Ama-pelicans - lat. UPelecanus, ungowomndeni we-pelican, abamele isigaba senyoni. Okhokho abakude bama-pelicans bavele Emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100 eyedlule. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, i-pelican ivuse isifiso esikhulu ngaphakathi, futhi abanye abantu bayihlonipha njengenyoni engcwele.
I-Habitat kanye nokuzalela
IPelican iyinyoni efudukayo ehlala eningizimu yeYurophu, ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama, emithambekeni yemifula egeleza eLwandle lweCaspian, olwandle i-Aral, nase-Afrika. Izinyoni ezidla eYurophu naseNyakatho ne-Afrika zindizela ebusika ezindaweni eziseningizimu nasenkabeni ye-Afrika, kanti ama-pelicans ase-Asia asebusika eNdiya. Ukuze izinyoni ezidlekayo zikhethe ogwini olungenakufinyeleleka olugqunywe kakhulu ngomhlanga, noma iziqhingi nesihlabathi siphulula amachibi. Esikhathini senkathi yezidleke, ama-pelicans ahlala ogwini lwamachibi noma izindunduma, ezindlini zamachibi, ezingxenyeni zemifula namanzi asogwini lolwandle, ngokuzingela ngempumelelo emanzini angenasawoti nasawoti.
Isikhathi sokuzala sama-pelicans sihlala maphakathi no-Ephreli kuya maphakathi no-Septhemba. Izinyoni zifuna umlingani ngezindlela eziningi. Ngaphandle kwekholoni lokuzalela, insikazi isondela eqenjini labesilisa abakhona futhi ikhethe umlingani. Ngemuva kwalokho izithandani zihlehla eceleni, owesilisa azame ukushada nentombi yakhe. Ezindaweni ezidlekayo, isiko lokudonswa kwama-pelicans libukeka lihlukile. Okwamanje, abesilisa basondela emaqenjini abesifazane, futhi baqale ukushada, behamba phambi kwabo benomsindo opholile, futhi kwesinye isikhathi babuthana embuthanweni bese behlikihla imilomo. Ekuqaleni, izinsikazi zigcinwa zodwa, kepha ngokushesha abesilisa, bodwa noma ngamaqembu, basondela kwabesifazane, futhi bakhetha abalingani babo. Lapho-ke lo mbhangqwana ungene emanzini, lapho isoka libhukuda lizungeze okhethiweyo walo. Ngemuva kokuya emhlabathini, izimpaphe zesilisa zigquma izimpiko zazo, ziyaqhubeka nokuya enkantolo intombi yakhe. Lapho esethole indawo esidlekeni, insikazi icasha umhlabathi ngoqhwaku lwayo, ihlala emgodini ivumele umlingani abe ngumuntu wayo.
Ngemuva kokuphola, owesilisa uqala ukuqoqa izinto zokwakha ngoqhwaku wakhe futhi azilethe kumkakhe, futhi wakhe isidleke kuzo. Lapho eseqedile ukwakha, insikazi ibeka iqanda elilodwa, emva kwenyanga elinye elinye, emva kwalokho bobabili abazali bafaka imbandezelo yezinsuku izinsuku ezingama-29 kuye kwengama-34. Ngokuphumula kwenyanga eyodwa, kuzalwa amaphuphu enqunu. Ekuqaleni, badinga ukufudumala okungapheli, kepha maduze nje sebekhululelwe ubumnyama phansi. Abanye abazali baphakela izingane zabo ukudla okugcwele okuwuketshezi, futhi amachwane anamasonto amabili akhipha izinhlanzi ezincane, afaka umlomo wazo esikhwameni somzali. Emavikini lamatsatfu budzala, labantfwana babutana “enkulisa” ngaphansi kwelawulwa kwetinyoni letindzala letindzala, kuyilapho labanye benta umati wekuzingela. Ekupheleni kwenyanga yesibili yokuphila, ama-pelicans asemancane asevele akwazi ukubhukuda nokudoba, futhi ngezinsuku ezingama-65-70 baba namaphiko futhi athole inkululeko. UPelican ufinyelela esikhathini sokuthomba eneminyaka engu-3-4 ubudala.
Indlela yokuphila
Ama-pelicans ahlala emhlambini omkhulu, ongabalelwa ezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu kuya kweziyi-10. Akukho bukhosi emhlambini, kepha impilo enkampanini enkulu kangako ihlinzeka ngezinyoni ngokuphepha okukhulu. Njengoba sesibuthene eqenjini elihlangene, kuhlale kulula ukuxosha umhlaseli, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, abalindi abaphapheme nganoma yisiphi isikhathi bangaxwayisa izihlobo ngendlela esongela ngayo. Ama-pelican aphathana ngokuthula futhi akhombise ukungabinabo ubutha, kuphela ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu lapho kuqala ukulwa kuqala inyamazane noma impahla yokwakha isidleke. Njengoba sebeqale duel, abaphikisi bashaya kabuhlungu ngemilomo eshisiwe. I-pelican epinki ingenye yezinyoni ezindizayo ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Ingakhuphuka kuphela ngokugijima, imvamisa futhi ngamaphiko ngamaphiko ayo, kepha lapho izindiza zamaphiko amakhulu zilinganiswa futhi zinamandla. I-Pelican ivame ukubhekela ekukhuphukeni, ngobuchule isebenzisa imisinga yomoya ekhuphukayo. Ama-pelicans ajwayele ukundiza ngendlela ende, futhi njengoba umholi ebelukhuni kunabo bonke, izinyoni zithathe indawo ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yezidleke, ama-pelicans ahlala eduze kwezindawo zawo zokudoba, athola osebeni lomhlanga indawo yokuphumula kwemini nobusuku. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-pelicans aphumula eziqhingini nasezihlanjeni zesihlabathi ezivulekelelwa yiyo yonke imimoya ngokubonakala okuhle, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ahlala emagatsheni ezihlahla. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlanzi zibapha njengokudla - okokuqala, isifiso sokufunda. Imvamisa, izinyoni zizingela emanzini angajulile ngamaqembu abantu abangu-6 - 20. Lapho esezinzile emgodleni, ama-pelicans abhukuda phambili ekwakhekeni okuminyene, agijimise umhlambi wezinhlanzi ogwini, futhi, njengoba esecwile amakhanda awo emanzini, abamba inyamazane ngezikhwama zomphimbo. I-pelican iphonsa inhlanzi ebanjiwe emoyeni ukuyiguqula ikhanda kuqala, bese iyigwinya. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-pelicans azingela yedwa.
I-Pelican Guard
I-pelican epinki ivikelwe ngumthetho, kepha ukudonsa izindunduma, ukungcolisa amanzi nokugunda izihlambi zezikhukhula kubeka engcupheni enkulu yokuba khona kwawo, kunciphisa indawo evamile yokwakha izidleke. Ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke isongela i-European curly pelican. Uma ngekhulu le-XIX izigidi zalezi zinyoni bezihlala ezwekazini, khona-ke azikho ezingaphezu kwezingu-670-1300 izimbumbulu ezisindile kuze kube namuhla.
Izici ze-Pelicans
Izikhwepha ezingenwe kakhulu zesikhwama somphimbo wesikhumba somphimbo we-pelican siphethe amalitha ayi-12. Le nyoni ivame ukuyisebenzisela i-thermoregulation: ekushiseni okwedlulele ivula uqhwaku lwayo futhi ihambisa ikhanda layo ngamandla kusuka ngapha nangapha. Ngale ndlela elula, igazi eligeleza ezindongeni zesikhwama lipholile.
I-pelican iyakwazi ukugwinya izinhlanzi ezinkulu, ngokwesibonelo, i-carp enesisindo esingama-2 kg. I-pelican esikhulile idinga ukudla okungama-900- 1200 g wokudla nsuku zonke, futhi ngesikhathi sokuphakela amaphuphu iyakwazi ukuthwala izinhlanzi ezifika ku-4 kg esikhwameni sayo somphimbo.
Esikhathini esedlule bekukholelwa ukuthi amachwane ama-pelican adla ingaphakathi labazali bawo. Kusukela lapho, i-pelican isibe wuphawu lokuzithiba kwabazali, yize sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi le yinganekwane enhle.
Isigaba - izinyoni (aves)
Oda - I-Pelican-like (pelecaniformes)
Umndeni - uPelican (pelecanidae)
I-genus - Ama-Pelicans (pelecanus)
Incazelo yePelican
I-Pelican - inyoni eyabonwa ngabantu bakudala nezilwane ezisekuqaleni. Lezi zinyoni zavela eMhlabeni eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-40-50 edlule.
Ama-pelicans ayizinyoni ezinkulu nezisindayo. Ubude bomzimba wabo ngamasentimitha angama-180, futhi isisindo singafinyelela amakhilogremu ayi-14.
Ama-pelican anqoba ubungqayizivele bawo siqu. Uqhwaku olukhulu lapho inyoni ye-pelican ibeka khona izinhlanzi isitho esibalulekile empilweni yabo. Uqhwaku, olugcina ngefolokhwe, lungakhula lube ngamasentimitha angama-47 ubude.
Okunye futhi okuyingqayizivele emzimbeni wenyoni yisikhwama somoya se-pelican. Ngibonga yena, le nyoni iyakwazi ukwenza ukuqondisa hhayi ngokundiza kuphela, kodwa futhi nangamanzi. Lezi zikhwama zitholakala ngaphansi kwamaphiko, phakathi kwamathambo, kanye nesikhumba emphinjeni nasesifubeni.
Kungani i-pelican idinga umlomo onjalo?
Uqhwaku lomlomo wesikhumba lubushelelezi, futhi akukho bucayi noma bukhali kuso. Ngenxa yalokhu, inyoni ingabamba izinhlanzi kalula, zivimbele ukuba ziqhume.
Ukusuka ngezansi, kufakwa isikhwama kuqhwaku lomlomo wesikhumba. Ingatulwa, ngakho-ke ifanela kalula amalitha ayi-15 amanzi noma ama-4 kilos wezinhlanzi.
Imvelo yanika le nyoni isinkwa esidingekayo nomlomo omkhulu ukuze ibambe ukudla lapho futhi ingabulawa yindlala.
Izindiza zindiza kanjani?
Le nyoni enkulu iya esibhakabhakeni kuphela. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-pelican iphaphaza amaphiko ayo ngokuzwakalayo. Ngokundiza, ubonakala engelutho. Inyoni enjalo ikala amaphiko ayo, isebenzisa ngobuchule imisinga yomoya ekhuphuka kanye naphansi. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba phezulu phezulu.
Izindiza ezindizayo ziyakwazi ukufinyelela isivinini esingamakhilomitha angama-50 ngehora. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-pelicans agcina izintamo zawo zibunjiwe, aphonsa amakhanda awo emhlane, futhi uqhwaku olude kuphela alunikezi inzuzo.
Lapho lezi zinyoni zindiza ibanga elide, ziba semugqeni. Umhlambi wezikhumba ezindizayo muhle. Ama-pelicans ahlala phezu kwamanzi ngokugoba ngamawashi awo nangokushaya ngempama ngakho.
Azingela kanjani?
Ama-pelicans nawo athola ukudla ngamaqembu. Bazingela ngezindlela ezihlukile. Esikhathini esiningi, umhlambi wezinyoni uhamba emanzini angajulile, uphonsa imilomo yazo emanzini bese uyisongela nge “net” yawo. Kufika lapho nenhlanzi. Igwegwe elisemaphethelweni omlomo usisiza ukuba sigcine inyamazane eshelelayo.
Zifuna amanzi ngesikhathi sokuzingela, izingulube ziphakamisa amakhanda bese ziyisongela uqhwaku, bese ziginya zonke izinhlanzi ezibanjiweyo. Uma inhlanzi enkulu ibanjwe uqhwaku, khona-ke le nyoni kufanele iqale ngokuyiphonsa ukuze iguqukele ekhanda indiza. Ngakho-ke i-pelican iyagwinya.
Ukuze kuxoshwe inhlanzi emanzini angajulile, izinguluvane zibhokisa umsindo wazo. Kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala emigqeni emi-2 bese zishayela izinhlanzi zibheke komunye nomunye.
Ama-pelican anendlela ehehayo yokuzingela, ikakhulukazi ama-pelican brown ansundu ngale ndlela. Indiza phezulu esibhakabhakeni futhi igxumela phezulu, ishaye isifuba sayo emanzini. Esifubeni sale nyoni kukhona umcamelo omkhulu wezimpaphe, ngakho-ke ngeke kube khona okulimazayo kusuka ekushayweni, nezitebele zenhlanzi bese zintantazela ziye phezulu ngenxa yokuqhekeka okunjalo.
Ukusakazeka kwezinyoni
Kunezinhlobo eziyi-8 zama-pelicans ahlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica.
Izinhlobo eziningi zihlala ezifundeni ezifudumele, eduze nogu nesiqhingi, lapho ama-pelicans adla khona izinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans, ama-tadpoles, ngisho nezimfudu.
Ama-pelicans ansundu achitha iningi lesikhathi sawo ngosuku eduze nolwandle, edoba. Futhi ntambama sekwedlule umhlambi walezi zinyoni uye emoyeni bese undiza uphume uqonde emanzini uya endaweni yokuhlala. Okuxakile ngokwanele, kepha "indawo yokulala" kanye "nekhishi" lama-pelican akhiwe kude.
Ama-pelicans ahlala emindenini enobungane, lapho amahlazo engavamile ukwenzeka.
Lezi zinyoni ezinemvelo enhle azilwi ngisho nama-sassy gulls angahlwitha kalula ukubamba koqhwaku lwawo.
Izindatshana
Esikhathini sokuhlangana kwezindawo ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona i-pelican, zingatholakala ngamaqembu. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zasogwini zivame ukuhlala eduze kwazo.
Ama-pelicans awunawo ukwahlukana okucacile kwemithwalo yemfanelo. Kepha kanye nabanye abamele le nhlobo, bazizwa bephephile. Ama-pelican ayizinyoni ezinobungane. Izingxabano phakathi kwazo ziyaqabukela. Ngezinye izikhathi kuphela ama-pelicans akwaziyo ukushaya ngemilomo ngenxa yokudla noma amagatsha okwakha isidleke.
Naphezu kwesisindo esikhulu somzimba, lezi zinyoni zindiza ngokumangazayo. Bayakwazi ukundiza emoyeni kuphela lapho kukhona imisakazo yomoya. Ama-pelicans ayizinyoni ezifudukayo, futhi angandiza nokuhamba amabanga amade. Ngasikhathi sinye, bathatha abaholi abaningana, ngamunye wabo ozobeka isigqi sokundiza kweqembu lonke.
Izici Zokudla Kwama Pelican
I-Pelican ration iqukethe ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi. Lezi zinyoni zidla i-carp, i-pike, i-perch ne-galan. Lokhu ukwelashwa abakuthanda kakhulu. Amachibi kasawoti, angathola ama-gobies, ama-mullet kanye nobuhlalu.
Kusendaweni eseduze ne-ikhweyitha yolwandle, imfoloko namahlumela kuba yinto ebabayo ye-pelican.
Ukudla kwansuku zonke kwale nyoni okudala kungamakhilogremu amabili enhlanzi, ama-pelican awakwazi ukuwavuma.
Uma ngasizathu singekho inhlanzi eyanele emachibini, ama-pelicans aqala ukudla izinyoni. Izinyoni namadada zivame ukuhlaselwa yizo. Ngemuva kokuba i-pelican ibambe inyoni, iyigcina ihlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside kuze kube yilapho inyoni idonsa, bese iyidla, iqala kusuka ekhanda.
Izinhlobo Zama-Pelican Ezivamile
Kwabamele lo mndeni, yi-2 kuphela etholakala endaweni ye-Russian Federation. Le i-pelican egobekile futhi epinki. Amagama wezinsizakusebenza ezinjalo akhuluma ngezimpawu zalezi zinyoni nokukhonjiswa egameni lezici zokubonakala kwazo.
Kukhona ne-pelican emnyama nomhlophe, grey ne-brown. Ezinye izinhlobo zazo zibhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu. Ziyizinhlobo ezisengozini yokuphela kwezinyoni ngenxa yobuthi bezilwandle nemifula ngamakhemikhali, ngenxa yokudonswa kwamanzi, futhi nangenxa yokubanjwa kwezinyoni ngokukhishwa kwezikhumba, lapho zithungatha khona izingubo.
Izinhlobo ezi-6 zama-pelicans zihlala eduze namachibi kanye nemifula, futhi izinhlobo ezi-2 kuphela zithanda ugu. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zama-pelicans zilala kuphela emhlabathini, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuya olwandle ukuhlangana nenyoni enjalo akunangqondo.
I-Australia Pelican pelecanus Conspicillatus
Yinyoni enkulu kunazo zonke ezindizayo e-Australia. Iphiko lifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,5 kuye kwayi-3,5. Isisindo somzimba singasukela ku-5 kuye ku-6.8 kg, kanye nobude bomzimba - kusuka kumamitha ayi-1,6 kuye kwayi-1,9. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-pelican enjalo inobude obungamasentimitha angama-40-50. Isikhwama sesikhumba esingaphansi komlomo singaba namalitha ayi-9 kuya kwayi-13 amanzi. Isikhathi sokuphila se-pelican esinjalo siyiminyaka eyi-10-25.
Lolu hlobo lusatshalaliswa kulo lonke elase-Australia, New Guinea kanye nentshonalanga ne-Indonesia. Lesi sikhumba sihlala endaweni egcina amanzi emisha nasogwini lolwandle, esixhaphozini, esiqhingini esisogwini nasogwini lwezikhukhula. Ingulule yase-Australia iyakwazi ukundiza amabanga amade ukuze ithole ukudla nokwakha indawo yokuhlala.
Curly Pelican Pelecanus crispus
Ubude bomzimba we-pelican obunjalo bufika ku-180 cm. Amaphiko kulokhu angamamitha ayi-3.5. Isisindo somuntu omdala we-pelican enjalo sifinyelela ku-9 kuye ku-14 kg. Umbala weplamu walolu hlobo lwe-pelican umhlophe kakhulu, kanti izimpaphe zezimpaphe zimnyama. Abesilisa nabesifazane banemibala efanayo.
I-curic pelican ihlala endaweni enkulu ukusuka eNhlonhlweni yeBalkan iye eMongolia nasezindaweni eziphakeme zoMfula i-Yellow. Lezo zinhlobo zezinyoni zobusika ePakistan, e-Iraq, enyakatho-nentshonalanga yeNdiya naseningizimu yeChina. Impilo yonke, lezi zinyoni zikhetha amachibi, udoti kanye nemifudlana ephansi yemifula, kanye nezindawo ezakhiwe ngotshani.
American brown pelican pelecanus occidentalis
Le pelican ibhekwa njengezinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke. Ubude bomzimba wakhe abudluli ku-140 cm, futhi isisindo sifinyelela ku-4.5 kg. Lolu hlobo lwezinyoni luhlukile kwezinye ngombala onsundu weplamu, inhloko emhlophe kanye nomqhele ophuzi.
Lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo zezidleke ogwini lwe-Atlantic kanye ne-Pacific Oceans. Ngaphakathi ezwenikazi, ama-pelicans awandiza.
I-American White Pelican pelecanus erythrorhynchos
Le nyoni enkulu, ubude bomzimba wayo ifinyelela ku-130 kuye ku-165 cm, kanti amaphiko asuka kumamitha ayi-2,4 kuya kwayi-2.9. Isisindo somzimba sikaPelican salolu hlobo angama-4.5-13,5 kg. Umbala weplamu lenyoni enjalo umhlophe, kepha izimpaphe zawo zimnyama. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, ama-pelicans anjalo anomlomo kanye nemilenze yensimbi ekhanyayo ye-orange.
Lenhlobo yezinyoni itholakala eNyakatho Melika, e-United States naseCanada.
Indawo yokuhlala yamaPelican
Ama-pelicans ahlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Ucwaningo lwe-DNA selukhombisile ukuthi ama-pelicans angamalunga ezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:
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- Umhlaba Omdala (grey, pink and Australia),
- umthondo omkhulu omhlophe
- Umhlaba omusha (onsundu, omhlophe waseMelika nasePeru).
Ama-pelicans izinhlanzi emifuleni, amachibi, udoti kanye neziyingi. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi zidla ama-amphibians, izimfudu, ama-crustaceans, izinambuzane, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Ezinye izinhlobo zezidleke ogwini eduze nolwandle nolwandle, ezinye ziseduze namachibi amakhulu ezwekazi.
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Ama-pelicans adla nokuziphatha
Ama-pelicans abamba isisulu ngemilomo yabo, abese ekhipha amanzi ema-sacs ngaphambi kokugwinya ukudla okuphilayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-gull nama-terns bazama ukweba izinhlanzi emilonyeni yabo. Izinyoni zizingela zodwa noma ngamaqembu. Ama-pelicans angena emanzini ngejubane elikhulu, abambe inyamazane. Amanye ama-pelicans afuduka amabanga amade, amanye aphila impilo yokuhlala.
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Ama-pelicans ayizidalwa zenhlalo, akha izidleke emakoloni, kwesinye isikhathi endaweni eyodwa ama-ornithologists abala izinkulungwane zababili. Uhlobo olukhulu kunazo zonke - abelungu abakhulu, abelungu baseMelika, ama-Australia kanye nama-curic pelicans - isidleke phansi. Ama-pelicans amancane akha izidleke ezihlahleni, izihlahlana noma emadwaleni. Uhlobo ngalunye lwama-pelicans lwakha izidleke zobukhulu obuthile nobunzima.
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I-pelicans izala kanjani
Isikhathi sokuzala sama-pelicans sincike ezinhlotsheni. Ezinye izinhlobo zikhiqiza inzalo ngonyaka noma njalo eminyakeni emibili. Abanye bazalela amaqanda ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka noma unyaka wonke. Umbala weqanda le-Pelican:
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- chalky,
- zibomvu,
- luhlaza okotshani
- oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Omama abangamaPelican bazalela amaqanda ezindongeni.Inani lamaqanda lincike ezinhlotsheni, lisuka kwesinye liye kwayisithupha ngasikhathi sinye, kanti amaqanda afakwa ezinsukwini ezingama-24 kuye kwezingama-57.
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Abesilisa nabesifazane abangamaPelican ngokuhlangana bakha izidleke namaqanda aqandayo. Ubaba ukhetha indawo yokwakha isidleke, aqoqe izinti, izimpaphe, amacembe nokunye udoti, umama wakhe isidleke. Ngemuva kokuba insikazi ibekele amaqanda, ubaba nonina bayashintshana bemi phezu kwabo ngezinyawo zewebhu.
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Bobabili abazali banakekela izinkukhu, bazondle izinhlanzi. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zinakekela izingane kuze kube izinyanga eziyi-18. Ama-pelicans asemncane athatha iminyaka emi-3 kuya kwemi-5 ukufinyelela ebusheni.