Akukho ukushicilelwa kwezindaba okukodwa emhlabeni okuye kwaqoshwa ezihlokweni eziphakeme kakhulu ngalesi sihloko:
Kukhona izidalwa olwandle ezazikwazi ukubona uShakespeare.
Ukuqina koshaka: ososayensi bathole ukuthi oshaka baseGreenland baphila iminyaka engama-400-500.
Ososayensi bathole i-vertebrate ehlala isikhathi eside kunayo yonke.
Ushaka wakudala oneminyaka engama-400 uhlala emanzini abandayo eGreenland.
Abadobi babamba ushaka owaphila isikhathi eside owazalwa ngesikhathi sika-Ivan the Terrible.
Ososayensi baqambe ubudala besilwane esidala kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Lo shark, obanjwe ososayensi, wayesaphila ngaphansi kukaColumbus.
Impilo yabasakazi be-polar Greenwood ingadlula iminyaka engama-500.
Izazi zebhayoloji zikwazile ukuthola isilwane esidala kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Oshaka baseGreenland oshaka, abafinyelela eminyakeni yobudala engama-150, bebengabeka umlando omusha wokuphila isikhathi eside uma izazi zezinto eziphilayo ekugcineni zikwazi ukwakha indlela yokuthola iminyaka yazo.
I-heroine yalezi zindaba ezihlekisayo - okusobala ukuthi ushaka waseGreenland - wazalwa, ngokusho kososayensi baseDenmark, ngesikhathi kubusa uJames I. Ngaleso sikhathi wayesemncane kakhulu, ngenkathi uRene Descartes eqhubeka ephepheni imithetho yakhe ku-fiziksi nakwimathematics, umlilo omkhulu waseLondon wawugcwele ukuqhuma kubo bonke. amabutho, uGeorge II wenyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi futhi kwaqala i-American Revolution.
Futhi mhlawumbe nobudala bukaChristopher Columbus, oshone ngo-1506.
Lo shark wasinda eMpini Yomhlaba emibili. Abamele izinhlobo zayo baphila iminyaka engaba ngu-400, kuyilapho abesifazane bemelana kakhulu nokuphila.
Ukuthola lokhu kwenza umbuzo wokufunda isikhathi sokuphila koshaka waseGreenland usebenze kakhulu. Yize kunjalo, yathola ngisho nendlovu endala eyathunjwa - uLin Wang, osweleke eneminyaka engama-86.
Iminyaka yakhe futhi ingaphezulu kakhulu kwerekhodi elisemthethweni lowesilisa elibekwe ngunkosikazi waseFrance oneminyaka engu-122 (uJeanne Louise Kalman).
Uzoqeda impilo yakhe njengomuntu osemdala kakhulu, ”kusho uJulius Nielsen, umbhali ophambili walolu cwaningo eNyuvesi yaseCopenhagen, eveza ukuthi imikhomo eyindondo yaziwa ukuthi yaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-211.
Kepha ushaka waseGreenland ngeke awathathe wonke laurels awo. UMing waphila impilo ende kunazo zonke, i-mollusk yase-Icelandic, eyafika eminyakeni engama-507 ngaphambi kokuba ososayensi bayithole.
Impunga, idliwe kahle futhi ikhula njalo ngobude (amamitha angaphezu kuka-6 anesisindo esingamathani ayi-1), ushaka waseGreenland ungenye yezidalwa ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Kubikwa ukuthi isilinganiso saso sokukhula singaphansi kwesenti elilodwa ngonyaka. Phambilini bekuyaziwa ukuthi laba boshaka bayizidalwa ezihlala isikhathi eside, kepha baphila isikhathi eside kangakanani.
Izazi zesayensi yezasolwandle zizamile ukuthola iminyaka nokuboshwa koshaka abaseGreenland amashumi eminyaka, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya, kusho uStephen Campana, uchwepheshe woshaka eYunivesithi yase-Iceland. - Njengoba unikezwe ukuthi lo shaka ungumdlwembe oyingozi (inkosi yomgudu wokudla) emanzini e-Arctic, akukholeki ukuthi besingazi ukuthi lo shaka uhlala iminyaka engama-20 noma iminyaka eyi-1000.
Ushaka waseGreenland wabonakala okokuqala ebusweni bamanzi esuka kumkhumbi wokucwaninga iSanna eNyakatho Greenland.
UJulius Nielsen uthi lokhu kungubufakazi bokuqala obuqinile bokuthi lezi zidalwa zingaphila isikhathi esingakanani:
Sasicabanga ukuthi sisebenzelana nesilwane esingajwayelekile, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi oshaka base bebadala kangako lasimangaza ngempela!
Lokhu, kusobala, kusitshela ukuthi lesi sidalwa sahlukile futhi kufanele sibhekwe njengesilwane esidala kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Ividiyo iyisidalwa eside kunazo zonke esaphila emhlabeni
Ukushicilelwa ephephabhukwini lesayensi elidumile iSayensi (Agasti 2016) laseNielsen nethimba lakhe labaphenyi (ochwepheshe abavela e-UK, eDenmark nase-USA) kuchaza ukuthi bayiqaphela kanjani iminyaka yobushaka besifazane abangama-28 baseGreenland ngesikhathi sokucwaninga kwesayensi phakathi kuka-2010 no-2013 .
Kuyavela ukuthi iminyaka yezinhlanzi eziningi inganqunywa ngokubala ukukhula kwezingqimba ze-calcium carbonate - "amatshe" endlebeni engaphakathi. Le ndlela ifana nokubala izindandatho zesihlahla esihlahleni.
Ubulukhuni bocwaningo ukuthi oshaka abanawo amatshe anje. Kepha oshaka baseGreenland abanazo ezinye izicubu ezino-calcium ezilungele lolu hlobo lokuhlaziywa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu lokucwaninga lincike ezindleleni ezahlukahlukene, ngokwesibonelo, isifundo se-lens yeso.
Ilensi yeso inamaprotheni ahlangana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kanye namaprotheni wona uqobo enkabeni yeso, akhiwa esibelethweni esibelethweni futhi ahlala engaguquki kukho konke impilo yezinhlanzi.
Ukunquma usuku okwenzeka ngalo la maprotheni futhi kwavumela ochwepheshe ukuthi basungule unyaka woshaka.
Ukuze unqume ukuthi amaprotheni akhiwa nini, ososayensi baphendukela ekuxhumaneni kwe-radiocarbon - okuyindlela esekwe ekunqumeni amazinga ohlobo lwekhabhoni entweni, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-carbon-14, ebangelwa ukubola komsakazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Besebenzisa le ndlela lapho basebenza ngamaprotheni enkabeni yelensi ngayinye, ososayensi bahlakulele iminyaka eyahlukahlukene kukashaka ngamunye.
Ososayensi babe sebesebenzisa "imiphumela emibi" yokuhlolwa kwebhomu le-athomu ngeminyaka yama-1950s: lapho amabhomu echithwa, bakhuphula izinga le-carbon-14 emkhathini.
Umfutho we-carbon-14 ungene kwinethiwekhi yokudla kwasolwandle eNyakatho Atlantic kungakapheli iminyaka yo-1960.
Lokhu kusinike isikhathi esisebenzisekayo, kusho uNielsen. "Ngifuna ukwazi ukuthi ngizowabona kuphi umfutho koshaka wami, futhi kusho ukuthini: uneminyaka engama-50 noma eyi-10?"
UNielsen nethimba lakhe bathola ukuthi amaprotheni e-lens amabili amancane kunawo, oshaka abangama-28 baseGreenland, aqukethe inani elikhulu le-carbon-14, aphakamisa ukuthi bazalwa ngemuva kweminyaka yokuqala yo-1960.
Ushaka omncane wesithathu, nokho, wakhombisa izinga le-carbon-14 eliphakeme kancane kunelo labashaka abakhulu abangama-25. Lokhu kungakhombisa ukuthi wazalwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960s, lapho izinhlayiya ze-athomu ezivela ebhomu elihlotshaniswa ne-carbon-14 zaqala ukufakwa kuwo wonke amaketanga okudla kwasolwandle.
Ngemuva kohambo olude, oshaka baseGreenland babuyela emanzini ajulile nabandayo eWummannak fjord enyakatho nentshonalanga yeGreenland (oshaka babeyingxenye yohlelo lokumaka nokukhululwa kwabazingeli abakhulu eNorway naseGreenland).
Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi iningi labashaka bethu abahlaziywa empeleni bebengaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50, ”kusho uNielsen.
Ososayensi babe sebehlanganisa imiphumela ye-radiocarbon nezibalo zendlela oshaka baseGreenland abakhula ngayo ukuze bakhe imodeli eyabavumela ukuthi bahlole iminyaka yobudala bezilwane ezingama-25 abazalwa ngaphambi kweminyaka yama-1960.
Imiphumela yabo ikhombisile ukuthi ushaka omkhulu kunabo bonke baleli qembu ngowesifazane olinganiselwa ngaphezu kwamamitha amahlanu ubude. Wayecishe abe neminyaka engama-392 ubudala, kepha, njengoba kuphawula uNielsen, iminyaka yobudala eyayinokwenzeka isukela eminyakeni engama-272 kuya kwengama-512.
Oshaka beGreenland manje sebengabazokhethwa kakhulu kulezihloko zezilwane ezihlala isikhathi eside emhlabeni, ”kusho umcwaningi ngokuqoma.
Ividiyo - ushaka we-polar waseGreenland:
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsikazi ezindala kusukela kuhlolo zifinyelela ekukhuleni kuphela ngemuva kokuba sezikhulile zaba ngamamitha amane ubude. Ukuzalwa kwabo kokuqala kwenzeka kuphela eminyakeni engaba ngu-150.
UNielsen ukholelwa ukuthi "izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zikwazi ukubona ubudala ngokunemba okukhulu."
Futhi ngibheke phambili ekuqhubekeni ngocwaningo:
Kukhona ezinye izici ze-biology zabashaka baseGreenland okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuzazi nokuzimboza, ”kuphetha yena.
Khumbula ukuthi ososayensi phambilini bake basikisela ukuthi unyaka nonyaka ushaka waseGreenland ukhula ngo-0,5-1 cm.
Futhi isizathu sokuphila isikhathi eside, kungenzeka ukuthi, umzimba okuhamba kancane kakhulu: lolu hlobo loshaka lungamanzi abandayo - izinyamazane zihlala emanzini, izinga lokushisa lazo lisuka ku-1 liye ku-+5 degrees Celsius.
Lokhu kuchaza nokuhamba kancane koshaka, lapho wanikezwa khona igama lesiLatini uSomniosus microcephalus, okusho ukuthi "ikhanda lokulala elinobuchopho obuncane."
Abasakazi abaphila isikhathi eside
Umhlaseli othunjiwe ungowezilwane zohlobo loshaka baseGreenland. Baphethe isikhundla esiphakeme kakhulu entanjeni yokudla futhi babambe izinhlanzi, oshaka abancane kanye nezimpawu zasolwandle. Ngaso leso sikhathi, bangabashizi abahamba kancane, ngoba ijubane elikhulu lokubhukuda kwabo lingamakhilomitha angama-2,7 ngehora. Ngokusho kososayensi, lolu hlobo loshaka alujahi inyamazane, kepha lubuka nje.
IGreenland shark shark
Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi laba shaka abanandaba nokudla i-carrion - ososayensi bafunda ngalokhu ngokuvula izidumbu zabantu abathile. Bamangala ngokusobala ukuthola izinsalela zamabhere asemakhazeni nokuhluma esiswini soshaka. Izinyamazane mhlawumbe zithola lolu hlobo lokudla ngenxa yephunga lazo elibukhali - inyama ebolile ikhipha iphunga elibi kunegazi elijwayelekile.
Ungathola kanjani ukuthi ushaka uneminyaka emingaki?
Uma ukholelwa imiphumela yocwaningo lwesayensi, oshaka baseGreenland bahlala impela isikhathi eside, okungenani iminyaka engama-200. Singafunga ukuthi bangabanqobi esikhathini sokuphila phakathi kwezilwane ezizimele. Unganquma ubudala boshaka waseGreenland ngobude bomzimba wayo - njengomthetho, ngonyaka owodwa, abamele lolu hlobo bakhula ngesenti.
Ukudoba oshaka eGreenland
Oshaka abaneminyaka engama-392 batholakala e-Arctic
Ubude boshaka obabambile baseGreenland bu ngamamitha angama-5.4. Ngokusekelwa kweqiniso lokuthi oshaka balolu hlobo bakhula ngesenti minyaka yonke, ososayensi banquma ukuthi lo muntu wazalwa ngonyaka ka-1505. Ngalezi zikhathi, uHenry VIII wayeyinkosi yaseNgilandi, kwathi u-Ivan wase-Terrible wabusa eRussia. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi ososayensi benze iphutha, ngoba ezinye izindlela zokuthola ubudala boshaka zabonisa umphumela ohlukile.
Bheka nje lo shark - ngokusobala usebone lukhulu empilweni.
Ikakhulu, sikhuluma ngokuhlaziywa kwe-radiocarbon, lapho abavubukuli abangakwazi ukunquma ngokunembile iminyaka yobungcweti bezinto zakudala, kanye ne-paleontologists - isikhathi sempilo yezilwane ezingapheli. Imiphumela yokuqomisana kwe-radiocarbon ikhombisa ukuthi ushaka wazalwa eminyakeni engama-272 edlule. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubude bomzimba koshaka bubonisa iminyaka engama-512 ubudala. Ukuze ukhulume iqiniso, okuningi kunokukholelwa emiphumeleni yokuhlaziywa kwe-radiocarbon, futhi iyiphi indlela othembela kuyo ngaphezulu, bhala engxoxweni yethu yeTelegramu.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuhlaziya kwelensi yeso loshaka kunikeza imiphumela yeminyaka engama-392. Kunoma ikuphi, akunandaba ukuthi ungakanani, kuningi!
Iyini imfihlo yokuphila isikhathi eside koshaka?
Akunandaba ukuthi sekubanjwe iminyaka emingaki ushaka, usenesibindi eside. Okwamanje, ososayensi bazama ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izici zomzimba woshaka ezibavumela ukuba baphile isikhathi eside kangako. Phambilini, oshaka baseGreenland bekucatshangwa ukuthi baphile amakhulu eminyaka ngenxa ye-metabolism ehamba kancane. Lokhu kunzima ukukukholelwa okokuqala, kepha izintokazi zifinyelela eminyakeni yobudala eli-150 kuphela.
Izinhlanzi ziyizidalwa ezimangalisa ngempela. Ezinye izinhlobo, uma kunesidingo, zingashintsha ngisho ubulili bazo. Isibonelo, ama-thalasomas anekhanda eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enza lokhu - uma kungekho owesilisa emhlambini wawo, enye yezinsikazi ishintsha umbala phakathi nesonto bese iqala ukuziphatha njengowesilisa.
15.11.2018
Ushaka waseGreenland polar shark (Latin Somnioscus microcephalus) ungowomndeni wabasakazi baseSomniosa (Somniosidae). Ubhekwa njengesibindi eside phakathi kwezilwane ezinama-vertebrates futhi ngokomqondo angaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-500, okuyisikhathi esiphindwe kabili kwezingu-2-3 kunempilo yomunye umgadli, umkhonto we-bowhead (i-Balaena falicetus).
Inyama eluhlaza yale nhlanzi akufanele idliwe. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-urea, ammonia ne-trimethylamine oxide kwenza kungabi yiphunga nje elimnandi kakhulu, kodwa futhi kuyingozi empilweni.
Ukunambitha kuholela kubuthi obunobuthi obuningi, ukulimala kohlelo lwezinzwa nokuqunjelwa, kuvame ukuphela ekufeni.
AmaViking asendulo abonakala ngokujuluka kwangaphakathi ngokuqondene nokudla. Bafunde ukuguqula inyama engenakunqotshwa, okwathi kuyo ngisho nezinja ezilambile zajika zaba yidili lasendaweni. Le iresiphi isekhona nanamuhla futhi idume kakhulu e-Iceland.
Izingcezu zezinhlanzi ezisikiwe zibekwa emigqonyeni ye-holey ka-gravel ukuze wonke amajusi aphume kuyo. Ngemuva kwalokho ziyasuswa, zigezwe futhi zomiswe emoyeni ovulekile kuze kuvele ukuqhuma okuqinile. Inqubo yonke yelulwa izinyanga eziyisithupha, emva kwalokho ungaqhubeka ngokuphepha emkhosini.
Abantu base-Iceland bayibiza ngale ndlela i-Haukarl. Iqinile, inephunga elibukhali, ukunambitheka okumunyu nokungenangqondo.
Kunconywa ukuyidla esiswini esingenalutho, ngokushesha igezwe phansi ngotshwala obunamandla. Kubavakashi abangajwayele cuisine yendawo, lolu hlobo lokuqabuleka kwesinye isikhathi lubangela ukuqhekeka okungazenzakaleli.
Ukubhebhetheka
Izinhlobo lezi zivame eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, olwandle i-Arctic kanye nolwandle oluMhlophe. Ububanzi buhlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu cishe ngaseceleni kwe-80 yendawo esenyakatho yokuma. Imvamisa, oshaka basemakhaza babonwa ngasogwini lweGreenland, i-Iceland neCanada.
Ngesinye isikhathi bafudukela kude eningizimu ukusuka endaweni yabo yokuhlala, bafika eBay of Biscay.
Ngo-2013, ama-ichthyologists e-University of Florida athola enye yezimpawu eGulf of Mexico ekujuleni kuka-1749 m.
Ngasekuqaleni konyaka we-1998, isikebhe esingahleliwe sahlola ukuthi kungenzeka siphakamise umkhumbi otshisiwe enamathani ayi-9 egolide e-US SS Central America steamboat, ogwini lwaseSouth Carolina, ushaka ongamamitha ayisithupha ukuphakama obudlule kumamitha ayi-2200.
E-Russia, wabonwa kaningana kumaBarents naseKara Seas.
Ukuziphatha
Ehlobo, inyamazane igcina ukujula kusuka ku-180-550 m, kuthi lapho kuqala ubusika ifinyelele phezulu kolwandle. Ekwindla nasentwasahlobo, kuvame ukubonakala eduze nasogwini, kungena izixha nezifelesi. Ubhukuda kancane ngejubane elijwayelekile lika-1,2 km / h. Uma kwenzeka kuphuthumayo kuyashesha ukufika ku-2.6 km / h.
Oshaka baseGreenland bavame ukufuduka isikhathi eside. Njengomthetho, bazulazula emhlambini omncane emanzini abandayo, lapho izinga lokushisa lingakhuphuki ngaphezu kuka-12 ° C, kuthi ebusika lehle liye ku-2 ° C.
Emizimbeni yabo, kukhiqizwa ama-glycoprotein enza umsebenzi we-antifreeze.
Ngenxa yalezi zinto, zingakugwema ukwakheka kwamakhristalu eqhwa ezithweni zemisipha nezitho zangaphakathi. Azinazo izinso noma ipheshana lomchamo, ngakho-ke, izakhi zomkhondo ezingadingekile zidedelwa esikhunjeni.
Ngenxa yemetabolism yayo ephansi, umphangi usethole isibindi esikhulu, esingabenza sifinyelele ku-20% wesisindo somzimba waso. Kuze kube ngama-70s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ukudoba kwawo kwenziwa ngenxa yesibindi, esasisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amafutha ezobuchwepheshe.
Imenyu yansuku zonke iphethwe yi-Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), i-salmon (Salmonidae), capelin (Mallotus villosus), ama-Norches aseNorway (Sebases norvegicus), pinagors (Cyclopterus lumpus), cod (Gadidae), halibut (Hippoglossusfinusus nama-stingrays (Batoidea). Kuze kudliwe ama-amphipods amancane (i-Amphipoda), i-jellyfish (Medosozoa), i-snakefish (i-Ophiuroidea), ama-mollusks (iMollusca) kanye nama-crabs (Brachyura).
Naphezu kokuhamba kwayo kancane, ushaka we-polar uphumelela ukuzingela izilwanyana ezincelisayo zasemanzini nezinyoni.
Esiswini sakhe kwakukhona amathambo ezimpawu zasendlini namabhele aqinile. Ubuye futhi ngokulangazela kunoma yikuphi ukutholwa okuza ngendlela.
Inhlanzi eyizidakamizwa idume ngokuqina kwayo, okubangelwa umkhuba wokusindisa amandla njalo. Noma ubanjwa ekugobeni, kukhombisa ukumelana okuncane noma akukho lapho udoba. Njengesithiyidi, ucezwana lwe-bacon luvame ukuboshelwa ocwebeni.
Ukuzala
AmaSomniosus microcephalus izinhlanzi ezi-ovoviviparous. Owesifazane akazaleli amaqanda, kodwa uwathwala ngaphakathi komzimba wakhe. Zinejamo le-ellipsoidal, igobolondo elithambile nosayizi ongafika ku-8-9 cm. Owesifazane oyedwa unezicucu ezingama-400-500.
Imibungu idla izakhamzimba eziqukethwe ku-yolk. Ayikho imininingwane ethembekile mayelana nenkambo yokukhulelwa.Cishe ihlala izinyanga ezi-8 kuye kwezingu-18.
Oshaka babambe emzimbeni kamama futhi bahlale lapho isikhashana, bethola amandla futhi bedla amaqanda, okuvela kubo abafowabo abancane abangakawabhuli.
Le nto ibizwa ngokuthi yi-intrauterine cannibalism.
Usinde esibelethweni futhi uzalwe ungaphumi kumazwana angama-ubude angama-70-80 cm. Ukubeletha kwengane kudlula emanzini ajulile. Oshaka bakhula kancane, bangezeleli ngaphezu kwesentimenti ngonyaka ekukhuleni. Ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-150.
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba obukhulu bufika ku-7.3 m, bese isisindo sifinyelela ku-1400 kg. Isikhathi esiningi kuhlangana izimo ezingama-3-5 m nesisindo esingama-400 kg. Isidumbu sakhiwe ngomzimba. I-Snout ifinyeziwe, ibanzi futhi iyindilinga.
Ikhanda liphakeme, umsila umfushane. Kunamabhangqa ama-5 we-gill. Ama-gill slits mancane. Umhlathi ongenhla uhlome nge-symmetrical emincane, kanye nomhlathi ophansi onamazinyo amile futhi oyisisekelo asikwele oyisisekelo enezimpande eziphakeme. Umlomo awunakuvuleka ngokubanzi.
Azikho izintambo emaphini amancanyana we-pectoral kanye ne-dorsal. Ukuhlaziywa kwezezimali I-lobe engenhla ye-caudal fin inkulu kuneyaphansi.
Umbala uhluka kusuka onsundu futhi mpunga uye onsundu. Isisu siqhakazile. Ezinhlangothini, amabala amancane ansomi ayabonakala.
Ushaka waseGreenland ophaka uhlala cishe iminyaka engama-300.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Photo: Greenland Shark
AmaShark abizwa ngokuthi yi-superorder yezinhlanzi ezidlayo, igama lawo ngesiLatini nguSelachii. Omdala wabo, ama-gibodontids, avele esikhathini se-Upper Devonia. ISelahii yasendulo yanyamalala ngesikhathi sokuqothulwa kweMvume, iveza indlela yokuvela okusebenzayo kwezinhlobo ezisele nokuguqulwa kwazo kube oshaka banamuhla.
Ukuvela kwabo kusho ukuqala kweMesozoic futhi kuqala ngokuhlukaniswa kube oshaka nemisebe ngokwabo. Ngesikhathi samaJurassic asezingeni eliphansi neliphakathi kwaba nokuvela okusebenzayo, lapho-ke cishe yonke imidwebo yesimanje yenziwa, kufaka phakathi i-Katraiformes, efaka ushaka waseGreenland.
Ividiyo: IGreenland Shark
Kakhulu oshaka bakhanga, kanti nanamuhla, kukhanga olwandle olufudumele, ukuthi abanye babo bazinza kanjani emakhazeni futhi bengakamiswanga ngokuthembekile ngokuphila kubo, nokuthi futhi kwenzeka ngasiphi isikhathi - lo ngomunye wemibuzo ethakazelisa abacwaningi .
Ukuchazwa koshaka abaseGreenland kwenziwa ngo-1801 nguMarcus Bloch noJohann Schneider. Ngemuva kwalokho bathola igama lesayensi elithi squalus microcephalus - igama lokuqala lisho katrana, elesibili lihunyushwe ngokuthi "ikhanda elincane".
Kamuva, bona, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, baba bodwa emndenini wakwaSomniosa, ngenkathi beqhubeka nokulandelana kwe-cathodean. Ngakho-ke, igama lezinhlobo lashintshwa laba yiSomniosus microcephalus.
Kakade ngo-2004, kwatholakala ukuthi abanye boshaka, ngaphambili ababehlukaniswa ngokuthi oshaka baseGreenland, empeleni babeyizinhlobo ezihlukile - babebizwa nge-Antarctic. Njengoba igama lisho, bahlala e-Antarctic - futhi kuyo kuphela, kuyilapho abaseGreenland - kuphela e-Arctic.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu salolu shark impilo ende. Kulabo bantu iminyaka yobudala yabo etholakele, endala kuneminyaka engama-512. Lokhu kwenza kube yi-vertebrate endala kunazo zonke ezindala. Bonke abamele le nhlobo, ngaphandle kokuthi bafe ngenxa yezilonda noma izifo, bayakwazi ukusinda bese befika eminyakeni eyikhulu.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Greenland Polar Shark
Inesimo se-torpedo, emzimbeni wayo, ngezinga elingaphansi koshaka abaningi, amaphiko ayabonakala, ngoba ubukhulu bawo bancane. Ngokuvamile, zingaphansi, njengesiqu somsila, futhi ngenxa yalokho ijubane loshaka waseGreenland alingafani neze.
Futhi, ikhanda alivezi ngaphandle kakhulu ngenxa yokufiphele okufushane nokuyindilinga. Ama-gill slits mancane uma uqhathaniswa nobukhulu boshaka uqobo. Amazinyo angenhla amancanyana, kanti lawo aphansi, ngokuphambene nalokho, abanzi, ngaphezu kwalokho, athwaxwa futhi athwaxwa, ngokungafani nalawo aphezulu angalingani.
Ubude obuphakathi balo shark bungamamitha ayi-3-5 futhi isisindo sawo singama-300-500 kilogalamu. Ushaka waseGreenland ukhula kancane, kepha futhi uhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu - amakhulu eminyaka, futhi ngalesi sikhathi abantu abadala bangafika kumamitha ayi-7 futhi banesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-1,500.
Umbala wabantu abahlukahlukene ungahluka kakhulu: abancane kakhulu banesikhumba se-brownish-cream hue, bese kuthi mnyama kakhulu - sicishe sibe mnyama. Zonke izithunzi zokushintsha zibuye zethulwe. Umbala uncike endaweni yokuhlala nohlobo loshaka, futhi ungashintsha kancane. Imvamisa kuyafana, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuba nezindawo ezimnyama noma ezimhlophe ngemuva.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ososayensi bachaza ubude beshaka baseGreenland ngokuyinhloko ukuthi bahlala endaweni ebandayo - umetabolism wabo uncishiswa kakhulu, ngakho-ke izicubu zihlala isikhathi eside. Ukufundela laba oshaka mhlawumbe kuzosiza ekutholeni ukhiye wokwehlisa ukuguga kwabantu..
Ngabe uhlala kuphi ushaka waseGreenland?
Photo: Greenland Shark
Zihlala kuphela e-Arctic, olwandle oluboshwe yiqhwa - enyakatho yanoma yimuphi omunye ushaka. Le ncazelo ilula: ushaka waseGreenland uwuthanda kakhulu umkhuhlane futhi, lapho olwandle olufudumele lufa ngokushesha, ngoba umzimba walo uguqulwa kuphela ngamanzi abandayo. Amazinga okushisa amanzi ancanyelwe kuwo asebangeni ukusuka ku-0,5 kuye ku-12 ° C.
Kakhulu indawo ehlala kuyo ifaka phakathi kwezilwandle zasolwandle i-Atlantic ne-Arctic, kepha hhayi zonke - ngokuyinhloko zihlala ngasogwini lweCanada, Greenland kanye nolwandle lwaseYurophu olusenyakatho, kodwa kulezo ezigeza iRussia zisuka enyakatho, zimbalwa kakhulu zazo.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu:
- ngasogwini lwamazwe aseNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-United States (Maine, Massachusetts),
- ISt. Lawrence Bay,
- ILabrador Sea,
- Ulwandle lwaseBaffin
- IGreenland Sea
- I-Bay of Biscay,
- North North,
- amanzi azungeze i-Ireland ne-Iceland.
Kaningi zitholakala eshalofini, eduze nogu lolwandle noma iziqhingi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ziyakwazi ukubhukuda ziqonde emanzini olwandle, kuze kufike kumamitha angama-2,200. Kepha imvamisa abahambeli ekujuleni okunjalo ngokweqile - ehlobo babhukuda amamitha angamakhulu ambalwa ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ebusika, ziqhubekela phambili ngasogwini, ngasikhathi lapho zitholakala endaweni yama-surf noma ngisho nasemfuleni, emanzini angajulile. Ukushintshwa kokujula kubonwe futhi phakathi nosuku: oshaka abaningana abavela kubantu baseLaffin Sea, ababeqashwa, behlela ekujuleni kwamamitha amakhulu ekuseni, futhi kusukela ntambama bakhuphuka, futhi kanjalo nsuku zonke.
Ngabe udlani waseGreenland ushaka?
Photo: Greenland Polar Shark
Akakwazi ukuthuthukisa hhayi kuphela phezulu, kepha futhi isivinini esiphakathi: umkhawulo wakhe ungama-2,7 km / h, osehamba kancane kunanoma iyiphi enye inhlanzi. Futhi lokhu kusashesha kuye - isikhathi eside akakwazi ukugcina isivinini “esiphakeme kangako,” kodwa kuvame ukukhula kube ngu-1-1.8 km / h. Unezimfanelo ezihamba ngejubane elikhulu kangako, akaphumeleli ukuhambisana nokuxhoba kolwandle.
Ukuhamba kancane okunjalo kuchazwa iqiniso lokuthi izibilini zakhe zimfushane futhi isisindo saso sikhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuhamba kancane kwemisipha izicubu zakhe nazo zisebenza kancane: udinga imizuzwana eyisikhombisa ukwenza umsila owodwa!
Noma kunjalo, ushaka waseGreenland udla imvelo yasendle ngokushesha kunokuba injalo - kunzima kakhulu ukuyibamba futhi, uma uqhathanisa ngesisindo ukuthi ingakanani inyamazane ongayibamba ushaka waseGreenland nabanye abahlala ngokushesha olwandle olufudumele, umphumela uyohluka kakhulu. futhi nama-oda obukhulu - ngokwemvelo, akavumeli iGreenland.
Futhi nokho, ngisho nokubanjwa okunesizotha kwanele kuye, ngoba isifiso sakhe sokudla siyi-oda lobukhulu eliphansi kunaleso oshaka abakhona ngokushesha kwesisindo esifanayo - lokhu kungenxa yesici esifanayo se-metabolism esisheshayo.
Isisekelo sokudla koshaka waseGreenland:
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi isimo sinje ngesasasa: ashesha kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngenkathi ephapheme, ushaka awunalo ithuba lokuwabamba. Ngakho-ke, ubalindela abalele - futhi balala emanzini ukuze bangabi yizisulu zamabhere amnyama. Le ndlela ukuphela koshaka waseGreenland angangena ngayo kubo futhi bajabulele inyama, isibonelo, uphawu.
Iyakwazi nokudla i-carrion: ngokuqinisekile ayikwazi ukubaleka, ngaphandle kokuthi izothathwa ngamagagasi asheshayo, ngemuva kwalokho ushaka waseGreenland ngeke akwazi ukuqhubekela phambili. Ngakho-ke, esiswini somuntu obanjiwe, kutholakala izinsalela zezinyamazane namabhere, okuyinto oshaka ngokusobala abakwazanga ukuzibamba.
Uma oshaka abajwayelekile bebuthana ngephunga legazi, khona-ke oshaka baseGreenland bakhangwa inyama ebolile, ngenxa yokuthi kwesinye isikhathi balandela amaqembu aphelele emikhumbi yokudoba futhi adle izidalwa eziphilayo eziphonswa kuzo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Old Greenland Shark
Ngenxa yemetabolism ephansi, oshaka baseGreenland benza konke kancane kancane: bayabhukuda, bayaphenduka, bayantanta bayantshontsha. Ngenxa yalokhu, bathole idumela njengezinhlanzi ezivilaphayo, kodwa empeleni kuzo zonke lezi zenzo zibonakala zishesha, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngeke kushiwo ukuthi zivila.
Abanazo izindlebe ezinhle, kepha banomqondo omuhle kakhulu wephunga, abathembela kakhulu kubo ekufuneni ukudla - kunzima ukuthi bakubize ngokuthi ukuzingela. Kusetshenziswa ingxenye ebalulekile yosuku kulolo phenyo. Isikhathi esisele sinikelwe ekuphumuleni, ngoba abakwazi ukuchitha amandla amaningi ngeze.
Babizwa ngokuthi bahlaselwa abantu, kepha empeleni abukho ubutha kubo: ngamacala kuphela ayaziwa lapho elandela imikhumbi noma ahlukahlukene, kuyilapho engakhombisi inhloso yokuhlukumezeka ngokusobala.
Noma ezithombeni zase-Icelandic oshaka bavela njengokuhudula futhi nokushwabadela abantu, kepha ukwahlulela ngakho konke ukubonwa kwesimanje, lokhu akuyona into edlula izingathekiso, futhi eqinisweni akuyona ingozi kubantu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Abaphenyi abasenaso isivumelwano sokuthi ngabe ushaka waseGreenland ungahlukaniswa njengesidalwa esinokuguga okungathandeki. Zaphenduka zaba yinhlobo ehlala isikhathi eside: imizimba yazo ayinciphi ngenxa yesikhathi, futhi ifa ngenxa yamanxeba noma izifo. Kufakazelwa ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, izimfudu, ama-mollusks, ne-hydra ziphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Greenland Shark
Iminyaka yabo ihamba ngokuhlukile - kakhulu ngokumangazayo kunokwabantu, ngoba zonke izinqubo ezisemizimbeni yabo zihamba kancane. Ngakho-ke, afinyelela ebusheni ngeminyaka eyodwa nesigamu yekhulu: Ngaleso sikhathi, abesilisa bakhula babe ngamamitha amathathu, bese izinsikazi zifinyelela ubukhulu obukhulu nobukhulu.
Isikhathi sokuzalela siqala ehlobo, ngemuva kokukhulelwa, insikazi ibamba amaqanda angamakhulu amaningana, kepha ngokwesilinganiso ama-8-12 oshaka asethuthukile ngokugcwele, asezalwa afinyelela usayizi omangalisayo - cishe amasentimitha angama-90. Owesifazane ubashiya ngokushesha ngemuva kokubeletha futhi akanandaba nhlobo.
Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa kufanele zibheke ukudla futhi zilwe nezilwane ezidla ezinye - eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila kwazo, iningi lazo liyafa yize kunezidlakudla ezimbalwa kakhulu emanzini asenyakatho kunaseningizimu efudumele. Isizathu esikhulu salokhu ukuhamba kwabo kancane, ngenxa yokuthi abacishe bangakwazi ukuzivikela - kuhle, okungenani osayizi abakhulu bavikela ngokumelene nabahlaseli abaningi.
Iqiniso elihehayo: oshaka baseGreenland abakhethi ama-otolith endlebeni yangaphakathi, ngaphambili okwenze kwaba nzima ukuthola iminyaka yabo - ukuthi babehlala isikhathi eside, ososayensi babazi isikhathi eside, kepha abakwazanga ukuthola ukuthi baphila isikhathi esingakanani.
Le nkinga yaxazululeka kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya kwe-radiocarbon ilensi: ukwakheka kwamaprotheni kuyo kwenzeka ngisho nangaphambi kokuzalwa koshaka, futhi ayiguquki impilo yayo yonke. Futhi-ke kwavela ukuthi abantu abadala baphila amakhulu eminyaka.
Izitha Zemvelo ZaseGreenland Shark
Photo: Greenland Polar Shark
Oshaka abadala banezitha ezimbalwa: zezinyamazane ezinkulu olwandle olubandayo, ikakhulukazi imikhomo yababulali iyatholakala. Abaphenyi batholile ukuthi yize ezinye izinhlanzi zigomela kakhulu kumenyu ye-whale ye-killer, zingafaka futhi oshaka baseGreenland. Zincane kunemikhomo yokubulala ngosayizi nangejubane, futhi empeleni azikwazi ukubaphikisa.
Ngakho-ke, iba izisulu ezilula, kepha ingakanani inyama yazo eheha imikhomo yokubulala engazange isungulwe ngokuthembekile - ngoba igcwele i-urea, futhi iyingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni eziningi. Kwabanye abazingeli bezilwandle ezisenyakatho, akekho osongela oshaka abadala baseGreenland.
Iningi lazo lifa ngenxa yabantu, noma ngabe kunokuntuleka kokudoba okusebenzayo. Kunombono phakathi kwabadobi ukuthi badla izinhlanzi kusuka kumagiya bese beziphanga, ngoba abanye babadobi, uma bethola inyamazane enjalo, bayanquma umsila wayo bese beyiphonsa olwandle - ngokwemvelo, iyafa.
Ama-parasites abacasulayo, futhi ngaphezu kwabanye, i-vermiform, ingena emehlweni. Kancane kancane badla okuphakathi kwesohlo, yingakho umbono uyawohloka, kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi ziba mpumputhe nhlobo. Emacaleni abo angatholakala ama-cropaceans we-Copepod luminous - ubukhona bawo buboniswa yi-luminescence eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: oshaka baseGreenland bangasinda ezimeni ze-Arctic nge-trimethylamine oxide equkethwe izicubu zomzimba, ngosizo lapho amaphrotheni asemzimbeni angaqhubeka nokusebenza emazingeni okushisa ngaphansi kuka-C C - ngaphandle kwawo babezolahlekelwa uzinzo. Futhi ama-glycoproteins akhiqizwa yilaba shark asebenza njenge-antifreeze.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Old Greenland Shark
Akafakiwe enanini lezinhlobo ezisengozini, kepha azikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi zichumile - zinesimo esiseduze nesengozini. Lokhu kungenxa yezinga eliphansi labantu, elehla kancane kancane yize inani lentengiso lale nhlanzi liphansi.
Kepha nokho kunjalo - okokuqala, amanoni esibindi sabo ayaziswa. Lesi sitho sikhulu kakhulu, isisindo saso singafinyelela ku-20% wesisindo somzimba soshaka. Inyama yayo eluhlaza inobuthi, iholela ekudleni ubuthi, ukweqiwa, futhi kwezinye izimo, ekufeni. Kepha ngokusebenza isikhathi eside, kungenziwa i-haukarl kudle.
Ngenxa yesibindi esibalulekile namandla okusebenzisa inyama, ushaka waseGreenland wadotshwa ngentshiseko e-Iceland naseGreenland, ngoba ukukhetha lapho kwakungekho kubanzi kakhulu. Kepha engxenyeni yokugcina edlule, cishe akunakudotshwa okwenziwe, futhi kuza ikakhulukazi njengokubanjiswa.
Ukudoba kwezemidlalo, oshaka abaningi abahlangabezana nakho, nakho akwenziwa ebudlelwaneni bawo: akunasidingo esincane ukubamba izinhlanzi ngenxa yokuhamba kancane nobukhali, akunakuphikiswa ngokuphelele. Ukudoba ngayo kuqhathaniswa nokusinda kwe-log, okuyiqiniso, okungajabulisi kangako.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Indlela yokwenza iHaukarl ilula: inyama esikwe izingcezu zikashaka kumele ifakwe ezitsheni ezigcwele amatshe futhi zibe nezimbobo ezindongeni. Isikhathi eside - amaviki ayi-6-12, "zihlala kahle", futhi amajusi aqukethe urea avela kuwo.
Ngemuva kwalokho, inyama iyakhishwa, ilenga ezingwegwe bese ishiyelwa kumile komoya amasonto ayi-8-18. Bese usika uqweqwe - futhi ungadla. Kuliqiniso, ukunambitheka kukhethekile, kufana nephunga - akumangazi, ngoba lokhu kuyinyama ebolile. Ngakho-ke, oshaka baseGreenland bacishe bayeka ukubanjwa futhi kudliwe lapho kuvela ezinye izindlela, yize i-haukarl iqhubeka nokuphekwa kwezinye izindawo, futhi nemikhosi ebekelwe lesi sidlo yenziwa ngisho nasemadolobheni ase-Iceland.
Bowhead shark - ayinabungozi futhi iyathakazelisa kakhulu ukutadisha izinhlanzi. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenqabela ukwehla okuqhubekayo kubantu bakhona, ngoba kubaluleke kakhulu kwizidalwa ze-Arctic esezimpofu kakade. Oshaka bakhula kancane futhi bazale kahle, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukubuyisa izinombolo zabo ngemuva kokuwa kumanani aqinile kuzoba nzima kakhulu.