Eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-318 eyedlule, ngesikhathi seNkathi Yomuntu, iplanethi yethu yayihlalwa ama-synapsid bestern. Lezi zidalwa zasendulo zazishiyana ezihuquzelayo zesimanje hhayi ngosayizi kuphela, kodwa nangokwakheka kwezixhobo zamazinyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho okuvuselelayo, babebuye babe namafang, angakhombisa isimo sabo sokuphanga. Ososayensi bakwazi ukwenza iziphetho ezinesibindi ngesisekelo sokucwaningwa kwezinsalela eziningi zezinsalela ezazigcinwe kahle emithini yaseDepian. Kamuva, lezi zidalwa prehistoric zabizwa ngokuthi dimethrodonts.

Babengabantu bezilwane ezinobukhulu obuqinile, abafinyelela ubude obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-3,5. Isici sabo esihlukanisayo kwakunguyili okuthiwa i-dorsal. Kwakuyisibaya esikhulu sesikhumba esasigijima kuwo wonke umgogodla. Imvelo yohlobo olufanayo ingaqapheleka kwezinye izinhlobo zama-amphibians zasendulo nezilwane, ezibandakanya ama-dinosaurs nama-pelicosaurs. Ngawo wonke amathuba, umkhumbi uthathe ingxenye ebonakalayo enqubweni yokuqhakanjiswa komzimba walezi zilwane. Uma sibheka ukuthi amazinga okushisa asemuva, ngalezozinsuku, ayephakeme impela, khona-ke i-dimetrodon enegazi elibandayo ingafa kalula ngokushiswa ngokweqile, uma ingenawo umkhumbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwesikhumba okunjalo kwasekuqaleni kungadlala indima yesimfanelo sobulili sesibili esisetshenziswa yi-dimethrodone ngenkathi yokuguga, futhi futhi sisetshenziswe nguye ukufihla lapho sisezithangeni eziminyene ezishisayo. Ngokusho kwamanye ama-hypotheses, iqhawe lethu lalingasebenzisa isibaya sasesikebheni ngenkathi libhukuda.

Ngokuqondene nendlela yokuphila, ama-dimethrodones ayehlala ngamaqembu amancane. Abadala bakhethe ama-savannas, nezindawo ezincanyelwayo ezincanyana ezikhule ngamahlathi emvula. Kepha ogwadule, i-dimetrodon ayikwazanga ukusinda. Isimo sezulu esishisa kangako sasingamlingani.

Kwakuyisidlakela esinolaka nesihluku esihlasele bonke abamele umhlaba wezilwane ongabhekana naso. Ngamazinyo akhe abukhali ahamba nemisipha enamandla, waklebhula izicucu zomzimba wesisulu sakhe.

Ngokwesakhiwo sayo nendlela yokuphila, kwakubukeka njengezilwane ezincelisayo kunezilwane eziphindaphindayo. Ososayensi bamhambisa lapho kudonswa ama-pelicosaurs, lapho ayengummeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke.

Kungayiphi isizathu ukuthi ama-dimethrodons aqothuka, ososayensi abazi ngokuqinisekile. Mhlawumbe kulele ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu okusheshayo ukuthi izilwane ezinegazi elibandayo zazingenakuphila. Ngokusho komunye umcabango, izidalwa ezithuthukile zangena endaweni yazo.

Ukufunda kusenesikhathi

Izidumbu zikaDimetrodon zachazwa ekuqaleni ngu-Edward Drinker Cope ngeminyaka yama-1870s. Wathole kanye neqoqo lamanye ama-tetrapod ama-Perm atholakala ekubunjweni kwamaRed Grads eTexas. Umqokeleli uJacobs Ball, isazi sokuma komhlaba uW.F. Cummins kanye nesazi se-paleont uCharles Sternberg bawadlulisele kuCope .. Iningi lalawa masampula manje aseseMelika Museum of Natural History noma e-Walker Museum yase-University of Chicago.

USternberg uthumele amasampula akhe amaningi ku-paleontologist waseJalimane uFerdinand Broglie wase-University of Munich, kodwa akazange azifunde njengoba noCope enza. Izimbangi zika-Edward, uCharles Marsh, wabutha futhi amathambo ambalwa e-dimetrodon, kodwa wazinikeza e-Walker Museum.

Igama I-Dimetrodon I-Cope isetshenziswe ngonyaka we-1878, egcizelela izinhlobo ezintathu zezinto - D. incisivus, D. rectiformis futhi D. gigas.

Omunye wemidwebo odume kakhulu nge-dimetrodon

Kodwa-ke, incazelo yokuqala yezinsalela ze-dimethrodone yayingo-1875, lapho uCope echaza ama-clepsydrops C. limbatus. Lesi silwane satholakala endaweni efanayo ne-dimetrodon, futhi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 iningi lezinsalela zama-pelicosaurs kuthiwa yi-dimetrodone noma i-clepsidops. Ngo-1940, kwakhishwa incwadi ethi lokho C. limbatus empeleni luhlobo lwe-dimethrodone.

Isigaqa sokuqala esachazwa ngeseyili kwakuyi-clepsydrops. C. natalis, futhi okuqokonyiswe yiCope. Wayebheka umkhumbi njengenhlawulo futhi uyiqhathanisa ne-crst yesililisk. Isikebhe D. incisivus futhi D. gigas ayigcinwanga, noma kunjalo, isampula D. Ukulungisa kabusha igcinwe i-elines neural spines. Kodwa-ke, uCope waphawula ngonyaka we-1886 ukuthi injongo yesikebhe kunzima ukuyicabanga. Ngokusho kwakhe, uma isilwane singazange siphile impilo yasemanzini, khona-ke ukuhamba kwesikebhe noma imali kungaphazamisa ukunyakaza, futhi izilenge namalungu aso kwakungekho ngokwanele ukuhola indlela yokuphila engqubuzanayo, njengasendaweni engaphansi.

Ikhulu lamashumi amabili

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, u-E. Case wenza ucwaningo olunzulu lwe-dimetrodon, egcizelela izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo. Wasizwa yiCarnegie Institution ngemali, waphinde futhi wahlinzeka ngezinto ezivela eminyuziyamu ehlukahlukene eMelika. Iningi lamasampula lachazwa nguCope, owaduma ngokuchaza yonke i-genera kuphela yizicucu, kepha akazange anake kakhulu lezi zinsalela.

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1920s, u-Alfred Romer waphinde wahlola izinhlobo eziningi ze-demithrodon, egcizelela ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Ngo-1940, uRomer noLlewellyn Price baqhuba iPelicosaurus Review, eyayibheka iningi lama-synapsid achazwe yiCope. Iningi lemiphumela yalolu cwaningo lisafanele.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwendalo i-Dimetrodon incisivus

Ngemuva kokushicilelwa kukaRomer noCrime, ukutholakala kwamasampula amaningi e-dimethrodone ngaphandle kwe-Oklahoma neTexas kwalandela. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1966, kutholakala izingcezwana ezincane e-Utah, kwathi ngo-1969, izinsalela zatholakala e-Arizona. Ngo-1975, u-Olson wabika ukutholwa kwe-dimetrodon e-Ohio. Ngo-1977, uBerman wachaza uhlobo olususelwa ezintweni ezivela eNew Mexico. D. occidentalis ("entshonalanga"), okubandakanya nezinsalela ze-Utah ne-Arizona.

Ngaphambi kwalokhu kutholakele, bekukholelwa ukuthi iTexas ne-Oklahoma zahlukaniswa zonke izindawo yi-Mid-Continental Sea Route, ngenxa yokuthi kwakuyi-sphenacodon encane ehlala entshonalanga Melika. Ukutholwa okusha, noma kungabuphikisi ubukhona bolwandle olwandle, kepha kubonisa isimo salo esinqunyelwe kanye neqiniso lokuthi kwakungeyona isithiyo ekuxazululeni i-dimetrodon.

Incazelo

UDimetrodon wayenekhanda elikhulu kunalokho elinemihlathi eqinile enamazinyo abukhali. Cishe wayengumzingeli osebenzayo: wayezingela ama-amphibians, ezihuquzelayo nezinhlanzi. Ngamazinyo akhe angaphambili, u-dimethrodon wabamba isisulu wasiklebhula. Amazinyo asemuva ayekhotheme emuva, ngosizo lwawo isilwane sidwengula izicucu zezidalwa ezincane futhi sihlafuna izingcezu ezinkulu zenyama. Isidumbu se-dimethrodone sasimise okomgqomo. Isici esivelele kunazo zonke se-dimetrodon ngumbala ovela esikhunjeni oselulwe phezu kwempumelelo ye-dteal vertebrae. Amaseyili afanayo athuthukiswe ezilwaneni ezahlukahlukene ze-prehistoric (ama-pligistrix amphibians, ama-edaphosaurus nama-secodontosaurus pelicosaurs, ama-spinosaurus dinosaurs) futhi akhonza njengabalawuli bezinga lokushisa. Ngokuya kwezinye izinguqulo, lo mkhumbi wawusetshenziswa emidlalweni yokuqomisana, ubesebenza njengokufihla phakathi kweziqu zezitshalo noma umkhumbi wangempela lapho uhamba ngomkhumbi. "I-Sail" ithuthukiswe kancane kancane empilweni yonke, okutholwe ngabantu abasha be-dimetrodon abanezinqubo eziphansi zesipinashi kuyaziwa. Intsha, ngokusobala, yayihlala emahlathini ngasogwini lwezidumbu zamanzi, kanye nabantu abadala. Noma kunjalo, isithombe se-dimetrodon ezincwadini ezidumile ngokumelene nogwadule kubonakala kungenangqondo - ngaphandle kokuba yisilwane esidliwayo, wayengeke asinde endaweni eshisayo neyomile.

Igebhezi

Ugebhezi lwe-dimetrodon luphezulu, kamuva lucindezelwe. I-Premaxilla ihlukaniswe emhlathini yi-diastema ejulile. I-marter engaphandle i-convex enamandla. Amakhala amancanyana atholakala phambi kwesiqalo. Ithambo lezinyembezi alifinyeleli emakhaleni. Izisekelo zamehlo zitholakala ngemuva kwesigebhezi. Kunamazinyo amathathu ku-premaxilla, izinyo lesibili lomhlathi ongenhla limise okwenziwe nge-canine, lakhulisiwe, eligoqiwe, elinemiphetho eyenziwe ngocingo. Amazinyo athambile impela, njenge-albertosaurus. Ezisekelweni zabo kwakuyinsiza encane, kunciphisa umthwalo emazinyweni, kodwa hhayi ukuwusindisa ekulimazekeni kwamazinyo. At D. teutonis kwakungekho zipping, noma kunjalo imiphetho yayinamandla nje abukhali .. I-canine engezansi ingena kwi-diastema phakathi kwe-premaxilla nomhlathi. Amazinyo emihlathi yomibili ephambi kwamafangqa ayancishiswa, ngemuva kwawo ancipha kancane kancane ngosayizi. Ngokwesimo, amazinyo e-dimethrodone nezihlobo zayo afana namaconsi, okusiza ukwahlukanisa i-sphenacotamus kwamanye ama-synapsid okuqala.

Ucwaningo lwango-2014 luveze ukuthi ama-dimetrodons aqhube uhlobo lomjaho wezingalo. Encane D. milleri babengenamazinyo aqhekezayo, njengoba babezingela inyamazane encane. Lapho ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo nosayizi kukhula, amazinyo ashintsha ukwakheka kwawo. At D. limbatus amazinyo ayenesimo sokusika, njenge-secodontosaurus. Kukhulu D. grandis amazinyo ayenesimo esifanayo njengoshaka nama -ropods. Ngakho-ke, ama-dimetrodons awakhule ngosayizi kuphela njengoba aguqukayo, kodwa futhi aguqula namadivayisi ajwayelekile wokuzingela.

I-Dimethrodone ihlukile kwe-zavropside lapho ikhona i-fenestra engaxoleli. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zazine-fenestra emibili, noma zazingekho ngokuphelele, kanti ama-synapsid ayenomgodi owodwa onjalo. UDimetrodon wayenezibonakaliso ezingajwayelekile zokushintshwa kusuka ku-tetropods yakuqala iye ezincelweni ezincelisayo, njengamagquma emuva komhlathi ophansi nangaphakathi kwethambo lezinzwa.

Ngaphakathi komgodi wasemakhaleni kwakukhona izigaqa ezikhethekile, izidonsa. Bangakwazi ukusekela i-cartilage, bekhulisa indawo ye-epithelium yolodo. Lama-ridges mancane kunezilwane ezincelisayo kanye nama-synapsid akamuva, lapho ama-nasoturbines ewuphawu lwegazi elifudumele. Bangaba nokufudumala kwe-membrane ye-mucous futhi kufudumise umoya ongenayo. Ngakho-ke, i-dimetrodon yayiyisilwane esinegazi esifudumele.

Esinye isici se-dimethrodone ukuphumela ngemuva kwehlathi, elibizwa ngokuthi ipuleti elibonisiwe. Itholakala kuthambo elihlanganisiwe elixhunywe kwithambo lesikwele, lihlangana ndawonye lihlanganisiwe. Kuma-synapsids akamuva, izinqubo zamathambo we -ularular ne-skwele ahlukanisiwe kusukela ekuhlanganeni komhlathi, akha ithambo lendlebe ephakathi - i-malleus. ipuleti eliveziwe lakhula kamuva laba yindandatho ye-tympanic esekela i-eardrum ezilwaneni ezincelisayo zesimanje.

Umsila

Isikhathi eside, i-dimetrodone yethulwe njengesilwane esinomsila omfishane, ngoba ingqikithi yama-vertebrae emisila engu-11 asondele kakhulu emzimbeni yayaziwa, eyayiqinisa kakhulu lapho isuka kude ne-pelvis, futhi nomsila wezinsalela zokuqala ezichaziwe wawungenamsila nhlobo noma wawungekho esimweni esihle kakhulu. Ngo-1927 kuphela, kwatholakala umsila ogcwele we-dimetrodon, onama-vertebrae angama-50. Wenza iningi lobude bomzimba futhi wakhonza njenge-balancer lapho unyakaza.

Isikebhe

Skeleton D. loomisi

Enye yezinto ezihlaba umxhwele futhi egqamile ye-dimethrodone izinqubo eziphakeme kakhulu zesipinashi se-dorsal kanye ne-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokutholwa kohlobo, zikhonjiswe ngezindlela ezihlukile: njengokumane nje kukhipha isipikili, kanye “nolwandle” olambozwe ngokuphelele ngesikhumba, noma induku. Isikebhe safinyelela ekuphakameni okufika kumitha elilodwa. Izihloko zemivimba ye-neural zazimbozwe ngezembozo zophondo. I-spike ngayinye ye-neural inesimo esiyingqayizivele, lo mehluko ubizwa nangokuthi "dimetrodontovaya". Ama-spikes anejamo elingunxande eduze komzimba we-vertebral, athatha ukwakheka kwabayisishiyagalombili njengoba besuka kude nawo. Kukholakala ukuthi leli fomu laqinisa izinqubo futhi laphazamisa ukwenziwa kwama-fractures. Umuntu oyedwa uyaziwa D. giganhomogene ngezintambo zomucu ezibucayi ngokuphelele, noma kunjalo, eduze nendawo kusatholakala iminonjana yokuthi "ight ". Ngokunokwenzeka, lezi zinguquko zihambisana nobudala bomuntu. I-microanatomy yesikebhe ngasinye ikuvumela ukuthi ubone indawo yokunamathiselwa emisipha kanye nendawo yokushintshela olwandle. Ingxenye engezansi, yomzimba wes spike inendawo enzima. Ngokunokwenzeka, izicubu ze-epaxial ne-hypaxial zazinamathiselwe kuyo, kanye nenethiwekhi yezicubu ezixhunywayo, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-sharpy fibers. Ingxenye ye-distal ye-spines ibushelelezi, kepha i-periosteum ingena ngama-grooves amaningi, ngokunokwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo kwakukhona imithambo yegazi. I-multilayer lamised bone, eyakha ingxenye enkulu yesiphambano semithambo ye-neural, iqukethe imigqa eminingi yokukhula lapho unganquma iminyaka yomuntu ngamunye ngesikhathi sokufa.

Ukudla okungajwayelekile kudlula kuwo wonke ama-vertebrae. Phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi imithambo yegazi itholakala kuyo, kepha njengoba kungekho thotho lwayo ngaphakathi emathanjeni, kungenzeka ukuthi i-groove yenzelwe enye into, futhi isibalo semikhumbi eseyili sasingaphansi kakhulu kwalokho obekucatshangwa.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesimanje samathambo e-dimetrodon. Kuthunyelwe nguScott Hartman

Ucwaningo lwe-pathologies lwakhombisa ukuthi eminye imigogodla ye-neural iphuliwe yaphola. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi okungenani ingxenye yezinqubo yayimbozwe ngeseyili (noma izicubu ezifanayo), ezazizigcina zikulungele ukwenzeka ngemuva komonakalo, ngenxa yalokho ezingakwazi ukwelapha. Kepha babuye babona ukuthi iziqongo zezikhala zensimbi zivame ukugoba, kwesinye isikhathi ngokuqinile, okusikisela ukuthi phezulu kwesipikili akuzange kungene olwandle. Ukuqinisekiswa okwengeziwe kwalokhu kulungiswa "kokuphuma kwesikebhe" kuvela ekubonakaleni kwezinqubo. Babenenkani endaweni lapho babenamathele khona izicubu zomhlane, futhi ziba bushelelezi ngokwedlulele, lapho nje kungenzeka kakhulu kube izikhala zokunamathela kuphume olwandle. Ithambo le-cortical etshalwe endaweni yama-fractures lakhiwe ngokukhululekile, okukhombisa ukuthi kunenombolo ethile yezicubu ezithambile nemithambo yegazi olwandle.

Ukufakwa kwesikhumba se-dimethrodone akwaziwa, ngakho-ke kunzima ukukhuluma nganoma yikuphi ukuthungwa okuthile. Ama-synapsid akamuva, anjenge-estemmenozuh, ayenesikhumba esibushelelezi enezindlala eziningi. Kodwa-ke, kuma-varanopeid okuqala kakhulu, njenge-Ascendonan, kungenzeka ukuthola izilinganiso zesikali. Kungenzeka ukuthi i-dimetrodon yayinokuqina kwesikali ngakwesobunxele somzimba, futhi ezinhlangothini nangaphezulu isikhumba sayo sasibushelelezi, njengaleso se-ejenti yokwelapha.

IGait

I-Dimetrodon ngokwesiko iboniswa nge "lizard" ebunjiweyo evele ngesisu ngokuhudula emhlabathini, noma kunjalo, amathrekhi asanda kutholwa angamalungu e-dimetrodone noma i-synapsid eseduze kwawo, abonisa isilwane esihamba ngemilenze eqonde kakhulu, sigcina isisu sayo nomsila ngokuphelele ngaphandle komhlaba.

Kuyiqiniso, i-dimetrodon ingajabulisa lapho ifuna. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi ehamba futhi egijima, imilenze yakhe yayisinezikhundla eziqondile eziqondile, ngenxa yalokho i-dimetrodon yayingashesha ukwedlula izisulu zayo (ama-amphibians nama-synapsid amancane).

Izinhlobo ezaziwayo

• D. teutonis UReisz & Berman, 2001. Izendlalelo ezingezansi kombhede obomvu ongenhla (wolfcamp), Germany, Bromaker naseRussia. I-dimetrodon encane kunazo zonke, enesisindo esingama-24 kg. Uhlobo kuphela olwaziwayo olwaziwa ngaphandle kwaseNyakatho Melika. Unamandla okuhamba ngesikebhe esikhulu. Yayinamathiselwe ku-biota yomhlaba.

Skeleton Dimetrodon milleri

• D. milleri I-Romer 1937. Isiteji sikaSakmara, ubude kufika ku-174 cm, ePutnam Formation, eTexas. Yaziwa ngamathambo amabili: iMCZ ecishe iphelele ne-1365 futhi enkulu, kodwa hhayi ukuthi ilondolozwe kahle i-MCZ 1367. Uhlobo lwakudala lwe-dimetrodon oluvela eTexas. Ihluka kwezinye izinhlobo ezakhiweni zomgogodla we-neural: D. milleri zinesimo esiyindilinga, kanti kwezinye izinhlobo zifana nesishiyagalombili ngaphesheya. Le vertebra nayo imfushane kunayo yonke. Igebhezi liphezulu, isihlalo esifushane. Isakhiwo esifanayo nawo D. booneorum, D. limbatus futhi D. grandismhlawumbe lokho D. milleri wayengukhokho wabo. Duze kwe D. occidentalis. Syn:Clepsydrops natalis Cope, 1887.
• D. natalis Cope 1877. I-Sakmara tier, uhlobo oluncane kakhulu lwaseMelika. Evezwe ngeseyili ephansi ye-trapezoidal, nokho, indlela yamanje ayikaziwa. Umdweshu ungaba ngu-14 cm ubude futhi unesisindo esingama-37 kg. ETexas. Isigaxa siphansi, sinamazinyo agundile emhlathini ongenhla. Kutholwe eduze kwesidumbu esikhulu D. limbatus.

Skeleton D. incisivus

• D. limbatus I-Cope 1877. Ama-Sakmara ne-Artinsky tiers - ubude beswazi bufika ku-40 cm, ubude bufika ku-2.6 m, ukusuka ekwakhiweni kwe-Admiral ne-Bell Plains eTexas. I-synapsid yokuqala eyaziwa ngeseyili. Imvamisa kuboniswa ezincwadini. Kwakuchazwa ekuqaleni ukuthi Clepsydrops limbatus, wathwalwa e-dimetrodon nguRomer noPaul ngo-1940. Syn:Clepsydrops limbatus Cope, 1877,? I-Dimetrodon incisivus I-Cope, 1878, I-Dimetrodon rectiformis I-Cope, 1878, Dimetrodon semiradicatus Cope, 1881.
• D. incisivus I-Cope, 1878 - enye yezinhlobo zokuqala, kwesinye isikhathi kubhekwa njengokujwayelekile. Ukuqophisana okungenzeka D. limbatus.
• D. booneorum I-Romer 1937 - Isiteji sika-Artinsky - ubude bufika kumamitha ayi-2.2, eTexas. Yachazwa nguRomer ngo-1937.
• D. gigashomogene Case 1907. Kungursky layer. Ifinyelele ekuphakameni okungafika kumamitha ayi-3.3. Isigaxa sifushane futhi side. Omunye wabokhokho D. angelensis. Kutholakale ku-Arroyo Formation.Ibizwe yiCase emuva ngo-1907, isasebenza.

ISkeleton D. grandis Case, ngo-1907

• D. grandis Ikesi, 1907. Isigaba sokuqala kwe-Kungursky. Ifinyelele kubude obufika kumamitha ayi-3.2. Isigaxa sangaphansi, ubude be-50 cm. Sasinamazinyo amane kuphela aqine. Kutholakale ekwakhekeni kwe-Arroyo Fform, eTexas. Syn: I-Theropleura grandis Icala, 1907, Bathyglyptus theodori Icala, 1911,? I-Dimetrodon gigas I-Cope, 1878, I-Dimetrodon maximus Romer, 1936,? I-Dimetrodon cf. gigas grandis ISternberg, ngo-1942.
• D. loomisi I-Romer 1937. I-kungur tier. Ikhuphukele kumamitha ayi-2,5. Kutholwe ku-Arroyo Fform, eTexas. Ifaka ukhakhayi ophansi kunayo yonke kanye nesimo sesikebhe eseyiliwe.
• D. angelensis Olson 1962. Isikhathi sokuqala kwe-Ufa (sekwephuzile uKungur). Izinhlobo zokugcina nezikhulu kunazo zonke ezaziwayo. Ngesikhathi sokuphila, lakhula laya kumamitha angama-4-4,5. Kutholwe eSan Angelo Formation eTexas. Ugebhezi lude, lufika ku-50 cm, futhi luphansi, amafishi angenhla mude. Wonke amasampula agcinwe kabi. Isono:? Eosyodon hudsoni U-Olson, ngo-1962 (nomen dubium),? Steppesaurus gurleyi U-Olson & Beerbower, 1953.
• D. borealis Leidy, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-1854.270 edlule, iPrince Edward Island. Izinhlobo ezingaba khona, ezaziwa nangokuthi ziyi-batignate. Iminyaka yezidumbu kule ndawo yaqinisekiswa ngemuva kocwaningo lokungcola kwezitshalo. Kamuva, kwatholakala ikhanda lekhanda lonke. Ubude besigaxa singama-40-45 cm kuphela.

I-Dimetrodon yezinyawo

• D. occidentalis IBerman 1977 yiyona kuphela i-dimethrodone evela ku-Abo / Cutler Formation eNew Mexico. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi ifinyelele kubude bamamitha ayi-1.5. Igama lisho ukuthi "Western Dimethrodon." Yaziwa nges skeleton esisodwa esincane. Kungenzeka ukuthi kuhlobene ne D. milleri.
• D. gigas Cope, 1878. Ama-Artinsky nama-Kungursky tiers of Perm. Kwakuchazwa ekuqaleni ukuthi Clepsydrops gigaskodwa-ke, yahlaziywa kabusha njenge-dimethrodone. Izinhlobo ezithile ezilondolozwe kahle zingokwenhlobo. Kubhekwa futhi ngokufana D. grandis.
• D. macrospondylus Case, 1907 - kuchazwe nguCope njenge Clepsydrops macrospondylus, ku-dimetrodon kunqunywa yiCase.

Okuphakelayo

Yize iqiniso lokuthi amathambo kaswazi we-dimethrodone ayemncane impela, nemihlathi yakhe eqinile enamazinyo abukhali, wasiluma ngokuqinile isisulu. Amazinyo ayengamasayizi ahlukene, izinyoka zazigobile emuva. Ngamazinyo akhe amade angaphambili, waluma isisulu, njengoba kwenza amabhubesi anamuhla. UDimetrodon wabamba inyamazane. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sidlakela sasizingela ama-amphibians, ezihuquzelayo nezinhlanzi. Ngamazinyo akhe angaphambili, u-dimethrodon wabamba isisulu wasidwengula. Amazinyo asemuva ayekhotheme emuva, ngosizo lwawo isilwane saklebhula abahlukanisi abancane futhi bahlafuna izingcezu ezinkulu zenyama.

LIFESTYLE

UDimetrodon wayengomunye wabahlaseli abakhulu kunabo bonke futhi ababi kakhulu besikhathi sokuqala se-Perm. Lezi zilwane zanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba ngisho nangaphambi kokuvela kwamadayinaso okuqala.

Izazi zesimo sezulu ezazihlola izinsalela zama-dimethrodons zafika esiphethweni sokuthi zazingabahlaseli abahlome kahle futhi abanenkani. IDimetrodon yayiyisilinganiso semoto yanamuhla. Wayenemilenze emifushane enamandla, ngakho ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi i-dimetrodon yahamba emhlabathini njengezibankwa zesimanje.

Kungenzeka ukuthi wayeyisilwane esihamba kancane. Akukho datha eqondile yokuthi silinganiswe kangakanani i-dimetrodon, kodwa kukholelwa ukuthi isisindo sayo besibaluleke impela. Ukukhula okufana nokuhamba ngomkhumbi ngemuva kwakunika ukubukeka okwesabekayo. Kukholelwa ukuthi ngosizo lwalesi “sikebhe” lesi silwane sikwazi ukulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba waso.

Ekuseni, i-dimetrodon ibisekelwa elangeni, ukushisa kudluliswa ngesikebhe kuya kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba walesi dinosaur, ngakho-ke kwakufudunyezwa yilabo ababekade bengabahlukumezeka. Ukupholisa, i-dimetrodon yayanele ukucwilisa isikebhe sakhe emanzini. Ososayensi abazi ukuthi kungani ama-dimethrodones anyamalala.

IZIVIVINYO EZIJWAYELEKILE. ISIHLOKO

I-Perm, eyizigidi ezingama-280 edlule

i-America esenyakatho

Ubude 3,5 m

Lesi esidume kakhulu ngama-pelicosaurs, izilozwane ezindala kakhulu. Umzimba wakhe uqinile, imilenze yakhe imfushane, umhlathi wakhe uqinile, enamazinyo abukhali. Ngasemuva kunesikebhe esikhulu esinesikhumba esikhulu, esasisekelwa izinqubo ezixubile ze-vertebrae. Imisebenzi yayo ayaziwa ngokuqondile. Iningi lososayensi likholelwa ukuthi “isikebhe” sasiza ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba lilungile: elangeni, igazi emithanjeni yegazi yaleli seyili lalifudunyezwa, futhi emthunzini laphola. Yize, mhlawumbe, kwakuyinhlanganisela enemibala ekhanyayo ukuheha abalingani bezocansi.

UKUFINYELELA KULWAZI. UNYAZI LOKHO.

• Igama elithi dimethrodone livela embhalweni wamaGrikhi. Inamagama amabili athi "dimitro" - "lokho okukhona ngezici ezimbili", kanye no "don", okuwukuthi, “izinyo”.
• Izazi zesimo sezulu senze ucwaningo olude kakhulu ngezinsalela “zekhumbi” le-dimethrodon, okwaphethwa ngalo ngokuthi isikebhe sisetshenziselwa ukulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba walesi silwane esifuywayo.
• Isikhumba “sokuhamba” esasingemuva kwe-dimetrodon cishe sasingenamanzi, njengezinto ezinwabuzelayo zesimanje.

IZIPHUMA ZESIFUNDO SE-DIMETRODON

Isikebhe: ukukhula okufana nesikebhe kwakukhona ngemuva kwe-dimetrodon kusuka entanyeni kuye ku-pelvis Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi umkhumbi kwakuyindlela yohlelo lokulawula amazinga okushisa. Ekuseni, i-dimetrodon yayicwilisa elangeni, imisebe yelanga ifudumeza umkhumbi, futhi ngalo ukushisa kudluliselwa kwezinye izitho zomzimba wesilwane. Ngokunokwenzeka, ukuze ugweme ukweqisa, i-dimetrodon yacwilisa isikebhe emanzini. Ngokwenye inguqulo, isikebhe singaba nomsebenzi ohlukile, ngokwesibonelo, sisebenza njengesici sobulili - abesilisa bangaba nesikebhe esikhudlwana futhi esikhanyayo kunabesifazane.

Amazinyo: Kwakusetshenziswa amazinyo amade, aqine ukubamba inyamazane futhi ayikhiphe. Ama-molars amafushane ayegobekile emuva, ngosizo lwawo dimetrodon abambe ngokuqinile inyamazane nenyama ehlafunwe.

Igebhezi: ikhanda lalilikhulu impela. Umgodi osemuva kwemigwaqo unciphise ubuningi beswazi. Imisipha eqinile yayixhunywe ngemuva kwesigaxa.

Imilenze: zombili lezi zingemuva nangemuva kwalesi silwane zazifushane futhi zinkulu. Kwakudingeka basekele isisindo somzimba sale pilonin enkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izicubu eziqinile zezinyawo ezingemuva zazibambe umsila omude.

- Ukuthola kwe-Archeopteryx Fossils

LAPHO FUTHI KWAKHONA KUPHI

Njengamanje, sekutholwe izinduku ezingama-6 ze-archeopteryx. Konke kuseBavaria. Ngezinsuku lapho i-Archeopteryx ihlala khona, insimu yaseJalimane yayiyingxenye yezwekazi ebelibukeka lihluke ngokuphelele futhi lalitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ngokusekelwe ekunqumeni kobudala bokuma komhlaba kwamabhele lapho amathambo atholakala khona, kwaziwa ukuthi i-Archeopteryx yayihlala esikhathini se-Upper Jurassic, okungukuthi, eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-150 edlule.

Habitat

Insalela yemfucumfucu eminingi yatholakala e-United States, kepha ingatholakala naseJalimane (ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-Permian lezi zindawo zazihlanganiswe yizwekazi). Ama-Dimetrodons ahlala eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi, kodwa izindawo zawo zokuhlala zashintsha lapho abantu bebodwa bekhula: izilwane ezincane zithanda izindawo ezinamashashalazi ezinezimbali eziminyene, isizukulwane esisha sakhetha ogwini lwamachibi, futhi abantu abanokuhlangenwe nakho bakhetha izigodi zemifula ebanzi. Mhlawumbe ama-dimetrodons ahola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini futhi abhukuda kahle.

Izici Zokubonakala

Igama "dimetrodon" lisho "izinhlobo ezimbili zamazinyo." Ngaphezu kwamazinyo amancanyana, imfashini kanye nezinto ezifakwayo zazitholakala emihlathini yesilwane (ukwahluka kwazo kutholakala ezilwaneni ezincelisayo). Ukusuka ezihuquzelayo, i-dimetrodon yazuza njengezakhi zezakhi zamalungu, ezazisakazeka kabanzi ezinhlangothini, hhayi zibheke phansi komzimba, nangokubanda kwegazi okubandayo. Ukushisa komzimba wakhe kwakuxhomekeke emvelweni. Ngaphezu kokuhamba ngomkhumbi, isici esibonakalayo sesilwane sasinomsila omude kakhulu, onama-vertebrae okungenani angama-50. Amasayizi we-dimetrodons, ngokuya ngohlobo lwawo, angahluka kakhulu - ukusakazeka kanye nobude bomzimba kusuka ku-0.6 kuye ku-4.6 m.

Isigaxa se-synapsid saziwa ngezindawo zesikhashana zesikhashana. Babekwe eyodwa ohlangothini ngalunye, ngemuva nangaphansi nje kwemigwaqo. Ukudangala kukhonze ukuvikela izicubu zomhlathi. Ukuba khona kwabo kwenze ukulunywa kwama-synapsids kusebenza kakhudlwana ngokuqhathaniswa namandla ama-amphibians, lapho isici esinjalo sokwakheka kukakhakhasi sasingekho.

Izici zesakhiwo

UDimetrodon wayenesikebhe esiyinqaba, esinezinqubo ezinde zamathambo e-vertebrae, embozwe yisikhumba. Wayekwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wokufudumeza umzimba, eshisa ngokushesha elangeni. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi ngaphandle kwesikebhe, izinga lokushisa lomzimba le-dimetrodon endala lingakhuphuka ngo-6 ° emahoreni ama-3 imizuzu engama-40, bese nalo - ngehora eli-20 imizuzu. Emthunzini, ubucwebe besikhumba bukhipha ngokushesha ukushisa, okusindisa isilwane ekushiseni ngokweqile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikebhe singasetshenziswa ngesikhathi semidlalo yokuzalela ukuheha izintokazi (kucatshangwa ukuthi emadodeni enjalo i-dorsal crest yasungulwa ngaphezulu). Yakhiwa kancane kancane, njengoba i-dimetrodon iyavuthwa.

Isidlakela esijabulisayo

IDimetrodon ithathwa njengendawo enkulu kakhulu eyakha umhlaba esikhathini sayo. Wayengazingela noma yiziphi izilwane ezihlala naye endaweni. I-Dimethrodone kucatshangwa ukuthi yathuthukisa umuzwa wokuhogela. Kulezi zilwane, kwakuvezwa i-dimorphism yezocansi, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwabesilisa nabesilisa babe nokuhlukahluka okungahlobene nezimpawu zokuziphatha zocansi (ngokwesibonelo, izinsikazi zingaba zincane). Akukaziwa kahle ukuthi i-dimethrodones yaphila kanjani: ngamaqembu noma ngokuhlanganyela. Kungenzeka ukuthi abesilisa bangakhombisa ubudlova ngokuhlobene.