Ubude bomzimba ojwayelekile wabantu abadala buyahlukahluka kusuka ngamasentimitha ambalwa kuya kumamitha ambalwa, futhi isisindo esiphezulu singama-68-70 kg. Isakhiwo somzimba sabamele i-oda i-Salmonidae sifana nokubukeka kwezinhlanzi ezinge-oda le-Seldeobraznye. Phakathi kokunye, kuze kube muva nje, umndeni wakwaSalmon wahlukaniswa njenge-herring-kodwa-ke lapho-ke kwaqokwa njengomyalelo ozimele ngokuphelele - iSalmon-like.
Isidumbu senhlanzi mude, sinokucindezelwa okuphawuleka okuvela ezinhlangothini, kumbozwe nge-cycloid nxazonke noma ngemiphetho eqondile yesikali, ewa kalula. Amaphiko we-ventral awaloluhlobo lwe-multipath oluphakathi enkabeni yesisu, kanti namaphinifa e-pectoral enhlanzi ezindala awalolo hlobo lokuhlala okuphansi, ngaphandle kwama-rick prickly. Ama-pair of forsal fins enhlanzi amelelwa yi-yamanje ne-analinsins elandela yona. Ukuba khona kwe-adipose fin encane kuyisici sesici kanye nesinye sezici ezihlukanisayo zabamele i-Salmonidae ye-oda.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isici esingahlukani kangako senhlawulo yodals salmon ukuba khona kwama-ray ayishumi kuya kwayishumi nesithupha, kanti abamele i-grey banemisebe engu-17- 24.
Isigaxa sokubhukuda senhlanzi, njengomthetho, sixhunywe esophagini ngumsele okhethekile, kanti umlomo we-salmon unemingcele engenhla enamathambo amane - ama-premaxillary amabili ne-maxillary. Izinsikazi ziyahlukahluka kuma-oviducts ohlobo lwe-embryonic noma awunazo nhlobo, ngakho-ke wonke amaqanda avuthiwe avela esibelethweni awela kalula emgodini womzimba. Amathumbu enhlanzi abonakala ngokuba khona kwama-pyloric amaningi. Ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlobo inezinwele zamehlo ezingabonakali. Iningi le-salmon enjengalona alinyakaziswa ngokuphelele yingxenye yamathambo, futhi ingxenye ye-cranium imelwe izinqubo zenhliziyo kanye nezinqubo zangemuva ezingahambelani ku-vertebrae.
Ukuhlukaniswa, Izinhlobo zeSalmon
Umndeni weSalmon umelwe yimindeni emithathu engezansi:
- Izinhlobo ezintathu zeSigova subfamily,
- Izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zama-salmonids afanele,
- uhlobo olulodwa lwe-Greyling Grfling.
Bonke abamele iSalmonidae subfamily baphakathi noma bakhulu, banezikali ezincane, futhi nomlomo omkhulu onamazinyo akhule kahle futhi aqinile. Uhlobo lokudla kwalolu hlangothi luxubekile noma lumile.
Izinhlobo eziphambili zesalimoni:
- Ishadi laseMelika kanye ne-Arctic,
- I-salmon epinki,
- Ishkhan
- UChum
- Coho salmon, chinook salmon,
- I-North American Christimeter,
- I-trout emnyama
- Lenok
- I-Steelhead Salmon, Clark,
- Usalimoni obomvu,
- I-Salmon noma i-Noble Salmon,
- I-Sima noma i-Mazu,
- Danube, Sakhalin Taimen.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kweSigi subfamily ne-salmonid uqobo imelwe yimininingwane ekwakhiweni kukakhanda, umlomo omncane nezikali ezikhudlwana. I-Khariusov subfamily ibonakala ngokuba khona kwe-dorsal ende kakhulu futhi ephezulu, engabonakala ukubonakala kwesitimela nokufaka umbala okhanyayo. Zonke izimpunga zihlukaniswa njengezinhlanzi zamanzi amasha.
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
Ama-salmon izinhlanzi ezijwayelekile ezifudukayo, zihlala zihlala olwandle noma echibini lamanzi, futhi zikhuphuka ziye emifuleni kuphela ngenhloso yokuzala. Umsebenzi obalulekile wezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene uyefana, kodwa unezici ezithile zobuntu. Njengomthetho, lapho ifinyelela eminyakeni emihlanu, ama-salmon angena emanzini asheshayo we-rapids nemifula emincane, kwesinye isikhathi ekhuphuka ngamakhilomitha amaningi. Idatha yesikhashana ekungeneni kwe-salmon emanzini omfula ayalingani futhi ingahluka kakhulu.
Ngokuhlala emanzini omfula esikhathini sangaphambi kokusakazeka, ama-salmon ikakhulukazi akhetha hhayi izindawo ezijulile kakhulu hhayi ezisheshayo, eziboniswa ubukhona be-sand-pebble noma rocky floor inhlabathi. Imvamisa, lawo masayithi atholakala eduze kwezindawo ezinolaka, kepha ngaphezulu kwezimbambo noma ama-rapids.
Kuyathakazelisa! Emanzini olwandle, i-salmon iyakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esanele lapho ihamba - ifinyelela kumakhilomitha ayikhulu ngosuku olulodwa, kepha emfuleni ijubane lokuhamba kwalezinhlanzi lihamba kancane ngokubonakalayo.
Ngenqubo yokuhlala kulezi zindawo, i-salmon "mow", ngakho-ke umbala wabo umnyama ngokugqamile namafomu we-hook emhlathini, ophawuleka ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa kulo mndeni. Umbala wenyama yezinhlanzi ngalesi sikhathi uba paler, futhi inani eliphelele lamafutha liyancishiswa, ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla okwanele.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sonke sokuphila sama-salmonids asidluli iminyaka eyishumi, kepha ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukuphila cishe ikhulu leminyaka. Abaphethe amarekhodi njengamanje besayizi yomzimba nobude besikhathi sokuphila njengamanje bafaka i-taimen. Kuze kube manje, umuntu obhaliswe ngokusemthethweni walezi zinhlobo, osisindo sakhe sasiyirekhodi eli-105 kg ubude bomzimba obungu-2,5 m.
Umsuka
Izinhlanzi ezinjengeSalimoni zaziwa kusukela esikhathini seCretaceous (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-140-65 eyedlule) zesikhathi seMesozoic, futhi zingenye yamadlozi okuqala ezinhlanzi zesimanjemanje zanamuhla. Izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezinjenge-salmon zisasondelene nenhlanzi enjenge-herring kuze kufike ezingeni lokuthi kwezinye izigaba zihlanganiswa zibe yunithi eyodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zazingafani nalutho kusukela ekubunjweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Esokuqala-herring-like, okuthi, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, sisebenze njengeqembu lokuqala lazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zama-bony, savela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyi-137 edlule eLower Cretaceous. Ngesikhathi se-Cretaceous, ukuvela nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanzi ze-bony zenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene kwenzeka. Iningi lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi esazijwayela lakhiwa ePaleogene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-67-25 edlule).
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
I-Salmon ihlala cishe kuyo yonke ingxenye esenyakatho yomhlaba, ebangela intshiseko yokuthengisa ngentshiseko kulezo zinhlanzi.
Inhlanzi ebabazekayo engabalulekile u-Ishkhan uhlala emanzini aseLake Sevan. Ukudoba okukhulu kwendoda ebabazekayo yezikhala ezivulekile zePacific - salmon ye-chum ayenziwanga ezweni lethu kuphela, kepha naseMelika.
Izindawo eziphambili ze-trout zifaka imifula eminingi yaseYurophu, kanye namanzi oLwandle Olumhlophe, iBaltic, iBlack and Aral. UMazu noma uSima uyisakhamuzi esingxenyeni yase-Asia yamanzi asePacific, kanti nenhlanzi enkulu kakhulu iTaimen ihlala kuyo yonke imifula eSiberia.
Ukudla kwe-Salmon
Ukudla okujwayelekile kwamaSalmonids kuhluke kakhulu. Njengomthetho, izinhlanzi ze-pelagic ezinobukhulu obuncane nezinsizane zazo, kanye nama-crustaceans ahlukahlukene, ama-mollusks ezinamaphiko, ama-squid amancane kanye nezibungu zitholakala esiswini sabadala. Ngokuvamile, ama-ctenophores amancane kanye ne-jellyfish angena ekunikezelweni kwezinhlanzi ezindala.
Isibonelo, ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-salmon yezinsizwa kuvame ukumelelwa izibungu zezinambuzane ezinhlobonhlobo zasemanzini. Kodwa-ke, i-motley iyakwazi ukondla kanye nezinye izinhlanzi ezidlayo, i-char, i-sculpin nezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi ezincane. Ukudla kwe-salmon kungahlukahluka ngokuya ngesikhathi sonyaka kanye nezimpawu zendawo.
Ukuzalela inzalo
Emanzini asenyakatho asemfuleni, isikhathi sokuhluma senzeka engxenyeni yesibili kaSeptemba noma ngo-Okthoba, okushisa okuphakathi kwamanzi kusuka ku-0-8 ° C. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, iSalmon iqhuma kusuka ngo-Okthoba kuze kube nguJanuwari, okushisa kwamanzi kube ngu-3-13 ° C. I-Caviar ifakwa epanini elimbiwe emgodini ongaphansi komhlaba, emva kwalokho alifafazwa kakhulu ngengxube yamatshe kanye nesihlabathi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuziphatha kwama-salmonid ngesikhathi sokufuduka kanye nesikhathi sokushintsha kwezulu, ngakho-ke, esigabeni sokuphakamisa, inhlanzi iyasebenza kakhulu, idlala kakhulu futhi ingagxuma phezulu ngokwanele ukuphuma emanzini, kepha eduze nenqubo yokunqwabelana, ukugxuma okunjalo kuyaqabukela.
Ngemuva kokusaphaza, inhlanzi iyaqina futhi ibe buthaka ngokushesha, ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye ethile ifa, bese bonke abasindayo bangene emanzini olwandle noma echibini, kepha bangahlala emifuleni kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
Emifuleni, abamele abashibhile besalimoni abayi kude nendawo enwebekile, kepha bayakwazi ukuya ezindaweni ezijulile nezithe ukuthula. Entwasahlobo, intsha iphuma emaqanda akhutshiwe, afanayo ngokubukeka kwama-pout trout. Emanzini asemfuleni, izingane zihlala unyaka owodwa kuya kwemihlanu.
Esikhathini esinjengalesi sikhathi, abantu bangakhula babe ngamasentimitha angama-15-18 ubude. Ngaphambi kokugobhoza emanzini olwandle noma echibini, izingane zilahlekelwa umbala wazo o-mottled nezikali zithole umbala wesiliva. Kusezilwandle namachibi lapho i-salmon iqala ukudla ngenkuthalo futhi ngokushesha isisindo.
Izitha zemvelo
Amaqanda aqeqeshiwe kanye nentsha iba yisisulu sokulungela ukwenza i-grey yabantu abadala, i-trout, i-pike kanye ne-burbot. Inani elikhulu labantu abafudukayo lidliwe ngenkuthalo ngama-gulls noma ezinye izinyoni ezivamile ezidla izinhlanzi. Emanzini olwandle, izitha zemvelo zesalmon zifaka i-cod, i-skeon salmon ne-sea hare, kanye nezinye ezidla ezinye.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Kukhona izinto ezimbalwa ezibucayi ezithinta kabi inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo. Umphumela wokuzingela izinhlanzi ezindaweni ezihlakazekile ukwehluleka kokukhula, kanye nokubhujiswa kwabantu bonke. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukuzingela hhayi nje kuphela ukubukela phansi ukwakheka kofuzo nokukhiqizwa kwesalimoni, kodwa futhi ikwazile ukwehlisa ngisho nemifula enkulu yonke inhlanzi enjalo iminyaka eminingi.
Izimo ezingezinhle futhi zifaka phakathi imisinga eqinile yolwandle nemisinga, ukusweleka kokudla, ukudoba ngokweqile kanye nokungcoliswa komlomo womfula. Izinsizwa zaseSalmon zivame ukubhujiswa ukungcoliswa kwezolimo, amadolobha kanye nezimboni. Njengamanje, ama-Sakhalin nama-Ordinary taimen, iLake Salmon, iMikizha neMalorotaya Paliya, i-Eisenam Trout ne-Kumzha, kanye ne-Svetovidova ne-Davatchan esekude.
Imiqondo ehlobene (iyaqhubeka)
Emifuleni yaseYurophu naseCentral Asia, kunesinye isidudla. I-Sakhalin rudd-ogai, noma i-ezo-ugai (lat. Tribolodon panee) uhlobo lwenhlanzi oluhlasimulisayo oluvela emndenini we-cyprinidae. Bondla ezindaweni ezisogwini ngamanzi olwandle anosawoti ahlukahlukene, aze afike olwandle. Bahamba bayohlola imifula. Bangakwazi ukwakha amafomu okuhlala kumachibi. Emifuleni nasemachibini aseJapan imelwe ikakhulukazi ifomu lamanzi ahlanzekile.
Incazelo
Zinezici ezijwayelekile kuwo wonke umndeni we-salmon. Ziyahluka nge-grey ngefushane ne-dorsal fin emincane, equkethe kusuka kuma-rayi ayishumi kuya kwayi-16. Anombala okhanyayo kune-whitefish.
Kusetshenziswa kakhulu empilweni yansuku zonke igama elithi "salmon" nelithi "trout", ngokuhlukile kunesimo esiyindida, asihambelani nezinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Lawa ngamagama aqoqelwe womndeni wonke noma owangaphansi (okujwayelekile igama elithi "salmon"), noma iqembu elikhulu lezinhlobo ezihlanganiswe yipropathi eyodwa (i-trout).
I-Salmon ngokwayo ithathwa njenge-salmon ngokuvamile, noma i-salmon ngesikhathi sokuqhuma. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igama elithi "salmon" likhona egameni lezinhlanzi ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili ezihlukile ezivela emindenini ehlukene yangaphansi, futhi nasegameni lezizukulwane ezimbili zohlobo lwe-salmon - Noble ne-Pacific salmon.
Isimo esifanayo sibonwa ngamagama esiLatin - i-salm (salmon) ne-trutta (trout).
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi nakho kunzima. Ngenxa yokuhluka nokwanda kokusakazeka kwezinhlobo zomndeni we-salmon, phakathi kososayensi kuye kwathuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa okuhlukile (bheka iSalmon-like) namagama ahlukile (ngaphezu kwalokho kuzwelonke, kufaka phakathi izifanekisomqondo zesiLatin) zezinhlobo ezifanayo zalo mndeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama elifanayo lesiLatin (lesayensi) ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene lingahambelana nezinhlobo ezihlukile.
Ukusatshalaliswa nezindawo zokuhlala
I-salmon yasePacific itholakala endaweni ephakeme yolwandle. Lapha izinhlanzi zivela ngesikhathi sokufuduka. Bafika lapha noma bevela ekujuleni noma emifudlaneni engasogwini. Nakhu i-salmon iza ukuze usebenzise isisindo. Futhi-ke uyahamba ayohlwitha emuva abuyele emijondolo, noma emifuleni emanzi noma emachibini lapho azalelwa khona.
Ama-salmon asePacific ahlala emaphaketheni, akha ama-biomass amakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi adlula ngisho inani lezakhamizi zasolwandle ezingapheli. Abamele abaphambili be-salmon yasePacific bahlanganisa i-chum, i-pink salmon, i-coho salmon, i-Chinook salmon ne-sim. Imvamisa, le nhlanzi iza engxenyeni esenyakatho yoLwandle iPacific, lapho ibuthana khona emihlambini emikhulu futhi idle ngenkuthalo. I-salmon yase-Spawning engena emifuleni yaseRussia Far East, kanye nezindikimba zamanzi eKorea, eJapan, eNyakatho Melika, ngisho naseTaiwan. Ngezikhathi ezihlukile zonyaka, i-salmon ihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, noma kunjalo, noma ukuqala kobusika obubandayo, akuqhubeki ngaphezu kwamanzi angaphansi kwe-subarctic.
I-salmon yase-Atlantic, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zale nhlanzi, zihlala futhi ziyafuduka. Ukudlula i-salmon kuvame ukutholakala enyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean. Ukusuka lapha baqala ukugqekeza emifuleni eminingi, kusuka eSpain kuya kuLwandle iBarents. Indlela eyakhiwe yalesi salmon inothile emachibi aseNorway, eSweden, eFinland naseRussia.
I-Salmon yinhlanzi ebaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiso. Ngakho-ke, it ezifuywa ngenkuthalo amapulazi izinhlanzi. Amanye amapulazi azalanisa ngenhloso yokuhlela ukudotshwa kwezemidlalo, kanti amanye ngenxa yokunambitheka kwawo. Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba inyama yale nhlanzi inambitheka kakhulu futhi ithambile, ithathwa njengeyisibiliboco. Le nhlanzi ilungele izinhlobo eziningi zezitsha.
Ubudala nosayizi
Isisindo esijwayelekile sama-7-8 kg, kwesinye isikhathi sifinyelela isisindo esingaphezu kwama-30 kg. Igqekeza eNeva, Kola, eNyakatho Dvina, Pechora nakweminye imifula. Uhlobo olukhethekile lwesalimoni, eduze ne-trout, lihlala oLwandle Olumnyama. Le salmon inyuka emifuleni iBzyb, Kodori, Rioni. Isisindo sazo esingama-6-7 kg; kwesinye isikhathi sifinyelela kuma-24 kg.
I-Caspian salmon isatshalaliswa ikakhulu ogwini olusentshonalanga naseningizimu yoLwandle lweCaspian. Isisindo esijwayelekile esingu-12-13 kg. I-Caviar igxuma emifuleni iKura, Terek, Samur.
Emachibini amakhulu - i-Onega neLadoga - kukhona ifomu lesichibi. Isisindo esijwayelekile singama-3-4 kg, kanti esiphezulu yi-10-12 kg. Izimila emifuleni uShuya, Vodla, Vuoksa, Svir.
Indlela yokuphila
Imvamisa, uma sesifinyelele eminyakeni engama-4-6, ama-salmon angena ngokushesha futhi emifuleni emincane, kwesinye isikhathi ekhuphuka ngamakhulu amakhilomitha. Isikhathi sokungena kwe-salmon emifuleni asifani: ama-salmon amafomu "entwasahlobo" akhuphuka ehlobo nasekuqaleni kwekwindla ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuqhuma. I-Salmon yefomu "ebusika" ingena imifula ekwindla noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo bese ichitha unyaka owodwa kuyo ngaphambi kokuba ihlume.
Ngokuhlala emfuleni ngesikhathi sangaphambi kokusakazeka, ama-salmon akhetha izindawo ezisheshayo ezingekho ngaphansi kwesihlabathi noma amatshe anhlabathi. Ngokuvamile lezi yizindawo ezitholakala eduze kwezindawo ezinwebayo, ngaphezulu kwe-rapids kanye nezindandatho.
Lapho uhlala emfuleni, “ama-salmon” ama-salmon: umbala wawo umnyama, bese kuba nesigaxa emhlathini, esaziwa kakhulu ngowesilisa. Umbala wenyama uba paler, futhi inani lamafutha liyancipha.
Ukungena emifuleni yasenyakatho kuqala engxenyeni yesibili kaSeptemba noma ngo-Okthoba kumazinga okushisa wamanzi afinyelela ku-0 kuye ku-8 °. Eningizimu, ukuqhakaza kwe-salmon ngo-Okthoba - kuJanuwari ekushiseni kwamanzi ngo-3 kuya ku-13 °. ICaviar ibeka imbobo emhlabathini bese kuthi, ngemuva kokuphela, izinqwaba ngesihlabathi kanye namatshe amatshe.
Ngemuva kokusaphaza, i-salmon ikhula ibe mncane futhi ibe buthaka, bese kuthi ingxenye yemhlambi we-salmon ifa. Amaphesenti okushona kwezinhlanzi awafani ndawo zonke. Imvamisa kunqunywa inombolo yokujika okubuyayo kokusaphaza, okusuka kumaphesenti angama-9 kuya kwangama-28 emifuleni ehlukahlukene. Ukusinda abantu ngokwengxenye bayangena olwandle noma echibini, bese behlala emfuleni kuze kube sentwasahlobo. Emfuleni, i-salmon eqabulayo ayihambeli kude nezindawo ezinwebayo, kepha iqhubekela ezindaweni ezijulile nezithe ukuthula.
Entwasahlobo, ama-salmon asencane aqhamuka kumaqanda aseshonile ngokubukeka afana ne-trout egayiwe. Emfuleni, i-salmon yezinsizwa ichitha kusuka onyakeni owodwa kuya eminyakeni emi-5 (imvamisa iba yi-2-3 iminyaka), ikhula ngalesi sikhathi iye ku-15-18 cm.Zigcina ezindaweni ezisheshayo futhi zidla kuma-crustaceans aphansi, izibungu zezinambuzane nezinambuzane ngokwazo. AmaSalmonids kwesinye isikhathi abamba iminyundu. Ngakho-ke, umdobi obamba izinduku zokudoba emifuleni “yesalmon” kufanele akwazi ukwahlukanisa ama-salmonids asemancane bese kuthi lapho ebanjwa, awadedele abuyele emfuleni. Ngaphambi kokungena olwandle noma echibini, ama-salmonid alahlekelwa yimichilo yawo futhi athole umbala wesiliva. Ngemuva kokugobhoza olwandle noma echibini, i-salmon iqala ukondla kakhulu futhi ikhula ngokushesha, ifinyelela isisindo samakhilogremu ambalwa ngonyaka owodwa noma emibili. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-salmon olwandle nasichibi kungama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi eziphakathi nendawo.
Ukuziphatha kwe-salmon ngesikhathi sokufuduka kanye nokushintshwa kwe-spawning: ekuqaleni kokukhuphuka, udlala kakhulu, gxuma ephezulu ephuma emanzini, njengoba ukusondela kusondela, gxuma phezu kwamanzi kuya ngokuya kuncipha. Ukusaphaza nokuqhakaza i-salmon cishe akuphumi emanzini, kodwa "kuncibilika" kuphela, okungukuthi, kukhombisa ubuqili bomsuka noma ukuphela komsila ngaphezu kwamanzi. Umdlalo we-salmon uqhakaza kakhulu esimweni sezulu esizolile, futhi ekuqaleni kwekwindla nangentwasahlobo umdlalo uqine kakhulu ngamazolo, futhi ekwindla sekwedlule - phakathi nosuku.
Ukudotshwa kweSalmon
Ukubamba i-salmon akuyona into elula. Okokuqala, ama-salmon awatholakali yonke indawo futhi awatholakali njalo, kwesinye isikhathi awekho ezindaweni ezibonakala zikhange kakhulu. Emfuleni ngamunye kunezindawo lapho kuqala khona intaba, ngokuvamile ngaphambi kwothambeka elinjalo kuba khona ukweluka okuhle. Kule mikhono, i-salmon cishe njalo iphumula ngaphambi kokuphonsa.
I-Salmon iyavuka ebusuku noma ngaphansi kokumbozwa kwamanzi anodaka. Kuma-rapids aqinile, ungabona i-salmon eqa igxuma iphuma ngamandla amakhulu kanye nesivinini ngokumelene nalolu gagasi. Phakathi kwezakhamizi zesifunda seSochi, abaningi bazibophela ngokudoba ngezinsimbi ze-salmon, muva nje le ndlela yokudoba eningizimu isakazeka ngokwengeziwe. Ukubanjwa kwe-salmon enesisindo esingu-8-10 kg akubonwa njengecala elikhethekile lapha, imvamisa ama-angler akhipha izinhlanzi echibini nokunye. Kaningi ngasikhathi sinye kunamawa egiya.
Amawashi avame ukwenzeka noma nini lapho amabuble ewa, noma lapho izithiyo zithwalwa yilokho okwenzeka khona eduze kwe-arc bese kuphonswa cishe ngaphandle. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuyadingeka, ukuzama ukuvimba isipingi ukuthi singafinyeleli phezulu, ukunciphisa ijubane lokujikeleza.
Uma ngemuva kokuphonsa kweshumi nambili akukho ukuluma, lapho-ke udinga ukuqhubekela emgodini olandelayo. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-salmon ivame ukubanjwa umthwalo, ngakho-ke kufanele uhambise umthwalo noma uwubambe ngamabheyili asindayo (“ama-Devons”, “Izinyoka”, “iSalimon”, njll.), Bese ubeka umthwalo lowo nge-anti-twist.
Lapho izici zalo mfula kanye nezindlela zokushayela ngemisebe ngeseyili elinamandla zizobe zifundisiswa ngokwanele, kungcono ukuqhubeka nokubamba izingwegwe ezinkulu nezibaya. Yize ukudoba okunjalo kuhambisana nengozi yokutshala isipingi, kufanelekile ukuthatha le ngozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udinga ukuhola ngekhono i-salmon ebanjiwe ukuyivimba ekugibezeni.
Ukulunywa kweSalmon kunamandla ikakhulukazi. Ngasikhathi sinye ngokushaywa, uphuthuma ngokushesha azehle emfudlaneni ngesipuni sakhe emlonyeni wakhe, kepha kuyaqabukela kuphume umgodi. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi unqande le jerk phezu kwenduku, noma ngabe iqine kangakanani. Esikhundleni salokho, faka i-reel ku-brake futhi uphakamise ukuphela kwenduku phezulu. Kodwa-ke, umuntu ngeke akwazi ukuzilinganisa nokuqhekeka kwekhoyili, umuntu kufanele futhi aphule iminwe yesandla sobunxele. Kwesinye isikhathi kufanele unciphise i-bobbin ku-girth ngesandla sakho sokudla, bese ubamba kuphela induku ngesandla sakho sobunxele.
Njengoba isiphuthume endaweni engaxwayi, i-salmon ibuyela emuva futhi ijahe ukumelana nomfula ngesivinini esifanayo. Manje kulula ukubambezeleka, kepha akufanele ukwenze, ngoba kule ndlela kukhathala ngokushesha. Lapho isifinyelele emgodini noma etsheni elikhulu, i-salmon iyama, futhi umdobi unomuzwa wokuthi inhlanzi ilele emgodini. Kunzima kakhulu ukuthola ama-salmon emgodini.
Ngemuva komzabalazo onjengalokhu, umdobi, lapho esephumule, kufanele ahlolisise ukubhekisisa kwakhe futhi abheke ukuthi amandla we-carbines, amafindo, ukuvuza ikakhulukazi amandla okugwaza eduzane nokuvuza.
Isikhathi esihle sokubamba i-salmon kusesekuseni. Le nhlanzi ithatha cishe kuze kube semini, bese kuba ngamahora amaningana, kuze kuhlwe, ukubamba nje kuphela, kanti kusihlwa, i-salmon iqala futhi ukuqalwa.
Isimo sezulu esihle kakhulu sokudoba singaphambi kokuduma kwezulu noma imvula enkulu.
Esimweni sezulu esihle, abadobi bendawo batusa ukudoba ukuze babambe, beqinisekisa ukuthi ama-salmon athathwa kangcono kunenhlanzi efile, kodwa umuntu kufanele akungabaze lokho, ngoba i-salmon yayivame ukubanjwa ingcono kuma-spinner kunokulwa nhlanzi efile.
Ukupheka iSalimoni
I-Salmon ithathwa njengentambo yobumnandi obunambitheka obumnandi nephunga elimnandi. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokupheka. I-Salmon ilungile ngesimo sokudla okulula (i-ceviche, i-carpaccio, i-salmon efumile), nasezitsheni ezinkulu eziphambili.
I-Salmon yenza amasobho amahle kakhulu, ama-mousses, ama-soufflés, ama-pastes, ama-cutlets, asetshenziswa njengokugcwaliswa kophaya no-casseroles, okungezwe ku-salads ... Futhi i-salmon ethosiwe kanye nama-kebabs avela kule nhlanzi sekuyisikhathi eside aba yinto yasendulo. Izinhlanzi zomndeni we-Salmon ziyintandokazi ngokuphelele yezidlo zaseJapan, ngoba yi-salmon eyingxenye ye-sushi, isashimi nemisipha ethandwa kakhulu.
Inani lokudla okunempilo
I-100 g ye-salmon iqukethe amanzi angama-68,5 g, ama-19.84 g amaprotheni, ama-6.34 g wamafutha futhi awekho ama-carbohydrate nhlobo. Okuqukethwe kwayo kwekhalori kungu-142 kcal nge-100 g yesisindo. Izinzuzo zale nhlanzi azinakuphikwa. Ine-selenium, amavithamini e-B, amavithamini A, E, D, i-biotin, i-folic acid. I-Salmon nayo icebile ngezinto ezilandelwayo nezinto eziwusizo ezinjenge-iodine, i-phosphorus (200 mg), i-potassium (490 mg), ithusi (250 μg), i-sodium (44 mg), i-magnesium (29 mg), i-calcium (12 mg) futhi. iqukethe i-iron, i-manganese ne-zinc.
Ama-salmon amaningi aqukethe ama-omega-3 fatty unsaturated acids, ahilelekile ekuphatheni i-cholesterol, umfutho wegazi, futhi anciphise izimpawu zesifo somoya (i-asthma), isifo samathambo kanye nokudangala.
I-Salmon kwezokwelapha kanye ne-cosmetology
I-Salmon kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "inhlanzi yomqondo." Ama-acid aqukethe i-Omega-3 acid aqukethe inyama yesalmon, ngaphezu kokwehlisa i-cholesterol, ukunciphisa ingozi yesifo senhliziyo, nayo ikhulisa i-IQ (IQ).
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Salmon kunciphisa ubungozi be-neoplasms enobungozi, imivimbo, isifo samathambo, isifo sikashukela kanye nesifo i-Alzheimer's, kwenza ukusebenza kwengqondo kusebenze, ingqondo nezinso, futhi kuvimbele ukwakheka kwezigcawu zamathambo emithanjeni. I-potassium ne-calcium equkethwe ku-salmon kusiza ukuqinisa uhlelo lwe-musculoskeletal.
I-Salmon caviar ne-salmon uwoyela (uwoyela wezinhlanzi) asetshenziswa embonini yezimonyo ukukhiqiza i-anti-ukuguga nokudla okunempilo, izinwele kanye nemikhiqizo yokunakekela umzimba.
Contraindication
Naphezu kwazo zonke izakhiwo zayo ezizuzisayo, i-salmon ayinconywa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe nabancelayo omama. Iqiniso ngukuthi inyama yezinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi zalo mndeni ingaqukatha i-mercury. Emzimbeni womuntu omdala, inani laso elincane alinamphumela omubi, kodwa lingalimaza kakhulu amazinyane asanda kuzalwa kanye nemibungu.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-salmon ithathwa njengezinhlanzi ezinamafutha, lo mkhiqizo akufanele uhlukunyezwe abantu abaphethwe yizifo ezingamahlalakhona zesisu, isibindi noma amathumbu, kanye nokukhuluphala.
Umjikelezo wempilo nendlela yokuphila
Yonke i-salmon iqhuma emanzini amasha asemafutheni - emifuleni nasemifuleni. Lokhu kungokwemvelo impela, ngoba amadlozi ama-salmonids ayengamanzi amnandi futhi ezinye izinhlobo zavela zaba yinhlanzi efudukayo (i-anadromous) - u-salmon wangempela: i-salmon ebabazekayo ne-Pacific (Far Eastern). Izinhlobo ezidlulayo ze-salmon zichitha iningi lempilo yazo emanzini olwandle, zizondla ngesisindo, futhi lapho isikhathi sifika (imvamisa ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2-5), zibuyela lapho zidlulela emifuleni, ezindaweni ezifanayo lapho zazalelwa khona.
Cishe konke ukufuduka kwesalimon kube kanye empilweni bese kufa ngemuva kokuqhuma. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi nge-salmon yasePacific (i-chum, i-pink salmon, i-sokeye salmon, njll.). Ngokuphikisana nabo, akubona bonke abantu abafa phakathi kwe-salmon yase-Atlantic (i-salmon), abanye bazala izikhathi eziphindwe kayi-4 (irekhodi kuphela izikhathi ezi-5), yize lokhu kungaphezu komthetho.
Ngaphambi kokusatshalaliswa, isidalwa salmon esithuthayo sithola ama-metamorphoses abalulekile - ukubukeka kushintsha kakhulu, kwenzeka izinguquko zangaphakathi - umzimba ulahlekelwe ngumbala wesiliva, uthola imibala egqamile, kuvela amabala abomvu namnyama, kuba ngaphezulu, i-hump ivame ukuvela emadodeni (kungakho igama lenye yezinhlobo - i-rose yesalimoni). Imihlathi yesalimoni iba ngumdwebo obunjiwe (umhlathi ongenhla ugoba phansi, ongaphansi - phezulu), amazinyo makhulu. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukonakala kwesisu, amathumbu nesibindi kwenzeka, inyama iba mancane kakhulu futhi ibe namafutha futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ayibalulekanga kangako.
Subyam Grayling
I-Greyling isondelene kakhulu nesalmon engaphansi. I-Greyling ihluka kusuka ku-salmon efanele nge-dorsal fin ende kakhulu futhi ephezulu, equkethe kusuka kuma-ray angama-17 kuye kwangama-24. Kwezinye izinhlobo, kuthatha isimo sepulangwe futhi kuvame ukuba nombala ogqamile kakhulu. Ku-subfamily of grey kune-genus Grayling eyodwa kuphela (lat. Thymallus). Zonke izimpunga - izinhlanzi ezinamanzi ahlanzekile ahlala emifuleni emincane esheshayo namachibi abandayo eYurophu, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika.
Kwezinye izigaba, umuntu angathola ukwehlukaniswa komndeni esiqeshini iSalmonid (okuthi, ngeshwa, kubonise kangcono ukuhunyushwa kwamagama esiLatin angafani emndenini futhi ngokuzithoba - Salmonidae and Salmoninae). Imindeni engezansi kuleli cala, ngokulandelana, ithola isimo semindeni. Kepha ukwahlukaniswa okunjalo akwamukelwa ngokuvamile.