esikhulu - sizamile ukukhomba amalunga phakathi kwamathambo amaningi esigaxa esigebhekileyo esimbozwe yimifantu eminingi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwavela ukuthi isithombe sesakhiwo samathambo e-longiscwama, esikhonjiswe kwincazelo yokuqala, singasekelwa kakhulu (kufanele ukwethula idatha entsha ngokuningiliziwe kamuva). Okwamanje, kuvunyelwe ukucabanga ukuthi i-Triassic longiskwama imele ama-dinosaurs. I-hypothesis efanayo ivezwe emaphephandabeni yisazi se-American Amateur paleontologist uJ. Olshevsky.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kokuvela kwe-longiscwama ngababhali balesi sikhundla.

1. USharov A.G. // Paleontol. iphephabhuku 1970.? 1. S.127-130.

2. Hatbold H., Buffetaut E. // C. R. Acad. Isayensi EParis 1987. V. 305. P.65-70.

3. UJones. T. et al. // Isayensi. 2000. V.288. ? 5474. P.2202-2205.

4. U-Olshevsky J. // Uhlu lokuhlola olungaziwa lwe-dinosaur Izinhlobo by Continent. San Diego, 2000.

Eminyakeni yama-70s yokuqala, isazi se-paleoentomologist u-A.G. Sharov (Paleontological Institute of the Academy of Science of the USSR) sathola endaweni yeFerghana Valley (Kyrgyzstan), lapho kufakwa khona eLate Triassic wepheshana leMadigen, phambili kwesikhumba

Indaba yokutholwa

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960s, ukuphuma kwenhlangano yasePaleontological Institute of USSR Academy of Science kwaqhubeka nokumba okwenziwe nge-paleontological kule spurs yeTurkestan Range iminyaka eminingana. Enye yezindawo zalolu hambo kwakuyipheshana laseMadigen (iMadigen suite) esiFeni saseFerghana endaweni yaseKyrgyzstan yesimanje, emelelwa amafomu okusiza umkhuhlane. Lapha, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayinkulungwane ngenhla yolwandle, kuneShibhi saseJyailoucho, sizungezwe imithambeka yezintaba. Uhlangothi olusenyakatho lomcengezi lubunjwe ngamabala odaka nezihlabathi, obukhulu bawo bufinyelela ku-500 m. Bangamadwala acwebezelayo emfuleni wasendulo owawugeleza lapha cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-230 eyedlule, esikhathini se-Triassic. Engxenyeni ebunjiwe yobumba, uhambo lwaluthola imfucumfucu eminingi yezitshalo (ikakhulukazi ama-macrophytes - ama-algae amakhulu ama-multicellular), izinambuzane, ama-crustaceans, ama-mollusks kanye nezinhlanzi ze-bony (kufaka phakathi eziphefumula kabili), kanye nezinsalela ezincane zezinsalela ezincane (isibonelo, iSharoviperteriks) zazingajwayelekile.

Ngo-1969, ngesikhathi iqoqo lezilokazane ezinamapulangwe kulezi zifakwa zobumba, isazi se-paleontologist saseSoviet u-Alexander Sharov (1922-1973) sathola ngengozi ithambo lesikhumba semvelo esingenasici, kanye nokufakwa emzimbeni kwesikhumba namalunga. Yize iqiniso lokuthi amathambo esigaxa aqhekekile futhi achotshozwa, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa imininingwane yesakhiwo sikakhonkolo emathangeni.

Igama elijwayelekile livela kumagama esiLatin athi lat. i-longus (ende) ne-lat. squama (isikali), kanti uhlobo lwe-epithet insignis lisho "okungajwayelekile." Umvubukuli walezi zinhlobo, u-Alexander Sharov, uhumushe igama lesilwane ngokuthi longhaire engavamile .

Izicucu

IHototype: IPIN 2584/4. Kuyinto skeleton engaphelele kanye nokufakwa kwethamba. I-Kyrgyz SSR, i-Osh oblast, esifundeni iLeilek (encazelweni yokuqala yezinhlobo zezindawo, lesifunda sabizwa ngeLyailaksky. Okwamanje, lesi sifunda siyingxenye yesifunda saseBatken, esihlukaniswe ne-Osh ngo-1999), ipheshana laseMadigen, indawo yaseJyaylucho. Kuqala, ukutholwa kwakubhalwe nge-Lower Triassic, iMadigen suite, i-stratum ephezulu. Njengamanje, izinsuku ze-fossil ezivela ku-Ladin tier yengxenye ephakathi yesikhathi se-Triassic. Imfucuza ingaphambili kwesikebhe esinogebhezi kanye nezicucu ezihlukene zezinto eziqinile zesigcawu.

Ngokungeziwe ku-holotype, endaweni efanayo, uhambo olufanayo lwathola ukutholakala okuhlukile kokuhlangana okuhlanganisiwe nokuqoqiwe komgogodla - ama-paratypes PIN 2584/5 - 2584/7, 2584/9. Isampula ye-PIN 2584/9 ifaka izigxivizo zeminwe zezinto eziyisithupha eziqinile eziseduze komunye nomunye, i-PIN 2584/6 - izihibe zeminwe zokufakelwa okubunjiwe okuyisisekelo, i-PIN 2585/5 ne-2585/7 - izihloko zeminwe zokufakwa okukodwa. Manje izinsalela zamanje ziseqoqweni lePaleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences eMoscow futhi ziyavezwa ePaleontological Museum. Yu .. A. Orlova.

Ngenkathi kuvubukulwa ukuphuma kweFreibg Mining Academy epheshaneni laseMadigen ngonyaka we-2007, kutholakale eminye iminwe emithathu yeminwe yokufakelwa - amasampula FG 596 / V / 1, FG 596 / V / 2, FG 596 / V / 3. Isampula FG 596 / V / 1 ukuphela kwento yokutholwa esele igcinwe iqinile kulo lonke ubude bayo - ubude bayo bungama-28,9 cm, obedlula usayizi wezinye izingcezu ezaziwayo.

Izincazelo zezici eziphikisanayo

Ukulondolozwa kwamathambo ampofu kwenza kube nzima ukuthi kube nokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwamathambo, okuholela kokungafani ekuhunyushweni kwezimpawu eziningi ngabaphenyi abahlukahlukene. Encazelweni yokuqala yezinhlobo, uSharov waphawula ubukhona besici esikhethekile sabadubuli esikhunjeni se-longysquam (sibuye sabonwa kuma-dinosaurs nasezingubeni) - iwindi le-preorbital (i-antorbital fenestrae), ukuvulwa okuthile kugebhezi oluphakathi kwe-orbit nokuvulwa kwensimbi. Le windi, yona inezimbobo ezintathu ezansi. Kodwa-ke, ukuqinisekiswa kobukhona bayo kuma-longiscwama kuyinkimbinkimbi ngomonakalo ofanayo wefosili. Isikhungo (2003) saphetha ngokuthi isakhiwo esamukelwa nguSharov ngewindi le-preorbital empeleni sakhiwe ngokuqhekeka kwekhanda. Lesi siphetho sisekelwe futhi yiPrim. UPeter (2000) noLarry Martin (2004) abavumelani neziphetho ezinje futhi bakholelwa ukuthi, ngaphezu kwesibalo, kugebhezi lwe-longisquam, bekukhona namafasitela amakhulu kanye nawawaseMandibular. Ngokufanayo, iwindi lokuqala le-mandibular lavela encazelweni yangempela, noma kunjalo, bonke ababhali bakamuva, kufaka phakathi uPeter, uMartin no-Senter, bayavuma ukuthi le mininingwane ayihlotshaniswa nezici ze-anatomical, kodwa nokulimala kwe-holotype. Uhlobo lohlelo lwamazinyo luchazwe nguSharov njenge-acrodontal - lubonakala ngokulungiswa kwamazinyo ngokungagudluli ngqo emaphethelweni angenhla omhlathi. ULarry Martin uyithatha njengeyhlobo lwe-tecodont, okusho ukuthi kwakhiwa izimpande zamazinyo, lapho kwakhiwa khona izinhlaka zokusekelwa, zihlangene ngomqondo we-periodontium. Esihlokweni sakamuva sika-2008, uMartin uveza ukuthi umhlathi ophansi womhlathi ophansi wahlukaniswa phakathi kwamathayili ezinsalela, futhi uSharov wahumusha wonke amazinyo anezisekelo ezeluliwe njengamazinyo omqhele. Kunoma ikuphi, izimpande zizoba mfushane kakhulu kohlelo lwamazinyo wohlobo lwe-tecodont, yize zingaba zohlobo lwe-tecodont, lapho amazinyo akwi-alveoli engajulile futhi etholakala egungwini elilodwa. Ingxenye yangemuva yengozi kagebhezi, enwebeka kakhulu ngale kwe-orbit, yachazwa nguSharov njengezimpawu ezimbili futhi yahunyushwa ngokuthi uPretoria kanye nePeteretal. ULarry Martin ukholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuyingxenye nje yophahla lukakhanda, olususelwe ekuhlanganyeleni. Amakholaji achazwa nguSharov njengonxusiwe, yize umthungo phakathi kwawo wawukhonjisiwe. U-Center noMartin bayavuma ukuthi basikiwe futhi bakha i-thymus. UPeter ukholelwa ukuthi bamane bopha amafossil, futhi u-Anvin no Bent Bent bakholelwa ukuthi azikhuli ndawonye.

Izithasiselo zomgogodla nokutolika kwazo

Ngasemuva kwesilwane kukhona okokusebenza okude kakhulu kwesimo esiyingqayizivele (kuchazwe ngababhali abathile njengobumba benduku ye-hockey). USharov ngokwakhe ubachaze njengezikali eziguquliwe. I-holotype inezinhlaka eziyisikhombisa zomgogodla ezichazwe ngesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ubude bawo buqala ku-10 cm cm ku-holotype, ubude obuphindwe kabili kuya kathathu ubude bekhanda nomzimba buhlanganisiwe, bufika ku-28,9 cm we-FG 596 / V / 1 paratype. Ngayinye yazo yakhiwa "izikali" ezimbili eziphakeme kakhulu ezixhunywe eceleni komphetho wangaphambili, futhi ekugcineni futhi ngasemaphethelweni wangemuva naphakathi. Amaphethelo wezengezo ayaxutshwa futhi agobeke kancane emuva.

“Isikali” ngasinye sesengezo kusuka kusisekelo saso kuya ekuqaleni kokukhula kwe-distal ihlukaniswe imichilo emithathu, emuva kwayo kancane kancane kuyaphuka futhi kuphume. Imicu ephakathi, ecishe ibe ngcembe, inamabhulashi ngesimo ubuhlalu, ngaphandle kufana nokuqhuma kwesibaya enkabeni yezimpaphe zezinyoni. Lokhu kudumba kutholakala kufinyelela kwisiza lapho umugqa wangemuva uhlukaniswe khona, futhi ziyizinsalela zeperatinized zepapilla ezazondla izikali ezikhulayo.

Izengezo ze-Dorsal zibukwa ososayensi abahlukahlukene kungaba yizikali eziguquliwe, noma njengezimpaphe "ezingezona izinyoni" ezinentshebe efakiwe.

Ikakhulu ama-paleontologists angabaza kakhulu ayethambekele nokukholelwa ukuthi lezi zinhlaka zazingeyona ingxenye yomzimba we-longiscame, kodwa zaziyizingcezwana zezitshalo ezazigcinwe kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo futhi zachazwa kabi. Emsebenzini wabo, uBuchwitz noVogt baphetha ngokuthi izengezo ezakheke njengombala weLongisquama azizintiyo zezitshalo, ngoba bonke, ngaphandle kwalokhu okukhona ku-PIN ye-holotype 2584/4, banesakhiwo esi-aliwe esiphindaphindwe ngezikhathi ezithile futhi esingagcinwanga ngesimo sefilimu yekabhoni - indlela ejwayelekile ukongiwa kwezitshalo ku-Madigen suite. Isitshalo kuphela esivela kuMadigen esifana nezinsimbi zeLongiscwama isihlahla somthi esifana nesihlahla Mesenteriophyllum kotschnevii (Amalungu omndeni). Phezu kwamaqabunga ayo kukhona amafolda ahlukahlukene. Amaqabunga amakhulu afinyelela ku-14 cm ubude nama-2,5 cm ububanzi. Ithambo eliphakathi nendawo lifinyelela ububanzi obuyi-3-5 mm. Emaphethelweni amaqabunga aboniswa yi-contour eguquguqukayo, i-wavy kakhulu futhi ezindaweni ezihlangene kancane. Eminye imihlobo eyaziwayo inamafolda ahlukaniswe njalo, ahlukaniswe ngokulinganayo, azungeze umthambo ophakathi ngebanga le-1 mm ukusuka komunye nomunye futhi acishe afike kumthambo ophakathi nendawo. Kodwa-ke amaqabunga M. kotschnevii ungabi nesimo esihlukile senduku ye-hockey.

Ngo-1999, e-University of Kansas (e-USA), iqembu labelaphi bezazi zaseMelika kanye nezazi zezilwane (uJ. Ruben, uLarry Martin, u-Alan Feduccia, njll.) Ngokuhlangana nezazi zaseRussia, u-E.N. Kurochkin noV. Alifanov, besebenzisa izimbali zesimanje ngaleso sikhathi, futhi futhi amathuba wokuthwebula izithombe zedijithali, azame ukutadisha izakhiwo ze-longiscwam. Ababhali bocwaningo babelindele ukuthi lokhu okudingayo kungakuqinisekisa okwenziwe ngomqondo ophakamisa imvelaphi yezinyoni ezivela kuma-archosaurs okungewona awadayisi. Umphumela walo msebenzi kwaba ukushicilelwa lapho abalobi bekhombisa khona ukuthi okufakwayo okuphakathi kosuku lwe-longisquama kune-fan kanye nomgodi we-axial ozwakalayo, okuyisisekelo sawo esincishisiwe futhi siyindilinga. Ngakho-ke, ngokombono wabo, lezi zibonakaliso zibonisa ukufana phakathi kokuhlanganiswa kwensipha kanye nezinsiba, ukwakheka kwayo, ngokungafani esikalini, kuvela endaweni ecwilisiwe yesikhumba - i-follicular papilla.

Isazi sokuthuthukisa Feather, uRichard Proom, kanye noReis noZyus, bahlaziya lezi zinhlaka njengezakheke kakhulu ngokwendabuko futhi bazithatha njengezikali ezifana ne-ribbon.

Izithasiselo zeLongiskwama zinezici eziningi zokutholwa ezingabukwanga esikalini esiphakeme sendawo, kepha zifana nezimpaphe zezinyoni kanye nezigaba zazo zokuthuthuka: Umehluko osuka ekujuleni kwenhliziyo ngenguquko eyodwa eyinhloko, izakhiwo ezihlukile zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, isakhiwo sangaphakathi esiyinkimbinkimbi esinamakamelo wevolumu nohlaka oluhlotshisiwe isigaba se-distal, isilinganiso sobude nobubanzi engxenyeni yokomelela kufinyelela ku-50% (isampula FG 596 / V / 1). Ngakho-ke, uVogt wahumusha izici zokwenziwa kokufakelwa kwalokho ngokufanekisa ngemibono yesimanje mayelana nomsuka nentuthuko yezimpaphe: ukukhula kwabo bekungadingeki, kudinga indawo echazwe ngokucacile yokwanda kweselula. Izengezo ze-longisquam zakhiwa kusuka kwigciwane le-multilayer epidermal, ukwahlukanisa okwanquma ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sabo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ukushintshwa kusuka kusizinda se-distal kuya kwisiza esibonakalayo kubonisa ukulandelana kwezigaba zokuthuthuka ngakunye, okufana nokushintshwa kusuka ngaphakathi kuya kusiba sezimpaphe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulungiswa okujulile kanye nobunjalo besimo sobukhulu bengxenye yommeleli, okubuye kuchazwe ngabacwaningi abaningana, kungakhombisa ukuthuthukiswa kokufakelwa kokuqhamuka kwe-cylindrical epidermal invagination, okungukuthi, i-follicle. Ngakho-ke, lezi ziphelile zinesakhiwo esifana nesikali se-dorsal yama-iguanas anamuhla.

Abanye abacwaningi bakhombisa ukuthi ukuphuma kwe-longisquam kufana kakhulu nokulinganisa okungama-blade amathathu kwinduku (okubonakalayo kokuqagela okuguqukayo) kwesakhiwo Praeornis sharovi, owayehlala ngaphesheya kweMiddle and Late Jurassic endaweni yeKazakhstan yanamuhla.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ku-morphogenesis yesimpaphe samanje kunezinqubo ezithile ezifana nokuhambisa umkhawulo wokukhula kusuka ekugcineni kokuphela kwesikhumba ukuphuma kuya ezinhlangothini ze-follicle, ukutholwa kwasendaweni yabantu abaningi besitemu, ngokungagcini nje ngokukhula kwamaseli (njengakwizilwane ezihuquzelayo), kodwa nge-apoptosis - inqubo eguqukayo yokufa kweseli ehleliwe yezingxenye eziseceleni zamapuleti.

Inhloso nendawo yohlelo olude lwe-scaly dorsal futhi kuhlala kuyimpikiswano, ngoba akwaziwa ukuthi sikuphi isikhundla - ngokuqondile noma mpo, emgqeni owodwa noma emibili - abebekhona esilwaneni. Akukaziwa futhi ukuthi bebengamaselula yini. Umbono ovame kakhulu okwamanje uvezwa okokuqala ngumbhali uSharov, waphinde wamukelwa futhi waguqulwa abanye babaphenyi. Ngokusho kwakhe, ukuphuma komgogodla kwakusebenza nge-aerodynamic futhi basetshenziswa yileso silwane ukundiza nje. Ngokusho kwakhe, babehleli emugqeni ezinhlangothini zomzimba noma emuva, babesebenza njengeparachute, bevumela izidalwa ezibalekayo ukuba zindize. Lokhu kudalulwa kukaSharov kudalwe ukuthi kube khona kwezinto ezifanayo ezilinganayo kuma-longiscuwa nezinyoni: iwindi langaphambi komshado kanye nemikhondo ehlanganisiwe eyayichazwa nguye kwakuyizimpawu okwakulindeleke ukuthi zivela kokhokho abakhona kungenzeka bezinyoni.

Ngo-1987, uHartmut Hobold no-Eric Buffetaut (Haubold & Buffetaut) baphakamise ukuthi izinqubo ezingajwayelekile zazitholakala ngababili ezinhlangothini zomzimba we-longiscwam, zakha “amaphiko okugoqa”, zazihamba ngezinyawo kanti esimweni esingahlelekile sivumela isilwane ukwenza ukuhlela okufana nezimbila zanamuhla zohlobo oludonsayo oluyindiza (IDraco) noma i-cuneosaurus yefossil, Xianglong zhaoi , Mecistotrachelos apeoros kanye ne-coelurosaurus.

Eminyakeni yokuqala ka-2010s, uJones nozakwabo bathola ukuthi ukuphuma kwabo kwakukhona ngemuva, hhayi ezinhlangothini zomzimba, kodwa ngonyaka kamuva bazihumusha njengemigqa emibili ebunjiwe yezakhi, okwenziwe ngokufana kakhulu nezimpaphe futhi zitholakala esimeni esifana nezimpaphe zesikhumba i-pterillium ezinyoni.

Ngokusho kuka-Anvin no-Benton, ukuphuma kwesikhashana kumelela umugqa owodwa ongafakwanga emuva wesilwane, ohlukahluka ngosayizi kuya kokuncane ohlangothini lomsila futhi obekwe eceleni komzimba womzimba.

Abanye abacwaningi babheka ukucabanga ukuthi i-dorsal appendages yayihlangene nganoma iyiphi indlela ehlangene nendiza ayithandabuzi. Lokhu kufaka i-Vogt nozakwabo abenqaba le mqondo ngezizathu eziningi. Ngakho-ke, i-holotype inochungechunge olulodwa kuphela olwaziwayo, futhi noma yiluphi ulwazi mayelana nokugoba kwabo emuva noma ukulahleka komugqa wabo wesibili akukho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuhleleni izidalwa ezinjenge-coelurosaurus, ama-sharovyperteriks, ama-cuneosaurus nama-dragons anamuhla ezindizayo, ulwelwesi lwamaphiko lutholakala eduze komzimba futhi lusekelwa imilenze, izimbambo zeqiniso noma zamanga. Esimweni se-longiskwama, uma izengezo zihlelwe ngemigqa emibili, ngenkathi indiza inyuka, iphrofayli eqhubekayo yokubhalwa kwamagama yayizokwakhiwa engxenyeni esekude yezinqubo, lapho izingxenye zayo ezinwetshiwe zingadlula ngaphezulu. Ngokukhula kwamandla okuphakamisa okwenziwe kude nendawo ephakathi nendawo, ukucindezelwa okuyisisekelo sezinqubo bekungaba kukhulu kangangokuba kungakhuphula ubungozi bomonakalo wabo (ikakhulukazi esimweni sokuphakanyiswa kwabo ngomzimba, njengoba kwakhiwa kabusha uHobold noBuffeto).

Ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, izikali zingasetshenziswa ukulawula ukuthunyelwa kokushisa noma ekuziphatheni kwezilwane. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kukaVogt nozakwabo, i-longiskwama, enomugqa owodwa we-appendages emhlane wakhe, yayikwazi ukuyiphakamisa bese iyigoqa ngendiza eyi-sagittal efana ne-fan, ngokwesibonelo, ngenhloso yokuvikela ukulingisa noma ukuheha abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzalela nokusabisa abanye abesilisa (njengamanje okufanayo Ngakho-ke, ukukhulisa nokugoqa isende lomphimbo onemibala egqamile, kufikelwa abesilisa abaningana bezikhala). Ngaphezu kwalokho, esikhathini esiningi, izithasiselo ngokusobala zazisendaweni eyindilinga eqondile, futhi ukunyakaza kwayo kufanele ngabe kunikezwe ngohlelo lwemisipha emide enamathele kuma-folliclic akhiwe ngokujulile.

I-Paleobiology

ILongiskwama kungenzeka ukuthi yayiyisilwane esidalwa i-arboreal (most most arboreal). NgokukaSharov, ihlombe kanye nengalo esifushane, kanye nesandla eside, ziyakufakazela lokhu, futhi ama-clavicles ahlanganisiwe akhombisa imithwalo emikhulu etholwa ngumbhalo ongaphambili. Abanye abacwaningi, futhi abenqabayo umqondo wokusebenzisa i-spendlement yomgogodla ekuhleleni indiza, bayangabaza indlela yokuphila yesihlahla ende. Beka isikhundla sabo eqinisweni lokuthi izitho zomzimba wasemuva kanye nomsila wesilwane esibuhlungu azilondolozwanga, ngokulandelana, isikhundla sazo sigcina singaziwa.

Wadla izinambuzane, ezingahlulelwa ngamazinyo amancane ezinhlobo zohlobo olufanayo.

I-Paleoecology

Izinsalela ze-longiskwama zatholakala epheshaneni leMadigen, elivela ngesikhathi se-Triassic. IMadigen yayingumfula osezingeni eliphakathi nomfula onamachibi anamaminerali, abadala nezindawo zokugcina amanzi ngesikhathi sezikhukhula. Isimo sezulu sasiyinkathi eyomile. Ngokunokwenzeka, amachibi ayengakhiqizi kangako, enomfutho ophansi we-oxygen emanzini, ngenxa yokuthi yiziphi izimo ezithile ezakhelwe ezansi zawo, obekuvimbela ukubola okusheshayo kwezinto ezifile. Ezindaweni eziningi, ukutholakala kwezilwane zasemanzini eziphefumula ngalezi gill akuvamile (ngaphandle kwezinhlanzi, ama-ostracods, ama-decapod crustaceans, ama-bivalves nama-bryozoans atholakele). Izidalwa eziphefumula kakhulu eziphefumula kakhulu kwakuyizimisundu ezinamaqabunga ezinamaqabunga ezihlala izingulule zesikhashana namachibi angajulile. Isici seMadigen kwakuwukubakhona kweziteshi zesibindi ezintantayo, okungenzeka zakha emanzini angajulile ogwini uhlobo lwama “matsha” ahamba ezintabeni lapho kuhlala khona ama-invertebrates ahlukahlukene. Ngokusekelwe ekutholakaleni okuningi kwamazinyo oshaka eMadigen, kwaqondakala ukuthi oshaka abadala bahamba ngomkhumbi kusukela emanzini ajulile (noma kusuka kwamanye amadamu) ukuvela emanzini angajulile echibi elikhulu noma imifula egeleza kulo. Lapha banamathisela amaqanda abo ezilwaneni zasemanzini. Oshaka abasha abasafufusa isikhashana babehlala ezilwaneni, bedla imollusks kanye nezinye inyamazane encane. Amakhebuli amaqanda angenalutho ahlanzwa futhi angcwatshwa ezindaweni ezingakhiqizi kangako komthombo.

Phakathi kwama-vertebrates asemhlabeni owaziwa kusuka kuMadigen, umuntu angabona i-cynodont Madysaurus sharovi kanye nesilwane esiphilayo sokuhlela esivela ku-oda Prolacashoormes - sharovyperteriksa (ISharovipteryx) .

Amasistimu ne-phylogeny

Isikhundla esikuhlelekile asihlali sicacisiwe ngokuphelele.

U-Alexander Grigorievich Sharov ngokwakhe ekuqaleni wachaza izinhlobo zezilwane, ngokuya ngezinhlelo ezikhona ngaleso sikhathi, njengommeleli we-pseudosuchia detachment (Pseudosuchia) ngokususelwa kumawindi amabili okwagcina ngokwengxenye, kanye nefasitela elincane le-preorbital kanye nefasitela ngemuva komhlathi ongezansi. Njengamanje, ama-pseudosuchies abhekwe esigabeni somunye wemicebo emibili yamantombazane eyinhloko yama-archosaurs. Encazelweni yokuqala, uSharov waphawula ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-longiskwama yayiseduze kakhulu nama-pseudosuhs angakaziwa (ngaleso sikhathi), lapho izinyoni zehla khona. Ngakho-ke, wathi i-longiscwam yaba igatsha lama-archosaurs ahlobene nezinyoni. Ufike kulesi siphetho ngemuva kokufunda ngezakhi zezinsalela zezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo - ukuba khona kwewindows preorbital (fenestrae antorbital), iwindi le-mandibular, i-collarbones fused like the thymus of bird, and the form of the dorsal appendages, okuyinto, ngombono wakhe, awuzange uphikisane nalokho obekulindelwe kokhokho bezinyoni (okwacatshangwa ngaleso sikhathi).

Ngo-2001, uRichard Pram noTerry Jones et al. Emsebenzini wabo weseka ukutholakala kwama-longiscuva kuma-archosaurs asuselwa kunqobelo lwe-preorbital, elinye lawo eliphambi komgwaqo wesidwaba. Ngokombono wabo, ukuhlangana kwesakhiwo sezinto ezenziwa emzimbeni nezimpaphe zezinyoni, kanye nama-clavicles nezimfoloko, kukhombisa ukuthi phakathi kwama-archosaurs kunobudlelwano phakathi kwama-longiscwam nezinyoni.

Muva nje, iningi labacwaningi liqaphile ngokwengeziwe eziphethweni zazo eziphathelene nenqubo ehleliwe futhi libonisa izinhlobo ukuthi zimelela nje ama-diapsid.

Umbuzo wokuma okuhleliwe wezinhlobo unzima ikakhulukazi ukuwuxazulula, ngoba i-holotype ithole incazelo emfushane yokuqala enemifanekiso emibi futhi ayizange ichazwe ngokweqile. UPeter wenze umzamo wokulungisa lesi simo ngokuchaza kabusha i-holotype ngonyaka ka-2000. Kodwa-ke, izici ezimbalwa ezichazwe zinempikiswano. UCent no-Petros yibona kuphela ababhali ukufaka i-taxon ekuhlaziyweni kwe-phylogenetic.

Isikhundla okuthiwa sinohlelo lwe-longiscwam ngokusho kukaDavid Peters:

I-Tapinoplatia

UCharaciopoda

I-Fenestrasauria

U-Anvin noB Benton bakholelwa ukuthi amanye amafasitela esigaxa se-longiscwama angamane alimale okusele. Bavumelana noSharov ukuthi i-longiskvama inamazinyo acrodontal kanye ne-interclavicles, kepha ungacabangi ukuthi ama-clavicles afakiwe. Izici ezifanayo ze-anatomical zimpawu ngaphezulu kwabamele beqembu le-Lepidosauromorpha. Kulokhu, i-Longiscwama akuyona i-archosaur futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ayihlobene eduze nezinyoni.

Ngenxa yesimo esinzima sokuhleleka kwe-longiscuwa, okunzima ukusho ukuthi yiliphi elinye lamaqembu aziwa kahle, ngonyaka we-2004, ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kweqembu, uPh Center uphakamise ukuthi wethule isekeli elizimele le-polyphyletic Avicephala njenge-subclass ye-diapsid, lapho futhi efaka ukuhlelwa kwe-basal diapside ye-coelurosaur (I-Coelurosauravus) Umdwebo olula we-taxonomy ohlongozwe Isikhungo uboniswa kwi-cladogram engezansi:

Diapsida

I-Eosuchia

I-Neodiapsida (kufaka phakathi i-Archosauria neLepidosauria)

I-Avicephala

I-Dinosaur

Eminyakeni yokuqala yo-1990, isazi semvelo saseMelika uGeorge Olszewski wahambisa inkolelo yokuthi i-longiscama ingaba yi-basal theropod - ummeleli wesifunda sezikhala kanye nama-dinosaurs (kuthengiso lwayo - i-baseterod theropodomorph - "basitheropod theropodomorph"). I-hypothesis ayitholanga ukusekelwa phakathi kwe-paleontologists efanele ngoba i-Olszewski isebenzise izimpawu ze-longiscwam eziphikisanayo noma ezingejwayelekile ze-theropods ngokuvamile: "skull-bird" (uphawu olungenasici lwe-basal theropods), amazinyo acwebezelayo (isibonakaliso se-plesiomorphic kwe-gnostostom), efakwe kuthambo le-thymus le-clavicle (uphawu oluphikisanayo), izitho zangalo ezinkulu eziphakeme ngesandla esinezandla ezinhlanu (ama-dropod dinosaurs agcina eyokuqala, yesibili neyesithathu iminwe, ngesikhathi sokuncishiswa kweyesine neyesihlanu. Isici esinjalo siyabahlukanisa ngokuyisisekelo kubo bonke abanye ama-dinosaurs nama-tetrapods amaningi, lapho, uma kuncishiswa inani leminwe ku-paw, ukuncishiswa kuvame ukuthwebula iminwe eyedlulele - eyokuqala neyesihlanu), "isikali se-ape-like" uphawu).

Isazi se-paleontologist saseRussia u-E.N. Kurochkin asikukhiphi ngaphandle kokutholakala kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo zama-dinosaurs. Lo mbono ubususelwa ekuhlukaniselweni okuncane kwe-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho kanye nebhande lamahlombe le-longisquama nokucwaninga ngemininingwane yesakhiwo seseyili yakhe ngesibonakhulu esikhulu esisetshenziselwa ukuqaphela ukuhlangana kwamathambo amaningi amathambo esigaxa esigaxekile okufihlwe imifantu eminingi.

Ukuba khona kwe-clavicle ku-longisquam ku-clavicle ye-thymus yisici se-theropods. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwencazelo kaPeter (okungenzeka ayilungile), kungenzeka ukuthi inendawo yangasemuva yangaphakathi futhi ihlanganisiwe ngobude bayo bonke kanye ne-sternum, engafakwanga ngokuphelele i-theropod anatomy. Izimpawu ezingeziwe, zokuba ngama-plesiomorphic amaningi kunama-dinosaurs, zifaka iwindi elivele langaphandle le-mandibular, uhlobo lokufakwa kwamazinyo emhlathini (kungakhathalekile ukuthi luhlobo luphi uhlelo lwamazinyo), i-interclavicle (uma ikhonjwe kahle kuhlobo lwe-holotype), i-short deltectoral creal, phalanges in the ezine iminwe yebhulashi kanye nama-phalanges amane emunwe wesihlanu. Ngakho-ke, i-longiskwama ayinakuba ngeqembu le-theropod futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, akuyona i-dinosaur.

Uyise wezinyoni

Umsuka wezinyoni kade kwaba yinto yengxoxo emnandi. Esikhathini esibonakalayo kwesikhathi, izinguqulo eziningana zesayensi zemvelaphi kanye nezihlobo zomndeni wezinyoni ziye zadluliselwa phambili. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, maqondana nokutholwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni zasendulo kanye namadayinas e-theodod, abacwaningi abaningi baqala ukuncika emcabangweni wokuthi izinyoni zehla kuma-dinosaurs e -ropod avela eqenjini le-maniaptors. Bambalwa ososayensi, kufaka phakathi ama-paleontologists aseMelika uLarry Martin (1943-2013) no-Alan Feduccia (Eng.) Russian. , banamathela kumqondo wokuthi izinyoni zavela kusuka kuma-archosaurs arboreal amancane, anjenge-longiscavas. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Cladistic kanye nezifundo ze-phylogenetic azikaze zikuqinisekise lokhu kutolika okuhlukile.

Ngokokuqala ngqa, ukucabanga ngokuxhumeka okungenzeka kwe-longiscwam nokhokho wezinyoni kwenziwa nguSharov uqobo, obecabanga ukuthi ama-clavicles axutshwe nezinhlaka eziphakeme ngaphambili njengezinhlamvu ezinjengezinyoni. Ngaphezu kwesengezo se-thymus ne-scaly, uLarry Martin ngonyaka we-2004 wakhomba ezinye izinkomba zokufana kwe-longisquam ezinyoni: iwindi elihlukanisiwe le-orbital (empeleni elingekho engxenyeni eyedlule), igebhezi elingunxantathu (nalo elikhona ku-coelurosaur (I-Coelurosauravus), Ama-Simiosaurs, ama-pterosaurs, ama-coelurosaurs amaningi, nezinye eziningi ze-taxa), "igebhezi elinwetshiwe" (uphawu olunempikiswano, noma ngabe ukusolwa kwecala lobugebenga ngempela kuyophahla oluhlakazekile logebhezi, ngoba indawo yalo enezinhlangothi ezintathu ayaziwa ngokuqinisekile, njengobukhulu be-endocrane uqobo, isibonakaliso futhi sinayo I-Megalancosaurus, i-pterosaurs kanye ne-coelurosaurs), ithambo le-postorbital eliphakeme (empeleni lifinyeziwe ezinyangeni eziningi, ngisho nasezakhiweni ezinjenge-archeopteryx ngamagatsha omoya amafushane wethambo le-postorbital, isici esithe xaxa sama-coelurosaurs), amafasitela aswele we-mandibular (uphawu luyehluka ezinyonini eziyisisekelo futhi cishe yawo wonke ama-non-archosauromorphs), amazinyo anezimpande ezibanzi (uphawu olungakaqinisekiswa), intamo iphansi inamathiselwe kugebhezi (luhambelana nezinto ezingokoqobo kuphela uma i-pistetal crest ibhekwa njengengxenye kakhanda, eqinisweni, lolu phawu aluhambelani nezinto ezisezinyoni eziyisisekelo, ezinjenge-archeopteryx), ububanzi obufanayo bentamo nomzimba wes scapula kulo lonke ubude (bukhona nama-neoteropods, I-Simosaurus, ama-pterosaurs, futhi ngezinga elincane ku-coelurosaurs), isandla esidlulile (futhi sibonisa ama-pterosaurs, ama-coelurosaurs, nabanye abaningi), ama-phalanges we-penultimate wesandla (awahambelani nomunwe we-I futhi anobuhlakani nje, ngokusho kukaLarry Martin, ngomunwe wesine - uphawu lukhona coelurosaurs I-Simosaurus, ama-pterosaurs kanye ne-theropods) - nokufakwa kokuqina kwezimpaphe.

Ukuvela kwezimpaphe okusobala kukaLongiskwama kunikeze inqwaba yezifundo. Ngakho-ke, uJones waqala wachaza kabusha lokhu kufakelwa, futhi uVogt wenza izincazelo zabo ezinembe kakhudlwana ngokususelwa kokutholwe okusha kwezinto zokufunda. UJones uchaze ukufana okuthile ngezimpaphe, esebenzisa igama elithi Feducci - feather appendages (i-English parafeather) ngalezi zinhlaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsolo ezihlukanisayo okusolwa ukuthi ziguqulwe, zenziwa ekhaya, ngokusho kukaJones, ekuduneni kwezimpaphe zezinyoni, empeleni ziguqana ngamagabha zombili izinsephe zangaphakathi zezimpaphe. Izindonga ezisolwa ngokuzungeza kwendawo ezungezile ziyindawo yokubopha yangaphambili nangasemuva, lapho kungekho khona imigodi ephansi. Izinsizi zezimpaphe ekugcineni kwazo zinendawana ephakathi nendawo ne-lobe ezungezile. Isakhiwo sabo sangempela sihluke ngokuphelele. Esikhundleni senduku eyindilinga nemishayo eyakheka njengefeni, i-longiskwama inezimbambo ezihlanganisiwe ndawonye emaphethelweni futhi ziqukethe imichilo emide yobude kude, ngoba imichilo yangemuva iya ngaphambi kokunwetshwa kwe-lobar. Induku ingukuqhubeka komngcele phakathi kwemigqa yangaphambi nangaphakathi (ayiqhubeki nendawo eyisisekelo, njengoba kuchazwe nguJones), futhi izinsolo ezithi "intshebe" azikaze zihlukaniswe ngisho nangaphezulu phezulu kwezinhlaka zezimpaphe, zivame ukuhlanganiswa ndawonye futhi esikhundleni salokho kube yimidwebo ephambanayo ku ulwelwesi olungapheli. Ngakho-ke, ukufana ngezimpaphe kukhawulelwe yisisekelo se-cylindrical kanye ne-conical kanye ne-basal membrane. Yize izengezo ezinjengezimpaphe zingahle zithuthukise izimpaphe ezisezingeni le-follicle, ziyafana kuphela nezimpaphe zesigaba sokuqala Tianyulong confuciusi nama-basal coelurosaurs, izimpaphe ze-psittacosaurus, noma ama-pycnofibres (izimpaphe noma imicu enjengezinwele) yama-pterosaurs. Imibono ngokuguqulwa kokuguquguquka kwenani elisuselwa emzimbeni ngenxa yesakhiwo sabo se-morphological iyaphikisana kakhulu, ngoba ayesekelwa idatha yangempela yamafomu okuqala nawokushintshana, ama-morphogenesis abo, umehluko ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali ezinhlaka ezihlongozwayo zezomhlaba, njll. Kamuva nje, iningi lososayensi liza isiphetho sokuthi iningi lesikhumba lisuselwa emazingeni okuphefumula alikwazi ukuba izinkomba zenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngoba izinto eziningi ezihlobene azihlobene nokuvela kwemvelo Kepha ama-tumors afanayo (ezingeni lesigaba).

ILongiskwama ayinazici ezijwayelekile nezinyoni ebezingatholakali kuma-coalurosaurs basal. Ngakho-ke, ayikwazi ukufakwa eqenjini le-tetanures ngesisekelo sezici eziningi, kufaka phakathi: amazinyo omhlathi ongenhla, ngemuva kokufinyelela ezingeni lomphetho we-orbit, ukuba khona kwama-vertebrae ayisishiyagalombili kuphela, ukungabikho kwamathambo emilenze we-I ne-II okwedlule emabhulashini - ngaphezu kokunye umehluko osuka kuma-dinosaurs, owaphawulwa esigabeni esedlule.

Ukhokho wePterosaur

Umbono ophikisana kakhulu ngobuhlobo bokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwe-longiscwama uvezwe ngumdwebi osezingeni eliphakeme nodokotela wamandulo wamandulo uDavid Peters, othinta ngokuyinhloko umsuka nokuvela kwama-pterosaurs futhi owaziwa ngokwakhiwa kabusha kwakhe okungaxakile kwama-pterosaurs nezinye izilwane eziningi zasendulo. Wazakhela indlela yakhe yokufunda izinsalela esekwe ekucabangeni kwezithombe ezinkulu zedijithali ngokulungiswa okuphezulu kwezinsalela zezinsimbi ezikhoyo. Indlela yokucwaninga yaqanjwa igama lakhe ngokuthi i-DGS (isiNgisi Digital Graphic Segregation, ukuhlukaniswa kwemifanekiso yedijithali yaseRussia). Lapho esebenzisa le ndlela, uPeter uthole imininingwane eminingi kumasampula asevele afundwe kahle yi-paleontologists ochwepheshe ukuthi, ngokubona kwakhe, alahlekile.

Endabeni ye-holisquama holotype, uPeter, ngokubona kwakhe, wakwazi ukukhombisa umsila, iminwe, ngisho nezihlakala zamaphiko ezingekho emfuyumeni eyaziwayo, efana naleyo yama-pterosaurs.

Ukutholwa kukaPilatu kuye kwagxekwa kaningi ngabachwepheshe be-paleontologists.

Umbhalo ovela kudokhumenti "26861-1"

Ngubani longiskwama?

Umdwebo weLongiskwama owethulwe encazelweni yokuqala ye-A.G. USharov.

Umphumela womsebenzi ohlanganyelwe kwaba ukushicilelwa kwendatshana enesihloko esithi "Izimpaphe Ezingezona Izinyoni zeLate Triassic Archosaurus", lapho kufakazelwa khona ukuthi izinsimbi ezihlanganisiwe ze-longisquama zinezimpahla ezifakwayo nomgodi we-axial ozwakala, okuyisisekelo sawo esincishisiwe futhi esiyindilinga. Zonke lezi zibonakaliso zibonisa ukufana kohlaka lomgogodla nensipho, okuthi, ngokungafani nesikali, kwakheka endaweni egxilile yesikhumba - i-follicular papilla. Ngakho-ke, kungaphethwa ngokuthi izakhiwo ezinjengezimpaphe zavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-75-80 ngaphambili kunaleyo i-Archeopteryx, inyoni endala kunazo zonke eyaphila eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-150 eyedlule, ekupheleni kwenkathi yeJurassic.Esitatimendeni somlomo sabanye ababhali baseMelika ngalesi sihloko, kwathiwa i-longiscwama akuyona eyama-dinosaurs nokuthi izinyoni kungenzeka ukuthi zihlobene nalezi zinsuku.

Le ndatshana ivuse isasasa lomphakathi kabanzi nokuhamba kwamazwana kumaphephabhuku amakhulu aphesheya. Uhla lwemibono yezazi lwalukhulu. Abanye babo babekulungele ukuvumelana nakho konke okwashiwo, futhi abanye ngokwezigaba bekuphikisana nako. Abanye babona ubukhulu bezicelo ezisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwe-dorsal of Longisquama, kepha abenelisekanga ngokuchazwa kwemininingwane eminingana ye-morphological (ababhali balesi sihloko nabo babenezingxabano ngalesi sihloko), kanti abanye, ngaphandle kokuphakamisa ukuphikisana okuyisisekelo, abasibonanga isizathu sokushiya umqondo wobudlelwano bezinyoni neziduna. Izinkulumo eziningi zivame ukuzwakalisa ukumangala ukuthi le ndatshana ayihloli ukwakheka kwamathambo futhi ayihlaziyi ubudlelwane bomndeni be-longiscwam, okuyinto ochwepheshe abaningi abangacaci kahle ngayo. Ngeshwa, umehluko wesikhundla sabalobi baseRussia waleso sihloko, oqukethe ukusekela izimpikiswano ngokuthanda ukubumbana kwesakhiwo sezinhlelo zokusebenza zedorsal, usasele ngaphandle kwemingcele yezimpikiswano kwabezindaba zakwamanye amazwe. Kwakungekho sizathu sokungabaza isiphetho sikaSharov mayelana nokuhlangana okuhleliwe nobudlelwano be-longiscwam nathi, njengabo bonke ababhali bethu, ngesikhathi lesi sihloko sishicilelwa kwiSayensi.