Ikhokho - Lokhu izibungu (ingane) kavemvane kanye nenundu. Ngemuva kwamaviki angaba ngu-2-3, isibungu siba yi coc coco, bese siphenduka i-pupa ngemuva kwamanye amasonto ama-2. Kube sekuvela isibungu esinamaphiko akhule ngokweqile. Isibungu saziwa kahle njengesinambuzane, ikakhulukazi embonini yezindwangu. Olunye uhlobo lwesibungu lubhubhisa usilika eMpumalanga Ekude, laziwa njenge-silkworm.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Kunezinhlobo zezinambuzane ezingaphezu kuka-20,000 emhlabeni wonke, futhi kubhekwe ukuthi ziningi ezinye ezingatholakali njengezinhlobo ezintsha zamabhungane futhi ezitholakala njalo ezifundeni lapho kuncane khona, uma kukhona, ukubakhona komuntu. Njengomthetho, izinhlobo eziningi zamacimbi ziyizinambuzane zezolimo, njengoba zingena emasimini, zivame ukushiya imigodi emikhulu ezonakalisa izitshalo.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ezinye izinhlobo zamacimbi zinobuthi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlala emahlathini emvula. Ezinye izinhlobo zinobuthi kuphela ngendlela yesibungu, okungukuthi, lapho ziphenduka uvemvane noma inundu, azisenawo ubuthi.

Landelela okuphakelayo

Isibungu siphuma eqandeni elidla emva “kokuqunjelwa” kwalo. Emva kwalokho, uya ekudleni konke: amaqabunga ezitshalo, izihlahla, izimbali noma izithelo.

Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zokudla kwamakati

• Ama-polyphage - lolu hlobo lwesikhonyane lidla "ngokungakhethi," okubandakanya amacimbi enundu.
• Ama-Oligophagous adla izitshalo zohlobo olulodwa.
• Ama-monophages adla isihlahla esisodwa noma isihlahla, ngokwesibonelo, isibungu somthungi we-silkworm sidla amaqabunga kamalibhele.
• Ama-Xylophages akhetha ukudla izihlahla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izinhlobo zamacimbi adla, ngokwesibonelo, amakhowe, uju, noma izingxenye ezifile zezilwane ezinkulu (izimpondo, isikhumba).

Nakani!

Amacimbi weShaggy akhetha ukudla amajusi wezithelo, umpe wezitshalo kanye nezinye izinambuzane ezincane.

Ukwakheka nezimpawu

Isibungu siqukethe isiqu, ikhanda, isisu, amehlo, umbhangqwana wemilenze nezinto zokuphefumula. Ekhanda kukhona imishini esetshenziswa ngomlomo enesisindo sama-clove amancane ahilelekile ekwenziweni kokudla. Imilenze yamathrekhi inezihlakala ezikhethekile ezinamathela ebusweni beqabunga lapho ithrekhi itholakala khona.

Kunobubanzi obuhlukahlukene bemibala yama-larvae: ngokwesibonelo, amacimbi aluhlaza, ophuzi, opinki, beige njalonjalo athululiwe.

Ungasusa kanjani amathrekhi

Thola uketshezi olukhethekile olwakhiwa ngamagciwane (BTk). Lolu hlobo lwe-microorganism lukhetha ukuzala ngezinsalela zezilwane ezifile, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo engadini yazo kufaka isandla ekuwohlokeni kwendlela yomgudu wesisu wezibungu ezicasulayo.

Kubalulekile ukuphepha kwamathrekhi ama-cottagers nezilwane ezifuywayo. Ukucutshungulwa kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili: isigaba sokuqala ngesikhathi sokubonakala kwamaqanda, okwesibili - lapho amacimbi asevele eseqalile ukwakheka ngendlela yawo yamanje. Leli thuluzi lingathengwa ezitolo ezikhethekile ngendlela yofulawa oxutshwe emanzini bese lufafazwa ngezitshalo.

Setha abondli engadini ukuheha izinyoni ezizobulala izinambuzane. Uma unethuba nesifiso, kuzoba yisisombululo esihle sokuthola izinkukhu - zizosiza ukuqeda izibungu zabantu abadala ezivimbezela izitshalo.

Ungabhekana kanjani namathrekhi eklabishi

Indlela kagogo izosiza ekulweni izibungu eklabishi: chaza isipuni esisodwa sikaviniga we-9% kumalitha ayishumi amanzi.

Ngaphezu uviniga omsulwa, ungasebenzisa izipuni ezimbili zomsuka ngamalitha ayishumi amanzi. Ngalesi sixazululo udinga ukunisela iklabishi kusuka kumsele wokunisela.

Isiphetho

Amakhethini ayisinyathelo esimaphakathi sendlela yovemvane. Ngemuva kwalesi sigaba, lesi sinambuzane siphenduka isidalwa esihle esibamba iqhaza ekuvinjelweni kwezitshalo.

Kodwa-ke, ukusondela izibungu endaweni yazo engaphansi komhlaba akumnandi, ngoba zidla izitshalo. Kungakho kubalulekile ukwazi imithetho eyisisekelo yokuthi ungawasusa kanjani amathrekhi kusayithi lakho.

Isifuba nesisu

Umzimba wesibungu, onokushukumiseka okwedlulele, ufakwe kwisembozo esithambile se-membranous. Izindawo ezithwetshuliwe zingama-tergites we-prothorax kanye nesigaba se-10 sesisu sesisu. Ingxenye ngayinye yamacimbi ingahlukaniswa ibe ngamasongo wesibili ahlukaniswe ngama-grooves angaphandle awahlukile kwimingcele yangempela yezingxenye.

I-Annotum (i-antero-thoracic Shield) akuvamile ukuba ihlale i-tergite yonke, futhi emacaleni amaningi kutholakala indawo enamanzi amancane, ebekwe phambi kwesiphekepheke (i-stigma), ebizwa ngokuthi isivikelo sokuqala, lapho kuhlala khona amabhlogo IV, V no-VI. I-mid- ne-metanotum azikaze zihlolwe ngokuphelele, futhi izingxenye zazo ezingemuva zihlala zihlukaniswa ngama-sclerites amaningana ahlukene. Ama-Tergites ezingxenye zesisu ahlala ahlukaniswe ngama-sclerites amaningana ahambisana ne-setae eyinhloko futhi kuvame ukuhambelana nenani lawo.

I-anus engxenyeni yokugcina izungezwe ama-lobes ama-4. Akuwona wonke la makhasethi angathuthukiswa kahle ngasikhathi sinye. Esingenhla, lobe we-supraanal, ulenga phezu kwe-anus. I-lobe ephansi, engaphansi kwe-anal idla ngokuvezwa ngesimo se-lobe enamafutha enomzimba, i-lobes ye-lateral noma i-yenal - i-paraprotures - imvamisa ithuthukiswa kahle phakathi kwamabhubhu nalawo aqanjiwe ngendlela yokuphuma enkulu njenge-setae ekugcineni.

Cishe wonke amacimbi angawesiqumbi anesihlazo esisodwa (spirement) esivaliwe esifubeni. Ukuhlukahluka kuyizinhlobo ezithile ezihola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini. Izihlamba zabo zivaliwe, futhi esikhundleni sazo kubekwa ama-gillal gill.

Isifuba siphethe ibala elilodwa kuphela elivumayo elisebenzayo. Isikhala sesibili esincishisiwe sitholakala phakathi kwe-mid- ne-metothorax. Imiklamo yesifuba imvamisa inkulu kunaleyo esiswini. Isisu ngezigaba 1-8 sithwala ngazimbili eziyisishiyagalombili ze-stigmas ezitholakala ngaphansi kwesihlamba se-thoracic futhi ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi phakathi kwengxenye noma ngandlela thile eduze komphetho wayo wangaphambili. Ukubandlululwa kwengxenye yesishiyagalombili kutholakala ngaphezu kwesisu futhi kukhulu kunabo, ngenkathi ukucwaswa kwengxenye 1, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuphansi kancane kunezinye. Isihlamba singaba esiyindilinga noma esibelethweni ngesimo.

Izimbotshana

Amacimbi amaningi akhula ngamabili amathathu emilenze ye-pectoral (i-pair ngayinye yesigaba sesifuba) namabhuzu amahlanu wemilenze yesisu yamanga ku-III - VI kanye no-X besisu. Imilenze yesisu ithwala izingwegwe ezincane ezitholakala emaqenjini ehlukene eLepidoptera ngezindlela ezihlukile - ngesimo sombuthano, imigqa emide noma edlulayo. Umlenze uqukethe izigaba ezinhlanu: i-pelvis, trochanter, ithanga, umlenze ophansi, ne-tarsus.

Imilenze eqondile enamacimbi ancishisiwe ngandlela thile uma uyiqhathanisa nemilenze yokuhamba ngokweqiniso, futhi imilenze yesisu ikakhulukazi ithwala umsebenzi wokunyakaza. Ekupheleni kwepayipi le-pectoral kukhona uzipho olubunjiwe ngaphandle kwalo, olungaba nobude obuhlukile nobumo. Ingxenye yokugcina yomlenze wesisu yiyona yodwa, engabuye idedelwe iphinde iphume bese ithwala ekugcineni kohlaka lwayo.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zesakhiwo esizimele:

1. umphetho waso we-distal unesimo esiyindilinga elingaphezulu noma esingaphansi esiyizingqinamba ezibekwe ngaphesheya kwendandatho, umsipha we-retractor unamathiselwe enkabeni ye-sole,
2. Ingxenye yangaphandle iyancishiswa, futhi izingwegwe zitholakala kuphela emaphethelweni ayo angaphakathi, izicubu zihlanganiswa emaphethelweni ongaphandle wodwa, kuleli cala, umphetho ongaphandle wodwa, ophikisana nongqimba oluthwala izingwegwe, kwesinye isikhathi uhlatshwa umunxa.

Emaqenjini ehlukene wezimvemvane, kuphambuka okuvela ohlotsheni oluchaziwe lwendawo yemilenze kuchazwe. Okudume kakhulu yizinambuzane zemabhu, iningi lazo elinamabili kuphela wemilenze yesisu (ezingxenyeni ze-VI ne-X). Ngenxa yalokhu, amacimbi amabhu ahamba ngokungathi "ahamba". Igama lesiRussia, kanye nelamaJalimane (amaJalimane Spannern ) kuqhamuka ngokufana kokunyakaza kwesibungu ngeminyakazo yesandla somuntu esilinganisa ubude besikhala. Igama lesiLatini lomndeni we-moth lithi I-Geometridae (kusuka "umhloli" we-Latinised) unikezwa nabo maqondana nalesi sici. Kuyaziwa kancane ukuthi imilenze yesisu ingancishiswa ezingxenyeni zesisu ze-III ne-IV esiswini kumathrekhi we-scoops ethile (Noctuidae).

Ezinye izibungu zachaza ngazimbili ezinhlanu zemilenze yesisu. Amabhanti anamazinyo (I-Micropterigidae) - ayisishiyagalombili, i-megalopygid (I-Megalopygidae) - abayisikhombisa (ukusuka ku-II kuya ku-VII no-X ingxenye), omunye wohlobo lwabavukuzi abancane (Stigmella emndenini I-Nepticulidae) - izigaba eziyisithupha (kusuka ku-II kuya ku-VII) ngazibini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imilenze (yomabili ne-pectoral) ingancishiswa ngokuphelele kumayini omncane weLepidoptera.

Incazelo, isimilo

Isibungu yisibungu sanoma yisiphi isinambuzane esivela emyalweni weLepidoptera. Amasayizi amathrekhi ahlukile: angasukela kumamilimitha ambalwa ukuya ku-15cm. Ukuthinta ezinye zazo kusongela impilo. Zinobuthi.

Umzimba wesibungu unekhanda, isifuba nesisu. Kunezimbambo eziningana zezinyawo esifubeni nasesiswini. Umzimba wonke unamasongo ambalwa ahlukaniswe ngemifantu. Ukudonsa izindandatho, isibungu siyahamba futhi sihambisa imilenze

Isibungu siphefumula ngokusebenzisa inhlamba. Kukhona eziningana emzimbeni. Ikhanda nesifuba kunegobolondo elinzima. Umzimba wonke uthambile, ukhululekile. Ikhanda lakhiwa izindandatho eziningana zahlanganiswa ndawonye. Ukwakheka kwekhanda kungaba yindilinga, unxande, umongo. Izingxenye zeparietal zingaphuma ziye phambili futhi zize zakhe “izimpondo”.

Isakhiwo nesithombe samathrekhi - izinhlobonhlobo

Ubude bomzimba wesibungu, ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo, bungasukela kumamilimitha ambalwa kuya ku-12 cm. Siqukethe isiqu, ikhanda, amehlo, izixhobo zomlomo nemilenze. Esigxotsheni, izingxenye ze-thoracic nezisisu zihlukaniseka ngokucacile, futhi kuzo kukhona izimbambo zemilenze eminingana.

Umzimba wesibungu uqukethe izingxenye ezihlukaniswe yimisele emincane. I-anus itholakala esofeni; kukhona umklamo esifubeni.

Izinhlobo eziningi zamacimbi esifubeni zinezimbambo ezintathu zemilenze, ngayinye inendawo eyodwa nozipho - ezinyakazayo, isibungu sidonsa futhi sidedele izigaxa, namabhuzu amahlanu wemilenze yesisu yamanga, emaphethelweni ayo kukhona izingwegwe ezincane.

Umzimba "ugqoke" igobolondo elithambile, embozwe, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo, ngezindlela eziphuma ngaphandle, izinwele noma ukwakheka kosizo - ama-cuticles ngesimo sezinkanyezi, iziponji noma amalahle, futhi izinwele zezimbungulu zikhula zodwa noma ngamaqhubu. Caterpillars molt izikhathi eziningana ngesikhathi sezimpilo zabo.

Ikhanda liqukethe izingxenye eziyisithupha ezihlanganisiwe ezakha i-capsule. Ngezansi kwekhanda kukhona i-foramuen ye-occipital, eyenziwe njengenhliziyo, kanti kwezinye izinhlobo zamacimbi izingxenye zayo zeparietal ziyavela futhi zakha "izimpondo". I-Antennae ikhula ezinhlangothini zekhanda.

Isimo sezinambuzane singamabhulukwe angama-5-6 - amehlo ambalwa alula, ngalinye lalinelensi eyodwa, ahlelwe ku-arc enye emva kwenye noma axhumeke esweni elilodwa eliyinkimbinkimbi lezihlanu ezilula.

Umlomo wesibungu uyinsimbi yokuhlafunwa, umhlathi ongenhla unamandla - kukhona ama-clove lapho amaqhubu ezinambuzane noma ukudla izinyembezi.

Ngaphakathi kwezinto zokusebenza zomlomo kukhona amashubhu lapho isigubhu sikudla khona ukudla, nezindlala ezikhiqiza amathe ziwuhlobo lokugaya okushiwoyo - ngaleyondlela isibungu sesilika siyokhipha intambo.

Izinombolo zomzimba nokufakelwa kwazo

Umzimba wesibungu ucishe ungabi nqunu nhlobo; umbozwe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezingehlukaniswa zibe ngama-cuticular ukuphuma, izinwele nezinwele zomzimba.

Ama-cuticular Outgrowths ayizinto ezibukekayo kanye nokuphuma okuncane kwe-cuticle: imisipha, okwegayi, ukwakheka kwezimpawu, okungabonakala ukubukeka kwezinwele ezincane - hetoid.

Izinwele, ama-bristles kanye nezinto eziphuma kuzo zihlukile ezintweni ezibunjiwe ekuvezweni kwazo nge-cuticle nentuthuko ngenxa yamaseli akhethekile e-hypodermis. Isisekelo sezinwele sizungezwe i-rolling ye-annular, noma izinwele zikhululeka. Ngokwengqungquthela, izinwele zihlukaniswe izinwele zangempela nezinwele, lezi zamuva zinamandla. Izinwele zihluke kakhulu ngesimo. Ezimweni eziningi, amelelwa amafilimu noma amafomu abunjiwe.

Ukuphuma kwesikhumba somzimba kwakhiwa okubandakanya ukufakwa kwesikhumba nokuba nesithambo ngaphakathi esikhulumisana nekhanda lomzimba. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-tubercles - ukwakheka okuhlukahlukene okuhambisana nokudoba okuyisisekelo. I-wart isigaxa esimbozwe ngenqwaba yama- bristles noma izinwele, amaringi ayindilinga noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, sithambile futhi sigcobile, ngokuvamile sikhulu kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo I-Lymantriidae. Ukuphuma kwesimilo kumelela imijikelezo.

Ezimweni ezingavamile, amacimbi aholela ekuphila emanzini asolwandle athuthukisa izimbumbulu emzimbeni. Imvamisa bakhona kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba (ngaphandle kwe-prothorax kanye nengxenye ye-10 yesisu) ngendlela yezinqwaba zezintambo zethenda nge-trachea engena kuzo. Ubandlululo kulezi zimo seluvaliwe.

I-cuticle ethambile yamacimbi igoqwa futhi ayihambelani kahle emzimbeni, ukuze ikhule phakathi kwama-molts, kepha kuphela kuze kube yilapho amafula e-cuticle eseluliwe nomzimba wesibungu ugcwalisa lonke ivolumu yesikhumba esingaphandle.

Izinambuzane

Ukuhlukanisa isibungu esinobuthi kusuka "esinokuthula" kuvumela imibala. Umbala okhanyayo. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi isibambiso sinobuthi.

Ukuxhumana nayo kumuntu kungadala izinyo, ukuba bomvu kwesikhumba, ukushesha komoya, izinhlungu ezahlukahlukene futhi kuthuthukise izifo.

• I-coquette yamakhokho. Ihlala eMexico. Ifana kakhulu ne-hamster. Ubuhle obunombala onsundu obude obungu-2-3cm ubude. Ukuthintana kungadala ubuhlungu besifuba, ukushesha komoya.
• Isibungu sendawo. Inombala okhanyayo: ingemuva liluhlaza okunobuthi futhi linendawo enkulu onsundu phakathi. Ikhanda nesiphetho sesisu kunsundu ngezimpondo eziwugqinsi. Kunezinwele ezinzima emzimbeni. Emaphethelweni alezi zinwele kukhona ubuthi obunamandla.
• Ubuhlakani obuhlanya. Ihlala e-Uruguay naseMozambiki. Ubungako obuncane bezikhonyane ezingamasentimitha angama-3-4. Unombala omnyama nomhlophe onamaqhugwane aluhlaza wezinwele ezilukhuni zombala oluhlaza obuluhlaza. Ubuthi bayo bungaphazamisa uhlelo lwezinzwa, budale ukopha kwezitho zangaphakathi.
• Kuvutha ukusukuma. Umbala oyinhloko ophuzi, unemivimbo ebomvu neblue. Izimpondo ezincanyana zinezikhala ezinoshevu. Lapho esethintekile, izikhala ziyaqhuma, kuqhamuke kuqhamuke isikhumba.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhokho

Ukuthuthuka kwayo kungahlala ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi kungahudula amashumi eminyaka. Sizibambe iqanda, isibungu siba nezigaba eziningana. Ezinye zazo zihambisana nezinguquko ezibalulekile, i-molting namanye ama-metamorphoses. Isibungu ngokwaso sikhula futhi sifinyelela usayizi wabantu abadala.

Ezinye izinhlobo zenza izixhumanisi eziningana futhi ziguqule umbala. Lokhu kujwayelekile kwizimbungulu zesilika. Ekupheleni kwenkathi yokuphila kwabo, bafuna indawo yokuhlanya nokulungisa ikhaya labo.

Amakhethini molt; ukuncibilika kuyinto yawo. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwesibungu, lungamiswa amahlandla amabili kuya kwayi-40. Imvamisa, ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo, amacimbi aqothulayo amahlandla ama-4-5. Umgcini werekhodi lenombolo yezixhumanisi uyimvukuzane. Ingancibilikisa izikhathi ezingama-40, bese izinsikazi zikwenza kaningi kakhulu.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Photo: Ngabe sibukeka kanjani isibungu?

Amacimbi ajwayelekile kakhulu yilawa:

• isibungu esikhulu esimhlophe (i-Pieris bricae), abadala baso ababizwa ngokuthi izimvemvane ezimhlophe zeklabishi. Amakhethini aqongelela ukugxila okukhulu kawoyela wesinaphi ekudleni, futhi umzimba wawo okhanyayo, onamabala uxwayisa okungenzeka kube ngabazondlayo ngokunambitheka kwabo okungathandeki,
• isibungu esincane sedatha (i-Aglais urticae). Ukuhlala ndawonye kusiza lezi zibungu, ngoba zingahlanganisa imizimba yazo ngokudibeneyo, zisebenze njengesitho esikhulu esisodwa, zizama ukwesabisa izinyamazane. Ekugcineni, amacimbi ngamanye akhasa ahlukane ukuze amate. Amacimbi ama-turtle angabonakala kusuka ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni, nabantu abadala abangasebenza unyaka wonke,
• ikhehla lekhokho (iPolygonia c-albhamu). Amakhethini aguqula umbala ube muhle kakhulu esigabeni sawo sonke esidala, kepha okuphawuleka kakhulu ngamacimbi amadala. Amawundlu ashiswe ngombala omnyama osawolintshi anophawu "oluyisisekelo" olumhlophe, lokukhumbuza ukuphonsa inyoni, eyethusa izinyamazane,
• Igazi le-Bear Caterpillar (iTyria jacobaeae).Ikhula ifinyelela kuma-28 mm, lezi zinganyana ezimnyama neziphuzi zinesimo esihle kakhulu futhi kulula ukuzazi, ngoba kubukeka sengathi zinehembe lombhoxo kuzo,
• isibungu sesiliva hole (Phalera bucephala). Lesi sibungu esimnyama nesiphuzi sifinyelela ku-70 mm ubude futhi sinezinwele ezidala ukucasuka kubantu futhi zenza umsebenzi omuhle wokuzivikela kubazingeli,
• isibungu somundu ophuzi webhubhu (Calliteara pudibunda). Amakhethini angakhula afike kuma-45 mm futhi afike ngosayizi ogcwele ezinyangeni ezimbili. Ama-bristles emzimbeni wesibungu ayaziwa ukuthi abangela ukucasuka kwesikhumba kubantu. Abantu abadala inundu elihle grey enezimpondo ezinjenge-comb,
• isibungu se-maple lancet (i-Acronicta aceris). Lokhu ukubuka kwamadolobha, kubonakaliswa izinwele ezi-orange ezigqamile namaphethini we-rhomboid omnyama nomhlophe ngemuva,
• isibungu se-lancet-psi (Acronicta psi). Ngemuva kokuphuma kwamaqanda, okuthatha isonto kuphela ukuba aqandeke, amacimbi akhula aze afike ku-40 mm cishe ngezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu. Amacimbi eGrey angatholakala kusuka ngoJulayi kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Abadala abamhlophe basebenza kusuka maphakathi noMeyi kuya ku-Agasti. Umucu wazo ophuzi usebenza njengokufihla iziqu zezitshalo.

Manje uyazi ukuthi ibhungane libukeka kanjani. Ake sibheke ukuthi sitholakala kuphi lesi sinambuzane.

Ihlala kuphi imbungulu?

Photo: Caterpillar emvelweni

Isibungu esikhulu esimhlophe sigcina kuphela ama-45 mm ubude futhi sidla iklabishi, ulethisi kanye ne-nasturtium amasonto amane - yingakho abalimi nabalimi bebabheka njengezinambuzane. Amaqanda aluhlaza wesibungu esincane sefudu abekwa ngamaqembu ekugwazeni izimbabazane, futhi amacimbi aqhakaza amnyama aphuzi ahlala ndawonye, ​​akha iwebhu yesilika evamile futhi adla amaqabunga aseduze ukuze akhule afike kuma-30 mm ubude. Njengoba bekhula, baphendukela ezitshalweni ezintsha bese bakhe amanetha amasha, bashiye nezikhumba ezindala, ezigcwele zezinkukhu,

I-comma yamacimbi ikhula ibe ngu-35 mm futhi ihlala kuma-hops kanye nezimbabazane. Lezi zibungu zingatholakala kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kuya maphakathi no-Septhemba, kepha izimvemvane ziyasebenza unyaka wonke. Ngawo-1800s, bathola ukwehla okubonakalayo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokwehliswa kokutshala kokudla abakuthandayo, ama-hops, kepha selokhu bathola imvuselelo. Amakhukhu ohlobo lwebhere eligcwele igazi ngaphansi komhlaba, hhayi e-chrysalis esihlahleni, njengamanye amacimbi. Abadala bandiza kusukela ngoMeyi kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Kukhona ukuguquguquka kwesibalo sabantu "boom and decrease" ezingeni lendawo.

Amacimbi we-silvery akhula ngokugcwele ezinsukwini ezingama-30 futhi aqothule ngaphansi komhlaba phakathi nobusika. Izinkumbi zemfene ezinesiphu sesigaxa zitholakala kusukela ngoJulayi kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Abadala bayasebenza ukusuka ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi kuze kube nguJulayi, futhi ukumaka kwabo kuklanyelwe sengathi iphiko labo laphukile. Izinduna zamabhu amabala agqamile atholakala ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni ezibanzi ezinwebekile, kufaka phakathi i-birch nama-hops. Zingabonakala kusuka ngasekupheleni kukaJuni kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, kepha ekwindla zingabonakala kaningi lapho zikhamba zifuna indawo yokugcotshwa. Abadala bandiza kusuka ngoJulayi kuya ku-Agasti.

Isibungu se-map lancet sihlala esihlahleni sendiza, isifuba sehhashi, kanjalo nakumamephu atshaliwe nasensimini. Amakhethini atholakala ngoJulayi kuya kuSepthemba. Ebusika, zigxumela emhlabathini, kudoti ofana namagxolo namaqabunga awile. Abadala bayasebenza kusuka maphakathi noJuni kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti.

Ngabe sidlani isibungu?

Photo: Red Caterpillar

Isibungu yi-herbivore, kepha ukudla kokudliwayo kanye novemvane kuhlukile. AmaButterflies asebenzisa izilimi ezinjengotshani ukuphuza umpe wezimbali, okuyi-nto eyenzeka lapho inqubo isibungu siphenduka uvemvane. Amakhethini adla ikakhulukazi ngamaqabunga, izitshalo, nezitshalo eziqhakazayo, futhi izimbobo ezinkulu zivame ukutholakala emacembe okubonisa ubukhona balesi sibungu.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Isibungu ngumshini wokudla ongokoqobo - isikhwama sendlela yokugaya izitshalo. Ngokuhamba kwezinsuku noma amasonto ambalwa lapho kusebenza, isibungu sizothatha isisindo saso kaninginingi, noma ngabe yikuphi ukudla esikukhethayo.

Isibonelo, ikhefana lekhehla lisencane lidla engaphansi kwamaqabunga, kepha liqala ukondla ohlangothini olungaphezulu njengoba lukhula. Indlela yokudla yesibungu esinamagazi ihlukile, inika ukubukeka komhlaba ojwayelekile lapho behlaba khona. Lezi zibungu zidla ngamaqembu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sasemini, kusukela ngoJulayi kuya ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba. Lapho amaqabunga esitshalo enyamalala, kwesinye isikhathi baphendukela ku-cannibalism.

Isibungu somgodi we-silvery sidla ngamaqabunga e-oki. Ngemuva kokuqothuka eqembeni leqanda, izibungu zidla ndawonye, ​​zishiya zodwa lapho zikhula zaba ngosayizi omkhulu. Izibungu zeMaple lancet, ubude bazo bufika ku-40 mm, kwesinye isikhathi ziyawa ezihlahleni ezidla kuzo. Amacimbi we-psi larvae psi adla ezihlahleni ezinwebekile nasezihlahleni ezifana ne-hawthorn, i-apula kanye ne-birch.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zamacimbi zingamakhosi futhi zidla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Amacimbi amaningi angama-herbivores futhi adla kakhulu ngamaqabunga, yize ezinye izinhlobo zidla kuzo zonke izingxenye zesitshalo, amakhowe nezilwane ezifile, kufaka phakathi ezinye izibungu.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Black Caterpillar

Amakhethini angaba abaguquli bokuqala, ngoba njengoba beguqula izibungu ze-wavy ziphenduka izimvemvane ezinhle, kepha lesi akusona ukuphela kwendlela ebaguqula. Amakhethini ahlala ezifihliwe phakathi kwezitshalo ngenxa yombala wazo, futhi isikhumba sazo esinamakha sivame ukubukeka njengezikhala egatsheni. Leli khono lokugubha lisiza amacimbi ukuba aphilele aze afinyelele ekuvuthweni okugcwele bese eqala i-metamorphosis - ajika ekubeni yipupa abe uvemvane.

Isigaba sokuhlafuneka siqala ngesibungu esidala esinamathela emagxolweni esihlahla noma kwenye into enzima, bese sifafaza isikhumba ukuze siveze i-pupa. Ukuguqulwa kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwama-chrysalis lapho isibungu siqala ukubola saba uketshezi, futhi amaseli ambalwa asele kuphela ajika abe uvemvane lakudala.

Ngemuva kokuthi isibungu siqede i-metamorphosis yaso ibe uvemvane, luyovula bese kuvela uvemvane. Lokhu akuchithi isikhathi sokuzalela nokuzala amaqanda, ngoba izimvemvane eziningi zinesikhathi esifushane sokuphila amasonto ambalwa. Amaqanda ka-Butterfly aqhakaza izibungu zesibungu, futhi umjikelezo uqala futhi.

Imvamisa, ukuguqulwa okuyisithupha kwe-metamorphic kwenzeka emendweni wokukhula uvemvane, ngalinye lelo ligqugquzelwa ukukhululwa kwehomoni molt ecdysone ebeleni. I-hormone yensizwa evikelwe yi-endocrine gland ibambezela ukuthuthuka ekubeni umuntu mdala: yize izinga le-hormone liphezulu, ligcina isibungu esiqwini.

Kodwa-ke, ukukhululeka kwe-hormone yentsha kuncipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kuphela lapho kuwela ngaphansi kwezinga elibucayi lapho kuledlulisa kuholela ku-pupa kanye nokweqiwa. Okwamanje, ukwabiwa kabusha okukhulu kwezakhi zomzimba, futhi kubantu abadala, izici zingase zivele ekugcineni. Ngokudonsa kwezinga le-hormone yentsha ukuya cishe ku-zero, i-molt yokugcina kwenzeka kumuntu omdala.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Amathrekhi

Amakhethini alungele ukuba ngamavemvane kusukela azalwa. Ngisho nakulesi sibungu esincane kunazo zonke esisanda kuqandusela eqandeni elincane kunazo zonke, izinqwaba zamaseli zezitho ezinjengezimpondo, amaphiko, izidladla kanye nezitho zangasese sezivele zanqunyelwa futhi zimiselwe ukuba ngabantu abadala. Ibizwa ngokuthi ama-discs imagination (ekubeni yisicaba nokuyindilinga), ayinakukhula futhi ikhule ngenxa yokufadalala okungapheli kwe-hormone yentsha.

Njengoba izibungu zidla, amathumbu alo, izicubu zomzimba nezinye izitho zangaphakathi zikhula futhi zikhula, kepha ama-discs wokucabanga ayacindezelwa okwesikhashana futhi ahlala ethule. Isibungu siziphatha njengophila ngokukhululeka, ukondla, ukukhula, kepha sicindezelekile ekukhuleni kwengqondo.

Lapho ifinyelela usayizi obucayi, kukhululwa i-hormone yokuncibilikisa, i-ecdysone. Ubonisa isikhumba sakhe kaningana ephendula i-ecdysone, isikhathi ngasinye enza unyaka omusha (isigaba), kepha i-hormone yensizwa iwugcina endaweni yokubumbana, uvimbele ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kuze kube yilapho usizi lwayo selusondele ngokuphelele futhi ukuqina kokugcina kuyehla.

Eminyakeni yesihlanu neyokugcina yesikhonyane, ama-discs discs asevele aqala ukuphuma ekuphumuleni okuphoqiwe futhi akhula. I-hormone yensizwa manje iwela ngaphansi komkhawulo, futhi ukuhlinzwa okulandelayo kwe-ecdysone kukhuthaza ukuguqulwa kube yi-chrysalis. Ama-discs emcabango a-Flattened aqala ukuthuthuka ngokungaphazamiseki. Ukugoqa ngakunye kube kudayi we-concave, bese kuthatha ukwakheka kwesokisi. Isikhungo sediski ngalinye senzelwe ukuba sibe yisibambo - ichopho lomphetho noma ukuphela kwephiko.

Iningi lesisindo se-puffy samachungane lisebenza phakathi kwezici zabantu abadala ezihlangana negobolondo elingaphakathi le-pupa. Kulesi sigaba, ngaphakathi kuqukethe isobho elinempilo elinika ama-embryonic imagination discs lapho beqeda ukukhula kwabo okubambezelayo. Ukuqhuma kokugcina kwe-ecdysone kwenzeka phakathi kwe-hormone ecishe ifane ne-zero - futhi kuvuselela ukubukeka kovemvane omdala wokuzalela, ukusabalalisa nokubeka amaqanda.

Izitha zemvelo zezimbungu

Photo: Ngabe sibukeka kanjani isibungu?

Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane namafomu abukeka njengemibungu, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zidla imfene, kepha izinyoni nezinambuzane ziyizitha eziphambili zalesi sibungu. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinwanyane nazo zivame ukuzingela izibungu.

Amakhethini awakwazi ukuphunyula kalula ezilwaneni ezidla lana ngoba zihamba kancane futhi azikabi namaphiko. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma ngabe kufanele bathembele ekufihlakalweni ukuze izilwane ezidla ezinye zingaziboni (okusinikeza amacimbi abukeka njengamaqabunga, iziqu zezitshalo, njll.), Noma avele aqhakazile futhi abukhali, ngakho-ke, abangahle bazidle bazi ukuthi lokhu kuzoba ngumqondo omubi.

Amakhethini atholakala cishe kuzo zonke izimo zezulu emhlabeni wonke, sibonga ukuthi izinyamazane zazo ziningi.

Ngaphezu kwezinyoni, amacimbi adla ku:

• abantu - amacimbi ayisimangaliso kubantu ezingxenyeni ezithile zomhlaba njengeBotswana eningizimu ne-Afrika, kanye nasemazweni ase-East Asia anjenge China. Eqinisweni, izibungu zihlangana nsuku zonke kulezi zindawo ngenxa yenani lazo eliphezulu lokudla. Kuqhathaniswa inyama yenkomo, i-lentil nezinhlanzi, amacimbi aqukethe amaprotheni amaningi namafutha,
• Imfucuza iyaziwa ngokuthwala amacimbi izidleke izidleke zayo njengokudla kwezingane zabo. Imfucumfucu iyasebenziseka engadini, ngoba ihlala ibamba amacimbi acishe noma ibuphi usayizi, ngaleyo ndlela iwagcine elawulwa. Kodwa-ke, iminyovu idla amacimbi ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo nasekuqalekeni kwehlobo. Njengoba isizini ikhula, inani labo liba acidic, futhi ukudla kwabo kushintshela kokunye okugcwele ushukela,
• ama-ladybugs mancane, kunalokho ayindilinga, amabhungane anemibala ekhanyayo futhi anebala adla ikakhulukazi ama-aphid. Ama-Ladybugs angadla ezinye izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi amacimbi. Njengoba ama-aphid namacimbi ayingozi ezitshalweni, abalimi basebenzisa ama-ladybugs ukuzilawula ngokwemvelo. Amakhethini anemizimba ethambile futhi ama-ladybugs awathola amnandi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi amancane.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Cishe njalo eminyakeni eyi-10 kunokuqubuka kweziqu zabantu abasebenza emahlathini. Amakhethini avela ngasekupheleni kukaJuni nasekuqaliseni kukaJulayi adla inani elimangalisayo lamahlamvu lapho ekhula. Izinhlobo zamahlathi zamacimbi zithanda amaqabunga avela ku-hardwood, ikakhulukazi kusuka kushukela maple. Ukuqubuka kwamanje kuqale ehlobo eledlule, lapho izindimbane zezimbungulu ezilambile zihlala emahlathini amaningi. Uma ulandela ukuthambekela kwangaphambilini, lokhu kuqubuka kufanele kuphele ngonyaka noma emibili, kepha hhayi ngaphambi kokuthi kukhule ngezinga.

Amacimbi ehlathini adla inyama yezinhlobo zezimpukane, okubizwa ngokuthi "izimpukane ezinobungane," futhi inani labantu bakhona likhula ngenxa yokuqubuka kokukhula kwezikhonyane ngemuva kokubambezeleka okufushane. Inani labantu abasebenza emahlathini alawulwa yigciwane ukhunta. La magciwane eza ngesimo samakristalu amaprotheni avela ngokwemvelo emhlabathini nangaphezulu kwamaqabunga. Zithinta kuphela izibungu futhi zingadala ukufa okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokuqubuka.

Ukususa amahlamvu ngamacimbi kungenye yemijikelezo yemvelo ejwayelekile. Kukhona ngisho nobufakazi bokuthi inani elikhulu kakhulu lamaphalafini acekeceke akhiqizwa yizimbungulu anikeza izihlahla umfutho onjalo womquba we-nitrogen ukuthi ukhula ngokucebile ngonyaka ngonyaka ngemuva kokuqothuka uma uqhathaniswa neminyaka engenawo ama-defoliation. Noma kungekho bufakazi besayensi noma idatha yesikhathi eside etholakala ngesampula yaminyaka yonke, kubonakala sengathi namuhla isibalo sabantu abaziziimboni zingaphansi kweminyaka embalwa edlule.

Ikhokho - Lesi isilwane esincane esenziwe ngesibungu esizokwakha ukhukhunathi bese ekugcineni siphenduka uvemvane noma inundu. Amakhethini anezingxenye zomzimba eziyishumi nantathu, anezimbambo ezintathu ezifushane esifubeni namabili amabala esiswini, amehlo ayisithupha ohlangothini ngalunye lwekhanda nezimpondo ezimfishane. Amakhethini adla ikakhulu ngamahlamvu futhi ngokuvamile anemibala ekhanyayo.

Iklabishi

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Lolu hlobo lwesibungu luvame kakhulu. Zitholakala esifundeni saseYurophu saseRussia. Ukubukeka kumelelwa ngumzimba oluhlaza onobude obungamasentimitha ayi-3-4. Izinwele ezimnyama namashubhu atholakala ebusweni bomzimba. Leli gama kungenxa yokuthi ungahlangana nalesi sibungu eklabishi. Kodwa-ke, zingadla kuma-radash, ama-turnips, ama-turnips namanye amasiko. Ngalesi sizathu, izimpukane zeklabishi ziyizinambuzane. Isigaba sezinambuzane kulezi zinhlobo sithatha cishe amasonto ayi-2-5. Kunqunywa isimo sezulu.

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Moth

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Ngenye indlela, amabhu abizwa ngokuthi abahloli. Leli gama kungenxa yokuthi bathuthukise imilenze yamanga yangaphambili, ngakho-ke bahamba ngendlela ecacisiwe. Lo mmeleli uhlukaniswa umbala onsundu womzimba, ngenxa yokuthi uyakwazi ukufihla imifino ngokuphelele. Futhi, inundu inohlelo lwemisipha olwenziwe kahle ngenxa yokuthi lungaba sesimweni sokuma eside isikhathi eside. Ukudla okunempilo kwamabhu kubekelwe kuphela amaConifers, ama-hazel kanye namahlamvu we-currant. Umzimba walezi zinhlobonhlobo ubanzi futhi upendwe ngothunzi olubushelelezi.

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Okuthengisiwe

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Kuyenzeka e-zone-steppe zone. I-Redtail ikakhulukazi idla ngamaqabunga ezihlahla zezihlahla. Isidumbu salo mmeli simbozwe izinwele ezimpunga. Ekupheleni komzimba kunendawo edwetshwe ngombala obomvu okhanyayo. Lolu phawu lukhombisa ukuthi isibungu esinobuthi, ngakho-ke ukuxhumana nalo kungaholela ekutheni umuntu angadabuki. Kubuye futhi inkathazo, ngoba icekela phansi izihlahla zezithelo. Isikhathi sasehlobo samaRedtail sihlala ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni.

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Swallowtail

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Izinhlobonhlobo zamacimbi okugwinya ayikhulu impela. Basakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eNyakatho Melika nase-Asia. Kutholakala futhi e-Afrika. Isibungu sihlukaniswa umbala waso omangalisayo, ongashintsha. Ngalesi sizathu, kubhekwe njengento enhle njengebhabhathane. Ekuqaleni, i-swallowtail imbozwe ngemibala ekhanyayo ebomvu, kuthi emva kwalokho iphenduke iluhlaza ngemithende emnyama namabala ansundu. Ukudla okuyinhloko izaqathi, iparsley, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi kanye nomhlonyane.

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Impumputhe Hog

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Itholakala enkabeni yeRussia, endaweni yaseSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude. Idla ikakhulu ngamaqabunga e-birch, popula nama-willow. Umzimba upendiwe luhlaza, ngakho-ke awukwazi ukubonwa ngemuva kwamahlamvu. Phezu komzimba kukhona nemithende emincane ye-diagonal yombala oluhlaza okotshani, kanti inqubo encane iyabonakala emsileni.

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Iso lesikhonkwane

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Isibungu salolu hlobo sifinyelela ubude bomzimba wamasentimitha ayi-10. Sekukonke, izinhlobo ezimbili zalaba bameleli ziyahlukaniswa: isikhathi sasemini nobusuku. Idla ikakhulu ezihlahleni zezithelo ezinjengamapharele, ama-walnuts, amaplamu, ama-apula kanye namakhherubi.

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Admiral

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Lasakazekela kuzo zonke izifunda ezahlukahlukene zaseRussia.Ukubukeka kwabo kuyafana nezimvemvane. Umzimba wesibungu upendiwe umnyama ngemicu ephuzi eqondile ezinhlangothini. Zitholakala kaningi ngoMeyi. Umgcini wenza indawo yokuhlala yamaqabunga amzungezile, lapho echitha khona isikhathi esiningi kuze kube sekupheleni kwehlobo, bese eshiya bese ephenduka uvemvane.

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Ngaphezu kwalezi zibungu ezingenhla, ezingeyona ingozi, kukhona futhi nezinhlobonhlobo zabamele ubuthi. Okusemqoka yile:

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Ubuthi coquette coquette

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Lesi sinambuzane sinokubukeka okufanayo nesilwane esimbozwe uboya. Ungomunye onobuthi kunabo bonke. Ungahlangana naye eMexico. Ngaphansi kohlobo loboya, ama-spikes anobuthi futhi abukhali akhiwe, angaba mpunga noma abe nsundu ngombala. Isibungu asidluli amasentimitha ayi-2 ubude. Ukuxhumana nalomeleli kungaholela ekunciphiseni isikhumba, izindawo ezikhulisiwe ze-lymph, izinhlungu esifubeni kanye nokuphefumula.

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Isibungu sendawo

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Umzimba walezinhlobo upendiwe ngokuhlaza okotshani obunamabala ansundu ezisekelweni. Phakathi nendawo kukhona nebala elinsundu, elihlanganiswe ngombala omhlophe. Basakazekela emazweni aseMelika. Emzimbeni kunezimbambo ezimbili zezimpondo ezifakwa nesixazululo esinobuthi. Ukusuka kumjovo onalezi zimpondo ungathola izinhlungu ezinzima, isicanucanu kanye nokuqhuma. Lezi zimpawu zingahlala izinsuku eziningana.

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Ubuvila obuhlekisayo

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Imvamisa, lesi sinambuzane sitholakala eMozambiki nase Uruguay. Ihlala ikakhulu emthunzini ngaphansi kwamahlamvu ezihlahla. Lesi sibungu sidume ngobuthi obunobungozi kakhulu obuqongelela izinqubo zalo ezakhiwe nge-spruce. Abamele le nhlobo bafinyelela ubude bomzimba ofinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-7 ngombala onsundu. Ubuthi be-Toxin balesi sibungu bungakuholela ekushayweni kwegazi endaweni yokulimala, izifo zephephamzimba emathunjini, kanye ne-pulmonary edema nokuphazamiseka kohlelo lwezinzwa.

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Ukuhlukaniswa

Uvemvane ngalunye lwalungumbethe, futhi umbala wesibungu ungahluka kumbala we uvemvane. Ngokuvamile, amacimbi ayizinambuzane ezi-herbivorous, kepha izinyamazane ezidla inyama nazo zingatholakala emvelweni. Ngokuya kokudla, amacimbi ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezilandelayo:

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Ama-polyphages. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zamacimbi zidla cishe kunoma yisiphi isitshalo. Zifanekisela izinhlobo ezinjalo zezimvemvane ezinjenge-barragen ye-viniga, i-blind hawk, idipper ye-kaya, i-peacock-eye nezinye izinambuzane.

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Monophages. Lezi zibungu zithanda ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo kuphela, ezivela kuzo amagama azo. Njengesibonelo se-monophages iklabishi, amabhu ama-apula, ama-silkworms nezinye izinhlobo.

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Oligophagous. Ukondliwa kwalezinambuzane kukhawulelwe ohlotsheni olulodwa lwesitshalo olungowomndeni noma uhlobo oluthile. Njengomthetho, lokhu kuvemvane lukaphayini, i-swallowtail, i-polyxena.

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Ama-Xylophages. Ukudla kwalesi sigaba kuhlukahluka emagumbini ahlukahlukene esihlahla. Amacimbi anjalo angamaqabunga, ama-bushworms, njalonjalo.

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Amakhethini nawo ahlukile endaweni yokusabalalisa. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zihlala ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba, kanti ezinye - izifunda ezisenyakatho. Phakathi kwenqwaba yezimbungulu, kukhona nabameleli ababaluleke kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, izinhlobo zesilika. Izintambo zesilika zitholakala kukhukhu wazo.

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Habitat

Esikhathini esiningi, isibungu singatholakala emhlabeni, kepha abamele abaningi baqala ukukhula ngaphansi kwamanzi. Isibonelo, isibungu se-Hawaiiian moth sisabalale emhlabeni nasemanzini.

Amakhethini ahlukaniswe futhi abe yizinhlobo ezimbili, ngokusho kwawo ahola indlela yokuphila eyimfihlo noma ekhululekile. Amakhethini ahola indlela yokuphila yamahhala aphila ngamahlamvu wezitshalo futhi akhulu ngosayizi. Amacimbi okucashile afaka izinhlobo eziningi:

1. Uhlu. Bacasha ngamaqabunga asontekile ezihlahla ezahlukahlukene.
2. Izithelo. Indawo abahlala kuyo ibekelwe izithelo zezithelo,
3. Abashayeli. Ungabathola kuphela ngaphakathi kwezihlahla namahlumela,
4. Abavukuzi. Lezi zinhlobo zithutha izinso ezikhethekile ezinso, emaqabungeni nasezilwaneni,
5. Amafomu enyongo. Zidume ngokubangela i-pathology ekukhuleni kwezingxenye ezonakalisiwe zezitshalo.

Zihlala kuphi lezi zibungu?

Ukuhamba okulinganiselwe kwesibungu akubavumeli ukuba bahambe ngokushesha futhi bashintshe indawo yokuhlala yabo. Ngokuvamile, amacimbi ahlala emhlabathini, amapheshana, izitshalo. Ezinye izinhlobo ziphila ngaphansi kwamanzi.

Amacimbi wokugcina izimfihlo nawokuhamba obala agcinwa ngokufihlakala ngokuya ngempilo. Izinhlobo ezifihliwe zifaka phakathi lezo ezingabonakali ebusweni bomhlaba, kepha zitholakala endaweni eqweqwe, ngaphansi komhlaba.

Bahlukaniswe ngabamele abalandelayo:

• Uhlu. Bahlala emaqabungeni ezihlahla, benza indlu enamashubhu.
• Karpofagi. Bahlala ezitsheni zezitshalo, amajikijolo.
• Ama-Xylophages. Zihlala ngaphakathi kwesiqu zemithi, ngaphansi kwegxolo.
• Izibungu ezingaphansi komhlaba zihlala ngaphansi komhlaba
• Amacimbi amanzi ahlala emizimbeni yamanzi.
• Abavukuzi. Zihlala ezimpandeni, amaqabunga, efihlekile.
• Izimvemvane zesikhathi esizayo zihola indlela yokuphila evulekile. Zihlala lapho zidla khona: emaqabungeni ezimbali, izitshalo.

Zidlani izibungu?

Amacimbi amaningi angabantu abasebenza imifino. Bancamela amaqabunga ezitshalo, izimpande, izimbali. Abanye benza izindlela zabo zokuphatha amaqanda lapho. Izinambuzane ezinjalo zibandakanya inundu. Uyabuthanda uju. Ebusuku, imvukuzane ingena ngesinyenyela esidlekeni futhi ibekela amaqanda enkombeni. Izibungu ezinamahloni zidla i-wax noju.

Ngokuvamile, isibungu siwubukhazikhazi kakhulu. Ukuze abe unodoli, kufanele aqhamuke nesisindo. Isibungu somusi we-apula singadla wonke amaqabunga esihlahleni se-apula hhayi "sidle". Uma kungekho ezinye izihlahla eduzane, uyathulula noma ngabe 'ulambile.'

Kukhona nokudla okungajwayelekile kuye ngohlobo:

• Inkukhu ye-cork idla i-algae ne-fungus emiphongolweni yewaini namathangi ebhiya,
• Amacembe we-ognevka ahlala emzimbeni wesloth futhi adle ulwelwe lwayo, olukhula ngoboya,
• Ama-Ognevki adla izinto zokwakha izintuthwane - iphepha,
• Amagwababa esikhumbuzo naseLycaenidae adla izintuthwane, kanti izintuthwane zithanda ijusi elikhiqizayo, futhi zihlala ndawonye,
• Amacimbi aqothulayo adla izinambuzane ezincane nezinye izibungu.

Ukulwa namacimbi: izindlela nezindlela

Amakhethini angalimaza isivuno somuntu futhi adle umhlaba wakhe. Ukugcina ukuvuna, kusetshenziswa ezinye izindlela zomzabalazo.

Kwesinye isikhathi isebenzisa yonke into ngokulandelana:

• Ukuqoqwa kwamathrekhi. Nsuku zonke, ukuqoqa koloni kwamacimbi, ubhubhise pupae kanye namaqanda.
• Amakhemikhali Umkhakha kanye ne-botany kwakha izinhlanganisela ezahlukahlukene zokulondoloza izilimo futhi ziqede izivakashi ezingafuneki. Le ndlela yinhle ekuqaleni. Ngemuva kokuba lezi zibungu zijwayele amalungiselelo.
• Emasimini nasezindaweni ezinkulu, izinyoni zenza umsebenzi. Bathanda kakhulu ukudla isibungu. Ngokwakha izindlu zezinyoni, ungasusa izinto ezingekho emndenini.
• Ukuminyana kwamakhambi namahlamvu. Iziqongo utamatisi, ugwayi, u-chamomile, umhlonyane, amakhambi abilayo, amazambane.

Amaqiniso Athandekayo Wekhekhe

1. Ngokuvamile, amacimbi adla ukudla kwezitshalo, amaqabunga, izimbali nezithelo. Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane, amacimbi, akhetha ukudla ukudla kwe-wax, uboya noma izinto ezi-horny.
2. Emvelweni, kunezimbungulu ezidla ezinye ezidla ezinye izinambuzane, ama-aphid, izibungu kanye ne-pupae yezintuthwane.
3. Isibungu sidla igobolondo leqanda layo ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqhanyelwa, bese wonke amanye amaqanda ekhubeka kuwo.
4. Ngokwesilinganiso, cishe izicucu ezingama-4000 zitholakala emzimbeni wesibungu, esiphindwe cishe kasikhombisa emzimbeni womuntu.
5. Amakhethini, njengezicabucabu, angahlukanisa intambo kasilika. Kuyo bafaka ukhukhunathi (amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nezicabucabu).
6. Ukulima, isibungu sesilika sigqoka ukhukhunathi, igobolondo laso elinentambo yesilika eqhubekayo engafika kumamitha ayi-1,500 ubude kuziponji ezinkulu kunazo zonke. Yilezi cocoons ezivunwa ukukhiqiza usilika wemvelo.
7. Amakhethini wezimvemvane eziningi ezihlala kulezi zindawo ezisenyakatho azinaso isikhathi sokuguqula zibe yi-chrysalis ehlobo elilodwa, yingakho ziphoqelelwa ukuba zihlale hibernate kuze kube ihlobo elizayo.
8. ECanada naseGreenland, kukhona amacimbi ahlala kuze kube yilapho ephenduka uvemvane ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala eyi-14, ngoba asinaso isikhathi sokukhula ehlobo nje elifushane, futhi kufanele afihle ubusika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zimelana nokushisa okufika kuma-70 degrees.
9. Amakhethini ezinye zezinhlobo zezilwane zihlala ezintuthwaneni, ngokuba nobuhlobo obuthakathaka nezintuthwane. Zilingisa isibeletho sezintuthwane, ziveza i-enzyme ekhethekile noma zenze imisindo nge-sonic cilia. Izintuthwane zidla futhi zivikele isibungu esinjalo
10. Amanye amacimbi aba yingozi ngenxa yezitshalo azidlayo. Ngakho-ke, izinyoni azibadli, bazi ukuthi zinoshevu.
11. Masinyane nje ngemuva kokuqandusela eqandeni, isibungu siqala ukukhuthala ukuthola isisindo ngokudla konke okulungele ukudla, futhi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ubunzima baso bukhuphuka ngamashumi ezinkulungwane.
12. EPeru, amacimbi ayingqayizivele ahlala, imikhuba yakhe isikhumbuza umqhele we-hermit. Bathola izinto ezifanele, njengeshidi elomile elijijeke ku -hubhu, bazisebenzise njengegobolondo ukuze bazivikele.
13. Ubukhulu bezimbungwana ezincane kunazo zonke azidluli i-2 mm, kuthi ngobukhulu zifinyelele ku-12 cm.
14. Lapho amacimbi akhula, ancipha amahlandla amaningi, alahla elidala, eliye laba yigobolondo eliqinile futhi likhula elisha.
15. Amakhethini anamehlo ayi-6, kanti ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ezinhlanu zazo zihlelwe ngokulandelana, kanti eyesithupha ikhula ngaphezulu kwazo, enkabeni.
16. Kuzo zonke izibungu, ikhanda liqukethe izigaba eziyisithupha, ezihlanganiswa ndawonye.
17. Ngaphansi kwekhanda kukhona ifamen ye-occipital, lapho ezimeni eziningi inesakhiwo sophawu lwenhliziyo.
18. Zonke izinhlobo zamacimbi zidlula esigabeni sokufundwa ngaphambi kokuphenduka uvemvane.
19. Amacimbi amaningi aphila isikhathi eside ukwedlula uvemvane, abese ephenduka alusebenzisa.
20. Imisipha yezimbungulu, ngokungafani neyabantu, yenza umsebenzi wamathambo omzimba wayo. Babukeka njengamabhola amancane anomoya, okuthi ngalo igazi lijikeleze ngokusebenzisa ukuhlangana kwezicubu.

Umshini wokuphotha

Amathuluzi wokuphotha aqukethe i-papilla yokuphotha kanye ne-sclerite yayo. I-papilla eshintshashintshayo iyishubhu, udonga olungaphezulu lwayo okuvame ukuba lufushane kunokuphansi, umkhawulo wokugcina ungalingani. Emaphethelweni we-papilla efulayo kwesinye isikhathi ahlanganiswa uthango. I-silk excretory duct edlula papilla yokuphotha ivula ekugcineni kwayo okukude. Ezimweni ezingandile kakhulu, ezifana I-Microplerygidae kanti abanye abavukuzi, i-papilla yokuqothula ngokusobala ayikho.

I-papilla eshintshashintshayo ihluka kakhulu ngesimo nobude kubamele bamaqembu ahlukahlukene. Kunobudlelwano obusondelene phakathi kwesakhiwo se-papilla esishayayo nomsebenzi owenziwa usilika wezibungu. Amakhokho aluka ukunyakaza kwawo, ngokwesibonelo Hepialidae futhi iningi I-Microfrenataube ne-papilla ende ende, emincane ne-cylindrical spinning. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-papilla efushane nethambile eshisayo itholakala kuphela ezinambuzini ezingasebenzisi i-cocoons noma umsebenzi we-silika-limited ulinganiselwe, isibonelo kuma-brazhniks, ama-scoops amaningi kanye nabavukuzi.

Ekukhuleni kwezindlala zesilika zamacimbi, ezinye izici ziyaqapheleka. Ezinsukwini ezi-4 zokugcina zalesi sibalo sempilo yezinambuzane, lapho zisondla, indlala iba ukukhula ngokushesha futhi ifinyelele isisindo sayo esiphezulu ngesikhathi esifushane. Usuku ngemuva kokuqala kokuluka ukhukhunathi, isisindo sonyawo lwehla kakhulu, bese siqhubeka sincipha ngokuqhubekayo, kuze kube sekupheleni kokhokho obumbiwa yisibungu. Amangqamuzana akhiqiza usilika awuhlobise, ngokusobala ngenxa yezinto eziqoqiwe. Ezikhumbeni zemithi ye-oki, ukuluka kukhukhunathi kuncike kumswakama komoya ozungezile - endaweni enomswakama omningi, amacimbi awaluki ukhukhunathi.

Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali nokwakheka kwesilika

Isilika lakhiwa ngamaprotheni - i-fibroin (75%) ne-sericin, eyakha ungqimba lwentambo kasilika. I-Fibroin ithunyelwa emuva, kanti i-sericin iphakathi nendawo ye-gland. La maprotheni ahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye ekwakhekeni kwawo i-amino acid. I-Sericin ihlukile kwi-fibroin kokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-glycocol, i-alanine ne-tyrosine ekwakhiweni kwayo kanye nokuqukethwe okuphakeme kakhulu kwe-serine ne-diamino acid. I-silk fiber ngaphezulu imbozwe nge-wax pellicle, ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali afana ne-cuticulin.

Imicu yesilika evikelwe izinhlanga ezahlukahlukene ze-silkworm ibonakala ngokuhlukahluka kwamakhemikhali. Imicu kasilika Antheraea mylitta futhi Samia cynthia aqukethe i-glycocol encane kunemicu ye-silkworm silkworm. Imicu yesilika ye-Oeceticus platensis mussel ayinayo i-tyrosine.

IFicic acid (40%) iyingxenye yemfihlo yokuqothuka kwezindlala zamacimbi i-harpy enkulukusuka lapho basebenza khona ukhukhunathi oqinile, ophansi futhi.

Ukwenziwa kwefiber

I-silk fiber ishiya ukuvulwa komunye wethala le-labial lesikhonyane, lidlula emgodini ojwayelekile we-gland. Ngemuva kwalokho, idlula "kwizixhobo ezicindezelayo", eziyicindezelayo futhi inikeze ukwakheka kwetheyipu. Ngenkathi imicu emibili ekhishwe yizinduna ezibhangqiwe idlula e-duct evamile eyindilinga, izithambo ezengeziwe zikhiqiza into enamathele ehlanganisa zona. Indlela yokuqina kasilika ayiqondakali kahle. Kuyaziwa ukuthi le nqubo ayenziwa ngokumiswa, ngoba inqubo yokuqina yenzeka ngisho nasemanzini. Esikhathini gland of the amacimbi, usilika ugcwele amanzi futhi kwakha ukumiswa Colloidal. Ukuguqulwa kwaso kube yimicu enamamolekyuli athambekele kwenzeka ngokuxinana ngokuqondana kwe-eksiti yesikhathi eside nengcindezi eqondiswe ku-perpendicular kulayini wokuxinana.

Indlela yokuphila

Amacimbi amaningi ahola indlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni, kepha amacimbi ezinhlobo eziningi zomndeni anezimpiko zomlilo ezinamaphiko amakhulu (I-Pyraustidae) uhlale ngaphansi kwamanzi, nasemlilweni ongaphansi kwamanzi Acentria ephemerella izinsikazi ezindala ezingenamaphiko zihlala ngaphansi kwamanzi. Izinhlobo eziningana zezimbungulu zezinundu zohlobo lweHawaii I-Hyposmocoma angamaphiko futhi akwazi ukuhlala phansi kwamanzi nasemhlabeni. Ngokwendlela yokuphila, lezi zibungu zihlukaniswe ngombandela ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu:

• amacimbi aholela empilweni yamahhala, ondla obala izitshalo zokudla,
• amacimbi ahola indlela yokuphila ecashile.

Amakhukhu edayari, noma amakhanda asekilabhini, izimvemvane, kanye namanye amaLepidoptera amaningi ahlala ngokukhululekile kwizitshalo zokudla. Amakhethini emindeni eminingi yeLepidoptera Lepidoptera ahola indlela yokuphila eyimfihlo: enhlabathini, udoti, noma ufishi wamabele (okuvame ukuba ngamaphayiphu wesilika), ngaphakathi kwezitshalo zokudla, amaqabunga ezimayini, amahlumela nezithelo, enza izembozo ezahlukahlukene ukuthi isibungu sidonsa kanyekanye naso (esidume kakhulu lezi imbaza (Psychidae), kepha ukugqoka isembozo kubanzi kakhulu). Amakhethini ezinhlobo ezimbalwa kakhulu ahlala emanzini, ezondla ngezitshalo zasemanzini.

Zonke izibungu zingakhiqiza usilika. Iningi liyisebenzisela ukunamathisela kwi-substrate lapho ihamba. Isibungu esihlwitha esihlahleni noma emhlabathini ngaso sonke isikhathi sishiya umgwaqo omncane wesilika ngemuva kwawo. Uma iwa igatsheni, izohlala ilenga entanjeni kasilika. Amakherishi eminye imindeni yezinundu namabhu enza imigudu (izindinyana zesilika) ezivela kusilika. Wonke umuntu obone ukulimala kubangelwa amathrekhi ama-moth wangempela emikhiqizweni yoboya noma eboyeni wabona ukunyakaza kwesilika ku-undercoat noma ngaphezulu kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe. Abakwa-Bagger nabanye basebenzisa intambo kasilika njengesisekelo sokwenza icala elithandekayo. Amakhukhu ama-moth we-ermine namanye ama-corydalis akha izidleke zesilika ezitshalweni zokudla. Kweminye imindeni, ngokwesibonelo, kuma-cocoonworms, peacockworms kanye nasolwormorm wangempela, isibungu sakha ukhukhunathi wesilika ngaphambi kokuncibilikisa iphampu.

Ukufuduka

Ukuziphatha kokufuduka kweziqubu kubhekwe kaningi kakhulu kunezimvemvane, futhi kwenzeka ngenani eliphakeme kakhulu, ukuntuleka kokudla, njll. Amakati ezinhlobo zezinhlobo eziningi, ngokwesibonelo iklabishi, ziyakwazi ukufuduka kude lapho zifuna ukudla, izindawo ezihlala abantu abaningi. Ukufuduka kwendawo yokudla izibungu ezincane kunomthelela ekusindeni kwengxenye ethile yabantu ngisho nangaphansi komthelela omubi wezinto ezi-abiotic and biotic. Ezidume kakhulu, ezithambekele ekufudukeni, zingamacimbi okuhamba kosilika (Thaumetopoeidae), onomqondo wemfuduko wokuya ezindaweni ezintsha zokuphakela, ahlangana emiphakathini ngesimo samakholomu amade noma umhlangano, yingakho bathola leli gama.

Ama-parasites kanye nama-parasitoids

Phakathi kwalezi zinambuzane, kufanelekile ukuphawula izinhlobo ezithile zesikhunta, ngokwesibonelo, iCordyceps sinensis nabanye abamele uhlobo lweCordyceps, kanye ne-unicellular, ngokwesibonelo, i-micosporidia yohlobo lwe-Thelohania nePlophophora. Kukhona inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ezikhula ngenxa yamacimbi, kepha akuzona izibungu zangempela, ngoba ngenxa yomsebenzi wazo obalulekile izitho ezihlangene ziyafa noma zilahlekelwe amandla okuzala. Igama elenzelwe kwisayensi labamele iqembu elinendlela echaziwe yobudlelwano bezinto eziphilayo yi-parasitoids. Amakhethini ayakwazi ukuhlaselwa ngama-parasitoids ama-larval, ama-larval-pupal parasitoids.

Abamele abaningi be-braconids (Braconidae), omunye wemindeni yabagibeli, bahlakazela amacimbi. Njengabagibeli abaningi, ama-braconid ikakhulukazi abeka amaqanda abo kwizimbungulu ezihamba ngokukhululeka, ezinye zilungisa isisulu, ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele. Lesi sakamuva sibonisa izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezigxile ekucasheni abasubathi, ziphoqelelwa ukuthola nokuthola amacimbi nge-ovipositor yazo ende, ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kwamagxolo ezihlahla. Ukukhubazeka okuhlala isikhathi eside noma okungalungiseki kwenzeka, njengomthetho, kusuka esilinganisweni esibi sobuthi esilethwe ngumgibeli emzimbeni womsingathi.

Kuma-braconid, abaluleke kakhulu eRussia Apanteles glomeratus - umpetha omkhulu wabelungu, Habrobracon juglandis - i-parasite ye-flare flare, Apanteles solitarius futhi I-Meteorus versicolor - Izinambuzane ze-willow weevil. Braconids of the genus I-Microgaster bathinta amacimbi eklabishi (uPierisonze), athi, ngemuva kokungena esigabeni sabafundi, athinteke ngamalungu omunye umndeni - i-pteromalidae (Pteromalidae) - uPteromalus puparum.

Ama-ichneumonids abesifazane (i-Ichneumonidae) kusukela ku-oda i-Hymenoptera, okuyi-paralites yama-larval ne-egg-larval, abeka amaqanda awo ngaphansi kwesikhonyane noma ngokuqondile kuso. Esimweni sokugcina, izibungu ezihlaselwe ngokwazo zingena ngaphakathi ehostela. Imvamisa izibungu ezincane zidla nge-hemolymph, futhi ezigabeni zokugcina zokukhula kwazo ziguqukela ekondleni kwezicubu nezitho zangaphakathi zesikhonyane. Ukuphapha kwenzeka emzimbeni wesibungu noma ngaphandle kwaso.

IDiptera, ama-tachins, noma ama-hedgehogs (ama-Tachinidae) nawo aqala isibungu. Izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda noma izibungu, uma kwenzeka zizalwa bukhoma, ngqo ku-isibungu. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-hedgehogs zingabeka amaqanda kumaqabunga wesitshalo esidlayo samacimbi. Ezinyaminyeni ezidle ndawonye namahlamvu, izibungu ziyaphuma ekudleni okutholwe ngumsingathi, zisuka lapho zihlasela umzimba womzimba. Ukulima kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-chrysalide, noma, esimweni sokufa kwezimbungulu, emhlabathini.

Izimpawu

Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinambuzane zihlala ezintuthwaneni, ngokuba nobuhlobo bokuma nezintuthwane, ngokwesibonelo, nohlobo I-Myrmica .

Amakhokho cishe isigamu sayo yonke inhlobo yeLycaenidae (I-Lycaenidae) zixhumeke ngandlela thile kumjikelezo wokuthuthuka kwazo nezintuthwane.

Ubudlelwano obuphakathi kwezintuthwane nezibungu zeLycaenidae zohlobo lwazo luhluka ukusuka ngokuzithandela kuya kokuzibophayo, nokusuka ekuguqukeni komzimba kuya ekuhlolweni. Amacimbi e-Lycaenidae anenkimbinkimbi yezimpawu zamakhemikhali ezikhiqizwa ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo zokulawula ukusebenza kwezintuthwane. Zibuye zikhiphe uketshezi olumnandi kusuka ku-dorsal nectariferous gland eheha izintuthwane. Izintuthwane, zizwa lesi sitho nge-antennae yazo, zibangela ukuba isibungu sikhiphe uketshezi olunesizotha, okungenzeka ukuthi siqukethe ama-pheromones, lichnevmona, anquma ukusebenza kwezintuthwane. Ezinye izibungu ze-lycaenidae ne-riodinide nazo zinezitho ezikhiqizayo ezizwakalayo ezithinta ukusebenza kwezintuthwane - ezinye izinhlobo zinemisipha kuphela eyindilinga emzimbeni wesibungu, ezinye - kanye ne-sonic cilium, lapho kungekho gland emhlophe. Zonke izinhlobo ze-myrmecophilic lycaenidae zitholakala kuphela kuma-anthill. Enye yalezi zinhlobo yiLycaenidae alcone (IMaculinea alcon), izinsikazi zazo ezibekela amaqanda ezimbali zezitshalo zomndeni wase genetan (KwabeZizwe) Izinhlobo eziningi ze-lycaenidae zikhula izidleke zohlobo olulodwa kuphela lwezintuthwane, kepha amacimbi amaLycaena lycaenidae ahlala ezidlekeni zezintuthwane zezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, ezingxenyeni ezihlukile zobubanzi bazo.

Amacimbi ezinhlobo zezisebenzi zasemayini I-Phyllonorycter blancardella baphila nge-typiosis ngamagciwane aqabula ama-cytokines, la mahomoni agqugquzela ukwahlukaniswa kwamaseli ezitshalo, ukunwebisa i-photosynthesis, futhi "iziqhingi eziluhlaza" eziphumayo zivumela lesi sinambuzane ukuba siphile ebusika.