Inhlanzi eyimpumputhe noma iMexico Astianax (lat. Astyanax mexicanus) inezindlela ezimbili, ezejwayelekile nezimpumputhe, ezihlala emihumeni. Futhi, uma kuyaqabukela ungakuboni okujwayelekile kuma-aquariums, kepha izimpumputhe zithandwa kakhulu.
Phakathi kwalezinhlanzi kunesikhathi seminyaka eyizi-10 000, okususe amehlo kanye nobuningi bezimbotshana ezinhlanzini.
Ihlala emihumeni lapho kungekho ukufinyelela ukukhanya, le nhlanzi iye yathuthukisa umuzwa omangalisayo womugqa we-lateral, ivumela ukuba idlule ngokunyakaza okuncane kwamanzi.
AmaFry anamehlo, kepha njengoba ekhula, akhula ngesikhumba bese izinhlanzi ziqala ukugxila kulayini oseceleni nokunambitha imiqumbe esekhanda.
Ukuphila endalweni
Uhlobo olungenamehlo luhlala eMexico kuphela, kepha eqinisweni le nhlobo isabalele kulo lonke elaseMelika, kusukela eTexas naseNew Mexico iya eGuatemala.
I-tetra ejwayelekile yaseMexico ihlala eduze kwamanzi futhi itholakala cishe kunoma yimuphi umzimba wamanzi, ukusuka emifudlaneni kuya kumachibi namachibi.
Izinhlanzi eziyimpumputhe zihlala kuphela emihumeni naphansi komhlaba.
Incazelo
Usayizi omkhulu wale nhlanzi ungamasentimitha ayi-12, ukwakheka komzimba kujwayelekile kukho konke i-haracinovye, umbala kuphela ophaphathekile futhi ongathandeki.
Izinhlanzi zomgede zihlukaniswa ngokungatholakali ngokuphelele kombala nemibala, lokhu kungama-albino angenawo amabala, umzimba upinki.
Njengoba uyimpumputhe, le tetra ayidingi mhlobiso okhethekile noma indawo yokuhlala futhi itholakala ngempumelelo ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamamachiyitha amanzi ahlanzekile.
Azilimazi izitshalo, kodwa, ngokwemvelo, endaweni yemvelo yalezi zinhlanzi, izitshalo zimane nje azikho.
Bazobukeka bemvelo ngangokunokwenzeka e-aquarium ngaphandle kwezitshalo, ngamatshe amakhulu emaphethelweni namatshe amancane enkabeni nasemhlabathini omnyama. Ukukhanya kukhanya, mhlawumbe ngamalambu abomvu noma aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Izinhlanzi zisebenzisa umugqa wazo we-lateral ukuze zijwayeze esikhaleni, futhi iqiniso lokuthi zizokhubeka ezintweni azifanele ukwesaba.
Kodwa-ke, lesi akusona isizathu sokuvimba i-aquarium ngokuhlobisa, shiya isikhala samahhala esanele sokubhukuda.
I-aquarium enomthamo wamalitha angama-200 nangaphezulu, enamazinga okushisa amanzi angama-20 - 25 ° C, pH: 6.5 - 8.0, ubunzima be-90 - 447 ppm kuyinto efiselekayo.
Isingeniso
Umhlaba wezinhlanzi ze-aquarium uyamangaza ngokuhlukahluka kwawo kanye nezinhlobo zawo. Isibonelo salokho okuxakile yi-Astianax Mexicoan. NgesiLatini, igama lezinhlanzi lizwakala njenge-Astyanax mexicanus. Izinhlobo ezimbili zale nhlanzi ziyaziwa - ezejwayelekile nezimpumputhe (ezingenamehlo).
Phakathi kwama-aquarists, yizinhlobonhlobo zesibili ezithandwayo kakhulu. Ezincwadini zesayensi kunamagama amaningi ale nhlanzi: i-Astianax (Astyanax jordani), inhlanzi eyimpumputhe yaseMexico (Blind Mexican Tetra) noma umgede oyimpumputhe we-tetra (Blind Cave Tetras). Amafutha alezi zinhlanzi anamehlo, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi amunwa ngumzimba futhi alahlekelwe yimisebenzi yawo yokubuka.
Izinhlobo eziyimpumputhe ze-Asitianax zaseMexico zethulwa emkhakheni wezwe lethu muva nje, ngo-1960. Futhi cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva, ngonyaka we-1978, amabutho asemanzini asekhaya ayibona indlela ebonwe ngayo.
I-Asitanianax yinhlanzi encane enomzimba ophakeme futhi ocindezelwe kamuva. Ubude befomu elingaboni bungaba ngu-9 cm, ifomu lezinhlanzi elibonakalayo likhula lifinyelele kuma-12 cm. Lingahlala kuze kube yiminyaka emi-5 ezimeni ze-aquarium.
Imizimba kanye nezinduna zezinhlobo eziyimpumputhe zale nhlanzi azinalo umbala wesikhumba, zicishe zibonakale. Umzimba wale nhlanzi unombala opinki ophuzi obhalwe nge-sheen yesiliva. Amehlo abantu abadala aqiniswe ngefilimu yesikhumba eqinile, kepha izinhlanzi zigxiliwe kahle endaweni yasemanzini ngosizo lolayini oseceleni kanye nokunambitheka okukhona ekhanda.
I-Asitianaks yefomu elibonakalayo inomhlane omnyama nesisu sesiliva. Imicu emnyama ibonakala kahle emzimbeni wonke. I-Finis ku-anus ipinki ephaphathekile, emadodeni inenqaku elikhombe.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ifomu eliyimpumputhe le-Asitianax lavela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 emuva kwezinhlobo ezejwayelekile. Ngalesi sikhathi, inhlanzi kwakufanele zihlale emihumeni emnyama. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, inhlanzi yathuthukisa ukuzwela okukhulu komugqa we-lateral, ovumela izinhlanzi ukuba zizulazule zibheke lapho okukhona manje.
Ama-Asitianaxes aseMexico akathobeki neze, ngisho nesiqalo singakwazi ukukhokhela. Kepha ukuze lolu hlelo luphumelele, kufanelekile ukwazi ezinye izimiso.
Izidingo ze-Aquarium
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ama-Asithianaxes ahlala ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu noma eziphakathi zamachibi. E-aquarium, kudingeka futhi anikeze ithuba elinjalo. Ngomhlambi onamakhophi angama-5 kuya kwayi-10, kungcono ukuthenga i-aquarium enomthamo wamalitha angama-50-60. Ijamo le-aquarium lingaqondile, lingunxande, kodwa lingabi yindilinga (endaweni eyindilinga lapho kukhona indawo encane yokubhukuda). I-copressor kanye nesihlungi kumele sibekwe ku-aquarium ukugcwalisa amanzi nge-oksijini futhi kugcinwe nekhwalithi yayo.
Izinhlanzi zinamahloni, ngakho-ke i-aquarium kumele ifakwe ingilazi esembozo.
Ukuvumelana
Inhlanzi enganakekeli futhi enokuthula, eyimpumputhe yezinhlanzi zasolwandle ilungele abaqalayo, ngoba ihlangana ngokuphelele emizini ejwayelekile yasolwandle.
Kwesinye isikhathi zithinta amaphini komakhelwane ngesikhathi sokudla, kepha lokhu kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nomzamo wokubuka kunokuxinana.
Akunakubizwa ngokuthi zikanokusho futhi ziyabonakala, kepha izinhlanzi eziyizimpumputhe zibukeka zihlaba umxhwele futhi zithakazelisa esikoleni, ngakho-ke kunconyelwa ukugcina okungenani abantu abangama-4-5.
Izidingo zenhlabathi
Lezi zinhlanzi ezicishe zibe sobala zizobukeka zizuzisa ngokumelene nesizinda somhlabathi omnyama. I-aquarium ingahlotshiswa ngomhume omncane wokuhlobisa - lokhu kuzoletha izimo zokugcina izinhlanzi zisondele emvelweni. Kepha kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi inhlabathi nezinto zokuhlobisa akufanele zibe nama-angles abukhali ukuze inhlanzi eyimpumputhe ingalimali.
Umehluko phakathi kowesifazane nowesilisa
Ukuhlukumeza ngokobulili kwama-Asitianaxes aseMexico kungalandelelwa kahle. Insikazi ihlala i-plump njalo, inesisu esiyindilinga. Abantu bahlukile ngesimo se-anal fin - emadodeni ayindilinga, futhi kwabesifazane kuyaqondile. Ngaphambi kokuqhekeka, izinduna zesilisa ziba bomvu.
Ukusakazwa kwe-Asitianax
I-Asitanian yaseMexico ibhekisela ekuhlanzeni izinhlanzi. Ukuthomba kwenzeka ngonyaka owodwa emva kokuzalwa, kepha kunobufakazi bokuthi ukuzalaniswa kwezinhlanzi kungenzeka lapho eneminyaka eyi-6 izinyanga. Izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokusakazeka, owesilisa nowesifazane bahlukaniswe iziqukathi ezihlukile futhi bondliwe okunempilo okunempilo.
Ukuze zizalaniswe, umhlambi omncane we-Asitianaxes (abesilisa abathathu noma abane nowesifazane oyedwa) utshalwe e-aquarium ehlukile. Njengoba usakaza, ungasebenzisa ithangi elibanzi elinomthamo wamalitha angama-20 noma ngaphezulu. Ukugcwalisa, thatha amanzi e-aquarium ejwayelekile, eyi-1/3 ehlanjululwe ngesha futhi ixazululwe. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo elinamanzi liphakanyiswa lize lifinyelele kuma-26-27 degrees.
Ukuhlanza kuvame ukuhlala izinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu. Ngesinye isikhathi, insikazi ikhiqiza amaqanda amancane angama-500 kuye kwangama-1000 ububanzi obungu-1 mm. ICaviar ifakwa ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zamanzi, yona kanye ebusweni bayo. Amaqanda asakazeka ngokungahleliwe kuzo zonke izinkomba. Ukuze usindise i-caviar kanye nefry ekudleni ngabazali, isihlahla esivuthayo esinamaqabunga amancane sibekwa emhlabathini ovulekile. Amaqanda amancane nanamathele awela ebusweni bamanzi azonamathela emaqabungeni futhi ngeke abe inyamazane yezinhlanzi ezindala. Inethi ekhethekile ibekwa ngaphansi kokuqhekeka - ingxenye yamaqanda nayo izohlala isikhathi eside kuyo.
Ekupheleni kokukhula, abakhiqizi bezinhlanzi badluliselwa e-aquarium ejwayelekile, lapho kuqhuma khona, ingxenye yamanzi iyashintshwa futhi igcwala umoya-mpilo kusetshenziswa i-compressor. Ngemuva kosuku olulodwa noma ezimbili, kuvela izibungu emaqandeni. Ngemuva kwezinye izinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezine, izingane ziqala ukubhukuda futhi zifune ukudla. I-Asitianax inhlanzi eyimpumputhe yaseMexico inamehlo izinsuku ezingama-50 zokuqala, kepha bese idonswa yisikhumba. Ngisho nezitho zombono, i-fry aziziboni izinhlayiya zokudla ezihambayo, kepha ziyazizwa zixhumana nomzimba.
Njengokudla kokuqala kwezingane, kusetshenziswa “uthuli oluphilayo”, i-nauplii nokudla okuomile. Njengoba zikhula, gazinga zihlelwa ngosayizi ukuze abantu abakhulu bangadli ezincane.
Ukwehluka kobulili
Insikazi iyagcwala, inesisu esikhulu, esiyindilinga. Emadodeni, i-anal fin iyindilinga kancanyana, kanti kwabesifazane iqondile.
Ukuhlolwa kwe- "Pisces" kuvezwe ezinguqulweni ezi-3. Lokhu kungumsebenzi osezingeni eliphakeme, oqukethe imisebenzi ngokukhethwa kwempendulo eyodwa efanele, ukuthola umdlalo, ukunquma iqembu lawo ngokwencazelo nempendulo enemininingwane yombuzo.
Ukubuka kuqala:
Inketho yokuhlolwa "FISH" 1
1. Inhliziyo enamakamelo amabili ine
I-1) i-skullless 2) i-cartilage nezinhlanzi zamathambo 3) ama-amphibians 4) izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo
2. Yisiphi isici se-morphological ehlukanisa izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi zamathambo kusuka ku-cartilage
1) Amehlo ambozwe izinkophe 2) yangaphakathi imisele yokuqoshwa kwamatshe 3) gill ebhangqiwe ihlanganisa 4) amaphiko ezinsimbi
3. Izimpumputhe izinhlanzi zomhume zingathola ukudla ngo:
1) Ukudlidliza kwamanzi okuthwebule umugqa oseceleni,
2) Ukudlidliza kwamanzi abanjwe indlebe ephakathi,
3) isinali elivela kumaseli wezinzwa zomzimba wonke,
I-4) amasiginali we-electromagnetic abonwa ngokuqondile yi-cortex ye-cerebral hemispheres.
4. Eenhlanzini, igazi licebiswa ngomoya-mpilo ezinsizeni, ngakho-ke igazi lingena kumaseli womzimba:
1) kuxutshwe, 2) kugcwele i-carbon dioxide, 3) i-venous, 4).
5. Izimpawu ezihlukanisa inhlanzi kwamanye ama-vertebrates -
1) ukuba khona komgogodla kusuka eminyangweni eyi-3) ubuchopho obuvela eminyangweni emihlanu
3) isiyingi esibi sokujikeleza kwegazi 4) inhliziyo enamagumbi amabili
II. 1. Sungula ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu ezilwane nezimpawu zawo.
A) Kufaka nezinhlanzi zosayizi abaphakathi nabakhulu. Babonakala ngokuba khona kwe-adipose fin. Kusatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezifudumele nezasenyakatho. Izilwandle zaseMpumalanga Ekude zicebile ikakhulukazi. Ngemuva kokuhlakazeka, iningi liyafa
B) Umzimba “othambile” kakhulu futhi namaphiko amakhulu we-pectoral, afakwe enhloko, ayimpawu. Umlomo, amathumbu kanye namabili amabhulukwe ama-gill atholakala kuflethi futhi, njengomthetho, underside okhanyayo.
1V. 1. Bhala izimpawu zokuqina kwenhlanzi endaweni yasemanzini
2. Chaza inqubo yezinhlanzi ezijikelezayo
Inketho yokuhlolwa "FISH" 2
I. Khetha impendulo eyodwa efanele
1 .. Isilwane esasemanzini sinohlelo lokujikeleza oluvaliwe nenhliziyo enamagumbi amabili
1) Ingwenya yeNayile 2) ushaka ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka 3) Isikwele seDolphin 4) ufudu oluyi-Swamp
2. Ukusuka kwizinhlanzi zenhlanzi ezitsheni zigeleza:
I-1) igazi le-venous, 2) igazi ele-arterial, 3) hemolymph, 4) igazi elixubekile.
3. Akukho bladder yokubhukuda ku:
1) oshaka, 2) ama-stingrays, 3) ama-chimera, 4) konke lokhu.
4. Umgogodla wezinhlanzi uhlukaniswe iminyango elandelayo:
1) isiqu nomsila, 2) isibeletho, isiqu nomsila,
I-3) i-cervical, thoracic, sacral ne-caudal, 4) akukho ukuhlukaniswa kube yiminyango.
5. Ukuqondisa namandla wamanje, ukujula kokuntywiliselwa kwezinhlanzi kuzizwa
1) umthambo wokubeletha 2) intambo yomgogodla 3) umugqa we-lateral 4) isinye
II. Setha ukuvumelana phakathi kwendlela yezinhlanzi nesigaba saso.
2. Setha ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-oda ezinhlanzi nezinhlobo zawo
I-III. Bhala igama leqembu lezinhlanzi njengoba kuchaziwe
A) Amathambo we-bone-cartilaginous. Kukhona imisindo eqhubekayo empilweni yonke. Imigqa emi-5 yamapulangwe amathambo (izimbungulu) etholakala edwaleni nasezinhlangothini. Ukuntuleka kwemizimba ye-vertebral
i-Kuvunguza yamathumbu we-spiral, isigaxa se-arterial enhliziyweni.
B) Umzimba ophakeme, ocindezelwe kancane ukusuka ezinhlangothini. Umbala umnyama ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okotshani, isisu simhlophe nge-tint yesiliva. Amaphinana abhangqiwe futhi angaphekiwe athambile. Ulayini wecala awubonakali
1V. 1. Bhala inani lohlaka lwenhlanzi
2. chaza inqubo yezinhlanzi zokugaya ukudla
Inketho yokuhlolwa "FISH" 3
I. Khetha impendulo eyodwa efanele
1. Ngenkambiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umgogodla wavela okokuqala
1. lancelet 2) arthropods 3) ama-amphibians 4) izinhlanzi
2. Izilwane ezinamathambo noma amathambo e-bone-cartilaginous
1) izinhlanzi zamathambo 2) ama-amphibians 3) izinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous 4) i-lancelet
3 .. Yiziphi izici ezingafani nenhlangano yalezi zinhlanzi ezinemisipha ye-carp ezingabhekwa njengokhokho bazo bezilwane eziphakeme emhlabeni?
1) isikali emzimbeni, ukuba khona kwamaphiko, 2) ukwakheka kwamaphaphu, ukwakheka okhethekile kwamaphini,
I-3) ukwakheka komzimba okwenziwe kahle, izitho zomzimba ezithuthukisiwe, 4) ukuphefumula ngosizo lwama-gill, ukuqagela.
4. I-perch ine:
1) indlebe yangaphandle, ephakathi nengaphakathi, 2) indlebe ephakathi nengaphakathi,
3) kuphela indlebe yangaphakathi; 4) azikho izitho zokuzwa ezikhethekile.
5. Enye yezimpawu ezivumela izinhlanzi ukuthi zichithe amandla amancane ukunqoba ukumelana kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokunyakaza
1) umbala wokuvikela 2) ukuhleleka okufana nezikali
3) umugqa we-lateral 4) umuzwa wokuhogela
II. Setha ukuvumelana phakathi kwezimpawu zezilwane nezigaba lapho lezi zimpawu zimpawu khona.
Setha ukuvumelana phakathi kwama-oda ezinhlanzi nezinhlobo zawo
I-III. Bhala igama leqembu lezinhlanzi njengoba kuchaziwe
A) Ukuphuma kwe-vertebrae yangaphambili kuxhuma isigaxa sokubhukuda endlebeni yangaphakathi - izixhobo ze-weber Kukhona amazinyo we-pharyngeal emathanjeni aphansi we-pharyngeal. Akunasisu, ukudla okuvela esophagus kungena ngokushesha emathunjini amade
B) Iqembu lasendulo lezinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile. Iningi lamathambo lihlala li-cartilaginous. I-chord igciniwe. Ukuba khona ngaphandle kokuphefumula gill kanye pulmonary.
IV. 1 chaza ukwakheka nomsebenzi wesibambo sokubhukuda
2. chaza inqubo yezinhlanzi
Izinhlanzi zomhume ezingaboni
Ngo-1936, umhloli wamazwe uSalvadoro Corona wathola inhlanzi yokuqala yomhume eyimpumputhe emihumeni yaseMexico. Bathunyelwa ngokushesha kusosayensi wase-United States uS.V. UJordani, ochaze futhi wanikeza igama lesayensi kulezi zinhlanzi ezingafani nalutho, ngu-Anoptichthys jordani ovela emndenini we-haracin. Isikhumba se -optyctum asinombala futhi asinayo imibala, ngakho-ke le nhlanzi inombala opinki, ngenxa yegazi elibomvu elijikelezayo elibonakala esikhunjeni. Amehlo weJopticht Jordan ancishisiwe ngokuphelele futhi ambozwe ingxenye yesikhumba. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, i-anoptycht ifakwe kahle endaweni yamanzi emigedeni emnyama, ngenxa yezitho ezakhiwe kahle zomugqa we-lateral.
Ngo-1942, uhambo olwaluhlelwe ngokukhethekile ngabathengisi abangenamehlo alwazanga ukubamba lezi zinhlanzi kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuthola inzalo ezinhlanzini ezibanjiwe.
Iminyaka yahamba, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi cishe izinhlobo ezingama-50 zezinhlanzi zomhume ezingaboni ziye zatholakala emanzini emhumeni emhlabeni wonke. Bebehluke kakhulu, njengoba bengamalungu emindeni eyi-12 kuma-oda ayi-6. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlanzi zomhume ezingabamehlo abangaboni kanye ne-pimelodovy, i-clariy, i-brotulovy ne-feline catfish zihlala eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika. E-Afrika, abahlali basemhumeni abayizimpumputhe abatholakala emifuleni yomhume bangabameleli beVandellove, i-proboscis kanye namazolo, eJapan naseMadagascar bayizihlobo zamakhebuli, futhi emihumeni ye-Asia Ephakathi kanye ne-Iran engomakhelwane, abahlali basemhumeni abavela emalokini nasema-cyprinid. E-Australia, inhlanzi yokuqala eyimpumputhe yatholakala ngo-1945 yathola igama elithi "impumputhe."
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi ezihlala emanzini asemgedeni angaphansi komhlaba, njengepoptichthys, azinombala, futhi amehlo azo ancishiswa kwelinye izinga noma elinye, ngoba amehlo awasebenzi ebumnyameni bemigede, kepha umuzwa wazo wokuhogela, ukunambitha nokuthinta uthuthuke kahle, njengesinxephezelo ngombono olahlekile .
Inhlanzi eyimpumputhe yase-Australia uGideon (Milyeringa veritas) iyinhlanzi encane yasemgedeni enobude obungadluli ku-5 cm. Inomzimba omhlophe we-semitransparent, ongenawo ama-pigment esikhunjeni. UGideon inhlanzi eyimpumputhe ayinamehlo ngokuphelele. Ikhanda lezinhlanzi alinaso isikali, kodwa lihlotshiswe ngemigqa ecocekile yepapillae ebucayi. Injongo yabo ukunquma ingcindezi yamanzi. Uhlelo lwe-papillae ebucayi yilesi simiso sezinzwa esithuthukiswe kahle esivumela le nhlanzi eyimpumputhe ukuba ingene emanzini amnyama isikhala emigedeni, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, inqume indawo yezisulu ezingaba izisulu, engebona abaningi kakhulu emhumeni amanzi anqabile ezilwaneni.
Akukaze kuphele isikhathi esingakanani njengoba bekuchazwa le nhlanzi eyimpumputhe yasekuqaleni, uGideon, futhi isivele itholakala endaweni enkulu emigedeni yase-Australia: eNyakatho Ntshonalanga Wales nasenyakatho yeBarrow Island. Le nhlanzi eyimpumputhe ihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokuhlala: echibini elincanyana emadwaleni, emihumeni evulekile engajulile, emigodini ejulile emadwaleni, emigodini yakudala nasemigedeni engaphakathi ejulile.Kwavela ukuthi inhlanzi eyimpumputhe uGideon ingaphila zombili emihumeni ibanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-4,3 ukusuka ezindaweni ezikhanyisiwe, nasolwandle oluvulekile ngasogwini.
Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngesayensi yezinto eziyimpumputhe uGideon. Ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe esiswini kwalaba bantu abanesizotha kubonisa ukuthi babamba ngokungafanele, noma kunalokho bacosha emanzini omhlaba we-invertebrates yasemhlabeni awela ngengozi emanzini emihumeni. Lezi izintuthwane, futhi ama-isopods omhlaba ama-crustaceans (anjengezintwala zokhuni), amaphuphu nezinye izinambuzane. Ngaphezu kokuzingela nje, amaGidons abamba ngentshiseko ukubopha imfanzi yasemanzini eyimpumputhe evela emndenini wakwa-Atrydae, ehlala emanzini athile emhumeni. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka okunjalo okuhlukahlukene kokudla kwabo kuyimpawu yamaGideon ahlala eduze nokuphuma emihumeni, futhi izindawo ezinjalo zenza kuphela i-1% yendawo yonke yezinhlanzi eziyimpumputhe. Futhi isisekelo sokudla kwamaGidiyoni ahlala emihumeni ejulile icishe ibe yisiphofu ngokuphelele.
Inhlanzi eyimpumputhe kaGideon, kanye nezinkozi zomhume ezingaboni (i-Ophisternonrelium), ukuphela kwezidalwa ezihlasela umhume ezihlala e-Australia. Emanzini emihumeni, uGideon oyimpumputhe ubhukuda ngokukhululekile noma ngaphezulu noma ekujuleni, okungekho sici esijulisayo sabazingeli abasebenzayo.
Manje le nhlanzi eyimpumputhe izizwa kahle emanzini emihumeni etholakala esifundeni seCape Range National Park. Kodwa-ke, amasistimu wamanzi womhume ayizinhlelo ezivulekile, futhi ushintsho kumanani wamaminerali noma e-organic emanzini azungezile nawo athinta izidumbu zomhume. Ngakho-ke, ukubheka kuphela amanzi asemhlabathini kanye nosawoti wawo kuzosiza ososayensi bahlaziye ebudlelwaneni obuyinkimbinkimbi bezilwane zasemhumeni wase-Australia, enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okuyinhlanzi eyimpumputhe uGideon.
UGideon Cave luhlobo oluvikelwe futhi lubhalwe ohlwini lwezilwane zase-Australia ezingajwayelekile nezisengozini.
Khetha impendulo eyodwa efanele.
1. Inhliziyo enamakamelo amabili ine
I-1) i-skullless 2) i-cartilaginous ne-bone fish
3) ama-amphibians 4) izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo
2. Isistimu ejikelezayo yokujikeleza kwenhliziyo enamakamelo amabili inezilwane zasemanzini
1) Ingwenya yeNayile 2) ushaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
I-3) i-squphrel 4) i-swamp turtle
3. Yisiphi isici se-morphological ehlukanisa izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi zamathambo kusuka ku-cartilage
1) Amehlo ambozwe izinkophe 2) imisele yangaphandle yokucwaninga
I-3) gill ebhangqiwe ihlanganisa i-4) amaphiko we-dorsal
4. Ngenkambiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umgogodla wavela okokuqala
1) lancelet 2) arthropods 3) ama-amphibians 4) izinhlanzi
5. Izilwane ezinamathambo noma amathambo e-bone-cartilaginous, gill enesembozo se-gill, zihlanganiswe ekilasini 1) izinhlanzi zamathambo 2) ama-amphibians 3) izinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous 4) lancelet
6. Yiziphi izinto ezingafani nenhlangano yezinhlanzi ezihamba ngamabhulashi ezenza ukuthi zikwazi ukubheka njengokhokho bezilwane ezihlala emhlabeni?
1) isikali emzimbeni, ukuba khona kwamaphiko,
2) ukwakhiwa kwamaphaphu, isakhiwo esikhethekile samaphinifa,
3) ukwakheka komzimba okwenziwe kahle, izitho zomzimba ezakhiwe kahle,
4) ukuphefumula ngosizo lwama-gill, i-predation.
7. Izinhlanzi zamathambo zifaka: 1) oshaka, 2) ama-stingrays, 3) ama-newts, 4) ama-sturgeons.
8. Izinhlanzi zomhume ezingaboni zingathola ukudla ngo:
1) Ukudlidliza kwamanzi okuthwebule umugqa oseceleni,
2) Ukudlidliza kwamanzi abanjwe indlebe ephakathi,
3) isinali elivela kumaseli wezinzwa zomzimba wonke,
I-4) amasiginali we-electromagnetic abonwa ngokuqondile yi-cortex ye-cerebral hemispheres.
9. Ukusuka kwizinhlanzi zenhlanzi ezitsheni zigeleza:
I-1) igazi le-venous, 2) igazi ele-arterial, 3) hemolymph, 4) igazi elixubekile.
10. Amagobolondo amaqanda awanawo amaqanda avikelayo: 1) izimfudu, 2) izintshe, 3) i-herring, 4) izinyoka.
11. Akukho bladder yokubhukuda ku: 1) oshaka, 2) ama-stingrays, 3) ama-chimera, 4) konke lokhu.
12. Ezinhlanzini, igazi licebiswa ngomoya-mpilo ezinsizeni, ngakho-ke igazi lingena kumaseli womzimba:
1) kuxutshwe, 2) kugcwele isikhutha,
3) venous; 4) okwangempela.
13. Umgogodla wezinhlanzi uhlukaniswe iminyango elandelayo:
1) isiqu nomsila, 2) isibeletho, isiqu nomsila,
I-3) i-cervical, thoracic, sacral ne-caudal, 4) akukho ukuhlukaniswa kube yiminyango.
14. I-perch ine:
1) indlebe yangaphandle, ephakathi nengaphakathi, 2) indlebe ephakathi nengaphakathi,
3) kuphela indlebe yangaphakathi; 4) azikho izitho zokuzwa ezikhethekile.
15. Ukudlula kwezinhlanzi:
1) uhlala olwandle, uzalela amachibi, 2) uhlala olwandle, uzalela emifuleni,
3) siphile futhi sizale emifuleni ehlukene, 4) siphile futhi sizalaniswe olwandle oluhlukile.
16. Izimpawu ezihlukanisa inhlanzi kwamanye ama-vertebrates -
1) ukuba khona komgogodla kusuka eminyangweni eyi-3) ubuchopho obuvela eminyangweni emihlanu
3) isiyingi esibi sokujikeleza kwegazi 4) inhliziyo enamagumbi amabili
17. Enye yezimpawu ezivumela izinhlanzi ukuthi zichithe amandla amancane ukunqoba ukumelana kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokunyakaza
1) umbala wokuvikela 2) ukuhleleka okufana nezikali
3) umugqa we-lateral 4) umuzwa wokuhogela
18. Yiziphi izinto eziyinqayizivele zenhlangano yezinhlanzi ezinamaphaphu we-carp ezingabhekwa njengokhokho bazo bezilwane ezihlala emhlabeni?
1) izikali esikhumbeni, ukuba khona kwamaphiko
2) Ukwakheka komzimba okwenziwe kahle, izitho zomzimba ezakhiwe kahle
I-3) i-bladder yokubhukuda isebenza njenge-lung, isakhiwo esikhethekile samaphiko
4) gills ukuphefumula, ukondla ezinye izilwane
1) ama-hemispheres we-cerebral; 2) intambo yomgogodla
3) umugqa we-4) umugqa wokubhukuda
20. Ama-gill arches ezinhlanzi enza umsebenzi
1) Ukushintshwa kwegesi 2) isihlungi
I-3) isekela ukwanda kwe-4) endaweni engaphezulu
21. Yisiphi isibalo esibonisa ukuthi izinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
22. Umehluko obalulekile ohlelekile phakathi kwe-pike ne-Black Sea shark nguKatran.
2) ithambo lamathambo
3) ukwakheka kobuchopho
23. Ezinhlungwini, igazi liba phakathi kwangaphakathi
1) inhliziyo 2) i-aorta yesisu 3) imithambo ye-gill 4) ama-capillaries wezitho zangaphakathi
24. Uyini umsebenzi weziphathimandla oboniswe uphawu lombuzo kulesibalo?
1) ukugaya ukudla ngaphansi kwethonya lejusi lesisu
2) Ukwenziwa kwamaqanda kwabesifazane kanye nesidoda emadodeni
3) ukukhululwa komzimba kusuka emikhiqizweni engadingekile ye-metabolic
4) sukuma ebusweni bamanzi ungene emanzini
25. Yikuphi kulezi zilwane ezilandelayo ezinomanyolo wangaphakathi?
1) i-carp 2) Earthworm 3) ushaka 4) ichibi lesichibi
26. Yimuphi umsebenzi eyenziwa yi-cerebellum enhlanzini?
1) ihlinzeka ngokuxhumanisa kokunyakaza 2) ilawula uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi
3) ubona imininingwane evela kwizitho zokuzwa 4) ilawula indlela yokuziphatha
Yisiphi isibalo esibonisa ukuthi izinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous?
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
27. Yiphi ingxenye yobuchopho bezinhlanzi oboniswa uphawu lombuzo kulesibalo?
1) midbrain 2) medulla oblongata 3) cerebellum 4) forebrain
1) izitho zombono nokuzwa 2) amangqamuzana athambile
3) izitho zomugqa we-lateral 4) yonke indawo yesikhumba
29. Izinhlanzi zamathambo zifaka: 1. Oshaka 2. Ama-Sturgeons 3. Ama-Sterlet 4. Ama-stingrays 5. Ama-Lancelet 6. Ama-Sazans
30. Yini amakhowe kanye nemisakazo ehambelana ngayo?
1) ukungabi khona kwe-chlorophyll kumaseli
2) ukukhula okungenamkhawulo
3) ukumuncwa kwezinto endaweni ezungezile ngokumuncwa
4) okunomsoco okulungiselelwe izinto eziphilayo
5) ukuzala usebenzisa spores
6) ukugcinwa kwe-glycogen kwezakhi
31. Setha ukuvumelana phakathi kwalesi sici nohlobo lwezilwane
A) uhlelo lokujikeleza oluvulekile
B) amathambo angaphakathi - chord
C) ithambo le-neural lisendaweni eseceleni yomzimba
D) uchungechunge lwezinzwa zesisu
D) uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi oluvaliwe
E) izitho ezihlanganisiwe
32. Sungula ukuxhumana phakathi kwabamele umbuso wezilwane nezinto zabo.
A) faka iqembu
B) faka isigaba seCarlilage,
C) ukuphefumula nokuphefumula kwe-pulmonary,
D) ukuphefumula kwamaphaphu,
D) umugqa we-lateral uyakhiwa,
E) abanye abantu banesitho se-parietal esibona amasiginali akhanyayo.
33. Setha ukuvumelana phakathi kwezimpawu zohlelo lokujikeleza nezigaba zezilwane.
A) venous igazi enhliziyweni,
B) kunamagumbi amane enhliziyweni,
C) imijikelezo emibili yokujikeleza kwegazi,
D) umbuthano owodwa wokujikeleza kwegazi,
D) igazi elibuhlungu elisuka enhliziyweni lingena emaphashini,
E) kunamagumbi amabili enhliziyweni.
34. Setha ukuvumelana phakathi kwesici sezinhlanzi nesigaba saso. A) gill Slots evulekile ngaphandle
B) umlomo uguqulwe ohlangothini lwesisu somzimba
B) iningi labamele linesibalo sokubhukuda
D) ithambo lamathambo
D) gill ambozwe ngesembozo gill
1) Izinhlanzi zeCartilaginous
35. Setha ukuvumelana phakathi kwesici sezinhlanzi kanye nesigaba lelo sici esibonakaliswa kulo. A) Umanyolo wangaphakathi
B) gill kuvuleka ngaphandle gill gits
B) ukufuduka ngesikhathi sokunwebeka kutholakala kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane
D) gill ambozwe ngesembozo gill
D) kuvame ukuba nesinye sokubhukuda
1) Izinhlanzi zeCartilaginous
2) izinkuni ezinkulu ezinamabala
36. Setha ukuvumelana phakathi kwalesi sici neqembu lezilwane elibonakaliswa lilo.
A) imisindo igcinwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezempilo kukho konke impilo
B) ubuchopho buqukethe izigaba ezinhlanu
B) inhliziyo yakhiwe ngamakamelo
D) ukuba khona kwesandla esinemilenze emihlanu
D) ithambo le-neural liphikelela kubantu abadala
E) ithambo le-neural liguqulwa ebuchosheni nasentanjeni yomgogodla
37. Hlela izilwane ngokulandelana okukhombisa ukungqinelana kwesistimu yazo yezinzwa ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo: 1) i-lancelet 2) i-toad 3) i-hydra 4) ushaka 5) i-orangutan
Yakha impendulo enemininingwane yombuzo.
Yiziphi izitho zemizwa futhi izinhlanzi zikuvumela kanjani ukuzulazula emanzini?
Yimiphi imisebenzi emzimbeni wezinhlanzi umuntu angenza yona?
Iziphi izici zokwakheka kwezinhlanzi ezifaka isandla ekwehliseni izindleko zamandla okuhamba emanzini?
Kungani inani lezinhlanzi ezi-herbivorous zingehla kakhulu lapho izinhlanzi ezidla inyama zibulawa echibini?
5. Thola amaphutha amathathu embhalweni bese uwalungisa.
1. Fish - chordates zasemanzini.
2. Ukusekelwa komzimba wazo zonke izinhlanzi kungumthambo wamathumbu wangaphakathi
3. Ukuphefumula inhlanzi gill.
4. Ohlelweni lokujikeleza, imijikelezo emibili yokujikeleza kwegazi, nasenhliziyweni kuphela kwegazi elinobuhlungu.
5. Uhlelo lwenhlanzi oluphakathi nendawo luba uhlobo lwethhubhu, elingaphambili liguqulwe libe yibholidi langaphambili, eliqukethe izigaba ezi-5.
6. Iningi lezinhlanzi yi-hermaphrodite.
Ososayensi bathole ukuthi izinhlanzi zomhume ezingaboni ezachitha izigidi zeminyaka ngaphansi komhlaba, ngaphandle kwezimpawu zobusuku nobusuku, zisenalo iwashi lemvelo elisebenzayo, yize lihlanekezelwe ngendlela engafanele. Abaphenyi bayathemba ukuthi okutholakele kunganikeza inkomba yokuthi amawashi angaphakathi lawo asebenza kanjani ezilwaneni.
Iwashi langaphakathi, elaziwa ngokuthi isigqi se-circadian, lisiza izilwane, izitshalo, nezinye izinhlobo zokuphila ukuvumelanisa imisebenzi yansuku zonke nokujikeleza kosuku nobusuku. Leliwashi alilandeli njalo ngqo uhlelo lwamahora angama-24, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuvumelanisa nomhlaba wemvelo, ukusethwa kabusha kwansuku zonke kusetshenziswa amasiginali anjengokukhanya kwemini.
Kodwa-ke, isigqi se-circadian siphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi ngabe izidalwa ezihlala ebumnyameni obuhlala njalo zisakwazi yini ukubambelela esimisweni sesikhathi, futhi uma zingakwazi, zikwenza kanjani. Isibonelo, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-50 zezinhlanzi emhlabeni wonke zichitha izimpilo zazo emigedeni ngaphandle kwemini; ngesikhathi sokuvela kwezinto eziningi, eziningi zazo zashiya amehlo.
"Izinhlanzi zasemgedeni zisinikeza ithuba lokuqonda ukuthi ukukhanya kwemini kukuthinta kanjani ukuziphendukela kwemvelo," kuchaza umcwaningi uCristiano Bertolucci, isazi sezinto ezenzeka ngesikhathi sobudala e-University of Ferrara, e-Italy.
UBertolucci nozakwabo baphenya izinhlanzi zomhume zaseSomalia (Phreatichthys andruzzii), ababehlala bodwa ngaphansi kwehlane iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-1,4 kuye kweziyi-2,6. Baqhathanisa uhlobo lokubhukuda kanye nomsebenzi wezinhlobo zewashi ezibonakala ezinhlanzini ezijwayelekile - imichilo ye-zebrafish, naleyo ekhombisa izinhlanzi zomhume.
I-zebrafish enemigqa ikhombisa isigqi esinomjikelezo omningi kakhulu, sivumelanisa imijikelezo yobumnyama nokukhanya. Ngokungangabazeki, indlela yokuziphatha kwezinhlanzi zomhume ezingaboni ayizange ivumelane ngendlela efanayo nokukhanya kosuku. Kodwa-ke, lapho kusetshenziswa esinye isibonakaliso sesigqi - izikhawu ezijwayelekile lapho izinhlanzi zinikezwa ukudla - isigqi esijikeleziweyo se-zebrafish nemifishi yezinhlanzi yomgede yahlangana. Kutholakale ukuthi amawashi wezinhlanzi zomhume angasebenza uma kunikezwe isiginali efanelekile, njengokudla.
Ukuhlola okusondelene kwezinhlobo zewashi lenhlanzi engaphansi komhlaba kwembula ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zamakhemikhali ezibalulekile ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-opsins, ezivimba amandla okuphendula ukukhanya futhi ngaleyo ndlela kubangele isigqi esijikelezayo. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ngenkathi izinhlanzi zomhume zinikezwa into yamakhemikhali esebenza ngohlobo lwewashi ezinhlanzini ezijwayelekile, isigqi senhlanzi eyimpumputhe senzeka ngomjikelezo omude ngokungajwayelekile wamahora angama-47.
Ukuthi amawashi enhlanzi yasemgedeni awalandeli umjikelezo wamahora angama-24 kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi lezi zilwane zisezinhlelweni zokulahlekelwa amawashi awo angaphakathi, kusho umcwaningi uNicholas Folkes, isazi sezehlakalo kwezinsuku zaseKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, eJalimane.
Kuyavela ukuthi lezi zinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kunzima ukuzishintsha, kepha zivame ukuvela zingashintshi ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezahlukahlukene, ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwabakwaFolkes, kungathatha isikhathi esiningi ukuzilahleka. Njengengxenye yale nqubo eqhubekayo, kungenzeka ngokunembile ngoba leli washi lisebenza kumjikelezo wamahora angama-47 esikhundleni sehora le-24 elilodwa. Mhlawumbe eminyakeni eyisigidi le nhlanzi izobe ingenalo iwashi langaphakathi nhlobo. Kuyaqhubeka kungaziwa ukuthi leli washi lifeza yini injongo.
Okuningi kusalokhu kucashile uma kukhulunywa ngokuthi ukukhanya kulawula kanjani isigqi se-circadian. Ukuhlaziywa komsebenzi walezi zinhlobo zamawashi ezinhlanzini zomhume ezingaboni kuyinikeza izinkomba zokuqala emfihlakalweni yokuthi la ma-molekyuli azwakala kanjani kwezinye izinhlanzi.
"Lolu cwaningo lunikeze umfutho ekuqondeni okungcono kokuthi iwashi isabela kanjani emvelweni," kuchaza uFolkes.
Ifomu Lomgede Olingaboni
A. mexicanus eyaziwa ngefomu lomhume oyimpumputhe, elaziwa ngokuthi yi- "blind bako tetra", "blind tetra" noma "inhlanzi emgedeni oyimpumputhe". Kunabantu abangaba ngu-30 abahlukile be-tetra abahlala emihumeni ejulile abaye balahlekelwa yi-acuity ebonakalayo ngisho namehlo uqobo. Lezi zinhlanzi, nokho, zithola indlela yazo ebumnyameni zinendlebe ebheke kakhulu ekushintshashintsheni kwengcindezi.
Amafomu angaboni futhi aboniwe angawezinhlobo ezifanayo, ngoba ahlangana kakhulu futhi angahlangana. Kunefomu elingaboni elifanayo I-Astyanax jordani, esanda kwehla efomini elibonwa elingaziwa, elivame ukudidaniswa nezimpumputhe A. mexicanus. Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, umqolomba A. mexicanus inamehlo, kepha njengoba ineminyaka yobudala, amehlo akhula ngesikhumba, bese anyamalala ngokuphelele.
Izimpawu zangaphandle ze-astianax
Umzimba wezinhlanzi uphakeme, ucindezelwe kancane ezinhlangothini. Akukho lutho olu-pigmentation kuwo, ngakho-ke umbala womzimba uyisiliva-pink. Lapho ukukhanya kuboniswa ezinhlangothini, amabhendi angaqondakali acashile anamaseli abucayi ayabonakala. Amaphisi abomvu, abonakala ngokuphelele. Ngesikhathi sokuhluma kowesilisa, ziba bomvu okhanyayo. Insikazi inkulu futhi ibe mikhulu kunowesilisa. Une-anal fin nge-angle ekhonjiwe. Izinhlanzi eziyimpumputhe ziholwa umugqa we-lateral onama-receptors abucayi.
Amehlo ama-Astianaxes aqiniswe ngesibaya sesikhumba, njengoba ephila ngokungabikho kokukhanya ngokuphelele. Osayizi bezinhlanziendaweni yokuhlala e-aquarium yi-10 cm.
Amafomu e-Astianax
I-Astianax inezindlela ezimbili: iyimpumputhe, ihlala emihumeni nokujwayelekile. Esikhundleni salokho, le nhlanzi ibizwa ngokuthi ayiyona eyimpumputhe, kepha ayinamehlo. Iqiniso ngukuthi amehlo ezinhlanzi avele atrophied ngenxa yokukhanya kokukhanya emihumeni. Kepha izinhlanzi zigxile ebumnyameni ngosizo lwezitho zokuthinta, ukunambitha kanye nomugqa we-lateral.
I-Astianax (Astyanax mexicanus).
E-aquariums, amateurs aqukethe ifomu elingaboni, ama-astianaxes ajwayelekile awathandwa kangako. Fry unamehlo, kepha njengoba ikhula, ikhula yande ngesikhumba, kanti nenhlanzi iqala ukuzulazula ngokuya ngezibonakaliso ezivela kulayini oseceleni nokunambitheka kwezinhlamvu ezisekhanda.
Izici zokuziphatha kwe-astianaxes e-aquarium
Imichilo ye-Astianaxi iyinhloni encane, kepha inhlanzi ezithanda ukuthula. Emanzini, ahlala ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu neziphakathi. Uma zihlanganiswe nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, zingathola iphutha nge-neon nama-guppies. Siyini isizathu sobutha obunjalo abaziwa. Izinhlanzi zizwela kakhulu imisindo enkulu, ziyasaba kalula futhi ziyakwazi ukuphuma e-aquarium, ngakho-ke ziyimboza ngesivalo.
Isici somlingiswa oyinhloko we-astianaxes amahloni.
E-aquarium enesisindo samalitha angama-50, izinhlanzi eziyizimpumputhe ezingama-6-8 zingagcinwa.Kubaluleke kakhulu ukudala i-Astianaxes indawo enamadwala eduze kwendawo yemvelo. Izitshalo kufanele zitshalwe kanzima, ngoba izinhlanzi eziyizimpumputhe zivame ukudla amaqabunga.
Ibanga lokushisa elidingwa izinhlanzi lisukela ku-15-18 ° C liye ku-28-29 ° C. Okuhle kakhulu kufanele kucatshangelwe: lokushisa 20-25 ° C, acidity pH 6.5-7.5, hardness dH 15-25 °. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-aeration, ukuhlunga, ukuguqulwa kwamasonto onke kwengxenye yesine yamanzi kuyadingeka. Izinhlanzi eziyimpumputhe azidingi ukukhanyiswa. Ukuze uthole imiphumela emihle, kufanele ufake izibani ze-fluorescent ezilingisa isikhathi sobusuku phakathi kwezixhobo zamakhorali. Ama-primers afanelekile ayigravel noma isihlabathi.
Akuwona wonke ama-Astianaxes awaboni. Impumputhe imane nje iyindlela yohlobo yalolu hlobo, engenamehlo futhi iyi-albino.
Isondlo se-Astianax
Emvelweni, izinhlanzi eziyizimpumputhe zidla ama-invertebrates. Lapho igcinwa emanzini, ama-Astianaxes awathobeki lapho ukhetha ukudla. Ziyamangaza, zidla ukudla okwenziwe ngomzimba futhi okunempilo. Ukudla okuhlukahlukene okuhlukahlukene, ukugqokwa okuphezulu ngezikhathi ezithile ngezifunzo ezenzelwe isitshalo kuyadingeka, ngaphandle kwalokho izinhlanzi zidla izitshalo ze-aquarium. Banganikezwa okusanhlamvu okukhaliphile, inyama eshisiwe, isinkwa.
Ukufuya izinhlanzi eziyimpumputhe
Eminyakeni yonyaka owodwa, izinhlanzi eziyizimpumputhe ziyakwazi ukuzala. Ukuthola inzalo, abesilisa nabesifazane bakhethelwa, zigcinwa zodwa ngaphandle kwezinsuku ezingama-5-6 futhi zondliwa kakhulu. Ukuze uqhume, udinga ukubamba abesilisa abasebenza kakhulu, abakhiqizi bakhethwa maqondana nowesifazane ongu-1 kwabesilisa abangu-2-3.
Umthamo wokusabalalisa ngamalitha angama-30- 40. Amanzi ahlanzekile athululelwa kuwo ngokushisa kwe-25-27 ° C, amanzi afudumele ashukumisa inqubo yokuqhuma. Isihlabathi samalahle noma amatshe amatshe abekwa phansi. E-aquarium evundayo, udinga ukubeka izitshalo ezimbalwa zokufakelwa ezinamaqabunga amancane, izinhlanzi ziyovela emva kwazo. I-aquarium kufanele ibilishwe.
Lezi zinhlanzi, nokho, zithola indlela yazo ebumnyameni zinendlebe ebheke kakhulu ekushintshashintsheni kwengcindezi.
Inhlanzi ibeka amaqanda ngosuku lwesibili noma lwesithathu ngemuva kokufakelwa kuyi-aquarium echithekayo. Owesilisa nowesifazane ngasikhathi sinye bavuka ebusweni bamanzi, futhi lapho behlangana, bayazicindezela bebhekene nezinhlangothi zabo futhi ngokushesha basuke komunye nomunye. Ngemuva kwalapho insikazi igwinya amaqanda ayi-4-6, owesilisa uwafaka kumakhambi ngqo. UCaviar owela phansi e-aquarium uyafa. Kowesifazane oyedwa otshalaza u-200-300, amaqanda amancane ayi-1000.
Ngemuva kokuhlakazeka, kudalwa owesilisa nowesifazane. E-aquarium, ingxenye yesithathu yamanzi iyathathelwa indawo bese kwenziwa i-aeration. Izibungu ziphuma emaqanda emva kwezinsuku ezingama-1-4, ziphenduka zibe-gazinga futhi ngosuku lwesikhombisa ziyakwazi ukubhukuda zidle ngokukhululeka. Zondliwa ngama-ciliates, i-nauplii ye-brine shrimp, "uthuli oluphilayo", i-fry igcwele kakhulu futhi ikhula ngokushesha. Ukuphakelwa kokuphakelwa kuhlala kwanda. Ukudla okwomile kanye nama-rotifers kufakwa ekudleni. Eminyakeni yamaviki amathathu, izinhlanzi ezincane eziyimpumputhe zithola umbala wesimo. Ama-Astianaxes ahlala e-aquarium iminyaka engaba ngu-4-5.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngezinhlanzi eziyimpumputhe
Kuyaziwa ukuthi zonke izibungu kanye nefry cishe ziye zaqhakambisa amehlo anombala omnyama.
Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, izinhlanzi zomhume zinamehlo, kepha njengoba zikhula ngeminyaka zinezikhumba, bese zishabalala ngokuphelele.
Amehlo amancane ahlala izinyanga ezimbili, kepha izinhlanzi ezincane azihlukanisi izinto ngosizo lwezitho zazo zombono. Cishe ezinsukwini eziyi-18 - 20 zokukhula, amehlo ezinhlobo eziyimpumputhe aqala ukukhubazeka bese kancane kancane aqiniswa yisikhumba, kuthi ezinyangeni ezintathu aqhamuke ngokuphelele.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uma ugcina ama-Astianaxes ekukhanyeni ngaso sonke isikhathi, khona-ke emva kwezizukulwane ezingama-20-30, amehlo avele hhayi ku-fry kuphela, kodwa futhi nasezinhlanzini ezindala. Kwesinye isikhathi ezindaweni zasemanzini kukhona “nezinhlanzi eziyizimpumputhe” ezinombala ogqamile kunendlela yemvelo. Izinhlanzi eziyimpumputhe ziziphatha ngokwemvelo e-aquarium, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuqagela ukuthi inhlanzi eyimpumputhe. Babhukuda ngokuphelele, bagwema izithiyo, bathola ukudla nendawo yokukhosela. Ukubamba nokuhambisa izinhlanzi eziyimpumputhe kwenye i-aquarium kunzima kakhulu.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Izifo zaseMexico ze-Asitianax
I-Asitianaks Mexican yinhlanzi enesifiso esihle sokudla, ngakho-ke kufanele uqaphele ukweqisa. Ukudla ngokweqile kungadala izinkinga zokugaya kulezi zidalwa.
Akunamininingwane mayelana nezinye izifo zale nhlanzi eyingqayizivele.
Ukuzalela / Ukuzalela
Ukuzalela okulula, ukudalwa kwezimo ezikhethekile zokuvuselela ukwanda akudingeki. Izinhlanzi zizonikeza izingane njalo. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, ukuze uvikele amaqanda ezansi, ungafaka inetha elinemisipha emihle yomugqa wokudoba obala (ukuze ungonakalisi ukubukeka). Ama-tetra aseMexico athela kakhulu, insikazi endala ingakhiqiza amaqanda afinyelela ku-1000, yize kungewona wonke lawo azovundiswa. Ekupheleni kokusakazeka, kungakuhle ukuthi udlulisele ngokucophelela amaqanda ethangini elihlukile elinesimo samanzi esifanayo. Fry ivele emahoreni angama-24 okuqala, ngemuva kwelinye isonto bazoqala ukubhukuda ngokukhululeka beyofuna ukudla.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi esigabeni sokuqala sentuthuko, izingane zinamehlo akhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ekugcineni anyamalale ngokuphelele ekubeni umuntu mdala.
Isifo sezinhlanzi
Uhlelo olulinganiselwe lwe-aquarium biosystem enezimo ezifanelekile luyisiqinisekiso esihle kakhulu kunoma yiziphi izifo, ngakho-ke, uma inhlanzi isishintshile ukusebenza kwayo, azikho amabala abonakalayo nezinye izimpawu, qala uhlole amapharamitha wamanzi, ubabuyisele kokujwayelekile uma kunesidingo, futhi kuphela bese uqhubeka ukwelashwa.
I-Mexican Blind Fish - okuqukethwe.
Igama lesayensi: Astyanax jordani.
Amanye amagama: Cave Blind Cetetra (Blind Cave Tetras), Blind Mexican Tetra (Blind Mexican Tetra).
Izinga Lokunakekelwa Kwezinhlanzi Eziyimpumputhe: Kulula.
Usayizi: cishe i-10cm (3.5-4 inches).
Indlela Yokuphila Yimpumputhe: Iminyaka emithathu kuya kwemi-5, mhlawumbe yinde.
pH: sisuka ku-6.0 siye ku-7.5.
Ukushisa: 20-25 ° C (68-77 ° F).
Umsuka we-Blind Fish / Habitat: I-USA (Texas) neMexico.
Ukuziphatha: kunokuthula impela, ikakhulukazi uma kugcinwe eqenjini (izingcezu ezi-5 noma ngaphezulu). Bangakwazi ukuluma omakhelwane e-aquarium.
Izinhlanzi Ezifuyayo Ezingaboni: beka amaqanda. Bafinyelela ekukhuleni beneminyaka engaba ngu-nyaka. Izinhlanzi ezisebenzayo (owesilisa oyedwa noweziduna ezi-2), abazoba abazali besikhathi esizayo, batshalwa isikhathi esingangesonto futhi bondliwa kakhulu.
Sakaza Izinhlanzi Eziyimpumputhe Kunconywe ekuklameni (30- 40l) okugcwaliswe ngamanzi amasha (20-27 0 C). Ngaphansi embozwe ngotshani noma ngesihlabathi esimahara. Futhi, kuyadingeka ukufaka izitshalo zokufakelwa ezincane ezinamakamelo amancane kuzo, lapho izinhlanzi zizovela khona. Ukusatshalaliswa kufanele kube nomthunzi - kukhanyise ukukhanya bese kumboza ingilazi ngephepha.
Izinsuku ezingama-2-3 emva kokufakelwa ekuhlwayeni Inhlanzi eyimpumputhe qala ukusakaza. Amaduna athela amaqanda ayi-4-6, ahlanganiswe ngulowo ophethe owesilisa. UCaviar owela phansi uyafa. Ngokuhlakazeka, insikazi iphonsa kusuka emaqanda angama-200 kuye kwangama-1000.
Lapho ukunqampuna kuqediwe, abakhiqizi be-Spawning bayasuswa. Amanzi akulo (1/3) athathelwa indawo ngamanzi amasha futhi afaka i-aeration. Isikhathi Esingafakwanga Sokugcwala - Izinsuku eziyi-1-4. Ngemuva cishe kwesonto, izibungu ziba-gaye bese ziqala ukubhukuda, zifuna okuthile ezingazuza kuzo. Ngalesi sikhathi, gazinga elinamandla londla nge-brine shrimp, uthuli oluphilayo, ama-ciliates, njll.
Usayizi we-Aquarium: izinhlanzi ezi-5 - okungenani ama-80l.
Ukuhambisana kwezinhlanzi eziyimpumputhe: zihambisane nanoma yiziphi izinhlanzi ezingazidli futhi zibe nezidingo ezifanayo zokuqukethwe.
Ukudla / Ukudla: Izinhlanzi ezihlasimulisayo zithatha ama-flakes, ama-pellets, amaphilisi, ukudla okubukhoma nokudla okubandayo.
Isifunda: maphakathi nangaphansi kwe-aquarium.
I-Fish Blind Fish: Akukho mehluko wangaphandle phakathi kobulili. Ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, izinsikazi ziba ukudla kahle ngenxa yokuqandusela amaqanda, okubonakala kahle lapho ubheka izinhlanzi ezivela phezulu.
Izindleko: izinhlanzi azivamile ngokwanele, kepha usengathenga i-Blind Fish online nge $ 1-3.