Izindaba ezimnandi: ama-mammoths ayabuya isinyathelo esisodwa esiseduze.
Iqembu lesayensi elalihlangene kososayensi abavela emhlabeni wonke lakwazi ukuthola ngokuphumelelayo izakhi zofuzo ezimbili zalezi zikhulu zakudala ngasikhathi sinye. Ngenxa yalokhu, imininingwane etholwe yileli qembu, okokuqala, yenza umlando walezinhlobo zezilwane ucace kakhulu ngokugqamisa izindawo ezithile ezimnyama, futhi okwesibili, banikeza isizathu sokulindela ukuthi lolo suku luzofika lapho izindlovu zangaphambili ze-shaggy zizophinda zibe khona zulazula emhlabeni wethu. Futhi, njengoba ososayensi besho, lolu suku lusondele nje ekhoneni.
Ukuvuswa kwezilwane ezincelisayo sekusondele kakhulu.
Umsebenzi ojulile ocwaningweni lwe-mammoth genome, unikeza isizathu sethemba lokuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze lolu hlobo lwabameleli be-megafauna yasendulo lingabuya inani lokuphila.
Izinto zofuzo zitshele ososayensi mayelana nama-nuances ukuthi, njengoba besho, avumela ukuthi le mam mamorm mammoth, okuwukuthi, ibe ngumnikazi wejazi elide futhi nenani elikhulu lamafutha angaphansi, kanye namazinyo amakhulu. Lokhu kunikeza ososayensi uhlobo lomgwaqo, okukhombisa ngqo ukuthi yini okudingeka iguqulwe kuhlobo lwezindlovu zanamuhla zase-Asia ukuze zizenze isilwane esifana nezilwane ezincelisayo, ”kusho uHendrik Poynar, ohola i-Center for Ancient DNA, eMcMaster University.
Maduze nje, ososayensi banethemba lokubuyisa izilwane ezincelisayo.
Uzakwabo ocwaningweni lukaHarvard uGeorge Church, ngenyanga nje edlule, waze waphumelela ngempumelelo nangokubhala nge-DNA yezindlovu nezilwane ezincelisayo. Ngeshwa, amaphephabhuku esayensi awakabi nawo umbiko ngomsebenzi wawo. Ngokusobala lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinhloso ezibekwe nguGeorge azisondelezi ekugcwalisekeni, kepha kukhona inqubekelaphambili ebonakalayo, futhi unikeza amandla nomdlandla kwabanye ababambiqhaza kuphrojekthi ukubuyisa isimame semvelo.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi "izilwane ezincelisayo" zaseRussia ezimbili zaba yinto abacwaningi. Enye yazo yazulazula nge-Wrangel Island cishe eminyakeni engama-4300 edlule, kanti enye yona yatholakala e-Eastern Siberia eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane ngaphambili. I-permafrost yalezi zindawo yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukulondolozwa kwezinto zofuzo ezicutshini zazo zombili izilwane ezibandayo, okwanele ocwaningweni lwesayensi, okunikeze incazelo efanelekile yeminyaka eyikhulu yokugcina yokuba khona kwalezi zilwane.
Izimbangela eziqondile zokuqothulwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo ziyasungulwa.
Njengoba kwaziwa, ngaphambi nje kokuba isibalo sezinyamazane ekugcineni sife, sathola inkontileka ngokuqinile, okwaholela ekwaziseni - ukuzala kabusha ngokusebenzisa iziphambano ezihlobene kakhulu. Kunoma ikuphi, izazi ze-paleontologists zithole iminonjana ebonakalayo yalezi zelamani eziphoqelelwe, ezibonakalayo ebonakalayo kuhlobo lwe-mammoths.
Ngokusho kukaThando Dallen ovela eMnyuziyamu weZemvelo Museum waseSweden, ukwahlulela ngofuzo, lezi zimamonyoni ezazihlala e-Wrangel Island zazikhona njengeqembu elincane lesiqhingi cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezinhlanu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, zalahlekelwa ukuhlukahluka kofuzo.
Kepha iDNA yalezi zilwane zombili igcine ubufakazi bokunye ukwehla okuxakile kwesibalo sezilwane ezincelisayo, ezenzeka eminyakeni engama-250 kuye kwangama-300 edlule. Isizathu salokhu kuqothuka akukakacaci ngokungenanjongo, noma kunjalo, kuhlale kuqinisekile ukuthi, ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kofuzo okutholakele, amammoth awakwazanga ukusinda ekuqaleni kwenkathi yeqhwa.
Ngabe iDNA ithole usizo lokubuyisa izilwane ezincelisayo emhlabeni wethu?
Umsebenzi wokuthola i-mammoth genome, ngokusho kososayensi, wawunjengomsebenzi owenziwe ngokwesayensi. Njengomthetho, i-DNA yezilwane eziye zafa zihlukaniswe kakhulu futhi zingcoliswa nezinto zofuzo zezinye izilwane. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukuze bakwazi ukuthola, ukwahlukanisa, ukubuyisela, nokuqonda ukulandelana kwezakhi zalezi zilwane ezimbili zezinja, izazi zezakhi zofuzo kwakudingeka zibuze wonke amandla azo ukusiza. Njengoba i-Love Dallen iphawulile, "ukulandela izakhi zofuzo zezilwane ezake zaqothuka ngeke kunikeze ithuba hhayi nje kuphela lokuqonda kangcono umlando wabo, kodwa futhi kunikeze nemininingwane yokuthi kungani izinhlobo ezithile zezilwane zifa ngokuphelele."
Amathambo omumbu.
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Isiphephelo sokugcina sezilwane ezincelisayo
Enye yezindawo ezinkulu zokungcwaba izinyamazane zitholakala esifundeni saseNovosibirsk endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi yiWolf Mane. Kuyingcebo yangempela yezazi ze-paleontologists - ukuqoqwa kwezinsalela kukhulu lapha. Ukwembiwa kokuqala kwaqalwa maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kepha kuze kube manje iWolf Mane ifakiwe ezindabeni zezindaba ngemuva kokuphuma okuningana lapho kososayensi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi esizeni esilinganisa umuntu ngamakhilomitha ayisishiyagalombili, amathambo ezilwane ezincelisayo eziyizinkulungwane eziyinkulungwane ayaphumula. Ngisho nomuzi oseduze kwaleyo ndawo wabizwa ngokuthi iMamontov.
NgoSepthemba 22, umhlaba wasakaza izindaba ezatholwa ososayensi kuVolchiev Mane enye futhi isekhona ngokuqoshwa irekhodi: kuze kufinyelele ku-100 okutholakale imitha ngayinye. USergei Leshchinsky, inhloko ye-Mesozoic kanye neCenozoic laborator ecosystem e-TSU, nehlanganyele kulokhu kucubungula, uchaza lokhu kuhlangana kanye nezibalo ezijwayelekile: lapho izilwane zitholakala khona isikhathi eside kakhulu, zinamathuba amaningi okufa.
Ngokusho kukaLeshchinsky, izilwane ezincelisayo zakhangwa eWolf Mane ngenqwaba yamaminerali anezinto ezibalulekile zamakhemikhali. "Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, amashumi noma amakhulu abantu aphuthume khona ngasikhathi sinye," kusho yena. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iWolf Mane mhlawumbe iyisiphephelo sokugcina sezilwane ezincelisayo ezwekazini lase-Asia. Ososayensi beTomsk banenguqulo yabo yokuthi kungani lezi zimidondoshiya ezinamandla zaphela.
Imfumbe yokuqothulwa
Kunemibono emibili eyinhloko imbangela yokuqothulwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Okokuqala ukuthi banyamalala ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okusheshayo. Elesibili ligxeka abantu bokuqala ababeke izinyamazane ngokubulawa kohlanga. Ngamunye wabo unamaphutha. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-mammoths abekhona amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka, asinde iminyaka engaphezulu kweyodwa yeqhwa nokushisa okungaphezu kokukodwa. Ukopha kwegazi labantu nakho akunqobeki ukugxekwa: ezindaweni eziningi, izilwane ezincelisayo zaqala ukufelwa ngisho nangaphambi kokubonakala komuntu lapho.
HLOLA KULO TOPIC:
"Manje lo mbono engihlongoza ukuthi uthandwe usuqala ukuthandwa - lo ngumqondo ophansi we-geochemical," kusho uLeshchinsky.
Ngokwokucabanga kwakhe, ukuqothulwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo kube nomthelela ekubulawa yindlala kwamaminerali. Lokhu kufakazelwa yisihambi sezilwane ezincelisayo eziya eWolf Mane - lezo zilwane ezathola imbandezelo yezemvelo ziphuthume lapho.
Usosayensi waseTomsk akazange akhiphe umthetho wokuthi isimo sanamuhla singase sivumelane nezilwane ezincelisayo. Kepha waveza ukungabaza ngomqondo wokuvuselelwa kwabo. "Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu akunangqondo - imvelo ibasusile ezincwadini zabo, kungani beyibuyisela yonke," kuchaza uLeshchinsky. Kodwa-ke, akubona bonke ososayensi abanombono onjengalo.
Likhona ithemba
Abaphenyi baseRussia abavela eNortheastern Federal University basebenza ngenkinga yokuvuselelwa kwezimungumungwane ngokubambisana nabalingani baseNingizimu Korea, kusho uSemyon Grigoryev, nozakwabo abaphezulu e-University of Mammoth Laboratory kule Nyuvesi.
“Ukube besinokungabaza ngeselelo lokuvuselelwa kwale mamam, khona-ke mhlawumbe besingeke sichithe isikhathi. Ngokwe-theory, kungenzeka ukuthi siguqise imamony, ”kusho uGrigoryev. Uthe, yonke inkinga ukuthola iseli ephilayo - ukusuka ekuhlaleni isikhathi eside e-permafrost, i-DNA ihlukana ibe yizingxenye ezihlukile ezingafanele ukubumbana.
"Siyethemba ukuthi ezigidini zamaseli, okungenani kuyagcinwa iseli elilodwa elisebenzayo, esizokwazi ukwanda ukuze sisebenzise i-nuclei," usosayensi waseYakutsk wabelana. Abavubukuli bathole i-jeans eneminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha
Uma ibhizinisi liphumelele, umongo onjalo uzokwethulwa eqandeni lendlovu, kulandelwe ukufakwa kwendlovu esibelethweni. Futhi emcabangweni, ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-22, kuzalwe izimbumbulu eziyikhulu.
Kukhona enye indlela - yokutadisha ngokuphelele i-DNA yesibumbu ukuze kwenziwe izinguquko ezihambisanayo ku-DNA yesihlobo sayo esiseduze kakhulu - indlovu yaseNdiya. Isayensi yezakhi zofuzo yaseMelika uGeorge Church ubandakanyeke ngqo kulokhu kuqondiswa.
Indlovu ephumela ngokushintshwa izakhi zofuzo ngeke yehluke kakhulu kumam mam, kepha amanye amaphutha akunakwenzeka ukuthi angagwemeka, kusho uGrigoryev, ngoba amashumi ezinkulungwane zezinguquko azodinga ukwenziwa kuhlobo lwendlovu.
Kungani iRussia idinga “izindlovu” zayo
Kodwa-ke, izilwane ezincelisayo ezifana "nokwenziwe" zizokwazi ukuletha izinzuzo eziningi, ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi uNikita Zimov, inhloko yesifunda esiyingqayizivele - iPleistocene Park enyakatho-mpumalanga yeYakutia. "Uma engahlala epaki lethu, adle utshani, aphile ebusika, kodwa aqhakaze izihlahla, angisadingi okuningi," kusho lochwepheshe. Ubuye futhi waphawula umsebenzi weSonto futhi waphakamisa ukuthi "izidalwa ezinoboya" zizovela eminyakeni eyi-10 kuya ku-10.
Abadali be- “Pleistocene Park” bazama ukuphinda basebenzise i-ecosystem ye “mammoth tundra-steppes”, oku-oda yemvelo lobukhulu elikhiqiza kakhulu kune-tundra. Manje izilwane zasenkathi yezilwane ezincelisayo zihlala lapho - ama-reindeer, ama-moose, ama-musk ox, kanye ne-bison axazululwa esikhundleni se-bison, futhi kungakapheli amashumi amabili eminyaka sebeyishintshe kakhulu indawo yabo yokuhlala. Thola imbangela yangempela yokushona kweMayans yasendulo
Abadali bahlela ukugcwala epaki nabazidlayo - Amabhubesi aseCape anensimbi emnyama ephenduka uboya esiswini sawo - inzalo yawo igcinwe eNovosibirsk Zoo. Ngokusho kukaZimov, uma liphumelele, iSonto lihlela nokuxazulula izimbaza zalo ePleistocene Park.
AmaMammoth azoba nomthelela omkhulu ekubuyiselweni kwesimo sangaphambili esicebile semvelo. “Manje insimu enkulu yeNyakatho ekude empeleni, iyihlane elingasho lutho. Ukubuyiselwa kwe-mammoth tundra steppes kuyisabelo esikhulu kubantu bendawo nezwe lonke, "kuphetha uZimov.
Ngesikhathi semamonys, lo mhlaba wawondla izigidi zamakhambi, hhayi ongaphansi kwe-savannahs yase-Afrika.
UZimov uzwakalise ukwethemba ukuthi ama-mammoths angaba khona ezimeni zesimanje kulo lonke elaseSiberia, ngoba phambilini atholakala e-Eurasia esuka eSpain ayiswa eChina futhi asuka esifundeni saseNovosibirsk aya e-Arctic Ocean. Bazokwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezidingo zokudla, futhi ezimweni ezithile bangahlukunyezwa emasimini epulazi. "Uma wethula izimbaza ezinsimini kakolweni, uzokujabulela ukuyiqhuba, futhi kuzoba mnandi," kusho uchwepheshe.
Kodwa noma ngabe imizamo yesayensi ingekho umqhele empumelelweni, ukusebenza ukuvuselelwa kwezimamondi kusazoqhubeka nokukhokhelwa, kusho uSemyon Grigoriev. “Lokhu kuzosiza ekwakheni obunye ubuchwepheshe obuzosindisa izinhlobo ezisengozini zokuphila kwezilwane eziphilayo,” echaza. Futhi izilwane ezincelisayo, ngokusho kwakhe, noma sesifile, sezivele zisiza ekusindiseni izindlovu - ngenxa yamashumi amathani ama-mammoth tusks ancishisiwe, isidingo sezindlovu zezindlovu siyancishiswa, futhi lokhu kunomthelela ekusindeni kwazo.