Lokhu ushaka omkhulu impela, oyingxenye yomndeni we-herring. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ibizwa ngokuthi yi-bonito, enamaphiko amnyama, i-mackerel, kanye noshaka ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi uyinzalo yezinhlobo zasendulo i-Isurus hasilus, abameleli bayo abafinyelela kumamitha ayisithupha ubude futhi baba nesisindo esingamathani amathathu. Lolu hlobo loshaka lwalukhona ngesikhathi seCretaceous ngasikhathi sinye nama-plesiosaurs nama-ichthyosaurs.
Lezi zilwanyana ezidliwayo zitholakala cishe kuwo wonke amanzi olwandle olushisayo nolushisayo. Azihlali ndawo, ziwela ulwandle ngokoqobo “kude nokude”. Ngokumaka kwendabuko, ososayensi bathole ukuthi ama-mako ahlanganisa amabanga ngokuthula ukusuka ku-500 kuye ku-4,000 km.
UMark uthathwa njengeyingozi ebantwini, ngoba kungenye yezinhlobo ezinolaka kakhulu koshaka. Akaphuthi cishe noma yiziphi izisulu nokuhlasela, noma kugcwele. Imihlathi ye-Mako shark iyisikhali esibulalayo, kanti inhlanzi uqobo lwayo iba nesivinini esikhulu, ngakho-ke kubhekwa njengenye yezilwane zasolwandle eziyingozi kakhulu.
Lesi simangalo esinonya sithatha indawo “ehloniphekile” ohlwini lwabashaka abayingozi kakhulu kubantu. Ngasikhathi sinye, angaba umholi kalula, kepha imvelo yaqinisekisa ukumhlalisa emanzini avulekile, lapho amathuba okuhlangana nabantu mancane kakhulu. Kwakungathi ufisa ukulungisa lokhu kubhekwa, omunye wabashayeli bakaMark wangena emanzini asenyakatho nolwandle ngo-2003. Ezinyangeni ezintathu nje kuphela wakwazi ukuhlasela abantu abangu-15 (okungenani), wabe esehamba ngomkhumbi wangena emanzini avulekile.
Amacala amaningi okuhlaselwa kwe-mako shark kubantu abasebenza ezikebheni noma ogwini kuyaziwa. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1956, kude nasePuerto Rico, kwavela icala elijabulisayo. Omunye umdobi wendawo wakwazi ukudonsa izidakamizwa, kepha waphunyuka, waphenduka wahlasela isoka lakhe. Umhlaseli wagxumela ngqo ogwini futhi lapho wayesezama khona ukubamba indoda.
Futhi lokhu kude necala elirekhodiwe lokuziphatha kukaMark. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngenxa yalokhu kushaka akubizi ukubiza ngokungazelele emanzini futhi kubambe umuntu emi emaphethelweni esikebhe ukuze amhudule ngaphansi kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobulungiswa, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umhlaseli kwesinye isikhathi uphoqelelwa ukwenza ngale ndlela: kubhekwa njengento enhle kakhulu yokudoba imidlalo.
Abathandi bezokudoba okunjalo bayawazisa kakhulu amakesi ngekhono lakhe elingenakuqhathaniswa lokwenqaba ukubanjwa. Ngemuva kokugwinya igwegwe, lenza okungakholeki okungamamitha ayi-6 ukuphakama, libuthakathaka liphinde lidonsele umugqa wokudoba, ukuze lihlangane ngokuzumayo nomdobi bese lizama ukulenza libe yisisulu salo. Ukunqoba umphikisi onamandla kangaka kuyaziswa kakhulu. Endleleni, uHemingway wabamba ama-sharkaka amakhulu kunawo ngasikhathi sinye: izinhlanzi zakhe zazinesisindo esingama-357 kg.
Kepha lokhu kukude nomkhawulo wama-mako: ubude bomzimba besifazane bubalelwa ku-3.8 m ngesisindo esingama-570 kg. Abesilisa banciphile kancane: isisindo sabo singama-60- 135 kg, kanti ubukhulu babo akuvamile ukuba ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-3,2. Ummeleli omkhulu wezinhlobo ezinobude bomzimba ongu-4.45 m wabanjwa ogwini lwaseFrance ngo-1973. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi abasaphuthumi ukumnikeza intende, ngoba emuva kweminyaka engama-50s, isibhamu sikaMark sabanjwa sikhulu ngobukhulu: sahlulela isithombe, ubude baso babungama-5.85 m.
I-mako silhouette ithambile kancane kuzo zombili izinhlangothi futhi inezinhlayiya eziphakeme zamazinyo, "umsila" wokulinganisa nekhanda elihlanganisiwe. Umbala ucishe waba mhlophe esiswini futhi ungwevu-luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngemuva.
Isimo sonke somzimba sikufanele kahle ukunyakaza ngejubane elikhulu. Ama-makoyi abeshesha kunazo zonke izinhlobo zabaphaka. Lesi sibhukudi esingenakuqhathaniswa siyakwazi ukwenza ukweqa okuphezulu kufinyelele kumamitha ayi-6 ukuphakama!
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-mako shark kuphakathi nendawo kanye nezikole ezinkulu zemihlambi. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko i-herring, isardine, i-mackerel, i-mackerel, i-tuna. Phakathi kwamagama esidla ezinye ezivamile ezifundeni ezihlukene kukhona i-mackerel ne-herring shark, ekhombisa ngokusobala ukunambitheka kwayo. Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezibalwe ngenhla, lokhu kudla kufaka nama-squid nama-octopus, isivinini esikhulu (futhi esiyingozi kakhulu) i-handfish, ezinye oshaka, izimfudu hhayi izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kakhulu zasolwandle.
UMark ushaka wohlobo lwe-oviposition. Imibungu idla ngeqanda le-yolk namaqanda angenafile (i-intrauterine oophagia). Ku-udoti kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-30 (ngokwesilinganiso kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-18) izinsana ezisondele ku-10 cm ukuya ku-18. Usayizi we-litter uhambisana ngqo nosayizi kukamama. Ukulinganiselwa kwabesilisa nabesifazane kwabasakazi kubanjwe oshaka oshaka ogwini lwaKwaZulu-Natali kuyehluka kusuka ku-0.6: 1 kuya ku-2,5: 1 kuya ngesizini. Ngokuvamile, abesilisa bahlala unyaka wonke ngaphandle kwenkathi kusuka kuJanuwari kuya ku-Ephreli. Phakathi koshaka abayi-171, isilinganiso sabesilisa kwabesifazane sasingu-1.4: 1.
Kuzo zombili iziqephu, ukubala kuvame ukwenziwa kusukela ngasebusika kuze kube phakathi kwehlobo. Ngokokulinganisa okugudla ugu lwaKwaZulu-Natali, ukubeletha kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo (ukuphela kukaNovemba), kanti ukukhula komzimba kwenzeka ekwindla (kusuka ngoMashi kuya kuJuni). Isikhathi sokukhulelwa cishe izinyanga eziyi-15-18. Kukholakala ukuthi insikazi ayivundisi ezinyangeni eziyi-18 ngemuva kokuvela kwamawundlu, ngemuva kwalokho iphinde ikhiqize iqanda bese ilindela ukuthi iganwe. Emadodeni amadala, ukuguquguquka kwesizini ku-gonadosomatic index (isilinganiso se-gonad mass to body mass) kuyabhekwa, ebusika kuphakeme kakhulu kunokuba kusehlobo. Kwabesifazane abadala, inkomba ye-gonadosomatic ihambelana kahle nenkomba ye-hepatosomatic (isilinganiso sesibindi kanye nesisindo somzimba): kubantu abanezikhulu ezikhiqiza amaqanda, ubukhulu besibindi bukhulu.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngonyaka ka-2006 lwaphikisa imininingwane eyiphutha eyedlule mayelana nobudala nosayizi bezikhunta ezivuthiwe ezihlala eNorth Atlantic. Ngokusho kwalolu cwaningo, isikhathi sokuphila esiphakeme kunazo zonke sabhalwa kumuntu wesilisa esingu-2.60 m ubude - sineminyaka engama-29 ubudala kowesifazane abengu-3.35 m ubude - sineminyaka engama-32. Amaphesenti angama-50 abesilisa afinyelela esikhathini sokuthomba eneminyaka yobudala engama-8 ngobude obuyi-1.85 m, kuthi ama-50% abesifazane abe neminyaka eyi-18 nobude obungu-2.75 m. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngo-2009 luqinisekisile le mininingwane.
Ubudlelwano bokuziphendukela kukaswazi weMark kanye nezinye izinhlobo zesimanjemanje neziqothulayo zabasiki be-herring kuhlale kungacaci kahle. Idlozi laleli qembu cishe kwakuyi-Isurolamna inflata, eyayiphila cishe eminyakeni engama-65-55 edlule edlule futhi eyayinamazinyo amancane amancanyana anemiphetho ebushelelezi namazinyo amabili alandelana. Kuwo lo mndeni, bekunomkhuba wokukhulisa amazinyo ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo, kanye nokwenza kahle futhi kwandise ububanzi bawo obulinganayo, obuphawula inguquko kusuka emsebenzini wokubamba wamazinyo kuya ekusikeni nasekuqhekekeni. Ngokuphambene nalesi simo, amazinyo oshaka akahlanganisiwe.
Ngo-2012, abacwaningi abavela eYunivesithi yaseFlorida bashicilela incazelo yemihlathi namazinyo kashaka wefosili uCarcharodon hubbelliruen. Lolu hlobo lubonwa njengefomu lesikhashana phakathi kwama-mako shark noshaka omhlophe. La mafosili atholakala emuva ngo-1988 kwiPisco Formation ePeru, iminyaka yawo ilinganiselwa eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-6.5.
Kuze kube manje, indlela ayikaze yakhelwe ukuqukatha noshaka abathunjiwe. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-pelagic oshaka abazame ukulugcina bekudingisiwe, uMakoko oshaka banamathemba amabi kakhulu, ngisho nokuqhathaniswa noshaka abade, abampunga okwesibhakabhaka nabamhlophe, okunzima kakhulu nokugcina bekudingiselwa. Ushaka omude kunabo bonke (izinsuku ezi-5) waleli hlobo wayehlala e-aquarium eNew Jersey. Kulokhu, njengakuyo yonke imizamo, isilwane sangena kwi-aquarium sisesimweni esihle, kodwa ngokushesha saqala ukushaya odongeni, senqaba ukudla, sabuthaka ngokushesha futhi safa.
Umhlaseli lo unabangani abambalwa. Ungamaka abahlanza inhlanzi, abanamathela nabashayeli bezindiza. Eyokuqala isiza bonke abahlaseli ukuba basuse izimuncagazi ezahlukahlukene ezinamathela emithanjeni futhi zidle emithini yesikhumba. Ngokuqondene nezitha, ama-mako cishe akanazo. Ushaka uzama ukugwema kuphela abazala bakhe abakhulu nezinhlanzi ezifunda esikoleni. Isibonelo, uma ihlengethwa ngokwalo lingaba yisisulu salo, umhlambi wazo uyakwazi ukuxosha umdlwenguli endaweni yalo.
Ukubanjwa ngenhloso kwale nhlanzi akuqhutshwa, kwesinye isikhathi nayo ibanjwa inetha, ijahe inyamazane. Kodwa-ke, inyama enambitheka ye-mako iyaphawulwa. Lo shark, njengazo zonke izinhlobo ze-herring, kufanelekile ukudla. Kepha ezinye izitho zangaphakathi nezikhumba zazo zibalulekile. Isibindi salomhlaseli siyisibiliboco.
Usizi olwesabeka kakhulu lapho uMark Mako shaye iqhaza khona, isithombe sakho esingabonakala kule ndaba, senzeke ngasogwini lwase-Australia maphakathi nekhulu lama-20. Abadobi abane badubula ngokuthula esikebheni esikhulu. Ngokuphazima kweso kwahlasela inqwaba yamakhasethi. Abantu bazamile ukubhukuda ogwini, kodwa omunye umzingeli wagibela ngasohlangothini lwesikebhe kanti abadobi basemanzini. Munye kuphela okwazile ukufika ngokuphepha, abanye badwengulwa badliwe ngamakhosi anegazi.
UMark ubamba iqhaza elikhulu kwezinganekwane nempilo yansuku zonke yezizwe zase-Oceania. Igama lalaba bantu abahlaselayo livela olimini lwabantu abahlala eNew Zealand, amaMaori. Kwelinye lamabhayidi endawo, igama elithi "mako" lisho noma yimuphi ushaka. Kwezinye izilimi zasePolynesia, igama elifanayo lizwakala lifana ncamashi - umango, mao, njll. Ngakho-ke, kwesinye isikhathi kunzima kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi kungumbuzo wama-mako noma oshaka bebonke.
Noma kunjalo, imininingwane ethile imane ingahlobene nezinye izidalwa. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye iziqhingi imihlatshelo eyinqaba yamukelwa. Umdobi kufanele anikeze oshaka. Uma engakwenzi lokho, khona-ke ababhulayo ngokuqinisekile bazophindisela. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngisho nabamhlophe abambalwa kulezo zingxenye baba ngofakazi bamacala lapho izilo ezazithukuthele zahlasela amakhehla, "zithatha" abomdabu ngqo ebhodini. Lokhu kuziphatha kunesici esikhulu sama-mako.
Ngasikhathi sinye, akunakushiwo ukuthi laba oshaka babangela ukwethuka okungcwele phakathi kwamaPolynesia. Ezinye izizwe zizingela ngempumelelo. Ngasikhathi sinye, abomdabu kwesinye isikhathi basebenzisa izindlela ezikhethekile ukuze bangalimazi izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zomzimba womhlaseli ngokubona kwabo.
Ngakho-ke, amazinyo angaphambili egobekile ama-mako, asetshenziselwa ukwenza ubucwebe, abhekwa njengabaluleke kakhulu. Ngenhloso yesisulu sazo, ama-daredevils abamba oshaka kuma-loops akhethekile. Uma usebenzisa i-hook yendabuko ngethiythi, khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi amazinyo ayigugu avele aphule.
Ukubukeka
Ngobude, imvamisa le nhlanzi eyingozi ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-3,2, kuyilapho inesisindo esingu-260-280 kg. Kepha esikhathini esiningi kutholakala abantu abanobude bamamitha amane nesisindo esingu-450-520 kg. Izinsikazi zinobukhulu obukhulu kunabesilisa. Isampilo ende kunazo zonke yabanjwa ngonyaka we-1973 eduze nogu oluseningizimu yeFrance. Isisindo somhlaseli kwakuyi-1 ton, ubude - amamitha angu-4,45. Abukho ubufakazi bokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezinkulu.
UMark Shark
Umzimba we-mako shark yi-cylindrical. Ngaphezulu kwesikhumba kunombala onsomi omnyama, isisu simhlophe. Ngokukhula, umbala koshaka umnyama. I-muzzle inesimo esikhonjisiwe futhi ubude, ingxenyeni engezansi imhlophe. Izinhlanzi ezincane zinendawo emnyama ehlukile ekugcineni kwesifaniso, esinyamalala ngobudala. Unamehlo amakhulu. I-anterior dorsal fin inkulu, i-poster yangaphandle incane, ne-pectoral fin iphakathi. Ukwakheka kwe-caudal fin kufana ne-crescent ene-lobes elinganayo ephansi nangaphezulu. Inamazinyo abukhali agobile abonakala ngisho nalapho umlomo woshaka uvaliwe.
Ukuzala
UMark shark yinhlanzi ethwala bukhoma. Ukuthomba kwenzeka ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-2,7 kwabesifazane kanye namamitha ayi-1,9 emadodeni. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa siyizinyanga eziyi-15. Umsoco wemibungu amaqanda angenazithelo asesibelethweni. Ukusuka ku-4 kuya ku-18 grey kuzalwa, ubude bawo bungama-70 cm. Ukuzalela okulandelayo kwenzeka ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-1.5-2.
Ukuziphatha Nempilo
Ukudla kwesilwane esihlaselayo kuqukethe izinhlanzi ezinkulu - i-mackerel, tuna, isfishfish. I -fishfish ingaba nobude obungafika kumamitha amathathu nesisindo esifinyelela kuma-600 kg futhi ingaqhathaniswa ngosayizi noshaka uqobo. Uzama ukulwa ne-mako, kepha cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi uyihlule, unamandla amakhulu namandla.
Amazinyo oshaka akhula yonke impilo yabo, avuselelwa njalo.
UMark uhlasela esuka ngezansi alume eduze ne-caudal fin, njengoba kulapho i-vertebrae yokugcina nokuhlangana okuyinhloko kutholakala khona. Lokhu kukhubaza isisulu, kumenze angakwazi ukusiza.
Amanye oshaka namahlengethwa angaba izisulu. Kepha ukudla okuyinhloko (cishe ama-70% ekudleni) yi-tuna - enye yezinhlanzi ezisheshayo, isivinini sayo esingafinyelela ku-70 km / h. Kepha uMark shark ubamba naye futhi futhi uqinisekisa idatha yakhe yejubane elihle kakhulu.
Ubudlelwano nomuntu
Njengoba umhlaseli ehlala olwandle oluvulekile, ukuhlaselwa umuntu oseduze nasogwini kuyindathane. Eminyakeni engama-30 edlule, kubikwe ukuthi kuhlaswe ama-42, ayi-8 kuwo abulalayo. Kuqoshwe nokuhlaselwa okungamashumi amabili ngezikebhe zabadobi. Lokhu kudalwe ngabadobi uqobo, ababezama ukubamba ama-mako shark noma balimaze futhi lokhu kwabangela impendulo. Le ndoda ayinandaba nale nhlanzi edla inyama ngesakhiwo sayo sezinto eziphilayo - inamathambo amaningi, kanti ushaka udinga inyama namafutha.
Ukuhlangana olwandle oluvulekile nge-poppy kuyingozi ebulalayo kubantu.
Uhlala kancane ekudingisweni, aze afike ezinsukwini ezi-5, bese efa, ngoba akadli lutho futhi buthaka ngokushesha okukhulu. Ushaka udinga ulwandle, isikhala nokuhamba ngokukhululeka, lapho ungakhombisa khona amandla namandla. UMark usohlwini lokuvikela oshaka abafudukayo. Inani labantu lisazinzile futhi alidali ukukhathazeka phakathi kochwepheshe.
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