Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, ososayensi base-University of Arizona bakwazile ukuthola ukuthi akuzona zonke izicabucabu ezingabaphangi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona “iqhude elimhlophe” laso - i-spider-spider-horse iBagheera kiplingi. Uma ezinye izinhlobo zesicabucabu zingakwazi ukuhlangana nohlobo oluxubile lokudla, ke yonke imenyu yesicabucabu ingu-100% eyenziwe ngokudla kwezitshalo.
Isicabucabu semifino u-Bagheera kiplingi (lat.Lathe Bagheera kiplingi) (spiderarian spider Vegetarian)
Izicabucabu ze-Herbivorous zihlala eMelika Ephakathi: eMexico, eCosta Rica, eBelize, eGuatemala. Zihlala ngamaqabunga e-acacia kusuka kuhlobo lwe-Vachellia, eduze kwezintuthwane ezivela kuhlobo lwe-Pseudomyrmex. Lesi sitshalo siyikhaya labo nekhishi. Kubukeka sengathi kuyaphila futhi kuyathokozela, kepha komakhelwane kuphela lapho kuba nezingxabano ezingapheli.
Imbangela enkulu yokushayisana kungumthombo ojwayelekile wokudla - Imizimba yeBelt - amafomu amancane ansundu akhonjwe kumathiphu weqabunga le-acacia ngalinye. Bacebile kakhulu kuma-lipid namaprotheni. Le mizimba yakha 90% ekudleni kwesicabucabu, i-10% esele iyimitha.
Okudala ukuthi ukunambitheka okungaka kwezinhlobo zesicabucabu akucaci kahle. Kunombono wokuthi ukusesha nokuzingela izinambuzane kuchitha amandla amaningi nesikhathi, kanti i-acacia enemizimba yayo enempilo ihlala iseceleni kwayo, futhi unyaka nonyaka.
Izintuthwane ezihlala kule acacia, zinesitha esikhulu senzondo. Ngokwengxenye bangaqondakala. Yize kunjalo, bavikela lesi sitshalo ngokwethembekile ezinambuzaneni ezahlukahlukene ezibulala ukhula, bese kuthi emuva kwalokho ibanikeze ukudla. Izicabucabu ze-Herbivorous zimane zintshontshe ukudla kubo futhi zisheshe zisuke lapho zivela khona. Futhi bakwenza ngobuhlakani obukhulukazi nobuhlakani. Ngenxa yamehlo abo amahle (Amehlo ayi-8 ngemuva kwakho konke!), Basakubona ukuqhamuka kwezintuthwane bekude futhi bashintshe ngokushesha indlela yabo yokuhamba. Uma kunesidingo, bangasebenzisa iwebhu.
Iso
Abesifazane bazalela amaqanda unyaka wonke. Izicabucabu zakha izidleke ezijwayelekile ezinabantu abaningi, eziqashwa ngokungakhathali ngabesilisa ekuhlaselweni yizintuthwane. Inani labo esitshalweni esisodwa lingafinyelela abantu abangamakhulu amaningana. Inzalo esanda kuhlaselwa futhi isikhathi esithile ingaphansi kokulawulwa okuphapheme kwe- "nannies".
Emiphakathini yesicabucabu, izinsikazi zinokuphakama okukhulu kwezinombolo. Ziphindeka izikhathi eziphindwe kabili kunezabesilisa. Lezi zokugcina kulula ukuzazi ngokubukeka. Zinombala ogqamile: i-cephalothorax esehlangothini lwamadongo ihlotshiswe indawo eluhlaza, isisu esincanyana sidwetshelwe ngombala obomvu ngombala obude obunemigqa emide, imilenze in nsundu yegolide. Kwabesifazane, isisu sikhulu kancane futhi sihlotshiswe ngamabala ansundu.
Isicabucabu seHerbivore I-Herbivore spider females
Abaphenyi abathole lolu hlobo lwesicabucabu ngonyaka we-1896 - lo mbhangqwana uGeorge no-Elizabeth Peckham - kungenzeka ukuthi babe ngabalandeli abakhulu bomlobi uRudyard Kipling, owake waqamba lesi spider ngemuva komunye wabalingiswa abaseJungle Book, uPanther Bagheera.
Izithombe nguRobert L. Curry Izithombe nguRobert L. Curry
Futhi esizeni sethu ungathola izinto eziningi ezithokozisayo ngesicabucabu esihle kakhulu futhi esimnandi emhlabeni.
Phindaphinda
ELatin America, kuhlala isicabucabu esiyingqayizivele uBagheera Kipling. Lesi yisicabucabu esigxekayo, yena, njengeqembu lonke, unamehlo amakhulu abukhali futhi anekhono elihle lokugxuma. Kepha futhi unaso isici esimhlukanisa nezinhlobo ezingama-40,000 zesicabucabu - ucishe abe ngumuntu onemifino.
Cishe zonke izicabucabu zingabazingeli. Bangakwazi ukuzingela basebenzise izindlela ezahlukahlukene, kepha ekugcineni bonke bancela izitho zangaphakathi zesisulu ezonakele. Uma zidla izitshalo, lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu, cishe ngengozi. Abanye ngezikhathi ezithile bangaphuza umpe ngaphezu kokudla kwabo kwenyama. Abanye bagwinya impova ngephutha, bacubungula ama-webs abo.
Kepha uBagheera Kipling uhlukile. UChristopher Mian waseVillanova University uthole ukuthi izicabucabu zisebenzisa ukubambisana kwezintuthwane ne-acacia. Izihlahla ze-acacia zisebenzisa izintuthwane njengabavikeli futhi zibanikeza indawo yokukhosela ezinsikeni zembobo ezingenalutho kanye nokukhula okumnandi kumaqabunga abizwa ngokuthi amaBelt body. Izikhwama zikaKupling zafunda ukuntshontsha lezi zibiliboco izintuthwane, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, zaba kuphela (cishe) imifino phakathi kwezicabucabu.
UMien uchithe iminyaka eyisikhombisa ebuka izicabucabu nokuthi zikuthola kanjani ukudla. Uveze ukuthi izicabucabu zingacishe zitholakale kuma-acacias lapho kuhlala khona izintuthwane, ngoba imizimba yamaBelt ikhula kuma-acacias kuphela lapho kukhona izintuthwane.
EMexico, imizimba yeBelt yenza ama-91% ekudleni kwesicabucabu, futhi eCosta Rica, ama-60%. Ngaphansi ngokuvamile baphuza umpe, futhi ngisho nokuvamisile - badla inyama, bedla izibungu zezintuthwane, izimpukane ngisho nabamele izinhlobo zazo.
UMian ukuqinisekisile imiphumela yakhe ngokuhlaziya ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni wesicabucabu. Wabheka isilinganiso sama-isotopes amabili e-nitrogen: N-15 ne-N-14. Labo abadla izitshalo zokudla banezinga le-N-15 elisezingeni eliphansi kunalabo abadla inyama, kanti nomzimba kaBagira Kipling ungaphansi kuka-5% kule isotope kunezinye izicabucabu zamahhashi. UMien ubuye aqhathanise izinga lama-isotopu amabili ekhabhoni, i-C-13 ne-C-12. Wathola ukuthi emzimbeni wesicabucabu semifino kanye nasemizimbeni yeBelt, isilinganiso silingana, okuyinto ejwayelekile ezilwaneni nasekudla kwazo.
Ukudla imizimba yeBelt kuhle, kepha hhayi okulula. Okokuqala, kunenkinga yezintuthwane zokuqapha. Isu likaBagipira Kipling lihaba futhi liqondakala kalula. Wakha izidleke kumathiphu amaqabunga amadala, lapho izintuthwane zingavami ukuya khona. Izicabucabu ziyacasha ngokuzimela ekusondeleni kwabasondeleli. Uma baphonswa ekhoneni, basebenzisa izidladla zabo ezinamandla ukuze bagxume isikhathi eside. Kwesinye isikhathi basebenzisa iwebhu, ilenga emoyeni kuze kube yilapho ingozi idlula. UMien ubhale amasu amaningana, wonke angubufakazi bemininingwane yengqondo ehlaba umxhwele izicabucabu zamahhashi ezidume ngazo.
Noma ngabe uBagire Kipling ukwazile ukuphunyula epatheni, kunenkinga namanje. Imizimba ye-Belt inothile kakhulu ku-fiber, kanti izicabucabu, ngombono, akufanele zibhekane nakho. Izicabucabu azikwazi ukuhlafuna ukudla, zigaya izisulu zazo ngaphandle, zisebenzisa ubuthi namajusi esiswini, bese “ziphuza” izinsalela ezinamanzi. Ifayibha lesitshalo liqinile kakhulu, futhi asazi ukuthi iBagheera Kipling isebenza kanjani nayo.
Konke kukho konke, kufanelekile. Imizimba ye-Belt ingumthombo wokudla owenziwe ngomumo otholakala unyaka wonke. Kusetshenziswa ukudla komunye umuntu, uBagipers Kipling uthole ukuchuma. Namuhla zingatholakala yonke indawo eLatin America, lapho izintuthwane "zisebenzisana" ne-acacias.
19.06.2017
IBagira Kiplinga, noma isicabucabu semifino (isiLatin Bagheera kiplingi), ihlukile kubalingani bayo abaningi besifazane ekuthambekeleni kwayo okungajwayelekile kokudla kokudla kwezitshalo.
Le ndalo eyingqayizivele ingeyomndeni wamaSpider-amahhashi (Latin Salticidae) futhi ungomunye wabamele abane bohlobo lweBagheera olwaziwa yisayensi. Iyakwazi ukugawula izingcezu eziqinile, futhi ingalindi ukuthi ingaphakathi lesisulu liphenduke umhluzi wezakhi.
Indaba yokutholwa
IBagheera kiplingi yatholakala ngonyaka we-1896 ngumbhangqwana oshadile wesazi sebhayoloji uGeorge no-Elizabeth Peckham. Babengabahloli bezilwane zasendle abakhuthele eMelika Ephakathi. Esikhathini 1883-1909. bakwazile ukuthola nokuchaza izinhlobo ezingama-63 zohlobo lwenhlobo nezinhlobo ezingama-366 zezilwane zasekhaya.
Enye yesicabucabu abayithola ehlathini laseMexico yayishesha kakhulu futhi igxuma. Babenenhlanhla yokuchaza owesilisa kuphela, futhi baqamba igama lakhe ngokuthi owesilisa omnyama ovela “Jungle Book” nguRudyard Kipling. Abesifazane batholakala ku-vivo ngonyaka okuyikhulu impela kusuka ku-Wayne Maddison wezazi zemvelo laseMelika.
Ngo-2008, umhlangano waminyaka yonke we-Ecological Society of America (ESA) wezwa umbiko kaChristopher Meehan nozakwabo eVillanova University (Philadelphia, PA) ngemiphumela yezifundo zeminyaka eyisikhombisa yezinambuzane ezihlala eMexico nasenyakatho nentshonalanga yeCosta Rica.
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ngumbiko wesicabucabu semifino. Kwavela ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-40 zezicabucabu ezifundwe kuze kube manje, yiBagheera Kipling kuphela enethuba lokudla kokudla okwenziwe ngemifino. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, bekukholelwa ukuthi zonke izicabucabu zingabadli futhi ngokwenyama ngeke zikhiqize ama-enzyme wokugaya imikhiqizo yezitshalo. G
Kamuva, kwavela i-athikili ekhuluma ngalesi silwane esiyingqayizivele kumagazini i-Current Biology.
Ukusatshalaliswa kanye nendlela yokuphila
Izinhlobo zeBagheera kiplingi zivamile eMexico, e-Ecuador naseCosta Rica. Ihlala ikakhulukazi emahlathini anomswakama omanzi, lapho kukhula khona umqubuko wohlobo lweVachellia.
Ukuze uvikeleke ezintuthwaneni zePseudomyrmex ezihlala emgomeni wazo, lezi zihlahla zenza imizimba ye-Belt, into ekhethekile evela kumapheshana amancane avula futhi asebenze njengokudla. Ngokubonga, izinambuzane ezisebenza kanzima zivikela ama-acacias aphanayo ezinambuzini eziningi.
Izicabucabu ze-Belt ezihlala emagatsheni awo nazo zisebenza njengokudla okuyinhloko futhi zibalelwa kuma-90% wokudla okuphelele. Ngaphezu kwakhe, adla impova futhi kwesinye isikhathi antshontshe izibungu zezintuthwane, abalekele abaxosha ngentukuthelo ngemilenze yabo emide.
Basaba kakhulu izintuthwane futhi bagweme ngokucophelela ukuxhumana ngqo nabo, kepha balingise ngazo zonke izindlela. Kalula nje, basebenzisana nabasebenzi, beba ngamabomu inyamazane yabo.
Izicabucabu ezisencane ngokubukeka kwazo zikhumbuza kakhulu iPseudomyrmex endala. Ukulingisa okunjalo kuvikela izinyoni ezingavikeleki futhi mhlawumbe ezintuthwaneni ngokwazo.
Izicabucabu zihlela izidleke ezijwayelekile, zihlala kwesinye isitshalo ngamakhulu abantu futhi zihlele wonke amabutho abesilisa ukuba axoshe ukuhlasela kwezintuthwane. Abesifazane bazalela amaqanda abo unyaka wonke ngaphandle kokubheka noma isiphi isizini.
Kunesibonelo senguquko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kusuka ekuzingeleni okungenazithelo kuya ekubuthweni okunenzuzo okuningi, okubandakanya izinguquko zenhlalo futhi kwaguqula ngisho ne-microflora yamathumbu. Abantu besilisa baqala ukunaka kakhulu ukukhuliswa nokuvikelwa kwezingane, okubonisa ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi komphakathi wesicabucabu sabadli bezitshalo zemifino.
Incazelo
Abesilisa bancishe kabili uma beqhathaniswa nabesifazane, bahlinzekelwe nge-cephalothorax enkulu emnyama enesici esibonisa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emuva nesisu esibomvu esinemigqa emide eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Kwabesifazane, i-cephalothorax ibomvu ngombala obomvu namabala amhlophe, imivimbo emdaka idlula esiswini sabo. Zineziboni ezinamandla zangaphambili, ezinde kakhulu futhi zizacile kunakwezinye. Anombala ophuzi noma owolintshi.
Isisu sikhulisiwe, sinezindawo eziluhlaza okotshani noma obumnyama ngombala onsomi okhanyayo onsundu.
UMose wamaqiniso, izindaba nezithombe
Eduze kwethu kuhlala izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-42 zesicabucabu. Zonke zingabadli abanesibopho, bondla izinambuzane noma ezinye izilwane ezincane. Konke kodwa kukodwa. Hlangana: isicabucabu semifino kuphela emhlabeni uBagheera Kiplinga (Latin Bagheera kiplingi).
Lolu uhlobo lwezicabucabu zamahhashi ezivela ku-Dendryphantinae subfamily. Basatshalaliswa kabanzi eMelika Ephakathi eMexico, Belize, Costa Rica naseGuatemala. Bahlala kumtholo, badla ukudla kwezitshalo, abakuthola emizimbeni yeBelt kumathiphu amaqabunga acacia, futhi, ngezinga elincane, kusuka kumpetha.
Abalingani uGeorge no-Elizabeth Peckham, abachaza izinhlobo zezilwane ngo-1896, baqamba igama elithi “spider” ngokuhlonipha uBagheera - umlingisi we “Jungle Book” kaRudyard Kipling. Angazi ukuthi bathola ini abafana naye ne-panther, noma ngabe ubheka ukuthi uKingling ungowesilisa. Ngokumangazayo, incazelo yePackham ibisuselwa kwisicabucabu sowesilisa salolu hlobo. Abesifazane batholwa ngemuva kweminyaka eyikhulu kuphela ngonyaka we-1996 omunye umphenyi waseMelika, uWayne Madison.
Amadoda kaKigling kaBagling ahlala eyedwa futhi adonsa izimbangi kude namagatsha awo. Kepha izinsikazi zingakha amaqanda amaningi, zibanakekele futhi ngokubambisana banakekele izingane ezisanda kuzalwa, ezifanele inzalo ekhethekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani labo lingaba likhulu kakhulu, futhi ezikhathini ezihle kakhulu esihlahleni esisodwa ungafinyelela ikhulu elilodwa nesigamu sale spider.
Ngenkathi ngilungiselela okuthunyelwe, imigqa kaVysotsky ibiphuma ekhanda lami: "Futhi iplatoon yenze kahle i-oda, kepha kukhona ongazange adubule." Yebo, lokho kufanele kakhulu.
Ngabe usithanda isicabucabu semifino? 😁🕸