Ukungcola - lokhu kungenye yezinkinga eziphambili zesimanje, ezithwala ingozi empilweni yabantu, kanye nengozi emvelweni. Emazweni amaningi, kunokungaqondakali kokungathi sína kwesimo esihambisana nale nhlekelele, lapho kungekho khona imithetho eqinile, kanye nezenzo zomthetho ezidingekayo ezilawula izindaba zokulungiswa.

Kuze kube yisikhathi esithile, imvelo ibhekane nokucutshungulwa kokungadingeki ngokwayo, kepha inqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe yesintu yabamba iqhaza elibalulekile kulo mzuzu. Kuvele izinto ezintsha, ukubola noma ukucubungula, ngokwemvelo okungahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, futhi ukucindezela okunjalo kwe-anthropogenic kungaphezu kwamandla emvelo. Yebo, futhi isici esibaluleke kakhulu ingumthamo wanamuhla kadoti okhiqizwayo. Mkhulu nje. Kepha namhlanje, okuqukethwe kungukugcwaliswa komhlaba kungabhekwa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe. Ingasetjenziswa kabusha bese isetshenziswa kabusha. Kumuntu ngamunye ohlala edolobheni, cishe, kusuka ku-500 kuya ku-800 kg wemfucuza ngonyaka. Kwamanye amazwe, aze afike ku-1000 kg. Futhi leli nani liyakhula ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Abafaka imfucumfucu yesimanje kanye nezitshalo zokuphinda zisebenzise imfucumfucu nazo zonke izimboni zazo kuhlobo lomkhakha wonke wokucubungula nokulahla imfucuza eqinile kamasipala evela kubantu basemadolobheni.

Amakhaya noma omasipala - isamba esikhulu semfucumfucu namanzi aqinile akhutshwa ngabantu, futhi akhiqizwa njengomphumela wempilo yomuntu. Lokhu kungadliwa noma kuphelelwe yisikhathi ukudla, izidakamizwa, izinto zasendlini nokunye udoti.

Ezimboni - izinsalela zezinto ezibonakalayo ezingavuthiwe ezakhiwa ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwanoma yimuphi umkhiqizo, umsebenzi wokukhiqiza futhi balahlekelwe yindawo yabo ngokuphelele noma ingxenye. Izimboni zingaba uketshezi futhi ziqine. Izimboni eziqinile: izinsimbi kanye nama-alloys, izinkuni, ipulasitiki, uthuli, amagwebu we-polyurethane, Foam ye-polystyrene, i-polyethylene nabanye. Amanzi ezimboni: indle yamazinga ahlukahlukene okungcoliswa komhlaba kanye nokuhanjiswa kwezulu.

Ezolimo - noma yikuphi okubangelwa yimisebenzi yezolimo: umquba, utshani obolile noma ongabonakali, utshani, izinsalela zemigodi ye-silage, okuphakelayo okuhlanganisiwe noma okungafanelekile kokuphakelayo nokudla koketshezi.

Ukwakha - kuvela njengomphumela womkhiqizo wokwakha nowokuqedela izinto zokwakha (upende, i-varnish, ukufakelwa, njll.), Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa izakhiwo nezakhiwo, kanye nangesikhathi sokufakwa, umhlobiso, ukubheka nokulungisa umsebenzi. Ukwakha (kokubili okuqinile noketshezi) kungaphelelwa yisikhathi, kungabonakali, kungabi nalutho, kungaphezu kwamandla, kuphukile futhi kungonakali izimpahla nezinto zokwakha: Amaphrofayli wensimbi, amapayipi e-iron ne-nylon, ipulastiki, i-gypsum fiber, usimende-bonded namanye amashidi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhemikhali wokwakha ahlukahlukene (ama-varnish, upende, izinamathiselo, ama-sol sol, i-antifreeze, i-antifungal kanye nezithasiselo zokuzivikela nama-ejenti).

I-Radioactive - ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinhlobonhlobo zemisakazo nezinto.

Ezimboni nezolimo. Ngokuvamile kunobuthi futhi kungabi yibuthi. Ubuthi - yilezi ezingathinta isidalwa esiphilayo ngendlela elimazayo noma enoshevu. E-Russia kunenani elikhulu lezinto ezinobuthi ezilahlekelwe yinjongo yazo. Bangena ezindaweni ezinkulu zokugcina. Okungcoliswe kakhulu isifunda sase-Ural. Cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 emfucumfucu ehlukahlukene eqoqwe esifundeni Sverdlovsk. Ukusuka kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-150 kuya kwezingu-170 akhiwa unyaka ngamunye, amanye awo anobuthi. Ingxenye encane kuphela edonswa kabusha futhi yenziwe ayinangozi. Kunomthwalo onamandla emvelweni, oyingozi kubantu abaningi.

Umhlaba ugcwaliswe ngokoqobo ngodoti. Izinsalela eziqinile zasendlini zihlukene: ukhuni, amakhadibhodi nephepha, izindwangu, isikhumba namathambo, injoloba nezinsimbi, amatshe, ingilazi namapulasitiki. Ukulahla imfucumfucu kuyindawo enhle yama-microorganisms amaningi angadala izifo nezifo.

Amapulasitiki ayingozi ngendlela yawo. Ababhujiswa isikhathi eside. Amapulasitiki angalala emhlabeni iminyaka eminingi, nezinhlobo ezithile, amakhulu eminyaka. Kusetshenziswa amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ayisigidi we-polyethylene ekufakweni okulahlwayo. Njalo ngonyaka eYurophu, izigidi zamathani emikhiqizo yepulasitiki kungudoti.

Kunezindlela ezintsha zokuthola udizili nophethiloli kwimikhiqizo yepulasitiki nezinto zokwakha. Le ndlela yathuthukiswa ososayensi baseJapan. Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela ukuthola kusuka ku-10 kg wezinsalela zepulasitiki kuze kufike kumalitha ayi-5 kaphethiloli noma kaphethiloli. Usebenzisa izindlela ezinjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi ungazuzi izinzuzo zomnotho kuphela, kepha futhi wehlise nengcindezi ye-anthropogenic emvelweni.

Ukusetshenziswa njengendwangu eluhlaza kuvumela ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwemithombo yemvelo futhi kunciphise ukuphuma okuyingozi emoyeni kanye nokukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa iphepha lokungcola njengezinto ezingavuthiwe zokukhiqiza iphepha, kungenzeka ukuthi kunciphise ukuphuma okulimazayo emoyeni ngo-70-80%, ukungcoliswa kwezidumbu zamanzi ngo-30- 35%, uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe. Cishe zingamamitha ayi-cubic izinkuni ezingasindiswa kusetshenziswa ithoni eyodwa yedoti. Ngakho-ke, izinkulungwane zamahektha omhlaba wamahlathi ayalondolozwa, nawo asebenza ukuhlanza umoya wasemkhathini kwikhabhoni dayoksi. Gwema inhlekelele yemvelo nokucekelwa phansi kwemithombo yemvelo kungenzeka futhi kudingekile. ENgilandi, kubekwa amabhokisi ukuze aqoqe amadala, afunde amaphephandaba, lapho inani labantu liphonsa amaphephandaba, bese athunyelwa ukuyophinda asebenze kabusha.

Ukuqoqwa kwamaphepha kadoti akuyona inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumeni kokukhiqizwa kwezinto zokwenziwa kabusha. Amafektri kufanele afakwe zonke izindawo zokukhiqiza ezidingekayo. E-Russia, le mboni ithuthukisiwe. Ukuthola i-newsprint kusuka kwinto esetshenzisiwe eyenziwe kabusha, kuyadingeka ukususa upende, ukugeza inqwaba futhi ukuxube. Inqubo akulula futhi ayishibhile. Futhi zonke izinqubo ezingenamsebenzi kwezomnotho eRussia ziyaphela noma zingakaqali.

Ibhizinisi lezimboni laseMoscow "I-Promotkhody" linemishini yalo yezikhali yokufaka amaphepha odoti ukuze afakwe. EYurophu, okokufaka okufudumele okuvela ephepheni lodoti, kwaqala ukwenziwa isikhathi eside. Okubizwa nge-ecowool (ukufakwa kokushisa) kutholile ukuthandwa hhayi kuphela phakathi kwabakhi, kodwa futhi naphakathi kwamakhasimende ajwayelekile. Lokhu okuqukethwe kwemvelo kuphephile ngokuphelele kubantu nakwimvelo.

AmaJapan adlulela phambili. Benza amaphepha asendlini yangasese ngamathikithi wesitimela asetshenziswe kabusha namathikithi angaphansi komhlaba. Iziqukathi zamakhadibhodi zenziwa futhi kusuka kulawa amathikithi.

Ukungcoliswa kwensimbi okungaholi. Amakhulu amabhetri asetshenzisiwe asehanjiswa kuthuthwa komhlaba. Kanye nodoti, amakhulu wamathani we-mercury, i-tin, ama-light bulbs anama-tungsten awela ekuweni komhlaba. Kunezikhathi eziningana inzuzo enkulu ukucubungula izinto zokwenziwa ezingekho okwesibili kunokukhiqiza kusuka kokuqala. Ukuthola insimbi kusuka ku-ore kubiza kakhulu izikhathi ezingama-25 kunokuqongelwa kanye nokusebenza kwezinsimbi zesibili. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium kusuka ezintweni eziyisisekelo zokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kudla ngogesi izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-70-80 kunokuncibilikisa.

Iziqukathi zeglasi zigudla ezintabeni kuwo wonke amadolobha, futhi hhayi kuphela ezindaweni ezincishwe amathuba, kodwa futhi uqobo kanye enkabeni yedolobha, into enjalo ayijwayelekile. Iziqukathi zeglasi zifinyelela ekugcwalisweni komhlaba, ekugcwalisweni komhlaba, noma ekufakweni kwezibaya. Yize ukusetshenziswa kweziqukathi eziningi zengilazi kungumnotho ngaphezu kokukhiqiza okusha, leli phuzu alithuthukiswanga kahle.

Ngokukhula komkhakha wezimoto, umthelela omubi emvelweni ukhulile. Ngaphezu kwamabhethri, ipulasitiki, insimbi, izimoto zikhipha isamba esikhulu semfucumfucu ngesimo samathayi enjoloba. Inkinga enkulu ukuthi imvelo ayikwazi ukubhekana nerabha. Ukugwema ukungcoliswa kwemvelo ngamathayi ezimoto kungenzeka ngokuwafaka kuma-grits enjoloba aze afike ku-5 mm ngosayizi. Ngemuva kwalokho, kusukela ezintweni ezitholwe, kungenzeka ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene.

Usosayensi waseRussia uPlatonov, wasungula indlela yokuthola uphethiloli kumathayi amadala. Amathayi abekwa ku-reactionor ekhethekile futhi athululelwa ngesisombululo samakhemikhali. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, kutholakala uketshezi, olufana namafutha, olungashintshwa lube uphethiloli. Lapho usesebenze, ngale ndlela, amathani angama-1000 wamathayi, ungathola cishe u-600 kg koketshezi onjengamafutha, lapho kutholakala khona amalitha angama-200 kaphethiloli namalitha angama-200 kaphethiloli.

Izitshalo ezingama-radiochemical, izitshalo zamandla enuzi, izikhungo zokucwaninga zesayensi, zikhiqiza enye yezindlela eziyingozi kakhulu zokungcola - irediyo. Lolu hlobo akuyona nje inkinga yemvelo enkulu, kodwa futhi kungadala inhlekelele yemvelo. Izinsalela ze-radioactive zingaba uketshezi (iningi lazo) futhi ziqine. Ukuphathwa ngokungafanele kwabo kungalimaza kakhulu isimo semvelo. Ukutholwa kwezinto ezinemisebe ezingena eRussia zivela kwamanye amazwe kwenqatshelwe, kwanele okwakho. Kukhona nesipiliyoni esidabukisayo sokuqomisana - ingozi yaseChernobyl. Lolu hlobo lokungcola lukhona emhlabeni wonke.

E-Russia, isimo ngodoti sishiya into efiselekayo. Iningi le-asidi ekulahlekelweni komhlaba nasezindabeni zokulahlwa komhlaba, ama-3-4% kuphela asetshenziswa kabusha. Kukhona ukuntuleka okusobala kwezitshalo zokuphinda zisuse imfucuza. Ukuba khona kwezitshalo eziningana zokushiswa, kuphenduka uhlobo olulodwa lube olunye. Indlela enjalo ngeke ixazulule inkinga yemvelo yokulahla udoti kanye neRussia.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iRussia ikhanga izinkampani zaseYurophu ezikulungele ukwakha izitshalo zanamuhla zokufaka mahhala, ukushintshana nokungenisa inani elithile lazo. Ngakho-ke, iRussia ingaphenduka intaba yamazwe omhlaba. Ukuqeda izinkinga zemvelo ezihambisana nemfucuza, kudingeka indlela ehlanganisiwe, efaka ukuhlola isimo, ukwakha isu lokunciphisa imfundo, ukwethula ubuchwepheshe obungeyona imfucuza noma imfucuza ephansi ekukhiqizeni.

Kuyingozi kwimvelo

Izinsalela zokudoti zezimboni nezasendlini ziqukethe izinto zamakhemikhali. Izinto ezinjalo zinomthelela omubi ku-ecosystem.

Kuwo wonke udoti, ingxenye yesine yezinto ezinobuthi. Amaphesenti angama-30 awo enza inqubo yokuvuselela kabusha. Zonke zingena emanzini nasenhlabathini, futhi lokhu kusongela imvelo.

Inkinga yesimanje ilele epulasitiki elivame ukutholakala empilweni yomuntu, ngoba liyingozi esimisweni semvelo. Izinto ezinjalo zibola cishe iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu. Izinsalela zepulasitiki kufanele ziphinde zisungulwe futhi zichithwe. Izitshalo ezisetshenziselwa kabusha ukusetshenziswa kukadoti zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuqeda imfucuza ngaphandle kokulimaza i-ecosystem.

Umthelela wokungcola ohlelweni lwezemvelo

Udoti eMhlabeni ungenye yezimbangela ezinkulu zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo. Le yinkinga yemvelo yasemhlabeni, engahle iguqulwe, njengoba imfucumfucu iba yingozi enkulu kuyo yonke impilo esemhlabeni.

Emazweni amaningi, ngenxa yokulahla imfucumfucu engenakugwenywa, kunzima ukubola imfucumfucu kungavuselela amakhompiyutha anobuthi amakhulu eminyaka. Umoya ongenhla kokushiswa komhlaba nezindawo ezizungezile ungcoliswa yimfucumfucu yokugcwalisa komhlaba. Ezindlini ezihlelwe ngokungafanele, i-leachate enobuthi ingena enhlabathini nasemanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

Ukubhujiswa kwe-MSW kuma-incinerators asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obudala ayixazululi inkinga. Ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwamagesi okuqeda amandla, umoya ugcwala ngama-dioxin, ama-freon, ama-chlorobenzenes, akhuthaza ukukhula komphumela wokugcina ukushisa.

Usongo olungaba khona alukhona nje kuphela ngezinto zokwakha. Izinsalela zokudla ezihlanganiswa nezinye izinto aziboli. Ekulahleni komhlaba, abola ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic, eziqhubeka ngokukhishwa kwe-methane, enobuthi obuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-21 kune-carbon dioxide. Izinto eziphilayo nazo zingaba ngumthombo wokusabalala kokuqhuma, izifo eziyingozi kanye nobhadane lwezifo.

Ingozi enkulu yizinsalela ezinemisebe. Ukushiswa ngemisebe ye-ionizing kubangela ushintsho lwe-carcinogenic ne-mutagenic kumaseli aphilayo, okulimaza izitshalo, izilwane nabantu. Inkinga yemvelo kadoti ehambisana nokuqongelela ama-radionuclides emvelweni ithinta kabi izizukulwane ezizayo.

Indaba yomhlaba yokulahla udoti emhlabeni

Inguquko yezimboni, ukukhula kwesibalo somhlaba kanye nokusetshenziswa okungenangqondo kwemithombo yezemvelo kwacaphukisa ukuvaleka ngokushesha kwawo wonke amagobolondo omhlaba. Ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu, inani elikhulu lokungcola okungalungisiwe kubangela ukulimala okungenakulungiseka emvelweni yokuphila nokungaphili, impilo yomuntu.

Emazweni amaningi, amashumishumi eminyaka, bekungekho zenzo zomthetho ezilawula izingqinamba ezihlobene nokukhiqizwa nokusebenza kwekhaya. Ngakho-ke, inkinga yokulahla udoti emhlabeni yasheshe yaba global.

Ukubukeka okusha kobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nendawo ezungezile kwavela ngemuva kokuqashelwa ukuthi maduze iplanethi kadoti izobuya ingakulungele impilo. Ngisho nanamuhla, i-ecosystem yomhlaba ayikwazi ukuguqula inani lemfucumfucu eqoqiwe ekulahlekelweni komhlaba. Kuphela kwe-biodegradation ka-plastiki nengilazi kuzothatha amakhulu eminyaka.

Umlando Wokugcwalisa Umhlaba

Ubunzima buqale cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kwemfucuza. Zikhona zeminyaka eyinkulungwane. Udoti wokuqala wabonakala ngenkathi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuthatha isinyathelo esibalulekile phambili futhi inkawu yaphenduka umuntu onengqondo. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, kwatiswa imithetho ekhethekile eyayenqabela abantu ukuthi bakhiphe udoti futhi bathulule indle emgwaqweni. Kepha ngisho nasemazweni athuthukile lapho le mithetho ingekho khona, inkinga yokungcoliswa kwemvelo ibingeyimbi kangako. Imfucumfucu ngokuyinhloko ibivela kumvelo. Babola ngokushesha ngaphandle kokubanga ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Ukuqongelela imfucuza emhlabeni kuhlotshaniswa nekhulu le-19. Ngalesi sikhathi, inguquko yezimboni yenzeka eziqhingini zaseGreat Britain. Kwavela amafekthri okuqala lapho kwakusetshenziswa khona imishini kusetshenziswa izinyawo zabantu ngokulinganayo. Eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili kamuva, amafekthri amancane okuqala akhula afinyelela kubukhulu bamabhizinisi amakhulu lapho umsebenzi wezandla ungasetshenziswa.

Inkinga yokungcola ivele kanye nokugxuma ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe, ukwakhiwa kwamafektri. Inani eliphakeme lenhlekelele kadoti liwa ngekhulu lama-20 kanye nokusungulwa kwepulasitiki. Baqala ukuyisebenzisela ukukhiqiza cishe zonke izinto. Akukona ukubola amakhulu eminyaka. Ngakho-ke, inkinga yaphakama kakhulu.

Ngeminyaka yama-1990s, amazwe asathuthuka athola indlela yokuphuma kulesi simo. Umqondo "wokufuduka kwenkunkuma." Ipulasitiki yaqala ukuthunyelwa ngenkuthalo emazweni omhlaba wesithathu. Izixuku zase-Afrika zichithakele. Cishe akekho umuntu ohlala lapho, njengoba isigaxa esiminyene silengisa phezu kwendawo enkulu yokulahla udoti. Abantu abangazukuya lapho baphoqeleka ukuba bahlale ezindaweni ezingcolisiwe.

Amazwe omhlaba ngokumelene nodoti

Kuze kube namuhla, ohulumeni bamazwe amaningi abayiqondi kahle inkinga yokudoti eMhlabeni. Isimo ngokwanda kwenkunkuma yezimboni neyasendlini akulawulwa nganoma iyiphi indlela, akukho mkhakha wokulungisa futhi awulindelekile. I-India isondele ekuweni, lapho amadolobha angcoliswa ngamathani omfu lokudla, ingilazi kanye nepulasitiki.

Amazwe asathuthuka ase-Europe nase-Asia athole isipiliyoni esikhulu ekuxazululeni inkinga yokungcola komoya. Kusukela ngo-1975, amaFulentshi abesebenza ngenkuthalo ubuchwepheshe bokuvuselela kabusha. Ngalesi sikhathi, inani lokudonswa komhlaba endaweni yalo lehle lisuka ku-6 000 laya ku-230.Izakhamizi zamadolobha aseJalimane bezilokhu zihlela udoti kusukela ngawo-1980s, ngakho-ke indlela yawo yokuphinda usebenzise udoti iye yashintshwa yazenzakalela.

E-United States, izwe ngalinye lichaza izidingo zokulahlwa kukadoti. Kepha ezingeni le-federal, kunohlelo lwe-RRR (ukunciphisa - ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa, ukuphinda usebenzise - ukusebenzisa futhi, ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha). Ukuxazulula inkinga kadoti oLwandlekazi iPacific, kuzothunyelwa izakhiwo eziguqukayo ezingaphezu kwama-50 zivela eSan Francisco, inhloso yazo kuzoba ukuqeda ngo-2040 g wamabala kadoti avela emfucumfucweni epulasitiki ngo-90%.

Abaholi abalwela ukungcoliswa komhlaba yonkana yiJapan neSingapore, lapho ukwabiwa kwemfucuza ngokucophelela kuzigaba eziningi kuyingxenye yesiko labantu.

Isihloko esibuhlungu seRussia Federation

E-Russia, inkinga kadoti ibucayi kakhulu. Ngokwezibalo, yi-4% kuphela yakho konke ukungcola okuphinde yenziwa kabusha. Izinto ezingavuthiwe ziwela esitsheni sinye. Ukuhlunga imfucuza endaweni yokulahlwa komhlaba cishe akunakwenzeka.

Ubuningi bempahla eluhlaza ithunyelwa ekugcwalisweni komhlaba. Ngo-2018, indawo yabo ingamahektha ayizigidi ezi-5. Ngokusho kwesimo sezulu, ngo-2026 izokwenyuka ifike ezigidini eziyi-8. Lokho kusho ukuthi, ukukhula kuyizigidi eziyi-0.4 ngonyaka.Ukuqonda isilinganiso, cabanga ngendawo yonke yaseMoscow neSt. Kunjalo ukukhula kwaminyaka yonke kokuqothuka komhlaba eRussia.

Imbangela enkulu yokulahla imfucumfucu ukukhula okusebenzayo kwamakhaya amakhulu nabahlali basemadolobheni. Abantu basebenzisa inani elikhulu lezimpahla. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwenziwa imfucuza eyengeziwe. Cishe ingxenye yamathani kadoti kumuntu ngamunye ngonyaka.

Abantu baseRussia banesiko lokusebenzisa kabi elingathuthukiswanga kahle. Besivame ukunganikeli inani ngokuthenga. Kepha ukutholwa komkhiqizo omusha kumele kube okwaziyo. Lesi yisisekelo sohlelo lokusetshenziswa okunengqondo, oluselwandile emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi emazweni athuthukile. Kwelinye izwe, abantu bathenga izinto ezisezingeni. Bachitha imali ethe xaxa kubo, kepha bazohlala ngaphezulu konyaka. E-Russia, lokhu akwenziwa kahle, okungenye indlela yokuqongelela imfucuza.

Kunenhlangano ebizwa ngeRosprirodnadzor. Ubheka ukuthi udoti ulahlwa ngumthetho yini, ulawula ukunemba kokulahlwa kwayo. Ngakho-ke kufanele kusebenze emcabangweni. Kodwa ekusebenzeni akukho ukulawula okugcwele. Ukungcola okuhlanganisiwe okuqukethe izinsimbi ezisindayo kuhlukaniswa njengokungeyona ingozi. Yize empeleni zinegalelo elikhulu emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu. Kodwa akusizi inzuzo ukulahla imfucuza enobungozi, ngakho-ke iRosprirodnadzor ayinaki lokhu kunikezwa.

Umthelela wezemvelo wokungcola

Inkinga yokulahlwa komhlaba idinga isixazululo ngokushesha, njengoba ukulimala kwendalo kuyaqhubeka nsuku zonke. Abathinteka kakhulu kungukungcola kwasendlini:

• amabhethri
• izimonyo zokuhlobisa,
• amakhemikhali wasendlini
• uketshezi lwamabhuleki kanye no-oyela wenjini,
• izinto eziqukethe usawoti osansimbi (i-mercury, lead),
• i-ammonia ihlangana.

Okokuqala, isimo somkhathi, izitshalo nezilwane ziyahlupheka.

Inkinga kadoti eRussia

Inkinga yokungcoliswa kukadoti eRussia ibisenziwa iminyaka eminingi. Isilinganiso sokuphathwa kwe-MSW sasingalawulwa nganoma iyiphi indlela, okuholele enkingeni yemvelo ehlelekile. Iziphakamiso zokuqala zokuxazulula le nkinga evela kuhulumeni zabangela ukungathembani nokwanda kweningi labantu. AmaRussia awazange avume ukwakhiwa kwama-incinerators nokuthathwa komhlaba okusha. Kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2019, kubhikishwe imibhikisho emikhulu yokulwa nezinto ezintsha ezifundeni ezingama-30.

Inkinga ezweni yaphakama ngenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo:

• Ukuntuleka kwesakhiwo sokulahlwa nokusebenza kwe-MSW.
• Indawo enkulu yezwe ikuvumela ukuthi uvule ukugcwaliswa komhlaba omusha, ngenxa yalokho ukwanda kwezindawo ezigcwalisa umhlaba kufinyelela kumahektha angama-0,4 ngonyaka.
• Ukweqiwa. Umuntu ukhipha imfucuza engama-500 kg ngonyaka, okuyisigidi esiyizigidi ezingama-70 kubo bonke abahlali baseRussia Federation.
• Ukukhula okusebenzayo kwezindawo zokuhlala nokukhiqizwa kwezimboni.

Ngokusho kososayensi, ukushona komhlaba okwenzeka eRussia kuzochichima eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo. Ngakho-ke, indawo ethembisayo emnothweni kwakuyindlela yokunciphisa izindlela zokunciphisa izimayini nokuthuthuka komqondo wokusebenzisa kahle imithombo yezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba.

Umphumela wokugcina ukushisa komhlaba

Wonke umuntu uzwe ngalokhu ebhentshini lesikole kaningi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kwezendlalelo zangaphansi zomoya ngenxa yokuqongelela kwamandla ezishisayo. Kwakhiwa ngenxa yokushisa amagesi bese kuba ingilazi endaweni ebamba ukushisa. Akuwona wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi ukuxazulula le nkinga kuyadingeka ukubhekana nodoti. Umhlaba uyavutha phansi kwelanga. Amagesi anobuthi, ubuthi buyaphuma futhi bukhuphuke.

Iningi lamagesi lisakazeka amakhilomitha, lingena emaphashini abantu nezilwane. IMethane ne-hydrogen sulfide azindiza ibanga elide, kepha zizwa ngomoya ophefumulwayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhiqizwa amandla afudumele, okuholela ekubukeni komphumela wokushisa komoya.

Emhlabeni, le nkinga ixazululwa ngokukhetha udoti. Imfucumfucu enamakhemikhali anobuthi ilahlwa ngokuhlukile. Kwezinye izifundazwe, i-methane ilahlwa ekuphakanyisweni komhlaba. E-Russia nakwamanye amazwe e-CIS, lezi zindlela azijwayelekile ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme nobunzima bezobuchwepheshe.

Inkinga yokulahla okungagunyaziwe

Isilinganiso senkinga yemfucumfucu eRussia siyamangaza. Kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-70 kadoti oqinile kamasipala owenziwa ngonyaka, akukho ngaphezulu kwe-4% okutholwe ukuthi kusebenze kabusha. Kepha lokhu kuyingxenye yenkinga. Akuzona zonke izinsalela eziwela ekuphakanyisweni komhlaba okubhalisiwe.

Ngonyaka ka-2019, inani lokwehla komhlaba okwenziwe ngokuzenzakalelayo lidlula izinkulungwane ezingama-480, okuhlanganisa indawo engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20. Ngokusho koMnyango Wezemithombo Yezemvelo, ngenxa yenani elikhulayo le-MSW, inani labo alinciphile, kuphela inqwaba yezimpahla ezingekho emthethweni eziqoshwe enhlokodolobha.

Kufika kuma-55% ezindawo zokugcina imfucuza ezingekho emthethweni ezisezindaweni zokwakhiwa komhlaba, ezingama-31% zitholakala kumhlaba ofanele wezolimo kanye nezindawo zokuvikela amanzi, kanti ezinye zisendaweni yezindawo ezakhiwa kuzo imali. Ngokusho kweGreenpeace Russia, ukuhlala eduze kwalezi zinto kuvusa ukukhula komdlavuza ezinganeni nakubantu abadala.

Ukulimala ezilwaneni nakubantu

Ukonakala kwempilo yabantu nezilwane kungenye yemiphumela yokungcoliswa kwemvelo. Kepha udoti emhlabeni ungakuthinta ngqo inhlala-kahle. Shards of ingilazi, ipulasitiki noma udoti wokwakha ulimaza izilwane nabantu. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuchithekeni komhlaba okungagunyaziwe.

Ugarliki uyindlela enhle yokutholwa kabusha kwamagciwane. Ezikhwameni zepulasitiki, izimbiza zengilazi, izigidi zamagciwane namagciwane ayakhiwa. Bangangena emzimbeni womuntu ngqo noma ngesilwane.

Izindebe yizona ezithwala izifo zezifo ezithathelwanayo. Ukuhlala edolobheni, emakati nasezinjeni ezidukayo, ungatheleleka ngokuhamba ngezilwane ezifuywayo.

Ungayixazulula kanjani inkinga kadoti?

Isintu asisakwazi ukuphunyula imiphumela yokungcoliswa kwemvelo. Akunakwenzeka ukubuyisela kabusha uphinde usebenzise kabusha imfucuza eyangcwatshwa; amakhulu eminyaka bazofaka ubuthi bendawo ezungezile ngomphunga onobuthi. Indlela yokuphuma kwalesi simo kungenzeka kube ukubamba iqhaza kwazo zonke izifundazwe ekulweni nokungcoliswa komhlaba. Ukuze kusheshiswe ukuxazululwa kwenkinga kadoti, ohulumeni bawo wonke amazwe kufanele balawule:

• Hlunga imfucuza inqwaba yezinhlobo.
• Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kuze kube ngu-90% wezinto ezenziwe ngohlobo
• Ukuvinjwa kokusetshenziswa kwephakheji ye-polymer.

Izenzo zezishoshovu ezihlala ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi Zero Waste (“zerokunkuma”) zithathwa njengesibonelo esihle emhlabeni. Ukusatshalaliswa kwalomqondo phakathi kwabo bonke abantu kuzothuthukisa isimo esikhona njengamanje. Kodwa lokhu akufanele kuguqukele enkambisweni yemfashini yesikhathi esifushane. Ukuvumela umbono onjalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuzoshintsha indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo, okuzohambisa izinto phansi.

Umthelela wezinhlobo ezithile zokungcola ohlelweni lwendalo

Ukuqongelelwa kwemfucumfucu emhlabeni kuyithinta ngqo imvelo. Izinga lokulimazeka kwemvelo kuncike esikhathini sokubola kwezinto ezingavuthiwe. Imfucumfucu ebola kakhulu esheshayo i-organic. Isikhathi sokubola sedoti lokudla izinsuku ezingama-30. Iphepha lephephandaba libhujiswe ngokuphelele - kusuka ezinyangeni ezi-1 kuya kwezi-4, ehhovisi - eminyakeni emi-2. Izingxenye zezihlahla (amaqabunga, amagatsha) zibola ezinyangeni ezi-3-4. Isikhathi sokubola sensimbi nezicathulo siyiminyaka eyi-10.

Imfucuza eminingi yokwakha ibilokhu ibunjiwe amakhulu eminyaka. Shards kakhonkolo kanye nezitini, amabhethri ka-foil kanye nogesi kuwohloka eminyakeni eyi-100-120.

Ukubola kwerabha - kuze kufike ku-150, ipulasitiki - kusuka eminyakeni eyi-180 kuye kwengama-200. Futhi ngokuwa kwe-aluminium eyodwa, kuthatha iminyaka engama-500! Okusho ukuthi, umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni ubangelwa i-foil, amabhethri, irabha, ipulasitiki ne-aluminium.

Iphepha ngokwalo alimazi uhlelo lwezinto eziphilayo. Kepha upende lapho kufakwe ngawo ukhipha amagesi anobuthi. Bangena emkhathini, bangcolise. Insimbi inobuthi kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Izicucu zalo zilimaza izilwane nabantu.

Emhlabeni, isikhathi sokubola sensimbi isikhathi eside kunasemanzini. Emhlabeni, ubhujiswa ngeminyaka eyi-10-20, futhi amanzi kasawoti anele iminyaka emi-2. Ingilazi idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu enkingeni yamanje kadoti. Akuboli nakancane. Ama-shawle kulokhu kusetshenziswa izinto ezilimazayo alimaza abantu nabantu izinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Ipulasitiki iphazamisa ukushintshwa kwamagesi emanzini nasemhlabathini. Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngalokhu kugwinywa yizilwane. Izinto eziwugwayi ezinomgodi ngaphakathi ziba yinto emibi yesilo. Okuyingozi kakhulu amabhethri. Kubandakanya i-zinc, amalahle, i-manganese, ukuhola. Uthuli oluvela kulezi zinto ezilandelwayo lubanjiswa ngabakhileyo emhlabeni wonke. Ezinye izinto zingena emhlabathini. Lo ngumthelela omubi wokungcola kwamanzi. Izingane nabesifazane abakhulelwe bathambekele ezifweni.

Ukuxilongwa kuholela ekulahlekelweni kokuzwa, umsebenzi wezinso ongasebenzi kahle, uhlelo lwezinzwa. Ingane ishiya ontanga ekukhuleni ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Ukulahlwa kwebhethri okufanele kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo

Ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komuntu ngamunye, akukho zinguquko kudoti ezingabhekana nenkinga yokungcoliswa komhlaba. Ngenxa yokusebenzisa ngokweqile imfucuza eqinile, zidlula inani lokusebenza kokukhiqizwa, ngakho-ke lezi zindlela ezilandelayo ze-eco zizosiza ukuxazulula inkinga:

• Nqaba ukuthenga okungadingekile.
  Lo mthetho usebenza ezimpahleni zokugqoka, ubucwebe, izinto zokwenza izinto ngisho nokudla, okufika ekudleni okungu-50% ukudla okuchithekile.
• Izinto ezingasetshenziswa kabusha.
  Izingubo ezedlule, izimpahla ezingafuneki kumele zinikezwe labo abadinga usizo, iziqukathi zepulasitiki kufanele ziguqulwe zibe ngamadivayisi awusizo.
• Ungasebenzisi ukupakisha okulahlwayo.
  Kwakhiwa udoti omningi emadolobheni amakhulu ngenxa yokusebenzisa upulasitiki. Iziqukathi ezingasetshenziswa kabusha namabhodlela, izikhwama zendwangu esikhundleni sezikhwama kunciphisa i-polymer eningi engena emigqonyeni kadoti.

Ukuhlela udoti

Indlela ephumelelayo yokuxazulula inkinga kadoti ukusatshalaliswa kukadoti kube izingxenyana nokusebenza kwazo. Ngokungafani namanye amazwe aseRussia, uhlelo lwe-fission alunabanzi kangako; imfucuza eyenziwe kabusha ifaka ipulasitiki, ingilazi, iphepha, insimbi neqembu elincane labanye.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uMnyango Wezemvelo uzokwandisa lolu luhlu. Udoti ohleliwe utholakala ezindaweni zokuqoqa, amakheli awo akhonjiswe ku-Greenpeace Recyclemap.

Izinsalela zokudla azikwazi ukulahlwa uma ufaka i-disposer ngaphansi kwe-sink ekhaya. Izinsalela ezichotshoziwe zizongena endaweni yokukhuculula indle, lapho zizongena khona ngokushesha ngebhayiloji. Izakhamizi zasehlobo zizoza nomqondo wokwenza umquba. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukuthenga i-vermicomposter enesiko lesibungu elizoshintsha izinsalela zokudla zibe yi-biohumus ebalulekile.

Iyacubungula

Kusembalwa kakhulu amabhizinisi okufaka udoti kulo lonke elaseRussia. Ngakho-ke, ukuthathwa kwenhlabathi kuhlala kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokuqeda imfucuza. Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha kuzonciphisa inani lezinto zokungcola.

Ngezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe, udoti uguqulwa ube kabusha noma amandla. Ezimayini zezimboni, inqubo yokuphinda usebenzise kabusha isebenza lapho ingaphinde isetshenziswe futhi ekukhiqizweni.

Imfucuza kaMasipala nezezimboni ayikwazi ukulahlwa ngaphandle kokucutshungulwa nokulahlwa kokuqala. Njengomphumela wokusetshenziswa kwalezi zixazululo, umthwalo wezinto ezivele ekulahleni komhlaba uzokwehla, futhi imvelo yomhlaba kanye nempilo yabantu izovikeleka emiphumeleni eyingozi.

Ukulahlwa

Ukungcola kunganikezwa impilo yesibili noma ukubhujiswa ngokwengxenye. Kunezindlela ezinjalo zokulahla imfucuza yasendlini:

• ukuvutha,
• umngcwabo
• Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha noma ususebenzisa kabusha,
• composting
• pyrolysis.

E-Russia, ukungcwatshwa nokubulawa kwabantu kusetshenziswa ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu. Lesi sakamuva siba yingozi yemvelo engaphansi kwalokhu okuvela ekulahlekelweni komhlaba. Indawo yokulahlwa kukadoti inomkhawulo, amagesi asaphaza imfucuza akhishwa kancane, umusi ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa ushabalala amakhilomitha. I-Soot, uthuli negesi kungena emkhathini. Imitha eyi-1 cubic yempahla eluhlaza iholela ekwakhekeni kobuthi obungu-3 kg.

Umuthi oyingozi kakhulu ubizwa nge-dioxin. Kuyinto enobuthi obuphindwe izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-67 kune-potasium cyanide futhi inobuthi obuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-500 kune-strychnine (into yokubhujiswa kwamagundane).

Kwelinye izwe, le nkinga ixazululwa ngokuvuselela amagesi. Lapho kushiswa, badlula kwesinye isigaba sokulahla, okunciphisa ukwakheka kwezinto eziyingozi. E-Russian Federation, lo mkhuba awusebenzi ngenkuthalo ngenxa yezindleko zawo eziphakeme. Ngo-2018, kunezitshalo ezingama-6 zokutshiswa kwemfucumfucu lapho kusetshenziswa khona ama-2% wezinto ezinguluhlaza.

Indlela ejwayelekile yokuhlungwa ngokugcwaliswa komhlaba iphephe emvelweni. Kepha lapha sibhekene nenye inkinga. Iningi lokushiswa komhlaba eRussia alikho emthethweni. Ukulahlwa komhlaba kuyasiza kosomabhizinisi. Inqubo yokwamukela yenziwe lula futhi ibiza kancane. Kunezinto ezingaba yinkulungwane zokulahlwa komhlaba ezingekho emthethweni kwiRussia Federation. Ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuhlanzeka, yonke imfucuza ilahlwa lapho, kungakhathalekile ukuthi kunobungozi obunjani.

Isixazululo esinengqondo sale nkinga yesintu ukuvunywa kwezomhlaba ngokusemthethweni. Kumele zivinjelwe amanzi ukuze izinto eziyingozi zingangeni emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Ezintabeni ezingagunyaziwe, ezingavikelekile, imisebe yokungcoliswa komhlaba ifinyelela kumakhilomitha ayi-2. Uma uhlomisa ukuthathwa komhlaba ngokwezidingo zesimanje, umthelela wezemvelo uzoncishiswa.

Indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuxazulula inkinga yomhlaba wonke yokuphinda usebenzise kabusha.

Ukuphinde usebenzise izinto ezingavuthiwe kunezinzuzo eziningana:

1. Kungcono ukonga kunokushiswa.
2. Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezingavuthiwe.
3. Isiza ukunciphisa imfucuza.
4. Kuthuthukisa umsebenzi wamabhizinisi, ngoba awadingi ukuchitha isikhathi nemali ekulethweni kwezinto eziyisisekelo ezingavuthiwe (izihlahla, izingcezu zensimbi).

Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha uhlelo oluzosiza ukuthi umhlaba ungabi namhlaba. Kwelinye izwe ukucubungula amaphepha, ipulasitiki, ingilazi, insimbi. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, imfucuza ihlelwe. Lokhu akuyona into ejwayelekile kumaRussia. Izindlu zethu zinezitsha lapho wonke udoti ulahlwa ngokungakhethi. Kwelinye izwe, kuneziqukathi ezihlukile zohlobo ngalunye lwezinto ezingavuthiwe.

Imfucuza eyenziwe kabusha isetshenziswa futhi. EJapan, benza namathikithi avela ephepheni lodoti.

Ukuxazulula inkinga yokulahlwa kukadoti okungagunyaziwe

Ezinye izakhamizi zezwe lethu ziphonsa imfucuza noma kuphi. Abaningi bashiya wonke amaphakheji ngemuva kwepikiniki, othile uphonsa ama-wrapper ngewindi. Kunamazwe lapho inhlawulo ikhokhiswa ukuqoqwa kukadoti okungagunyaziwe. Besaba ukuthola imali, abantu baphonsa imfucuza kuphela ezitsheni.

Kuyadingeka ukukhulisa isibalo samathini odoti edolobheni. Kwesinye isikhathi abantu abanayo nje indawo yokulahla imfucuza. Ngakho-ke, baphonsa udoti ezindaweni ezingafanele. Indima enkulu idlalwa ngokuqwashisa umphakathi. Abantu abaningi abazi ngomonakalo odoti owenzayo emhlabeni nakwezabo impilo. Ukukhangisa komphakathi ku-TV, amabhodi asemgwaqweni kuzosiza ukuqonda ubukhulu benkinga.

Okutholakele

Ukuqongelelwa kukadoti, ukulahlwa kwayo okungafanele kanye nokuntuleka okuphelele kokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kuyinkinga ebalulekile yezemvelo. Ingasombululwa kuphela ngokubambisana okusebenzayo kwabamele uhulumeni kanye nezakhamizi ezijwayelekile.Kusemandleni ethu ukusebenzisa okuncane, ngaleyo ndlela sinciphise ukuqongelela imfucuza. Futhi iziphathimandla kufanele zenze ukuvuselelwa kuphephe kakhulu.

Isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu sokuxazulula inkinga ukuhlunga okulungile kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nokwenza kabusha izinto. Amanye amadolobha asevele enezitsha ezikhethekile zokuqoqa izinhlobo ezithile zikadoti, kepha leli nani lincane kakhulu.

Isixazululo Semfucuza

Ukwehlisa inani likadoti, ungaphinda usebenzise kabusha imfucuza futhi uphinde usebenzise kabusha ilungele ukusetshenziswa okulandelayo embonini. Kukhona imboni yonke yokuphinda usebenzise imfucuza nokutshala izitshalo ezingaphindi zisebenzise ziphinde zisebenzise kabusha imfucumfucu nenkunkuma evela kubantu basemadolobheni.

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Abantu abavela emazweni ahlukene basungula zonke izinhlobo zezinketho zokusebenzisa izinto ezenziwe kabusha. Isibonelo, kusuka kumakhilogremu ayi-10 emfucuza wepulasitiki, ungathola amalitha ama-5 kaphethiloli. Kusebenza kahle kakhulu ukuqoqa imikhiqizo esetshenziswa ephepheni nokuvuselela amaphepha odoti. Lokhu kuzonciphisa inani lezihlahla ezigawuliwe. Ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwephepha elisetshenzisiwe kabusha kukhiqizwa kwezinto ezifudumeza ukushisa ezisetshenziswa njengokufakelwa ekhaya.

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Ukuqoqwa okufanele nokuthuthwa kwemfucuza kuzothuthukisa kakhulu imvelo. Imfucumfucu yezimboni kumele ichithwe futhi ilahlwe ezindaweni ezikhethekile ngamabhizinisi uqobo. Imfucuza yasendlini iqoqwa emakamelweni nasemabhokisini, bese ikhishwa ngamaloli kadoti ngaphandle kwezindawo ezihlala ezindaweni ezikhethekile zokudoti. Isu elisebenzayo lokulawulwa kukadoti kuphela elilawulwa ngumbuso elizosiza ekugcineni imvelo.

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Izinsuku zokubola

Uma ucabanga ukuthi isiqeshana sephepha, isikhwama sepulasitiki noma inkomishi yepulasitiki ngeke silimaze umhlaba wethu, unephutha elikhulu. Ukuze singakuthwali ngezimpikiswano, sizokunikeza izinombolo - isikhathi sokubola sezinto ezithile:

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• i-newsprint kanye nekhadibhodi - izinyanga ezi-3,
• iphepha lemibhalo - iminyaka emi-3,
• amabhodi ezokhuni, izicathulo namathini - iminyaka eyi-10,
• izingxenye zensimbi - iminyaka engama-20,
• itshungama - iminyaka engama-30
• amabhethri ezimoto - iminyaka eyi-100,
• izikhwama ezenziwe nge-polyethylene - iminyaka engu-100-200,
• amabhethri - iminyaka eyi-110,
• amathayi avela emotweni - iminyaka engu-140,
• amabhodlela epulasitiki - iminyaka engama-200,
• Ama-diapure alahlekayo ezingane - oneminyaka engama-300-500,
• amathini we-aluminium - iminyaka engama-500,
• imikhiqizo yengilazi - iminyaka engaphezu kuka-1000.

Izinto Zokusebenzisa kabusha

Lezi zibalo ezingenhla zikwenza ucabange kakhulu. Isibonelo, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha, umuntu angasebenzisa izinto ezibuye zenziwe kabusha ekukhiqizweni nasekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Akuwona wonke amabhizinisi athumela imfucuza ukuze iphinde isebenze ngenxa yokuthi imishini iyadingeka ukuthutha kwayo, futhi lokhu kuyindleko eyengeziwe. Kodwa-ke, le nkinga ayinakushiya uvulekile. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ukuze kulahlwe ngokungafanele noma ukukhishwa kwemfucumfucu ngokungafanele, amabhizinisi kufanele abe ngaphansi kwentela ephezulu nenhlawulo enkulu.

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Njengasemzini, nasekukhiqizeni, udinga ukuhlunga udoti:

Lokhu kuzosheshisa futhi kusize inqubo yokulahla kabusha nokwenza izinto kabusha. Ngakho-ke kusuka ezinsimbi ungenza izingxenye nezingxenye ezisele. Eminye imikhiqizo yenziwa nge-aluminium, kanti kulokhu kusetshenziswa amandla amancane kunalapho kusetshenziswa i-aluminium yezimayini kusuka ku-ore. Izindwangu zezindwangu zisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ubukhulu bephepha. Amathayi asetshenzisiwe angavuselelwa futhi enzelwe imikhiqizo ethile enjoloba. Ingilazi esasetshenziswa kabusha ilungele ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo emisha. Umquba ulungiswa kusuka kudoti wokudla wokufaka izitshalo. Izikhiye, ama-zipper, izingwegwe, izinkinobho, izingidi ezingasetshenziswa futhi ngokuzayo zisuswa ezingutsheni.

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Inkinga yemfucumfucu kanye nemfucumfucu ifinyelele emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe bathola izindlela zokuzixazulula. Ukwenza ngcono kakhulu lesi simo, umuntu ngamunye angaqoqa, ahlunge udoti, futhi awuse ezindaweni ezikhethekile zokuqoqa. Akuyona yonke into elahlekile okwamanje, ngakho-ke udinga ukuthatha isinyathelo namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungathola ukusetshenziswa okusha kwezinto ezindala, futhi lokhu kuzoba yisisombululo esihle kakhulu kule nkinga.

Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi weplanethi

Izinkinga ezihambisana nodoti azitholakali emhlabeni kuphela, kepha nasezilwandle. Izinsalela zemikhiqizo yepulasitiki zigcwalisa amanzi. Ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma enkulu olwandle kubonakala ogwini lweCalifornia. Isisindo sawo wonke udoti ngamathani ayi-100,000. Izingcezu ezincane ezifana namazinyo okugcoba kanye nezicucu ezinkulu zama-frigates atshisiwe atholakala phakathi kwemfucuza.

Amachaphaza olwandle akhiwa ngenxa yemisinga ethwala udoti. Ngo-1997, ukutholwa kokuqala kwamanzi okugcwala imfucumfucu eningizimu yePacific kwatholakala. Imiphumela yokungcola - ukufa kwezinyoni eziyinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngonyaka. Lapho ipulasitiki ihlangana nezinye izinto, ikhipha ubuthi obuthelela inhlanzi. Futhi ngokusebenzisa izinhlanzi, ukutheleleka kungena emzimbeni womuntu.

Ukuqedwa kokungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi kuhlotshaniswa nokugcinwa kwamazinga okuhlanzeka okwenziwa yiningi labantu ngenkathi bekulezi zikhungo.

Ungaqala kuphi ukuxazulula inkinga?

Ukuqala ukuxazulula isimo sokukhula kukadoti ekulahleni komhlaba, kuyadingeka ukubhekana nokwabiwa kabusha kwezinsalela. Ngemuva kwalokho enye imfucuza ingasetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kabusha, kanti eminye yona ingasetshenziswa njengomanyolo.

Le ndlela ilungele kahle amazwe lapho imboni ithuthukiswa khona ngezinga eliphakeme. Ezinye izinhlobo zemfucumfucu zishiswa esitofini bese kukhiqizwa amandla. Ukusetshenziswa kwephepha lokungcola ukukhiqiza iphepha kudinga izindleko eziphansi zenqubo ukwedlula uma ukwenziwa komkhiqizo kwenziwa kusukela esigabeni sokuqala.

Izindlela ezinjengalezi zokulahla zombili zixazulula isimo sokungcoliswa komoya futhi zisiza ukwehlisa inani likadoti phansi.

Ukuthi wenzani ngodoti?

Zonke izinhlobo zodoti kufanele zilahlwe, zombili ezindlini namakhemikhali. Uma izindlela zokucubungula zenziwa ngokungalungile, khona-ke ubuthi obuqukethwe kukadoti bungena bangene emoyeni, emhlabathini, emanzini.

Imfucuza yezimboni igcwalisa indawo yezindawo zokuhlala. Kunamadolobha eYurophu lapho udoti umane ushiswa khona ezigcawini eziphakathi nendawo, ngoba uhulumeni ngeke akwazi ukubhekana nesimo semvelo.

Uma kungeke kube khona okulahla imfucumfucu ezindaweni ezikhethekile zokulungisa imfucumfucu, khona-ke kuzoba nzima ukumisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Izindlela Zokuphatha Ukungcola

Indlela enkulu yokubhekana nokungcolisa izinto ezingavuthiwe ngokusebenzisa. Isamba esikhulu semfucumfucu yezimboni, cishe amaphesenti angama-70, singaphindwa senziwe kabusha. Lokhu kusindisa izinsiza futhi kwehlise izindleko zokukhiqiza.

Izindlela ezincane zokuxazulula inkinga, zokuvumela ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa komhlaba, zathola izitolo ezithile. Esikhundleni sezikhwama zepulasitiki, izisebenzi zisebenzisa izikhwama zamaphepha, ukulahlwa kwazo akunzima. Kepha imikhiqizo engahlehliseki kahle ayixazululi inkinga yokungcoliswa kwemvelo ezweni lesimanje.

Kunenkinga yokulahla, okuwukuntuleka kwezindawo ezikhethekile zokusebenza.

Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha imfucuza

Udoti obuhleliwe ungahle uphinde uphinde uphinde uphinde. Izindlela zomzabalazo zinje.

1. Imfucuza yephepha neyipulasitiki iphinde isebenze kabusha futhi isetshenziswe kabusha.
2. Irabha liyachotshozwa laphenduka imvuthuluka, bese lithola isicelo. Amathayi avela ngaphansi kwezimoto ayacutshungulwa, futhi kwenziwa namasaka aphansi.
3. Izinto zokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezisetshenziselwa ezolimo.
4. Impahla yasendlini neyamaselula ihlanganiswa yaba izingxenye, okuvela kuzo ipulasitiki nezinkinobho ziphinde zenziwe kabusha, bese kuthi insimbi incibilike.

Ngesikhathi sokubanjiswa kokungcola okuthile, kukhululwa i-methane. Isetshenziswa njengamanye amandla okufudumeza isikhala.

Le nkinga yokuphinda isebenze ibuye ibe khona, ngoba akuwona wonke amadolobha anamabhizinisi okusebenzisa kabusha imfucuza.

Isipiliyoni sokulahlwa phesheya

Amazwe aseNtshonalanga asevele ekubonile ukuthi inkinga yesintu ukuqoqwa okukhulu kukadoti ezindaweni ezingafanele. Yebo, nasezindlini zokuphangwa kwempahla yasemadolobheni, udoti onqwabelanayo usuba yinkinga kohlelo lwezinto eziphilayo. E-United States, kusetshenziswa imikhiqizo eminingi yamapulasitiki. Ngakho-ke, uhulumeni wahlela ukuqoqwa kweziqukathi zepulasitiki futhi wazithumela ukuze ziphinde zisebenze kabusha.

Ukuhlela lezi zenzo, umuntu kufanele azise umphakathi futhi azise lapho ukuqoqwa kwemikhiqizo kuzokwenziwa khona. Izwe elifana neSweden lihlinzekele idiphozi ezingeni lomthetho. Kuqukethe ukuthi umuntu odlula esebenzisa i-tin, ipulasitiki noma ingilazi eluhlaza okwenziwe kuyo izinto ezikhethekile zokuqoqa, babuyisela ingxenye yemali esetshenzisiwe lapho kuthengwa umkhiqizo.

Inkinga enkulu kakhulu yokulahlwa kukadoti iseJapan. Lapha, abaphathi bathathe le nkinga ngokungathi sína futhi bakha izitshalo zokusebenzisa udoti. Emabhizinisini, kufakwa izinzwa eziqapha ukukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi emoyeni.

Ukungahambisani nemithetho yokuqoqwa noma yokulahlwa kwesizwe kubhekene nenhlawulo.