IGreat Arctic Reserve - ngobukhulu endaweni hhayi eRussia kuphela, kodwa kulo lonke i-Eurasia. Kuneziza eziyisikhombisa lapha: I-Dikson-Sibiryakovsky, "Iziqhingi Zasolwandle", I-Pyasinsky, "Middendorf Bay", "Nordenskjöld Archipelago", "Lower Taimyr" ne "Polar Desert". Indawo yokugcina, ebizwa ngenye indlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-Chelyuskin peninsula, inezintethe ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ze-Arctic emhlabeni. Isithwathwa siwela ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti, futhi sincibilika ngokuphelele kuphela ekupheleni kukaJuni. ECape Chelyuskin, ikhava leqhwa lihlala cishe izinsuku ezingama-300 ngonyaka. Izindawo ezidumile zesigcino ziyizindondo zeMedusa ne-Efremov. Izindawo zayo eziphambili zithathwa yi-Arctic tundra, nasenyakatho - ugwadule lwase-Arctic, kepha imvelo ipenda yonke into ezungezile hhayi ngopende omhlophe kuphela. Ehlobo, i-algae kanye ne-lichens kuguqula i-tundra, bese iphenduka ibomvu, iphuzi, iluhlaza futhi imnyama.
Indawo evikelwe
Impumuzo yokubekelwa indawo inezintaba kakhulu, noma kunjalo, kukhona nezindawo ezibucayi lapha - izindawo ezifihliwe, ezingabonakali buthaka zamathafa asendulo echibi. Iningi lale ndawo ligcinelwa izindawo zezintaba eziphakathi nendawo eziphakeme ezinendawo ebushelelezi, ebushelelezi.
I-Big Arctic Reserve iqukethe iziza eziyisixuku eziyisikhombisa: indawo, isiza saseKara Sea Islands, isiza sePyasinsky, indawo yaseMiddendorf Bay, isiqhingi saseNordensköld, indawo eseLower Taimyr, inhlonhlo yaseChelyuskin, indawo yokugcina imvelo yaseSeverozemelsky.
Isikhundla esiphakeme sendawo yokugcina siholela eqinisweni lokuthi kunesimo sezulu esibi sase-Arctic ngesimo sasemini nobusuku be-polar. Indawo enkulu yesigcini ingeyendawo engaphansi kwe-Arctic tundra, futhi izingxenye ezisenyakatho kakhulu zingezindawo zogwadule lwase-Arctic. I-Permafrost (i-permafrost) isabalele kuyo yonke indawo ebekiwe. Ngokuvamile, ngokuya ngamanani okushisa komoya, iTaimyr Peninsula, esendaweni etholakala kuyo le ndawo, ingenye yezindawo zomhlaba ezibandayo kakhulu endaweni esenyakatho ye-hemisphere. Eningizimu, izinga lokushisa lomoya lonyaka lingama-10,5 degrees, futhi ogwini olusenyakatho - ama-14.1 degrees.
Isithwathwa sivame ukumboza i-tundra ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti - ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, kodwa kwakhiwa isembozo seqhwa esiqinile maphakathi - ukuphela kukaSepthemba. Ukuncibilika kweqhwa eliphelele kuvame ukwenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaJuni - ekuqaleni kukaJulayi.
Umhlaba wezilwane nezitshalo
Ezindaweni zesigcini, izici zezimila zokuphakama okuphezulu zimelwe ngokuphelele. Uhlobo oluphambili lwezimila ze-tundra ama-mosses nama-lichens akhuthazelela izimo ezinzima ze-Arctic. Bazipenda i-tundra ngemibala ehlukahlukene, ukusuka kokumnyama. Ngasenyakatho, ama-lichens abusa kakhulu kwezinye izitshalo ezingakwazi ukuhamba kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula kwazo ngesikhathi sasehlobo esifushane futhi aziqhakami minyaka yonke. Izitshalo ze-Arctic ziyaqothuka, amagatsha awo asatshalaliswa emhlabathini, futhi amasistimu ezimpande akhula ikakhulu endaweni eqondile. Ugwadule lwe-Arctic cishe alunazimila zemvelo: awekho amahlahla, ama-lichens kanye nama-mosses awakhi isembozo esiqhubekayo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezitshalo okuphelele kubalwa lapha ngamaphesenti ambalwa nje.
Ubunzima besimo sezulu sase-Arctic North buthinta nezilwane zesifunda, ngenxa yalokho akumangazi ukuthi izilwane zasendle ezigciniweyo azicebile ngezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kepha iningi labameli balo libhalwe ku-International Red Book, eNcwadi ebomvu yaseRussia kanye neNcwadi ebomvu yeKrasnoyarsk Territory. Zonke izilwane zihlanganiswa yimininingwane yokuzivumelanisa nokuphila ezimeni ezibandayo.
Izidalwa zezinyoni zeGreat Arctic Reserve zibandakanya izinhlobo ezingama-124, zazo ezingama-55 zezidalwa ezinokwethenjelwa endaweni yazo. Zonke ezinye zahlangatshezwa ngesikhathi sokufuduka nokuzulazula; ezinhlotsheni ezingama-41, izimpukane ziyaziwa. Izakhamizi ezinesimo se-tundra yisikhova esimhlophe ne-tundra partridge, ezingashiyi i-Taimyr enokhahlo ebusika. Izinyoni ezinjenge-eider yaseSiberia, ama-gulls amhlophe apinki cishe unyaka wonke awahambi ngaphezu kwemikhawulo yesisekelo sePolar. Lapho kuqala intwasahlobo, izinkulungwane zemihlambi yama-goose-fronted white, goese abamnyama, kanye nabafuduki abahlukahlukene basenyakatho bafika e-Arctic. Lesi siqiwu siqukethe izinhlobo ezingandile zamaqhubu.
Isilo sezilwane ezincelisayo zizonke izinhlobo ezingama-16. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-reindeer, impisi, i-arctic fox, i-ermine, i-walrus, i-musk ox, i-polar bear. Izazi zebhayoloji ziphawula ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kokuzingela amabhele okuyi-polar kuholele ekwandeni okukhulu kwamanani ayo. Womabili amabhere angabodwa namabhele anama-cubs atholakala njalo ezindaweni zokuhlala naseziteshini zamakhaza.
I-ichthyofauna yesibalo ifinyelela izinhlobo ezingama-29 zezinhlanzi. Iningi lazo lingemindeni yesalmon ne-whitefish. Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezivame kakhulu emanzini acwebile asendaweni enkulu yi-arctic char, i-om, muksun kanye ne-vendace, i-grey yaseSiberia. Izindawo zamanzi olwandle zimelelwa yi-saiga, i-slingshot ye-ice-sea, kanye ne-polar flounder. Ama-sturgeon aseSiberia, i-sterlet, i-nelma ne-pike atholakala endaweni yengcwele yezilwane zasendle zaseBrekhov Islands.
Isimangaliso semvelo emakhazeni ase-Arctic
Abatholakali besifunda - Expedition of the Russian Geographical Society, bafika ngonyaka we-1843 ogwini lwe-Arctic Ocean. Inhloko yalolu hambo, u-Alexander Middendorf, uqale watshela umhlaba wonke ngalesi sifunda, esizoba iGreat Arctic Reserve. Isikhathi eside, bambalwa abantu ababazi ngezindawo ezinkulu zalesi sifunda, kuze kube yilapho kudalwa umthetho kahulumeni ngo-1993 i-Big Arctic Reserve. Indawo yokubekelwa inkulu kakhulu kangangokuba lapho ufika lapho, ungabona endaweni eyodwa yemvelo eminingana - ihlathi-tundra, tundra nehlane lase-Arctic.
Ugwadule lwe-Arctic lungazwakala eduze naseCape Chelyuskin naseziqhingini ezikude. Ugwadule olumbozwe yiqhwa lufika lapho laphaya. Ngonyaka, kungabi ngaphezu kwamasonto amabili, lapho izinga lokushisa lapha lingakhuphuka ngaphezulu kwe-zero. EziQhingini ZasoLwandle lwaseKara nasogwini, uzoqonda ukuthi iyini i-Arctic tundra. Kunamachibi amaningi nemifula, yize isimo sezulu singemnandi kangako, ngoSepthemba bayabanda kuze kube maphakathi noJuni.
Naphezu kobunzima besimo sezulu nehlobo elifushane kakhulu, ungabona izitshalo ezinemibala ehlukahlukene nezinhlobonhlobo. Ama-pearl poppy we-lemon, amagrey grey - beige we-willow polar, ovuthayo - ama-lichens aphuzi. Lapho uvakashele engxenyeni eseningizimu yeTaimyr, uzohlangana nezakhamizi zasehlathini-tundra: i-spruce, i-larch, utshani yonke indawo luhlaza. Isitokwe sicebile ngabangane abanezinwele. Ngokuqala kwezinsuku zokuqala zentwasahlobo, izingoma zezinyoni zisatshalaliswa yonke indawo futhi zithokozise izindlebe. Zingaphezulu kweshumi lezinyoni ezifakwe ku-Red Book. Inyoni ejwayelekile kakhulu yi-circumpolar gull.
Ekhuluma ngezilwane ezincelisayo, kule ndawo yokubhuka ungabona ama-reindeer amangalisayo, inkabi kamaskandi, ulamula wezingane. Ama-unicorns, ama-belugas, ama-narwhals, ama-seal nama-walrus ahlala olwandle. Umhlali oyisisekelo saleli thimba ibhere elikhulu. Isilo lesi asisilo esasimonyo futhi asesabi isimo sezulu esibandayo, singabonakala kaningi sizingela inhlanzi noma siphumule ku-ice floe.
I-Ecotourism esitokisini esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Akumele ube yingcweti ukuzama isudi yokwehlukeka, ukuhlola ukujula kolwandle, ukubamba iqhaza ekudonselweni phansi noma ukuloba. Futhi, izindlela ezihamba ngezinyawo zihlelwe endaweni yokubhuka, ngokubamba iqhaza kochwepheshe bokugcina abanolwazi, imizila idlula lapho kuhlala khona amaNenets, lapho ungathola khona ukwazi ngempilo namasiko awo, futhi, ngokweqiniso, ukujwayelana nezitshalo nezilwane zesifunda esimangazayo. Vakashela okugciniwe bese uphonsele esimweni sasendle se-Arctic!
Ama-Icebergs weGreat Arctic Reserve
Ama-Icebergs - izingcezwana zamashalofu eqhwa angena olwandle nasolwandle zibhekwe kufanelekile njengesimangaliso sangempela sendalo iBig Arctic Reserve. Kufika kuma-90% evolumu lawo angaba ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngani? Le mfumbe yaqala ukutholwa usosayensi waseRussia uMikhail Lomonosov. Uveze ukuthi ubukhulu beqhwa lalingama-920 kg / m², kanti namanzi olwandle angama-1025 kg / m². Kukhona ama-icebergs, ubudala bawo bungaphezulu kweminyaka engu-1000 (banombala omnyama okwesibhakabhaka). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukwakheka kwalezi ziqhwa zeqhwa kuyashintsha futhi, kuthathe isikhathi eside nangaphezulu. Emanzini oLwandle i-Arctic, ukuphakama kwama-icebergs akudluli ku-25 m, ubude bungamamitha angama-500. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi isilinganiso sama-icebergs ayi-26,000 asuka ku-Arctic ice sheet kuphela ngonyaka.
Amadwala eGreat Arctic Reserve Izindawo zemvelo eziyinhloko eGreat Arctic Reserve ziwugwadule lwase-Arctic tundra nase-Arctic
Ulwazi oluvamile
- Igama eligcwele: Big Arctic National Nature Reserve.
- Isigaba se-IUCN: la (ukugcinwa kwemvelo okuqinile).
- Kusungulwe: Meyi 11, 1993
- Isifunda: I-Krasnoyarsk Territory, Isifunda saseTaimyr.
- Indawo: 4 169 222 ha.
- Ukukhululeka: intaba.
- Isimo sezulu: i-arctic.
- Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: http://www.bigarctic.ru/.
- I-imeyili: [email protected].
Umlando wendalo
Muva nje, ubuntu buye bukhathazeka kakhulu ngezinkinga zokuncibilika kweqhwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu eNorth Pole. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubo eziningi ezenzeka emvelweni zingaqondwa kuphela ngokufunda iNyakatho ngokuphelele. I-Arctic njengenye yezindawo ezibalulekile zomhlaba akuyona nje into ebalulekile yocwaningo. Izingoma zemvelo, izimbali nezilwane, izindawo ezihlukile zaseFar North - konke lokhu kudinga ukuvikeleka.
Umbono wokwenza indawo yokugcina i-Arctic wazalelwa lapha, phakathi kweqhwa neqhwa, hhayi emahhovisi ezikhungo zikahulumeni. Ngo-1989, kwahlelwa umkhankaso omkhulu waseRussia naseJalimane eNyakatho Ekude, ngenxa yokuthi udokotela wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, uprofesa u-Evgeny Evgenievich Syroechkovsky nozakwabo basungula imbangi yokwakha indawo enkulu e-Arctic. Iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10 yomsebenzi omkhulu wokulungiselela.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uHulumeni waseRussia Federation waphela ngoMeyi 11, 1993 No. 431 “Ekudalweni kweBig Arctic Arctic State Nature Reserve.” Imiphumela ejwayelekile yocwaningo olwenziwe yahlanganisa umbiko wamakhasi ayi-1 000. Le yincwadi enkulu manje! Manje sihlela ukushicilela incwadi eyodwa ngeRegic Arctic Reserve. ukwakhiwa kwaso kufaka izinqolobane zemvelo ezimbili: iSeverozemelsky neBrekhov Islands.
Umhlaba onemifino
Ezintweni ezinhle kakhulu zeGreat Arctic Reserve, izinhlobo ezingama-162 zezitshalo eziphakemeyo ezinama-vascular, 89 - mosses, 15 - isikhunta kanye nama-70 - ama-lichens.
I-polar poppy, ekhetha inhlabathi enamadwala, iqhakaza cishe ngokushesha nje lapho ikhephu leqhwa selincibilikile.
Phakathi kwezihlahlana, izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu yi-polar willow (Salixpolaris). Ubude obujwayelekile bamagatsha awo buyi-cm angama-3-5. Enyakatho, itiye lenziwa kusukela ngamaqabunga alesi sitshalo.
Phakathi kwama-lichens, ihlathi kanye nama-dead cladonia (uCladina arbuscula noC rangiferina), i-cetraria yase-Icelandic (cetraria Islandica) itholakala kakhulu njalo. Ukutholwa okuthokozisayo kwakuyi-Coriscium green (iCoriscium viride). Ucabanga ukuthi izimbali zangempela zikhula kuyi-arctic tundra? Yebo zikhona! Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-glacial novosversion, noma i-arctic rose (i-Novosieversia glacialis), i-sea armeria (i-Armeria maritima), i-poppy esime ngomumo (i-Papaverpulvinatum) ne-arctic poppy (i-Papaver radicatum). Izimbali zaseNyakatho - isimangaliso sangempela! E-Arctic, abaningi babo, kufaka phakathi i-polar poppy, balungiselela ukuqhakaza kusukela ekuweni. Izimbali eziqhakazayo zihlala ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa esiningi esizivikela ngokuthembekile eziqandeni ezinzima.
Umhlaba wezilwane
IGreater Arctic Reserve inezinhlobo zezilwane ezi-18 zezilwane ezincelisayo, eziyi-14 zazo eziyizilwane zasolwandle, izinhlobo ezingama-124 zezinyoni, ezingama-55 zazo ezidlekeni kanye nezinhlobo ezingama-29 zezinhlanzi.
Amabhere we-Polar (Ursus maritimus) - uphawu lombuso wobusika obungapheli. Namuhla, lezi zilwane ezinkulu nezinamandla seziyivelakancane futhi zisengozini. Kubhalwe ku-Red Book of Russia. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngaphansi koboya obumhlophe bezilwane kufihla isikhumba esimnyama, esicishe sibe mnyama. Kepha ngamakhala nolimi lwabo kuphela okhipha imfihlo yabo.
Izinwele ze-Polar bear azinalutho ngaphakathi. Lapho zigcinwa e-zoos, endaweni efudumele, amabhere angashintsha aphuzi, abe luhlaza okotshani. Iqiniso ngukuthi u-microscopic algae uzinza ngaphakathi koboya obuyize. Imvelo yazinakekela kahle izidalwa zayo, izivikela ekuqandeni: izingqimba zekolar zimbozwe ngoboya, ngakho-ke azibandi ngisho nasebandeni elinamandla kakhulu.
I-Polar bumblebee ivikela izitshalo eziqhakaza kakhulu zeGreat Arctic Reserve
Ama-lemmings aseSiberia nawokungakholelwa (i-Lemmus sibiricus ne-Dicrostonyx torquatus) asakazeke lapha. Lezi ngamagundwane amancane omndeni wama-vole, okuwukudla okuyinhloko kwezilwane ezidla ezinye njengezimpungushe eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (i-Alopex lagopus).
Emkhakheni we-reservation, Lapland plantain (Calcarius lapponicus), dunlin (Calidris alpina), ihansi elimhlophe (ngaphambili kwe-Anser albifrons), ulwandle lwasolwandle olwandle (i-calidris maritime), i-white gull (Pagophila eburnea) nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni kule ndawo. I-gull emhlophe ukuphela kwento yohlobo lwayo. Ihlala ngaphakathi kwe-Arctic Circle. Bobabili abazali bafaka amaqanda e-seagulls, futhi ngemuva kwenyanga kuvela inkukhu enhle kakhulu (noma eziningana), evikelwe kahle ebandayo ngamapayipi afudumele afudumele. Ngenkathi izinyoni zasolwandle ezimhlophe zingafakwanga ku-Red Book of Russia, nokho amanani abo mancane.
Ngokumangazayo, izinambuzane zihlala e-Arctic. Enye yazo i-polumb bumblebee (Bombus polaris), evikela izitshalo eziningi eziqhakaza izimbali, kufaka phakathi umoyilo ongamakhaza nepoppy, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla.
Imodi yokubhuka
Indawo ivulekele izivakashi, kepha-ke, imvume evela kubaphathi iyadingeka kulokhu. Yonke imininingwane ingatholwa ngocingo noma nge-imeyili. Ukubekelwa indawo sekudale izindlela ezijabulisayo zemvelo yemvelo. Isibonelo, ukudoba nokucwaninga kuvakashela "Ukudoba emaphethelweni oMhlaba" kanye ne "Hutuda-Biga - umfula ocebile empilweni." Kude edolobhaneni laseDixon kutholakala iWillem Barents biostation, enabasebenzi abaqhuba izinkambo zokubhala izinyoni njalo njalo - izinyoni. Kukhona futhi ukuvakasha okujabulisayo kweTaimyr Labyrinth. Imininingwane engaphezulu ingatholwa kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni yendawo yokubhuka.
Ukuhlala kuphi
Kunamahhotela amaningana eDudinka: "Izibani zaseNyakatho" (Matrosova St., 14, tel.: 8- (39191) 3-30-79, 3-30-73), "Yenisei Lights", (Sovetskaya St., 41, tel.: 8- (39191) 5-19-53, 3-18-01, 5-14-32). Ungahlala ehhotela ngaphansi kokuphathwa komuzi waseKaraul noma ehhotela esikhungweni sebhizinisi eKhatanga.