Ibhethri le-solar - ukuhlanganiswa kwama-photoelectric converter (izithombe) - amadivaysi e-semiconductor aguqula ngqo amandla elanga abe yigesi kagesi eqondile, ngokungafani nabaqoqi belanga abakhiqiza izinto zokushisa.

Amadivaysi ahlukahlukene avumela ukuguqulwa kwemisebe yelanga ibe amandla afudumele nakagesi yinto yokufunda amandla elanga (kusuka kuHelios Greek. Ήλιοι, Helios - Sun). Ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli we-photovoltaic kanye nabaqoqi be-solar kukhula ngezindlela ezihlukile. Amapaneli elanga eza ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene: kusuka kuma-microcalculators eyakhelwe ngaphakathi kuya ezimotweni nasezakhiweni ophahleni.

Indaba

Ngo-1842, u-Alexander Edmond Becquerel wathola umphumela wokuguqula ukukhanya kube ugesi. UCharles Fritts waqala ukusebenzisa i-selenium ukuvula ukukhanya kube ugesi. Imibukiso yokuqala yamaphaneli elanga yadalwa ngu-Giacomo Luigi Chamican wase-Italy.

NgoMashi 25, 1948, ochwepheshe eBell Laboratories bamemezele ukwakhiwa kwamaphaneli okuqala elanga a-silicon ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi. Lokhu kutholwa kwenziwa ngabasebenzi abathathu bale nkampani - uCalvin Souther Fuller (uCalvin Souther Fuller), uDaryl Chapin (Daryl Chapin) noGerald Pearson (Gerald Pearson). Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10, ngoMashi 17, 1958, satellite kusetshenziswa amabhethri elanga, i-Avangard-1, yethulwa e-USA. NgoMeyi 15, 1958, i-satellite nokusetshenziswa kwamabhethri elanga, iSputnik-3, nayo yethulwa e-USSR.

Okudingayo ukwazi ngamaphaneli elanga

“Ibhethri le-solar” isisho esisho iqoqo lamaseli amaningana elanga, okuyisisekelo sawo ngezinto ezi-semiconductor eziguqula ngqo amandla elanga abe yinto yangakamuva. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-photoelectric. Ngemuva kokulawulwa kwalesi simo se-micophysical sisezingeni lelebhu, imboni nayo yakwazi ukukhiqizwa kwamamojula elanga we-silicon. Ukusebenza kahle kwamapaneli elanga - 18-22%. Ukuxhumeka kwezithombe ezikuzo kungenziwa ngokulandelana nangokufana.

Uhlaka lapho zitholakala khona lwenziwe ngezinto ezenziwe nge-dielectric.

Isikimu sokuxhuma amaphaneli elanga yendlu ehlobo nendlu yangasese. Ukusebenza okuyikho kohlelo kuthonywa ukukhethwa okuyikho kwazo zonke izingxenye zesekethe sezitshalo zamandla. Izinga lamamojula akha ibhethri elanga kuncike ekutheni uyiqede ngempumelelo kanjani indlela ehamba ngezithombe ukusuka eLangeni kuya eMhlabeni.

Njengoba sebewele kulolu gibe lokuthola imisebe ekhanyayo, baba yingxenye yesekethe kagesi ene-ngqo yangakwesobunxele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuya ngomsebenzi, amandla anqwabelanayo aqokelelwa emabhethri noma aguqulwa abe yinto eshintshana ngogesi yamanje enikezela izisekelo ezingama-220 V

Izinhlobo zamaphaneli elanga

Ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni olusetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwama-silicon semiconductors, amamojula wephaneli yelanga ahlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: i-polycrystalline , i-crystal eyodwa .

Ezangaphambili zisesimweni sezikwele ezifuthi ezinobuso obuhlukahlukene, ngenxa yokuba khona kwamakristalu angafani. I-Silicon melt isetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwabo. Okokuqala, izinto ezingavuthiwe zithululelwa amafomu akhethekile, khona-ke amabhlogo atholakala ngokuncibilika anqunywe emapuletini ayisikwele. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza, isisindo se-silicon esincibilikisiwe sifakwa ngaphansi kokupholisa kancane kancane.

Amaphaneli ama-monocrystalline asebenza kahle futhi akhiqiza amandla amaningi ngosayizi ofanayo, kepha amaphaneli e-polycrystalline ashibhile.I-module iqukethe amapuleti angama-36 noma ama-polycrystalline. Iphaneli iqukethe iqoqo lezindawo ezinjalo. Ubuchwepheshe bulula impela, abubandakanyi ukusetshenziswa kwemishini ebizayo futhi akudingi ukutshalwa kwemali okukhulu. Ubuncane bale mamojula munye - ukusebenza kahle akudluli kwe-18%.

Isidingo esikhulu sazo sichazwa iqiniso lokuthi ashibhile. Ngokungafani nalokho okwedlule, ingaphezulu lamaphaneli ama-single-crystal alilungile. Lawa amapuleti acwebile abonakala njengendawo eyisikwele emakhoneni. Ukuyithola, i-silicon crystal ikhule ngokuthile. Amaseli elanga asetshenziswa kuleli cala ahlanganisa amasilinda e-silicon.

Ngokunciphisa ingots ze-silicon kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, ukusebenza kuyathuthukiswa. Le nqubo iyabiza kepha ithela. Ukusebenza kahle kwezinto ezi-single-crystal kungafinyelela kuma-22%. Izindleko zabo ziphakeme kunalezo ze-polycrystalline esifundeni se-10%.

Yini ibhethri elanga?

Ibhethri le-solar (SB) amamojula ambalwa we-photovoltaic ahlanganiswe edivayisini eyodwa esebenzisa abaqhubi bakagesi.

Futhi uma ibhethri liqukethe amamojula (abizwa nangokuthi amaphaneli), khona-ke imodyuli ngayinye yakhiwa amaseli amaningana elanga (abizwa ngokuthi amaseli). Iseli elanga liyinto esemqoka esenhliziyweni yamabhethri nokufakwa konke kwelanga.

Lesi sithombe sikhombisa amaseli elanga amafomethi ahlukahlukene.

Kepha umhlangano wephaneli ye-photovoltaic.

Ekusebenzeni, amaseli we-photovoltaic asetshenziswa ngokubambisana nemishini eyengeziwe, esebenza ukuguqula okukhona, kokuqongelela kwayo nokusatshalaliswa okulandelayo phakathi kwabathengi. Amadivayisi alandelayo afakiwe kwikhithi yamandla elanga lasekhaya:

1. Amaphaneli we-Photovoltaic ayinto esemqoka yohlelo ekhiqiza ugesi lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kuwushaya.
2. Ibhethri elikwazi ukuphinda lisebenze idivaysi yokulondolozwa kwamandla evumela abathengi ukuthi bahlinzekwe ngogesi ohlukile ngisho nangalezo zikhathi lapho i-SB ingakhiqizi (ngokwesibonelo, ebusuku).
3. Isilawuli - insiza ebhekele ukwenziwa kabusha kwamabhethri ngesikhathi, ngenkathi ivikela amabhethri ekushayweni okungaphezulu nasekukhuculweni okujulile.
4. I-inverter yisiguquli samandla kagesi esikuvumela ukuthi uthole ukushintshana kwamanje ekuphumeni ngesivinini esilinganayo nevolthi.

Ngokwezifiso, uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla elanga lunjalo.

Isikimu silula impela, kepha ukuze sisebenze kahle, kuyadingeka ukubala kahle amapharamitha asebenzayo awo wonke amadivayisi ahileleke kuwo.

Izinto nomgomo wokusebenza kwamapaneli elanga

Umsebenzi webhethri elanga ukuguqulwa kwamandla emisebe yelanga ibe ugesi, ondla imishini yasendlini neyezimboni. Ukusebenza kwesiteshi samandla elanga, empeleni, kwenziwa ngohlelo olufanayo nolwejwayelekile.

Iphaneli yelanga iqukethe izinto ezi-5. Isakhi sokuqala sokufakwa kwelanga ngamaphaneli ezithombe.

Amadivayisi we-semiconductor aqanjwa kuwo aguqula ngokuqondile amandla omzimba wezulu abe amandla kagesi angahlali njalo. Womabili amandla namandla kagesi wamapaneli elanga angahluka, kepha ahlala eningi ele-12 V. Ibhethri elanga liyiqoqo lamayunithi wesilinganiso. Thola amabhethri ezindaweni ezifinyeleleka ukuqondisa ilanga.

Ukuze ulawule futhi ulawule ukusebenza kwamapaneli elanga, amadivayisi anjengebhethri, inverter, nesilawuli afakiwe kwisekethe. Ibhethri lifeza indima yalo yendabuko ohlelweni - ligcinwa kugesi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwemishini kagesi yasendlini kusuka kwinethiwekhi ephakathi nendawo, kuthi lapho kwenzeka ugesi owedlulele lapho ugesi unqamula indlu isuka module elanga.

Isitolo samandla sinikeza isekethe ngenani elinjalo likagesi ukuze ugesi ozinzile ugcinwe njalo kuwo. Njengomthetho, kubandakanywa amabhethri kwisekethe - eyinhloko nesipele. Owokuqala, eseqongelele ugesi, uwuthumela ngokushesha kugridi yamandla.

Elesibili likhipha amandla anqwabelanayo kuphela ngemuva kokuwa kwe-voltage kwinethiwekhi. Imvamisa, isidingo sebhethri eliyisipele sivele ngesimo sezulu elangeni elikhanyayo noma ebusuku lapho amaphaneli ezithombe engasebenzi.

Isikimu esifanele sokuxhuma amaphaneli elanga Uhlobo lomlamuleli phakathi kwephaneli yelanga namabhethri yisilawuli. Le divaysi kagesi inomsebenzi olawula ukushaja nokukhishwa kwebhethri, kanye nokulawula le nqubo.

Ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zosuku, iyunithi lokushisa elingaphezulu lifakwa yilanga ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ngakho-ke, ukuphuma kwe-voltage yiphaneli nakho kuyashintsha. Ukushaja ibhethri ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ejwayelekile, i-voltage iyadingeka, inani lakhona lilinganiselwe ebangeni elithile. Umqoqi welanga uqeda ukungahambi kahle okubangelwa wukufakelwa. Ukuba khona kwedivayisi enjalo akufaki ukukhipha ibhethri kabusha ngokubilisa kwayo okulandelayo. Futhi, isilawuli ngeke sivumele ukwehla ekunikezelweni kwamandla ngaphansi kwesilinganiso esimisiwe, esiqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile kohlelo lonke lwamandla.

Ukubalwa kwamaphaneli we-photovoltaic

Into yokuqala okudingeka uyazi lapho uhlela ukubala umklamo wama-converter we-photovoltaic (amaphaneli elanga) inani likagesi elizosetshenziswa yimishini exhunywe kumaphaneli elanga. Ukufingqa amandla okuqanjwa kwabathengi besikhathi esizayo bamandla elanga, alinganiswa kuma-watts (W noma kW), singathola isilinganiso esisetshenziswa njalo senyanga sikagesi - W * h (kW * h). Futhi amandla adingekayo ebhethri elanga (W) azonqunywa ngokusekelwe kunani elitholiwe.

Isibonelo, cabanga ngohlu lwemishini kagesi enganikezwa amandla ngesizinda esincane samandla elanga elinomthamo wama-watts angama-250.

Ithebula lithathwa endaweni yomunye wabakhiqizi bamapaneli elanga.

Kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwansuku zonke kwe-950 W * h (0.95 kWh) namandla ebhethri elanga ka-250 W, okufanele aqhubeke nokukhiqiza ama-6 kWh ngosuku ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuqhubekayo (okungaphezu kwezidingo ezibonisiwe). Kepha njengoba sikhuluma ngokuqondile ngamapaneli elanga, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi la madivaysi angathuthukisa amandla wawo we-nameplate kuphela ngesikhathi sasemini (kusuka emahoreni ayisishiyagalolunye kuya kwayi-16), futhi nangaleso sikhathi ngosuku olucacile. Uma isimo sezulu sinamafu, isizukulwane sikagesi sibuye sehle kakhulu. Futhi ekuseni nakusihlwa, inani likagesi elikhiqizwa ibhethri alidluli kuma-20-30% amanani aphakathi nosuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla alinganiselwe angatholakala kuseli ngalinye kuphela uma kunezimo ezifanele zalokhu.

Kungani ibhethri elinganisa ama-watts angama-60, futhi ikhipha ama-30? Inani le-60 W limiswa abakhiqizi beseli ngesikhathi sokufakwa ku-1000 W / m² kanye nokushisa kwebhethri kwama-25 degrees. Azikho izimo ezinjalo emhlabeni, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu enkabeni yeRussia.

Konke lokhu kubhekelwa lapho kugcinwa khona indawo ethile yokugcina amandla kagesi.

Manje ake sikhulume ngokuthi inkomba yamandla yavelaphi - 250 kW. Ipharamitha ebekiwe icubungula konke ukulungiswa kokungalingani kwemisebe yelanga futhi imele idatha elinganiselwe ngokususelwe ekuhlolweni okusebenzayo. Okungukuthi: ukukala amandla ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene zokusebenza zamabhethri futhi kubalwa inani layo elijwayelekile lansuku zonke.

Lapho wazi umthamo wokusetshenziswa, khetha amaseli we-photovoltaic asuselwe kumandla adingekayo amamojula: wonke ama-100W amamojula akhiqiza i-400-500 Wh * h ngosuku.

Siyaqhubeka: sazi isilinganiso esifunwa ugesi nsuku zonke, singakwazi ukubala amandla elanga afunekayo kanye nenani lamaseli asebenzayo kwipaneli elilodwa le-photovoltaic.

Ekwenzeni ukubala okuthe xaxa, sizogxila kudatha yetafula esilijwayele. Ngakho-ke, ake sithi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele cishe cishe yi-1 kWh ngosuku (0.95 kWh). Njengoba sazi kakade, sizodinga ibhethri elanga elinamandla alinganiselwe ama-watts angama-250.

Ake sithi uhlela ukusebenzisa amaseli e-photovoltaic anamandla wokuqamba we-1.75 W ukuhlanganisa amamojula wokusebenza (amandla weseli ngalinye kunqunywa umkhiqizo wamandla wamanje nevolthi ekhiqizwa yiseli elanga). Amandla amaseli ayi-144 ahlanganiswe kumamojula amane ajwayelekile (amaseli angama-36 ngalinye) azolingana nama-252 watts. Ngokwesilinganiso, ngebhethri elinjalo sizothola u-1 - 1.26 kWh kagesi ngosuku, noma ama-30 - 38 kWh ngenyanga. Kepha kusezinsukwini ezinhle zasehlobo, ebusika ngisho nalawa maxabiso awatholakali njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni eziphakeme zasenyakatho, umphumela ungaba ophansi, futhi eningizimu - phezulu.

Kunamaphaneli elanga - 3.45 kW. Basebenza ngokuhambisana nenethiwekhi, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kahle kungaphezu kwamandla:

Le mininingwane ingaphezulu kwesilinganiso esiphakathi, ngoba ilanga lalilikhulu kunokujwayelekile. Uma isishingishane sihlala isikhathi eside, khona-ke ukukhiqizwa ngenyanga ebusika kungenzeka kungeqi i-100-150 kW * h.

Amanani akhonjisiwe ama-kilowatts, angatholwa ngokuqondile kumaphaneli elanga. Amandla amangaki azofinyelela abathengi bokugcina - kuya ngezici zemishini eyengeziwe eyakhelwe ohlelweni lokunikezela ngogesi. Sizokhuluma ngabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, inani lamaseli elanga adingekayo ukukhiqiza amandla elinikezwe lingabalwa cishe kuphela. Ukubalwa okunembe kakhudlwana, kunconyelwa ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezikhethekile nezibalo zamandla elanga eziku-inthanethi ukusiza ekuboneni amandla ebhethri adingekayo ngokuya ngamapharamitha amaningi (kufaka phakathi indawo esendaweni yakho).

Uma okokuqala bekungeke kwenzeke ukubala kahle amaphaneli we-photovoltaic (futhi okungebona ochwepheshe ngokuvamile bahlangabezana nenkinga efanayo), lokhu akunandaba. Amandla angekho angahlala enziwa ngokufaka ama-photocell amaningana.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamadivayisi:

Khanyisa cisha - Amadivaysi axhuma noma anqamule ibhethri ibhethri elanga, kuya ngezinga le-voltage ezindaweni zayo. Izinga lokushaja ligcinwa ngokuqinile ku-70%.

Isilawuli se-PWM - Ukushintshaniswa kwegama kukuvumela ukuthi uzuze i-100% yebhethri ekhokhweni yokugcina yokugcina.

I-MRI - lawa madivaysi aguqula amapharamitha wamandla atholakala kumaphaneli elanga alungele kakhulu ukushaja ibhethri, akhuphula ukusebenza kwawo aze afike kuma-30%.

Inverter - iyunithi eguqula ukuguqulwa kwamanje kwamukelwe kusuka kumamojula welanga iye ekushintsheni kwamandla kagesi angama-220 V.

Lona impela umehluko ongaba khona osebenzela izinhlobo eziningi zempahla yasendlini. Ama-inverters atholakala ngezinguqulo ezintathu: yodwa, inethiwekhi, i-hybrid. Owokuqala ungaxhumana nenethiwekhi kagesi yangaphandle. Kwigridi (kunethiwekhi) isebenza ngenethiwekhi eyodwa.

Ngaphezu komsebenzi wokuguqulwa, ama-inverters anjalo angaguqula amplitude yamanje, imvamisa yamandla namanye amapharamitha wenethiwekhi. I-Hybrid (hybrid) inverter inemisebenzi yazo zombili imishini yokuma wedwa nemishini yenethiwekhi. Lapho ugesi ophakathi nendawo usebenza, kuthatha amandla amakhulu kusuka kubhethri elanga, futhi uma inethiwekhi jikelele inqanyuliwe, isebenza ngokuzimele ngokuphelele.

Izinhlobo zamaseli we-photovoltaic

Ngosizo lwalesi sahluko, sizozama ukukhipha imibono eyiphutha mayelana nezinzuzo nokubi kwamaseli ajwayelekile kakhulu e-photovoltaic. Lokhu kuzokwenza kube lula ngawe ukukhetha idivaysi efanele. Amamojula we-monocrystalline ne-polycrystalline silicon yamapaneli elanga asetshenziswa kabanzi namuhla.

Lokhu yilokho iseli elijwayelekile (iseli) le-module eyodwa ekhala lodwa elibukeka njengalo, elihlukaniswa ngokunembile ngamakhona afakiwe.

Ngezansi isithombe seseli ye-polycrystalline.

Yisiphi module esingcono? Abasebenzisi be-FORUMHOUSE baphikisana ngokuqinile ngalokhu.Omunye ukholelwa ukuthi amamojula we-polycrystalline asebenza kahle kakhulu esimweni sezulu esinamafu, kuyilapho amaphaneli e-monocrystalline ekhombisa ukusebenza okuhle ngezinsuku ezinelanga.

Ngine-mono - 175 Watts enikeza ilanga ngaphansi kwama-watts angama-230. Kepha ngiyabenqaba ngiphendukele kuma-polycrystals. Ngoba lapho isibhakabhaka sicacile, okungenani thululela ugesi kunoma iyiphi ikristalu, kepha uma kunamafu, okwami ​​akusebenzi nakancane.

Kulokhu, kuzohlala kukhona abaphikisi abathi, ngemuva kokwenza izinyathelo ezisebenzayo, baphikise ngokuphelele isitatimende esethulwe.

Ngithola okuphambene: ama-polycrystals azwela kakhulu ukufiphala. Lapho nje ifu elincane lidlula elangeni, lithinta ngokushesha inani lamanje elakhiqiwe. Amandla kagesi, ngendlela, akaguquki. Iphaneli eline-crystal eyodwa liziphatha ngokuzinza ngokwengeziwe. Ngokukhanya okuhle, womabili amaphaneli aziphatha kahle kakhulu: amandla amenyezelwe womabili amaphaneli ngu-50W, womabili la ma-50W afanayo akhipha. Ukusuka lapha sibona ukuthi inganekwane inyamalala kanjani yokuthi ama-monopanels anika amandla amaningi ekukhanyeni okuhle.

Isitatimende sesibili siphathelene nempilo yamaseli e-photovoltaic: iminyaka yama-polycrystals ishesha ukwedlula amaseli e-single-crystal. Cabanga ngezibalo ezisemthethweni: impilo ejwayelekile yamapaneli e-single-crystal iminyaka engama-30 (abanye abakhiqizi bathi amamojula anjalo angasebenza kuze kube yiminyaka engama-50). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhathi sokusebenza ngempumelelo kwamapaneli we-polycrystalline awudluli iminyaka engama-20.

Ngempela, amandla wamapaneli elanga (ngisho nekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu) ancipha ngengxenyana ethile yamaphesenti (0.67% - 0.71%) ngonyaka ngamunye wokusebenza. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngonyaka wokuqala wokusebenza, amandla abo angancipha ngokushesha ngo-2% no-3% (ngamaphaneli ama-single-crystal and polycrystalline, ngokulandelana). Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, kunomehluko, kepha awubalulekanga. Futhi uma ubheka ukuthi izinkomba ezethulwe zincike kakhulu kukhwalithi yamamojula we-photovoltaic, khona-ke umehluko unganakwa ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezimo lapho amaphaneli single-crystal single ashibhile enziwa abenzi abanganaki alahlekelwa aze afike ku-20% wamandla abo ngonyaka wokuqala wokusebenza. Isiphetho: the ethe xaxa umenzi we amamojuli we-PV, nemikhiqizo yayo ihlala isikhathi eside.

Abasebenzisi abaningi be-portal yethu bathi amamojula we-single-crystal ahlala abiza kakhulu kunalawo ama-polycrystalline. Kwabakhiqizi abaningi, umehluko ngentengo (ngokuya nge-watt eyodwa yamandla akhiqizwayo) uyabonakala ngempela, okwenza ukuthengwa kwezinto ze-polycrystalline kukhange ngokwengeziwe. Umuntu ngeke akwazi ukuphikisana nalokhu, kepha umuntu ngeke aphikisane neqiniso lokuthi ukusebenza kahle kwamaphaneli ama-single-crystal kuphakeme kunalokho kwama-polycrystals. Ngakho-ke, ngamandla afanayo amamojula asebenzayo, amabhethri e-polycrystalline azoba nendawo enkulu. Ngamanye amagama, ukuwina ngentengo, umthengi wezinto ze-polycrystalline angalahlekelwa endaweni, okuthi, uma kunokuntuleka kwesikhala samahhala sokufakwa kwe-SB, kungakuphuca inzuzo enjalo esobala.

Kwamakristalu amaningi ajwayelekile, ukusebenza kahle, ngokwesilinganiso, kungu-17% -18%, ngokwe-poly - cishe ne-15%. Umehluko ngu-2% -3%. Kodwa-ke, ngokuya ngendawo, lo mehluko ungama-12% -17%. Ngamaphaneli e-amorphous, umehluko ucace kakhulu: ngokusebenza kwawo kahle ngo-8-10%, iphaneli eline-crystal elilodwa lingaba yingxenye enkulu njenge-amorphous.

Amapaneli we-Amorphous angolunye uhlobo lwamaseli e-Photovoltaic angakathandwa ngokwanele, naphezu kwezinzuzo zawo ezisobala: amandla aphelele okulahleka kwamandla kagesi ngokushisa okwandayo, amandla okukhiqiza ugesi ngisho nasekukhanyeni okuphansi kakhulu, ukushibilika okulingana nokukodwa okukhiqizwe yi-kW yamandla, njalonjalo. . Futhi esinye sezizathu zokuthandwa okuphansi kusekusebenzeni kwabo okulinganiselwe. Amamojula we-Amorphous abizwa nangokuthi amamojula aguqukayo. Isakhiwo esiguquguqukayo sisiza kakhulu ukufakwa kwabo, ukukhipha kanye nokugcina.

Angazi ukuthi ubani lo mkhangisi omangazayo. Ukusebenza kwabo kuphansi, bahlala cishe indawo ephindwe kabili, ngenkathi bekhula, ukusebenza kahle, njengekristali, kuyancipha. Amamojula we-Classic enzelwe iminyaka engu-25 yokusebenza ngokulahleka kokusebenza kahle kwe-20%. Ama-Amorphous anenhlanganisela eyodwa kuze kube manje: abukeka njengengilazi emnyama (ungamboza lonke i-facade enjalo).

Ukukhetha izinto zomsebenzi zokwakhiwa kwamaphaneli elanga, okokuqala, kufanele ugxile kudumela lomenzi wazo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukusebenza kwabo kwangempela kuncike kwikhwalithi. Futhi, umuntu akufanele alahlekelwe umbono wezimo lapho kuzofakwa khona amamojula elanga: uma isikhala esabelwe ukufakwa kwamapaneli elanga sinqunyelwe, kungakuhle ukuthi usebenzise amakristalu awodwa. Uma kunokuntuleka kwesikhala samahhala, ke unaka ama-polycrystalline noma amorphous panels. Lezi zokugcina zingasebenza kakhulu kunamaphaneli amakristali.

Ngokuthenga amaphaneli alungiselelwe eyenziwe ngabakhiqizi, ungenza lula umsebenzi wokwakha amaphaneli elanga. Kulabo abathanda ukudala yonke into ngezandla zabo, inqubo yokukhiqiza amamojula elanga izochazwa ekuqhubekeni kwale ndatshana. Futhi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze sihlela ukukhuluma ngemibandela yokukhetha amabhethri, abalawuli nama-inverters - amadivayisi ngaphandle kwawo akukho bhethri elanga alikwazi ukusebenza ngokugcwele. Hlala ubekelwe ukubuyekezwa kokuphakelayo kwendatshana yethu.

Lesi sithombe sikhombisa amaphaneli ama-2: i-crystal eyenzelwe okwenziwe ekhaya i-180 W (kwesobunxele) ne-polycrystalline evela kumenzi we-100 W (kwesokudla).

Ungathola ngemithombo yamandla ethandwa kakhulu ngesihloko esihambelanayo, esivulelwe izingxoxo esizindeni sethu. Esigabeni sokwakhiwa kwendlu ezimele, ungafunda izinto eziningi ezithokozisayo ngamanye amandla kanye namapaneli elanga ikakhulukazi. Ividiyo encane izotshela ngezinto eziphambili zesiteshi esisebenza ngamandla elanga kanye nezici zokufaka amaphaneli elanga.

Izinhlobo zamaSolar Panel Module

Amamojula we-solar panels ahlanganiswa kusuka kumaseli elanga, ngaphandle kwalokho - abaguquli be-photoelectric. Ama-PEC ezinhlobo ezimbili athole ukusetshenziswa kabanzi.

Ayahlukahluka ezinhlotsheni ze-silicon semiconductor esetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwazo, yilezi:

• I-Polycrystalline. Lawa ngamaseli elanga enziwe nge-silicon ancibilikiswa ukupholisa isikhathi eside. Indlela elula yokukhiqiza inquma ukungabizi kwentengo, kepha ukusebenza kwenketho ye-polycrystalline ayidluli i-12%.
• I-Monocrystalline. Lezi yizinto ezitholwa ngokusika amapuleti acwebezelayo we-silicon crystal ekhule ngokuqamba. Inketho ekhiqiza kakhulu futhi ebizayo. Ukusebenza okuyisilinganiso esifundeni sama-17%, ungathola amafothokhophi angama-single-crystal ukusebenza okuphezulu.

Amaseli elanga wePolycrystalline wesikwele esimile naphansi esinendawo engenamozi. Izinhlobo zeMonocrystalline zibukeka njengezikwele ezicebile, ezingenakubalwa ezingaphezulu kwesikwele esinamakhona asikiwe (isikwele se-pseudo).

Amapaneli wenguqulo yokuqala enamandla afanayo makhulu kunowesibili ngenxa yokusebenza okuncane (18% kuqhathaniswa nama-22%). Kepha amaphesenti, ngokwesilinganiso, ashibhile ayishumi futhi afunwa kakhulu.

Ungafunda ngemithetho nama-nuances wokukhetha amaphaneli elanga wokuhlinzeka ngamandla ekufudumaleni okuzimele lapha.

Umgomo wokusebenza kwebhethri elanga

Idivayisi yakhelwe ukuguqula ngqo imisebe yelanga ibe ugesi. Lesi senzo sibizwa ngokuthi umphumela wezithombe. Ama-Semiconductors (ama-silicon wafers), asetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto, anama-elekthronikhi akhokhiswayo futhi angalungile futhi aqukethe izingqimba ezimbili: n-ungqimba (-) ne-p-layer (+). Ama-elekthronikhi amaningi ngokweqile ngaphansi kwethonya lokukhanya kwelanga akhishwa ngaphandle kwezingqimba bese ehlala izikhala ezingenalutho kolunye ungqimba. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi ama-elekthoni amahhala aqhubeke ehamba, asuke ipuleti aye kwelinye, akhiqize ugesi, oqongelela ibhethri.

Ukuthi ibhethri elanga lisebenza kanjani kuncike kakhulu kudivayisi yalo. Ekuqaleni, amaseli elanga ayenziwa nge-silicon. Zisathandwa kakhulu manje, kepha njengoba inqubo yokuhlanza i-silicon inezinhlaka futhi iyabiza, amamodeli anezinye izindlela zokuzishicilela ezivela kumakhompiyutha e-cadmium, ithusi, gallium ne-indium ayakhiwa, kepha awakhiqizi kangako.

Ukusebenza kahle kwamapaneli elanga kukhule ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe. Kuze kube manje, lesi sibalo sikhuphuke sisuka kwephesenti elilodwa, esasilotshwe ekuqaleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka, saya kumaphesenti angaphezu kwamashumi amabili. Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sisebenzise amaphaneli kulezi zinsuku hhayi kuphela izidingo zasekhaya, kodwa futhi nokukhiqiza.

Imininingwane

Idivayisi yebhethri yelanga ilula impela, futhi iqukethe izakhi eziningana:

• Ngqo ngqo amaseli elanga / ipaneli yelanga,

• Isinxibelelanisi esiguqula esiqondile samanje ekushintsheni kwamanje,

• Isilawuli seveli yebhethri.

Amabhethri amaphaneli elanga kufanele athengwe kucatshangelwa imisebenzi edingekayo. Baqongelela futhi bakhiphe ugesi. Ukuthengisa nokusetshenziswa kwenzeka usuku lonke, futhi ebusuku inkokhiso eqoqiwe idliwa kuphela. Ngakho-ke, kunikezwa njalo futhi okuqhubekayo kwamandla.

Ukushaja ngokweqile nokusebenzisa ibhethri kufinyeza impilo yebhethri. Isilawuli se-solar charge simisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukunqwabelana kwamandla ebhethri uma ifinyelela kumingcele ephezulu, bese inqamula umthwalo we-divayisi lapho kukhona ukuchuma okuqinile.

(I-Tesla Powerwall - ibhethri lamaphaneli elanga we-7 kW - nokushaja ekhaya ngezimoto zikagesi)

I-grid inverter yamaphaneli elanga iyona nto ebaluleke kakhulu yomklamo. Iguqula amandla atholakala kusukela elangeni elishintshayo abe yintsha eshintshashintsha amandla ahlukahlukene. Ukuba siguquli esivumelanayo, ihlanganisa i-voltage ekhishwayo yamanje kagesi emvamisa nasesigabeni ngenethiwekhi yokumiswa.

Izithonjana zingaxhunywa zombili ngochungechunge nangokufana. Okukhethwa kukho kokugcina kukhulisa imingcele yamandla, i-voltage neyemanje futhi ivumela idivaysi ukuthi isebenze, noma ngabe into eyodwa ilahlekelwa ukusebenza. Izinhlobo ezihlanganisiwe zenziwa kusetshenziswa zombili izikimu. Impilo yenkonzo yamapuleti cishe iyiminyaka engama-25.

Ukufakwa kwe-solar

Uma izakhiwo zizosetshenziselwa ukunika amandla izikhala zokuhlala, indawo yokufaka kufanele ikhethwe ngokucophelela. Uma amaphaneli evalelwe izakhiwo noma izihlahla ezinde, kuzoba nzima ukuthola amandla adingekayo. Kufanele zibekwe lapho umfula wokukhanya kwelanga uphezulu, okungukuthi, ohlangothini oluseningizimu. Idizayini ingcono ukuyifaka ekhoneni, engela lakhona elilingana nobubanzi bendawo yendawo yohlelo.

Amapaneli elanga kufanele abekwe ukuze umniniyo abe nekhono lokuhlanza ngezikhathi ezithile uthuli noma ukungcola noma iqhwa, ngoba lokhu kuholela kwikhono eliphansi lokukhiqiza amandla.

Ukuhlinzekwa kwamandla kwezakhiwo

Amapaneli amakhulu osayizi omkhulu welanga, njengabaqoqi belanga, asetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezindawo eziphansi ezinenani elikhulu lezinsuku ezinelanga. Ithandwa kakhulu emazweni aseMedithera, lapho ibekwe khona ophahleni lwezindlu.

Kusukela ngoMashi 2007, izindlu ezintsha eSpain zifakwe ama-solar amanzi alanga ukuhlinzeka ngokuzimele ukusuka ku-30% kuya ku-70% wezidingo zamanzi ashisayo, kuya ngendawo indlu nokusetshenziswa kuyo kwamanzi okulindelekile. Izakhiwo okungezona zokuhlala (izindawo zokuthenga, izibhedlela, njll) kufanele zibe nemishini ye-photovoltaic.

Njengamanje, ukushintshela kumapaneli elanga kubangela ukugxekwa okuningi phakathi kwabantu. Lokhu kungenxa yamanani entengo kagesi aphezulu, imfuhlumfutho yemvelo yemvelo. Abamele ukuphikisana nokushintshwa kwamapaneli elanga bagxeka ukuguquka okunjalo, ngoba abanikazi bezindlu nomhlaba lapho kufakwa khona amaphaneli elanga nezindawo zamandla omoya bathola uxhaso kuhulumeni, kepha abaqashi abajwayelekile abakwenzi lokho. Kulokhu, uNgqongqoshe Wezomnotho waseJalimane usungule umthethosivivinywa ozovumela maduze ukuthi wethule izinkuthazo zabaqashi abahlala ezindlini ezinikezwe amandla kusuka ekufakweni kwe-photovoltaic noma ukuvimba izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo. Kanye nokukhokhwa kwemali yomxhaso kubanini bamakhaya abasebenzisa eminye imithombo yamandla, kuhlelwa ukuthi kukhokhelwe uxhaso kubaqashi abahlala kulezi zindlu.

Indawo yomgwaqo

• Ngo-2014, ithrekhi yokuqala yamandla ezinamandla ezihamba elangeni emhlabeni yavula eNetherlands.
• Ngo-2016, uNgqongqoshe Wezemvelo WaseFrance ne-Energy Segolene Royal wamemezela amasu wokwakha imigwaqo eyi-1 000 km yemigwaqo enamaphazili akhe elanga nawokuvikela ukushisa. Kucatshangwa ukuthi i-1 km yomgwaqo onjalo uzokwazi ukunikeza izidingo zikagesi kagesi wabantu abangu-5,000 (ngaphandle kokufudumeza) [umthombo ongagunyaziwe?] .
• NgoFebhuwari 2017, kwavulwa umgwaqo onamandla elanga nguhulumeni waseFrance emzaneni waseNorman eTourouvre-au-Perche. Ingxenye yomgwaqo ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ifakwe ngamaphaneli elanga angama-2880. Isendlalelo esinjalo sizonikezela ngogesi kwizibani zasemgwaqweni zedolobhana. Amapaneli azokhiqiza ama-megawatts kagesi angama-280 unyaka ngamunye. Ukwakhiwa kwengxenye yomgwaqo kubize ama-euro ayizigidi ezi-5.
• Iphinde isetshenziselwe ukubeka amandla omgwaqo omile omgwaqo emigwaqweni

Iqoqo eliphelele lezitshalo zamandla elanga

Ukuze ukhethe izakhi ezifanele zesitshalo sakho samandla, udinga ukunquma inani lamadivayisi namandla awo. Ukucaciswa, kungcono ukucubungula isibonelo esithile: kunekotishi lasehlobo elisezifundeni zaseRyazan, abahlala kulo, kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuSepthemba.

Iqoqo eliphelele lamaphaneli elanga lifaka: amaphaneli elanga, i-inverter, izifakelo ezengeziwe, izinto ezingezekile (izintambo, imishini ezenzakalelayo, njll.) Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwansuku zonke yi-10,000 W / h, umthwalo ulinganiselwa kuma-watts ayi-500, umthwalo omkhulu ngama-watts ayi-1000. Sibala umthwalo wethanga, sandisa esiphezulu ngo-25%: 1000 x 1.25 = 1250 watts.

Ukusetshenziswa kwesikhala

Amabhethri elanga kungenye yezindlela ezinkulu zokukhipha amandla kagesi kuma-spacecraft: basebenza isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokusebenzisa noma yiziphi izinto zokwakha, futhi ngasikhathi sinye banemvelo imvelo, ngokungafani nemithombo yamandla enuzi kanye ne-radioisotope.

Kodwa-ke, lapho indiza ibanga elikude ukusuka eLangeni (ngaphesheya komgwaqo oyi-Mars), ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuba yinkinga, ngoba ukuhamba kwamandla elanga kuhambelana ngokulinganayo nesikwele sebanga ukusuka eLangeni. Lapho indiza iye eVenus naseMercury, ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla amaphaneli elanga anda kakhulu (esifundeni saseVenus ngezikhathi ezi-2, esifundeni saseMercury amahlandla ayisithupha).

Amandla kagesi wamanje

Isilinganiso sebhethri esivame kakhulu isiningi se-12 V. Izakhi ezinjengalesi esiteshini solar njenge-controller, inverter, amamojula elanga enzelwe imithamo ukusuka kuma-12 kuye kwangama-48 V. Ukuba khona kwamabhethri ayi-12 V kuyinto elula ngoba uma ehluleka, ungayifaka esikhundleni esisodwa. .

Ngevolthi ephakeme kabili, ngokususelwa ekucacisweni kokusebenza kwebhethri, kungathatha indawo yamabili kuphela. Inethiwekhi engama-48 V, wonke amabhethri amane kuzodingeka ukuthi aguqulwe egatsheni elilodwa, bese kuthi ama-48 V asongele kusukela ekuboneni ukuphepha kukagesi. Kwelinye iphuzu lokubuka, ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi, okuncane kuzodingeka isigaba se-wire cross, futhi oxhumana nabo bathembeke ngokwengeziwe.

Lapho ukhetha ukukala, kuyadingeka ukuthi unake zombili izici zamandla wama-inverters nenani lomthwalo ophakeme:

48 V - kusuka ku-3 - 6 kW,

I-24 noma i-48 V - ukusuka ku-1.5 - 3 kW,

12, 24, 48V - kuze kufike ku-1, 5 kW.

Uma umthamo webhethri nentengo cishe zilingana, ukukhetha kufanele kumiswe kubhethri ngokujula okuphezulu kokuvumeleka okuvumelekile nenani lamanje elikhulu elivunyelwe.Impilo yebhethri yanda kakhulu lapho le nkomba ingadluli kuma-30 - 50%.

“Indlela eyinhloko yokukhetha ibhethri kufanele ibe ukwethenjwa. Esimweni esithile, i-voltage yokuqala izoba ngu-24 V.

Ukukhetha amaseli elanga

Amandla webhethri elanga abalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo: Pcm = (1000 x Yesut) / (K x Sin) Ku:

I-Rcm - amandla ebhethri ku-W, elingana nesamba samandla wamapaneli elanga, 1000 - photosensitivity of cell solar in kW / m²,

U-Yesut - ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi okwedingeka nsuku zonke ku-kWh (yesifunda esikhethiwe - 18). I-Coefficient K icabanga ngakho konke ukulahleka ngezikhathi ezithile: ehlobo - 0.7, ebusika - 0.5.

Isono - ukuvala kwemisebe yelanga ku-kW x h / m² (inani le-tabular) ekutshekeni okuhle kakhulu kwamaphaneli. Ungathola le pharamitha kwinkonzo yesimo sezulu yesifunda. I-engeli efanelekile yokufaka amaphaneli elanga entwasahlobo nasekwindla ifana nenani le-latitude.

Ehlobo, i-15⁰ kufanele ibe minus, futhi ebusika - i-15⁰ kufanele ifakwe. Amapaneli ngokwawo kufanele aqondiswe eningizimu. Isifunda esibonelweni sise-latitude 55⁰.

Kusukela isikhathi sesithakazelo kithi siwela ngoMashi-Septhemba, sithatha i-angle angle yokuthambekela - 40⁰ ehlobene nomhlabathi. Kulokhu, isilinganiso esiphansi sansuku zonke sale ndawo singu-4.73.

Sifaka yonke le mininingwane kwifomula futhi senze isenzo:

Pcm = 1000 x 12: (0.7 x 4.73) ≈ 3 600 W .

Uma amamojula akha ibhethri azoba namandla we-100 watts, khona-ke amayunithi angama-36 kufanele athengwe. Ukuze uzibeke, uzodinga ipulatifomu engu-5 x 5 m, futhi isakhiwo sizolingana namathani angama-0.3.

Umhlangano webhethri

Lapho uhlela iphakethe lebhethri, kufanele kubonakale ama-nuances alandelayo: amabhethri ajwayelekile enzelwe izimoto awalungele le nhloso, okubhalwe phansi ngokuthi "SOLAR" kufanele kube kumaphaneli elanga, wonke amabhethri athengiwe kufanele abe nemingcele efanayo futhi, ngokungcono, angamalungu ebhendi efanayo yokukhiqiza , kuyadingeka ukubeka izinto egumbini efudumele, ngokuphelele - 25⁰.

Akudingekile ukuthenga amabhethri amasha, ngoba amabhethri asetshenzisiwe nawo ahle kakhulu ngale njongo. Uma amazinga okushisa ehla afike ku-5⁰, umthamo webhethri uzokwehla ngo-50%. Esibonelweni esine-12 volt AB enomthamo we-100 A / h, ungabona ukuthi inganikeza abathengi ugesi ngenani le-1200 W ngehora.

Kuliqiniso, lokhu kuzolandelwa ukukhutshwa kwebhethri okuphelele, futhi lokhu akufiseleki kakhulu. Njengombana ama-60% athathwa njengelungelo “lokudonswa kwegolide” ukuze kungasebenzi, sithatha indawo yokugcina amandla ngayinye ye-100 A / h ku-600 W / h (1000 W / h x 60%). Amabhethri okuqala kufanele akhokhiswe i-100% esitolo sokuma.

Indawo yokubhuka kufanele ibe yanele ukuthi yanele ukumboza umthwalo ebusuku, futhi uma isimo sezulu sinamafu, bese sinikezela ngamapharamitha adingekayo phakathi nosuku ukuze uhlelo lusebenze. Amabhethri amaningi awafiseleki ngoba zihlala zakhiwe futhi zihlala ngaphansi.

Isixazululo esisebenza kahle yiphakethe yebhethri enendawo ebekelwe ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwamandla. Sichaza ubungako bebhethri eliphelele: (10,000 W / h: 600 W / h) x 100 A / h = 1667 A / h Ngakho-ke, ukuhlomisa isitshalo samandla elanga kusuka esibonelweni esithile, i-16 AB enomthamo we-100 A / h noma u-8 kuye ku-200. Uhlobo lokuxhuma i-serial-parallel.

Ungayikhetha kanjani isilawuli

Ukukhetha kwesilawuli kunemininingwane yayo. Isilawuli esikhethwe kahle kufanele:

1. Ukuqinisekisa ukukhokhiswa okunhlobonhlobo kwamabhethri ukuze kwandise impilo yawo.

2. Yenza ukuxhumana okuhlanganisiwe okuzenzakalelayo / ukunqamula kwebhethri le-AB nebhethri nelanga ngokuhambisana nokushaja noma ukukhipha.

3. Xhuma kabusha umthwalo usuka kubhethri elanga ubheke kubhethri ngokulandelana okuphambene.

Isilawuli sokushaja sonozungezilanga kufanele sibe segumbini linye namabhethri. Kulokhu, amapharamitha wokufaka wakhe kufanele ahambisane namanani ahambisanayo amamojula elanga, futhi okuphumayo kumele kube nomthamo ofanayo nomehluko ongaba khona ngaphakathi kohlelo.

Okuningi kuncike ekutheni isilawuli sikhethwe kahle kanjena: ukusebenza kwephakethe leebhethri, kanye nohlelo lonke lwelanga lonke. Uma uqiniseka ukuthi isibani sithola amandla ngokuqondile kumlawuli, ungonga imali lapho uthenga i-inverter - thenga inketho eshibhile.

Ungayikhetha kanjani i-inverter Umsebenzi we-inverter ukuhlinzeka ngomthamo wesikhathi eside.

Lokhu kungenzeka uma i-voltage yayo yokufaka ifana nomehluko ongaba khona ngaphakathi kohlelo.

Okukhethwa kukho okuhle uma ukhetha i-inverter wukusebenza kwe- "Inverter enesilawuli sokusebenza". Izindlela ezilandelayo zibalulekile: Ukwakheka kwe-sine wave kanye nemvamisa yesikhathi samanje esiguqulwa ekushintshaneni yamanje. Ukusondela kwe-sinusoid enemvamisa ye-50 Hz kuyisiqinisekiso sokusebenza kahle kakhulu.

Ngokufanelekile, uma lesi sibalo singaphezu kwama-90%. Ukusetshenziswa okwenziwe yile divayisi kufanele kuhambisane nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele kohlelo lonozungezilanga. Okuhle kunakho konke - kuze kufike ku-1%. Idivayisi kumele ibekezelele ukugcwala okuphindwe kabili kwesikhathi esifushane.

Amathiphu kanye nezibonelo zokubala ezinikezwe esihlokweni zizosiza ngokufakwa kwesiteshi samandla elanga sasekhaya. Zilungele indlu encane enkulu nendlu yezwe encane.

Isikimu somsebenzi samandla elanga

Lapho ubheka amagama anezwi elimangazayo lezizindawo ezakha uhlelo lokuhlinzekwa kwamandla elanga, uthola umqondo wobulukhuni obukhulu betechnology.

Ezingeni eliphansi lempilo ye-photon, lokhu kunjalo. Futhi ngokusobala ukujikeleza okujwayelekile kwesekethe sikagesi kanye nomgomo wesenzo sawo ubukeka ulula kakhulu. Ukusuka ekukhanyiseleni kwezulu kuya 'kwisibani sika-Ilyich' kunezinyathelo ezine kuphela.

Amamojula elanga ayingxenye yokuqala yesitshalo samandla. Lawa ngamaphaneli acishe abe ngamaxande aqoqiwe kusuka kwinombolo ethile yamapuleti evamile endwangu. Abakhiqizi benza amaphaneli wezithombe ahluke emandleni kagesi nakugesi, inani lama-volts ayi-12.

Amadivaysi abunjiwe njengentengezi atholakala kalula ezindaweni ezivezwa imisebe eqondile. Amayunithi Modular axhunyaniswa ngokuxhumanisa ibhethri elanga. Umsebenzi webhethri ukuguqula amandla atholakala elangeni, kukhiqize amandla wamanje wenani elinikeziwe.

Amadivayisi wokugcina wegesi kagesi - amabhethri amaphaneli elanga ayaziwa yiwo wonke umuntu. Indima yabo ngaphakathi kohlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla elangeni lisuka ngokwesiko. Lapho abathengi basekhaya bexhunywe kwinethiwekhi ehlanganisiwe, izitolo zamandla zigcinwa kugesi.

Babuye baqongelele okweqile kwayo, uma okwangoku module elanga lanele ukunikeza amandla asetshenziswa yimishini kagesi.

Iphakethe yebhethri linikeza isekethe inani lamandla elidingakalayo futhi igcina i-voltage ezinzile ngokushesha nje lapho ukusetshenziswa kwayo kukhuphuka inani elikhulayo. Kwenzeka into efanayo, ngokwesibonelo, ebusuku ngamaphaneli ezithombe angenamsebenzi noma ngesimo sezulu elangeni elikhanyayo.

Isilawuli singumlamuli kagesi phakathi kwemodyuli yelanga namabhethri. Umsebenzi wayo ukulawula izinga lebhethri. Idivayisi ayikuvumeli ukubilisa kwabo kusuka ekuphindisweni kabusha noma ekuweni kwamandla kagesi ngaphansi kwesilinganiso esithile, esidingekayo ekusebenzeni okuzinzile kohlelo lonke lwelanga.

Ukuguqukela emuva, umsindo wegama elithi inverter lamaphaneli elanga uchazwa kanjalo. Yebo, empeleni, le yunithi yenza umsebenzi owake wabonakala sengathi uyindida konjiniyela bakagesi.

Iguqula isimo samanje samamojula welanga namabhethri ekushintshaniseni okwamanje nomehluko ongaba khona wama-volts angama-220. Yile voltage esebenza iningi lemishini kagesi yasendlini.

Inani eliphakeme kanye namandla asetshenziswa nsuku zonke

Ubumnandi bokuba nesiteshi sakho sonozungezilanga kusekuningi. Isinyathelo sokuqala sendlela yokuthola amandla wamandla elanga ukubona inani eliphakeme lomthamo ngama-kilowatts kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokulinganayo kwamandla kosuku nsuku zonke ngamahora we-kilowatt wekhaya noma i-cottage yasehlobo.

Umthwalo wethamo lakhiwa ngesidingo sokuvula amadivaysi kagesi amaningi ngasikhathi sinye futhi kunqunywa amandla awo aphelele, kucatshangelwa izici zokuqalisa ezisetshenzisiwe zezinye zazo.

Ukubalwa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu kukuvumela ukuthi ukhombe isidingo esibalulekile sokusebenza ngasikhathi sinye lapho imishini kagesi ingekho khona. Lesi sikhombisi silalela izici zamandla we-node yesitshalo samandla, okungukuthi, inani lezindleko zedivayisi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwansuku zonke kwensiza kagesi kukalwa ngomkhiqizo wamandla ayo wesikhathi lapho wawusebenza kusukela kwinethiwekhi (udla ugesi) usuku. Isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwamandla okwenziwa nsuku zonke kubalwa njengesamba samandla kagesi aqediwe ngumthengi ngamunye isikhathi sosuku.

Umphumela wokusetshenziswa kwamandla usiza ukuhleleka kahle kokusetshenziswa kukagesi welanga. Umphumela wezibalo ubalulekile ekubalweni okuqhubekayo komthamo webhethri. Intengo yephakethe lebhethri, ingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu, incike kule pharamitha nangaphezulu.

Ukulungiselela ukubalwa kwe-arithmetic

Ikholomu yokuqala idonswa kwendabuko - inombolo ye-serial. Ikholomu yesibili yigama lokwenza izinto. Okwesithathu ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwamandla okukodwa.

Amakholamu asuka kwesine kuya kweleShumi amabili nesikhombisa ngamahora osuku ukusuka ku-00 kuye ku-24. Okulandelayo kufakwa kuwo ngomugqa oyisisekelo ozwakalayo:

• ku-numerator - isikhathi sokusebenza sedivayisi ngesikhathi sehora elithile kwifomu ledesimali (0,0),
• i-denominator futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwamandla ngakunye (lokhu kuyaphindaphinda kuyadingeka ukubala imithwalo yehora).

Ikholomu engamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili yisikhathi sonke esisebenza ngaso impahla yasendlini phakathi nosuku. Ngamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwensiza kuqoshwa ngenxa yokuphindaphindeka ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwamandla komuntu ngamunye ngesikhathi sosuku nsuku zonke.

Ikholomu yamashumi amathathu nayo ijwayelekile - inothi. Kuyasebenziseka ekubaleni okuphakathi.

Ukucaciswa komthengi

Isigaba esilandelayo sokubalwa ukuguqulwa kwefomu lencwajana libe yisetshenziselwe abathengi bakagesi bamakhaya. Ikholamu lokuqala licacile. Nazi izinombolo zemigqa.

Ikholomu yesibili iqukethe amagama abathengi bamandla. Kunconywa ukuthi uqale ngokugcwalisa iholoholo ngempahla kagesi. Lokhu okulandelayo kuchaza amanye amakamelo ngokwezivalo noma ngokuhamba kwewashi (njengoba ufisa).

Uma kukhona isitezi sesibili (njll), inqubo iyefana: kusuka ezitebhisini - ekuzungezeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ngamadivayisi ezitebhisi kanye nokukhanyisa umgwaqo.

Kungcono ukugcwalisa ikholomu yesithathu ngamandla aphambane negama ledivaysi ngayinye kagesi endleleni neyesibili.

Amakholomu amane kuya kwamashumi amabili nesikhombisa ahambelana nawo njalo ngehora. Ukuze kube lula, zingakwazi ukunqamula ngokushesha ngemigqa evundlile phakathi kwemigqa. Ukuphakama okungaphezulu kwemigqa kufana nezinombolo, ama-halves angaphansi yilawa mahlelo.

Lawa makholomu agcwaliswa ngomugqa. Izinombolo zifomethwa ngokukhetha njengezikhathi zesikhathi kufomethi ye-decimal (0,0), zibonisa isikhathi sokusebenza sezinto zikagesi ezinikezwe ngesikhathi esithile sehora. Ngokuhambisana nezinombolo, ama-denominators afakwa kanye nenkomba yamandla edivayisi ethathwe kwikholamu yesithathu.

Ngemuva kokuthi wonke amakholomu ehora egcwele, ayaqhubeka nokubala amahora ngamunye okusebenza wezinto zikagesi zansuku zonke, ahamba emigqeni. Imiphumela iqoshwe kumaseli ahambisanayo kukholomu angamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili.

Ngokuya ngamandla nesikhathi sokusebenza, ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwamandla kwabo bonke abathengi kubalwa ngokulandelana. Kuyaphawuleka kumaseli ekholamu lamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye.

Lapho yonke imigqa namakholomu eshiwo egcwaliswa, abale amanani. Ukungeza amandla wesithombe kusuka kubahleli bekholomu ngehora, kutholakala imithwalo yehora ngalinye. Ukufingqa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwansuku zonke kwekholomu engamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye kusuka phezulu kuya phansi, bathola isilinganiso esiphakathi nosuku.

Ukubalwa akubandakanyi ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lwesikhathi esizayo. Le nto ibhekwa yi-coefflication eyokusiza ekubaleni kokugcina okulandelayo.

Ukuhlaziywa nokwenza kahle imininingwane

Uma amandla elanga ahlelwe njenge-backup, idatha ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla kwehora ne-average average ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kosuku kusiza ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukagesi onamandla welanga.

Lokhu kutholakala ngokususa abathengi abaxakile emandleni ekusebenzeni kuze kube yilapho kubuyiselwa amandla kagesi asembusweni, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zamahora aphezulu.

Uma uhlelo lwamandla elanga lwakhiwe njengomthombo wokuphakelwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo, khona-ke imiphumela yemithwalo yehora icindezelwa phambili. Kubalulekile ukusabalalisa ukusetshenziswa kukagesi phakathi nosuku ngendlela yokususa izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu kanye nezinsika ezihluleka kakhulu.

Ukukhishwa kwesilinganiso esiphakeme, ukulingana kwemithwalo ephezulu, ukuqedwa kwamadiphu abukhali ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla esikhathini esithe xaxa kukuvumela ukuthi ukhethe izinketho ezingcono kakhulu zezomnotho zezindawo zesistimu yelanga futhi uqinisekise ukusebenza okuqinile kwesikhathi eside kwesiteshi solar.

Umdwebo owethulwe ukhombisa uguquko olutholwe ngesisekelo sezinto ezihlanganisiwe zohlelo lwe-irrational ngokuphelele. Inkomba yokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke incishiswa ukusuka ku-18 kuye ku-12 kW / h, isilinganiso sehora ngehora sisuka ku-750 siye kuma-500 watts.

Umgomo ofanayo wethemba ulusizo lapho usebenzisa inketho yamandla avela elangeni njenge-backup. Akudingekile ukusebenzisa imali ekwandiseni amandla amamojula elanga namabhethri ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okwesikhashana.

Ukukhetha izikhala zezitshalo zamandla elanga

Ukwenza lula ukubala, sizobheka inguqulo yokusetshenziswa kwebhethri elanga njengomthombo ophambili wokuhlinzekela amandla kagesi. Umthengi uzoba yizwe elinemibandela ezweni laseRyazan, lapho ehlala khona njalo ngoMashi kuya kuSepthemba.

Izibalo ezingokoqobo ezisuselwa kudatha yesheduli enengqondo yokusebenzisa ihora ngehora okushicilelwe ngenhla izonikeza ukucaca kokubonisana:

• Isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwamandla nsuku zonke = ama-watts ayi-12,000 / ihora.
• Ukusetshenziswa komthwalo okumaphakathi = ama-watts angama-500.
• Isisindo esingu-1200 Watts.
• Inani eliphakeme i-1200 x 1.25 = 1500 watts (+ 25%).

Amanani azodingeka ekubaleni kwenani eliphelele lamadivayisi elanga namanye amapharamitha asebenzayo.

Ukunqunywa kwamandla okusebenza kwesistimu yelanga

Amandla kagesi okusebenza angaphakathi kwanoma yiluphi uhlelo lwelanga asuselwa ekuphindaphindweni kwama-volts ayi-12, njengokulinganisa okujwayelekile kakhulu kwebhethri. Izindawo ezinikezwa kakhulu iziteshi zelanga: amamojula elanga, abalawuli, ama-inverters - akhiqizwa ngaphansi kwevolumu ethandwa kakhulu yama-12, 24, 48 volts.

Amandla kagesi aphezulu avumela ukusetshenziswa kwezintambo ezincanyana zokuhlinzeka - futhi lokhu kukhula kokuxhumana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabhethri we-12V ahlulekile ukushintshwa kube munye ngasikhathi.

Inethiwekhi enama-volt angama-24, ngokubheka imininingwane yokusebenza kwamabhethri, kuzodingeka ukuthi ithathelwe indawo ngababili kuphela. Inethiwekhi ye-48V izodinga ukuguqula wonke amabhethri amane egatsha elifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuma-volts angama-48 sekuvele kukhona ingozi yokuthuthumela kukagesi.

Inketho enkulu yenani elizwakalayo lomahluko ongaphakathi wesistimu ixhunyiwe nezimpawu zamandla wama-inverters akhiqizwe ngumkhakha wanamuhla futhi kufanele anake umthwalo ophakeme:

• kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-6 kW - ngama-48 volts,
• isuka ku-1.5 iye ku-3 kW - ilingana no-24 noma i-48V,
• kufika ku-1.5 kW - 12, 24, 48V.

Ukukhetha phakathi kokuthembeka kwe-wiring nokuphazamiseka kokubuyiselwa kwamabhethri, ngokwesibonelo sethu sizogxila ekuthembekeni. Ngokuzayo, sizokwakha ku-voltage yokusebenza kwerejista ebaliwe yama-24 volts.

Sebenzisa kwezokwelapha

Ososayensi baseNingizimu Korea bakha ingqamuzana elanga elingaphansi komhlaba.Umthombo wamandla amancane ungafakwa ngaphansi kwesikhumba somuntu ukuze uqinisekise ukusebenza okungaphazamiseki kwamadivayisi afakwe emzimbeni, ngokwesibonelo, i-pacemaker. Ibhethri elinjalo liphindwe ka-15 kunezinwele futhi lingakhokhiswa ngisho noma kufakwe isikrini esisetshenziswa esikhunjeni.

Amabhetri Pack Amamojula Solar

Ifomula yokubala amandla adingekayo ebhethri elanga libukeka kanjena:

Pcm = (1000 * Yebo) / (k * Isono),

• I-Rcm = amandla ebhethri elanga = amandla aphelele wamamojula elanga (amaphaneli, W),
• I-1000 = i-photosensitivity eyamukelwe yabaguquki bezithombe (kW / m²)
• Yidla = isidingo sokusetshenziswa kwamandla nsuku zonke (kW * h, ngokwesibonelo sethu = 18),
• k = ukubambisana okwenziwe ngesizini kubheka konke ukulahleka (ihlobo = 0.7, ubusika = 0.5),
• Isono = inani elithwetshulwe ekuphanjukisweni (i-solar radiation flux) ngethawula elilungile (kW * h / m²).

Ungathola inani lokugcotshwa ngensizakalo yemozulu yesifunda.

I-angle efanelekile yokuthambekela kwamapaneli elanga ilingana nobubanzi bendawo:

• entwasahlobo nasekwindla,
• kanye nama-degree angu-15 - ebusika,
• Susa ama-degree angu-15 ehlobo.

Isifunda saseRyazan esibhekwe esibonelweni sethu sisendaweni eyi-55th latitude.

Isikhathi esithathwe ngoMashi kuya kuSepthemba, ukuthambeka okungcono kakhulu okungabhalisiwe kwebhethri elanga kulingana ne-angle angle ye-40 summer ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngokufakwa kwamamojula, isilinganiso sansuku zonke sokufakwa kweRyazan ngalesi sikhathi singu-4,73. Zonke izinombolo zikhona, asenze ukubalwa:

Pcm = 1000 * 12 / (0.7 * 4.73) ≈ 3 600 Watts.

Uma sithatha amamojula we-100-watt njengesisekelo sebhethri elanga, lapho-ke angama-36 kuwo azodingeka. Zizoba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-300 futhi zingene endaweni engaba ngu-5 x 5 m ubukhulu.

Imidwebo ye-wiring efakazelwe insimu nezinketho zokuxhuma amaphaneli elanga zinikezwe lapha.

Ukusebenza kwezithombe namamojula

Amandla we-solar radiation flux ekungeneni komkhathi woMhlaba (AM0) acishe abe yi-1366 watts ngemitha yesikwele (bheka futhi i-AM1, AM1.5, AM1.5G, AM1.5D). Ngasikhathi sinye, amandla akhethekile wemisebe yelanga eYurophu ngesimo sezulu esinamafu impela noma phakathi nosuku kungaba ngaphansi kwe-100 W / m² [ umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku ezingama-1665 ]. Ngosizo lwamaseli elanga akhiqizwe ngobuchule, kungenzeka ukuthi uguqule la mandla abe ugesi ngokusebenza kahle kuka-9-24% [ umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku ezingama-1665 ]. Ngasikhathi sinye, inani lentengo yebhethri lizoba cishe ama-dollar angama-1-3 e-US i-watt ngayinye yamandla alinganiselwe. Okwenziwa ngogesi kwezimboni kusetshenziswa amafotokheni, intengo nge-kWh ngayinye izoba ngu- $ 0,25 Ngokusho kwe-European Photovoltaic Association (EPIA), ngo-2020 izindleko zikagesi ezikhiqizwe amasistimu we "solar" zizokwehla zingaphansi kuka-0,10 € nge-kW · h ngokufakwa kwezimboni nangaphansi kuka-0,15 € nge-kWh yokufakwa ezakhiweni zokuhlala [ umthombo ongagunyaziwe? ] .

Amaseli we-solar namamojula ahlukaniswe ngohlobo futhi yilezi: i-single-crystal, poly-crystalline, amorphous (eguquguqukayo, ifilimu).

Ngo-2009, abakwaSpectrolab (inkampani engaphansi kweBoeing) bakhombisa iseli elisebenza kahle elisebenza ngo-41,6%. NgoJanuwari 2011, kwakulindelwe ukuthi le nkampani ingene emakethe yamaseli elanga esebenza kahle ngama-39%. Ngo-2011, iSolar Junction eseCalifornia yathola ukusebenza kahle kwezithombe ezingama-5.5 x 5.5 mm ngo-43,5%, okuyisilinganiso esingu-1,2% ngaphezu kwerekhodi elidlule.

Ngo-2012, uMorgan Solar wenza uhlelo lweSun Simba lwe-polymethyl methacrylate (Plexiglas), i-germanium ne-gallium arsenide, ehlanganisa isikhungo nephaneli okwabekwa kulo leli phephabhuku. Ukusebenza kahle kohlelo olune-stationary stationary kungama-26-30% (kuya ngesikhathi sonyaka kanye ne-angle lapho ilanga litholakala khona), okwedlula kabili ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwamaseli elanga ase-crystalline.

Ngo-2013, uSharp wenza isithombe esiyi-4 × 4 mm esingamasendla amathathu ku-indium gallium arsenide ngesisekelo esingu-44.4%, nethimba labachwepheshe baseFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Soitec, CEA-Leti kanye neHelmholtz Berlin Center eyakhiwe kusetshenziswa i-lens yeFresnel isithombe esisetshenziswa ngempumelelo eyi-44.7%, sidlula impumelelo yaso engu-43.6% [ umthombo ongagunyaziwe? ]. Ngo-2014, i-Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems yakha amaphaneli elanga lapho ukusebenza kahle kwakungu-46% ngenxa yokugxila kokukhanya ekhasini elincane kakhulu le-photocell [ umthombo ongagunyaziwe? ] .

Ngo-2014, ososayensi baseSpain bakha iseli le-silicon photovoltaic elikwazi ukuguqula imisebe yelanga ye-solar ibe ugesi.

Inkombandlela ethembisayo ukudalwa kwezithombe ezenziwa kusetshenziswa ama-nanoantennas asebenza kulungiswa kabusha kwamaqhubu afakwe kwi-antenna encane (ye-oda lika-200-300 nm) ngokukhanya (okungukuthi, imisebe ye-electromagnetic yemvamisa ye-oda ye-500 THz). AmaNanoantennas awadingi izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibizayo zokukhiqiza futhi anokusebenza kahle okufika kuma-85%.

Futhi, ngonyaka we-2018, ngokutholwa komphumela we-flexophotovoltaic, ukutholakala kokukhiqizwa kokusebenza kwezithombe kutholakale., Futhi futhi ngenxa yokwandiswa kwempilo yabathwali abashisayo (ama-elektroni), umkhawulo wethiyori wokusebenza kwabo wakhuphuka usuka kuma-34 ngokushesha uya kumaphesenti angama-66.

Ngo-2019, ososayensi baseRussia abavela e-Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry eqanjwe ngemuva A.V. UNikolaev weGatsha laseSiberia leRussian Academy of Science (SB RAS) kanye ne-Institute of Izinkinga ze-Chemical Fizikhi RAS bathole impahla eyisisekelo semiconductor yamaseli elanga, ngaphandle kokushiyeka okuningi kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo namuhla. Iqembu labaphenyi baseRussia elishicilelwe kumagazini i-Journal of Equipment Chemistry A [en] imiphumela yomsebenzi wokusetshenziswa kwento entsha ye-semiconductor eyenziwe ngabo amaseli elanga - complex polymer bismuth iodide (<[Bi₃Mina₁₀]> ne <[BiI₄]>), ngesakhiwo esifana ne-mineral perovxite (i-calcium titanate yemvelo), ekhombise isilinganiso sokuguqulwa kwerekhodi kugesi. Iqembu elifanayo lososayensi lidale i-semiconductor yesibili efanayo ngokusekelwe ku-antomony bromide enesakhiwo esinjenge-perovxite.

Ukuhlelwa kwephiko lamandla webhethri

Lapho ukhetha amabhethri, udinga ukuqondiswa ama-postulates:

1. Amabhethri ezimoto ajwayelekile AKALUNGA le njongo. Amabhethri wamandla elanga abhalwe ukuthi "SOLAR".
2. Zitholele amabhethri kufanele afane kuzo zonke izindlela, mhlawumbe kubhethri elilodwa lasefekthri.
3. Igumbi lapho ipakethe yebhethri likhona kufanele lifudumele. Izinga lokushisa elikhulu lapho amabhethri enika amandla aphelele = 25⁰C. Lapho yehla yaya ku--5⁰C, umthamo webhethri wehla ngo-50%.

Uma sithatha ibhethri elivelayo elinamandla angu-12 volts namandla we-100 amperes / ihora ukubala, kulula ukubala, ngoba ihora lonke lizokwazi ukunikeza abathengi amandla aphelele ama-watts ayi-1200. Kepha lokhu kungokuphuma ngokuphelele, okungathandeki kakhulu.

Impilo yebhethri ende, AKUSEKELWA ukunciphisa izindleko zabo ngaphansi kwama-70%. Umkhawulo wesibalo = 50%. Ukuthatha i-60% njengomhlaba ophakathi nendawo, sibeka indawo yokugcina amandla ka-720 W / h kuwo wonke ama-100 A * h wezinto ezisebenzayo zebhethri (1200 W / h x 60%) njengesisekelo sokubalwa okulandelayo.

Ekuqaleni, amabhethri kufanele afakwe i-100% ekhokhiswa emthonjeni wamanje wesiteshi. Amabhethri kufanele amboze ngokuphelele umthwalo wobumnyama. Uma ungenanhlanhla ngesimo sezulu, gcina amapharamitha wesistimu adingekayo phakathi nosuku.

Kubalulekile ukucubungula ukuthi ukunwebeka ngokweqile kwamabhethri kuzoholela ekusebenzeni kwawo njalo. Lokhu kuzonciphisa kakhulu impilo yenkonzo. Isixazululo esinengqondo kunazo zonke ukuhlinzeka iyunithi ngamabhethri anesibekeli samandla esanele ukumboza ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwamandla.

Ukuthola inani eliphelele ledatha yebhethri, sihlukanisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okwenziwa nsuku zonke kwe-12,000 W / h ngo-720 W / h bese siphindaphindeka ngo-100 A * h:

12 000/720 * 100 = 2500 A * h ≈ 1600 A * h

Sekukonke, ngokwesibonelo sethu, sidinga amabhethri ayi-16 anesilinganiso sama-100 noma ama-8 ku-200 Ah *, axhunyaniswe ngokulandelana.

Izici ezithinta i-Photocell ufanisi

Izici zokuhleleka kwamaseli elanga zibangela ukwehla kokusebenza kwamapaneli ngokushisa okuqhubekayo.

Ukufiphalisa ingxenye yephaneli kubangela ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ngenxa yokulahleka kwento engahlukanisiwe, eqala ukusebenza njengomthwalo we-parasitic. Lokhu kubuyiswa kungaqedwa ngokufaka i-bypass ekhasini ngalinye lepaneli. Esimweni sezulu esinamafu, lapho kungekho khona ukukhanya kwelanga ngqo, amaphaneli asebenzisa ama-lens ukugxilisa imisebe ayisebenzi ngokuphelele, ngoba umphumela we-lens uyanyamalala.

Ezintweni ezisebenzayo zephaneli ye-Photovoltaic, kungabonakala ukuthi ukuze kufinyelelwe ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukukhetha okuyikho kokumelana nomthwalo kuyadingeka. Kulokhu, amaphaneli we-Photovoltaic awaxhumekile ngqo emthwalweni, kepha kunalokho asebenzisa isilawuli sokulawula izinhlelo ze-photovoltaic, eziqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwamaphaneli.

Ukukhetha isilawuli esihle

Ukukhetha okulungile kwesilawuli sebhethri (ibhethri) kungumsebenzi othize. Amapharamitha wokufaka wayo kufanele ahambisane namamojula akhethiwe we-solar, futhi i-voltage okukhiphayo kufanele ihambisane nokwehluka okungaba khona kwangaphakathi kohlelo lwamandla elanga (ngokwesibonelo sethu, ama-volts angama-24).

Isilawuli esihle kufanele siqinisekise:

1. Ishaja yebhethri enhlobonhlobo ekhulisa impilo yayo esebenza ngempumelelo ngamaningi.
2. Ibhethri le-solar mutual, ibhethri ne-solar, ukuxhumeka kokuxhumeka kuxhumano nokuxhumeka kokukhipha.
3. Ukuxhuma kabusha umthwalo kusuka kubhethri kuya kubhethri elanga kanye okuphambene nalokho.

Le ifindo elincane liyisakhi esibaluleke kakhulu.

Ukukhetha okulungile kwesilawuli kuncike ekusebenzeni ngaphandle kwenkathazo kwepakethe yebhethri ebizayo kanye nokulingana kohlelo lonke.

Ukukhetha i-inverter ehamba phambili

I-inverter ikhethiwe ukuze ikwazi ukunikela ngomthwalo wethanga elide. Amandla ayo wokufaka kufanele ahambisane nokwehluka okungaba khona kwangaphakathi kohlelo lonozungezilanga.

Ngokukhetha okuhle kakhulu, kunconywa ukuthi unake amapharamitha:

1. Ukwakheka nobuningi bezinto zamanje eziguquliwe. Ukusondela kakhulu kwe-50 Hz sine wave, okungcono.
2. Ukusebenza kwamadivayisi. Ama-90% aphezulu - okumangalisa kakhulu.
3. Ukusetshenziswa okwakho kwensiza. Kufanele kuhambisane nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kohlelo lonke. Ngokufanele - kuze kufike ku-1%.
4. Amandla weyunithi ukumelana nokulayishwa okweqile kwesikhashana.

Idizayini eyingqayizivele kunazo zonke i-inverter enomsebenzi owakhelwe ngaphakathi wokulawula.

Ukwehluleka kwamandla eSolar

• Isidingo sokusebenzisa izindawo ezinkulu,
• Isizinda samandla elanga asisebenzi ebusuku futhi asisebenzi kahle ngokwanele kusihlwa, kanti inani eliphakeme lokusebenzisa amandla likhona ngokuqondile emahoreni kusihlwa,
• Naphezu kokuhlanzeka kwemvelo kwamandla atholakele, amafotokheni ngokwawo aqukethe izinto ezinobuthi, ngokwesibonelo, umkhondo, i-cadmium, i-gallium, i-arsenic, njll.

Izitshalo zamandla elanga ziyagxekwa ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme, kanye nokuqina okuphansi kwama-lead halides ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nobungozi balezi zinhlanganisela. Ama-semiconductors angaholi kwamaseli elanga, ngokwesibonelo asuselwa ku-bismuth ne-antimony, okwamanje angaphansi kokusebenza okusebenzayo.

Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphansi, okufinyelela kumaphesenti angama-20 kakhulu, amaphaneli elanga atshisa kakhulu. Amaphesenti angama-80 asele wamaphaneli elanga afinyelela kumazinga okushisa aphakathi kwama-55 ° C. Ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa kweseli ye-Photovoltaic nge-1 °, ukusebenza kwayo kuncipha ngo-0,5%. Lokhu kuncika akuyona intolinear kanye nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa ngu-10 ° kuholela ekunciphiseni kokusebenza cishe kwesici samabili. Izinto ezisebenzayo zezinhlelo zokupholisa (abalandeli noma amaphampu) adlulisa esiqandisini zisebenzisa inani elithile lamandla, zidinga ukulungiswa ngezikhathi ezithile futhi kunciphise ukwethembeka kohlelo lonke. Izinhlelo zokupholisa ze-Passive zinokusebenza okuphansi kakhulu futhi azikwazi ukubhekana nomsebenzi wokupholisa amaphaneli elanga.