I polar bear kuyinto umhlaseli ngobukhulu eplanethini yethu. wakhe isisindo ingafinyelela i-1 ton, futhi ubude bomzimba buyi-3 m. Ukuphakama a polar bear ngesikhathi buyabuna ifinyelela 1.5 m. Iningi ngokuvamile, iduna ukala 400-500 kg, kuyinto 2-2.5 m ubude. Izinsikazi kakhulu kunabayeni kwabesilisa ngosayizi, isisindo isilinganiso 200-300 kg, ubude 1.8-2 m.
I polar bear kuhlukile izihlobo zayo ukwakheka komzimba, Umbala elingenamikhono futhi isikhumba. Inhloko polar bear isivele okude ngaphezu lonke abameleli bear, nge ebunzini flat kanti nentamo ende. Izindlebe ziyindilinga phezulu. Elingenamikhono simhlophe ngaphandle umbala sombala. Black bear isikhumba. Emaphepheni ama-paws kunezinwele ezinde namaqhubu amancane. Phakathi izinzwani forepaws kukhona ukubhukuda ulwelwesi.
Lesi sakhiwo umzimba kusiza polar bear ukusinda ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima ne-Antarctic. Ijazi eliminyene le-polar, elinemigqa emibili yezinwele, alilivumeli ukuba likhululeke. Ngaphezu uvolo, ukuze uzizwe amakhaza, banayo ungqimba obukhulu ongama fat kuze kufinyelele 13 cm. Uvolo uhlevane ku ngezidladla ungavumeli kusilayidi phezu eqhweni, kanye nolwelwesi phakathi kweminwe usizo bhukuda.
I polar bear iyakhiwa kahle umuzwa wokuhogela, ukubona nokuzwa. Nge ekhaleni lakhe, angakwazi ukuhogela inyamazane at ibanga 32 km. Ngenxa umbono lwayo olucijile, a polar bear ungabona kophawu noma uboya uphawu at ibanga-1 km, nokuzwa ikuvumela ukuzwa noma iyiphi inhlangano ngaphansi ungqimba obukhulu ice. Onke la makhono enza ibhere elikhuhluzayo libe ngumzingeli omuhle kakhulu. Ukuze abambe isilwane asizingelayo, amabhere bayakwazi ukumboza amabanga omkhulu ngokufaka ukubhukuda.
Indlela yokuphila e amabhere ezulazulayo. Ehlobo aya eduzane nesigxobo, kuthi ebusika abuyele eningizimu eduze nezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ebusika, amabhere yokucashisa. Kodwa lokhu akwenzeki njalo ngonyaka futhi hhayi isikhathi eside. Iningi labesifazane abakhulelwe hibernate. Abesilisa nabesifazane-non-ukhulelwe, uma yokucashisa, bese ngisebenza esinye isikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Sleeping amabhere e emihumeni. Ngokuthola hibernation, izintokazi ezikhulelwe zikhethe isiqhingi saseFranz Josef Land kanye naseWrangel Island.
Okwami siyinzalo izinsikazi zizala emgodini lapho izinga lokushisa ligcinwa ku-0 ° С. Isisindo nosana teddy bear ivuliwe isilinganiso 500-600 amagremu, kodwa ngo-2 izinyanga isisindo sayo ifinyelela 10 kg.
Nakuba polar bear kuyinto umhlaseli ngobukhulu emhlabeni, sibonga abantu, ukubukeka kwayo yokuqothulwa. Ngakho-ke, ibhere elinamakhaza libhalwe ku incwadi Red futhi ivikelwe. Ezindaweni eziningi zepulasitiki, ukuzingela kwenqatshelwe ngumthetho.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala
Isilwane kungokwalabo esigabeni kwezinhlobo ngobukhulu ezincelisayo, lithobele usayizi ekuseni expanses kuphela izindlovu, izindlulamithi, kanye imikhomo ekujuleni kolwandle.
Kusukela oda ezizingelayo, lapho polar bear eyilunga ke lincane kuphela uphawu indlovu, ezimweni ezikhethekile lafinyelela ubude kuze kube ngamamitha amathathu nesisindo umzimba sifinyelela phezulu ton. Amabhere amakhulu kunawo wonke atholakala kuLwandle iBering, kanye nelincane kunazo zonke eSvalbard.
ngaphandle polar bear esitfombeni , efana nezihlobo zayo zamabhere, ahlukile kuphela esimeni esicwebezelayo sikakhanda nentamo ende. Umbala noboya ngokuyinhloko ezimhlophe, ngezinye izikhathi nge Tint aphuzi, ngaphansi kwethonya kwelanga ehlobo, uboya kungenzeka lezi zilwanyana phuzi. Ikhala nezindebe, amnyama, njengoba umbala kwesikhumba.
Amabhere ePolar aphila ezindaweni ezibandayo kusukela e-Arctic ezingwadule kuya emathafeni e Nenkabazwe. Ziyakwazi izihlobo amabhere ansundu, okuvela kulo base bephuma eceleni kuhle cishe 600,000 edlule.
Ibhere lePolar ilele
Gigantic amabhere, okuyinto bekukukhulu ikakhulukazi ngobukhulu, enanikade ezitholakele. I polar bear injalo wesimanje ngenxa yokweqa okhokho babo nabameleli yezinye izinhlobo eminyakeni engaba ngu-100,000 edlule.Isilwane sinesibekelelo esibalulekile sama-deposits samafutha, sinqwabelana ngesikhathi esivumayo futhi siyamsiza ukuba akwazi ukusinda ebusika obunzima be-Arctic.
Uboya obude nobugqinsi buba nomthelela ekutheni ibhere elikhuni lingasabi isimo sezulu esinzima futhi alivezi emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Izinwele zakhe azinalutho futhi zigcwele umoya ngaphakathi. Izinsika zamaphayiphi zimbozwe inqwaba enoboya, ngakho-ke aziqhenqi futhi zingashoni eqhweni, phakathi kwazo isilwane sigeza ngamanzi abandayo asenyakatho.
Umama kanye ne-teddy bear ebomvu elangeni
Ibhere livame ukuzulazula ngezinyathelo zokuzithokozisa, lisuka ngapha nangaphahlisela ikhanda phansi. Ijubane lokuhamba kwesilwane ngehora lingamakhilomitha amahlanu, kepha ngenkathi yokuzingela ihamba ngokushesha futhi ihlwithe, ibheke phezulu.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
Isici esibonakalayo sesilwane ukuthi ayesabi abantu. Kepha abantu bangcono uma bengatholanga izisulu ezinamandla endle. Ziningi izigameko zokuhlaselwa ngamabhere kwabahambi kubahambi nabahlali bendawo eseduze yezilwane zasendle.
Uma kunethuba lokuhlangana nalezi zilwane, kufanele uhambe ngokuqapha okukhulu. ECanada, kuye kwahlelwa ngisho nejele lama-polar amabhere, lapho kuthathwa khona ukuboshwa kwabantu okwesikhashana okulungele kakhulu futhi kuba yingozi emadolobheni amakhulu. Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwaisilwane eyedwa, kepha izilwane zingezakwabo ngokwethu ukuthula.
Kodwa-ke, kaningi phakathi kwezimbangi kukhona ama-skirmishing amakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzala. Kukhona nezimo lapho abantu abadala bedla amawundlu. I-Arctic isilwane polar uhlala olwandle olwandle. Ungumuntu othanda ukuhamba okude nokude.
Futhi akahambi ezweni kuphela, kodwa ubhukuda ngenjabulo eweni eqhweni, ehlela kuwo emanzini apholile, okungamesabi nakancane ngamazinga okushisa aphansi, lapho asuka ngokukhululeka esuka eqhweni aye eqhweni. Izilwane ukubhukuda okukhulu futhi ahlukahlukene. Ngezihlakala ezibukhali, ibhere liyakwazi ukugaya iqhwa ngokuphelele, likle umgodi onethezekile nofudumele.
Ebusika, izilwane zilala kakhulu, kepha zingazifihli. Amabhere we-polar avame ukugcinwa ezindaweni zokugcina izilwane. Lapho siyigcina emazweni anesimo sezulu esingajwayelekile kuso, kwenzeka ukuthi izinwele zesilwane ziphenduke ziluhlaza kusuka kulwelwe oluncane oluqala kuwo.
Amabhere we-polar angabhukudi abakhulu
Impilo amabhere polar ku-zoo yeNovosibirsk online ingabukwa kwi-inthanethi. Lesi ngesivuno esikhulu kunazo zonke futhi esidume kakhulu eRussia, esiqukethe izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezingavamile.
Amabhere we-polar aba yivelakancane ngenxa yokuzala kancane, ukudutshulwa ngabazingeli kanye nokufa okuphezulu kwezilwane ezincane. Kepha namuhla inani labo liyakhula kancane. Izilwane zifakwe kuhlu, ngenxa yezizathu ezikhonjisiwe, eNcwadini ebomvu.
Umsoco
Ibhere elinamakhaza liyingxenye yezwe le-tundra, futhi izakhamizi zolwandle ezibandayo ezinjenge-walrus, seal, sea hare kanye ne-seal, ziba yisisulu sazo. Sifuna inyamazane, lesi silwane siyasukuma sishaye umoya. Futhi iyakwazi ukuhogela izimpawu lapho ibanga lekhilomitha elilodwa, inyathela kuye buthule isuka ohlangothini olubhekene nokuhamba komoya, ukuze isisulu singaboni isitha sisondela ngephunga.
Ibhere lePolar lizingela inhlanzi
Ukuzingela kwenzeka kaningi emafulethini eqhwa, baphi amabhere omhlababacashe ezindaweni zokukhosela, balinda isikhathi eside eduze kwezimbobo. Umbala wabo omhlophe, owenza izilwane zingabonakali phakathi kweqhwa neqhwa, unengxenye enkulu empumelelweni. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ibhere livala impumulo yalo, ebonakala imnyama ngemuva kokhanyayo.
Lapho isisulu sikhonkotha emanzini, ngesigaqa esinamandla esinezimpondo ezibukhali ezibulalayo, lesi silo sigebha inyamazane yaso siyidonsele phezu kweqhwa. Ibhere elinamakhaza livame ukugwedla lize lifinyelele ekuthambekeni kwezimpawu esiswini salo. Noma ungene emanzini olwandle, usuka phansi uphendukisa iqhwa, unophawu olulele kulo, uluqede.
Kwesinye isikhathi ulala emafulethini eqhwa, futhi, ethula buthule emgodini we-deft, abambelele kwizandla ezinamandla.Njengoba i-walrus, eyisitha esinamandla kakhudlwana, ibhusha elihlala lodwa liyalwa empini ezweni, ikhipha inyama yayo idle amanoni nesikhumba, imvamisa ishiya wonke umzimba wayo kwesinye isilwane.
Ehlobo uyathanda ukuzingela i-waterfowl. Ngezikhathi zokuntuleka kokudla okufanelekile, ingadla inhlanzi efile kanye ne-carrion, idle ngamachwane, i-algae notshani, amaqanda ezinyoni.
Mayelana nebhere elikhuhluziwe kuvame ukuthiwa izilwane zihlasela amakhaya abantu zifuna ukudla. Kube nezimo zokuphanga amasheya okuhamba okungaxutshwe nalutho, ukwebiwa kokudla ezindlini zokugcina nasemadilini.
Izipikili zebhere zibukhali kangangokuba isilwane sikwazi ukuvula amathini wazo kalula. Izilwane zihlakaniphe kakhulu kangangokuba zigcinela ukudla, uma kungenzeka ukuthi ziningi, ngezikhathi ezinzima.
Incazelo Nezici
Ubukhulu bale bhere budlula ibhubesi nehlosi. Lapho kukhona khona izilwane ezidla ezinye ezihlaselayo esilwaneni sethu sasePoland! Ubude bawo bufinyelela kumamitha ama-3. Yize imvamisa 2-2.5 m. A isisindo sebhere elimnyama cishe isigamu sethani. Indoda endala inesisindo esingu-450-500 kg. Abesifazane bancane kakhulu. Isisindo sisuka ku-200 siye kuma-300 kg. Ubude bomzimba ukusuka ku-1,3 kuye ku-1.5 m.
Ukuphakama kwesilo esidala kuvame ukufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,4. Amandla amakhulu wesilwane ahambelana nalawa masayizi. Izibonelo zivame kakhulu lapho ibhele lithwala kalula isisulu esikhulu, i-reindeer noma i-walrus.
Okuyingozi kakhulu ubuxhaxha obungafani nalesi silo, okunzima ngisho nokukholelwa, sinikezwe isisindo saso. Ukubukeka kwayo kuhlukile kwamanye amabhere. Okokuqala, imhlophe ngempela. Esikhundleni salokho, izinwele zakhe zisuka kokumhlophe kuye kokuphuzi okukhanyayo. Ebusika kukhanya kulula, ehlobo liphenduka liphuzi ngaphansi kwelanga.
I-Polar bear esithombeni Kuvela okumangazayo xaxa ngemuva kwezikhala zemvelo ezivulekile. Ukuvela kwayo lapho kucishe kuhlangane nama-ice hummocks, ekhaleni elilodwa elimnyama kanye namehlo ahlukile ngemuva kokujwayelekile. Kuyacaca ukuthi imvelo yalesi silo imhlophe kangakanani.
Ngokungafani nebhere ejwayelekile, ayinawo umzimba onesitoko, kodwa “oxosha”. Intamo ende, ikhanda elisicaba, impumulo ende nebucayi. Kunobufakazi bokuthi angakwazi ukunhogela inyamazane ethandekayo noma ngaphansi kwengqimba ye-ice-metres.
Imvelo yazinakekela “ngezingubo” zayo, inikezwe izimo ezinobunzima be-polar. Ijazi lakhe likhulu futhi lide; linezakhiwo ezinhle zokufudumeza ezishisayo. Izinwele azinalutho, zivumela imisebe yelanga.
Isikhumba ngaphansi kwejazi simnyama, futhi sishisa kangcono, sigcina ukushisa. Imilenze yomhlaseli inamandla amakhulu, iphetha ngama-paws amakhulu. Izinsika zamawashi zifakwe ngoboya ukuze zingazungezi abantu futhi zingabandeki.
Kukhona ulwelwesi phakathi kweminwe, ziyamsiza ukubhukuda. Ingxenye yangaphambi kwama-paws imbozwe ngama-bristles alukhuni. Izindala ezinkulu zifihlwe ngaphansi kwaso, ezikuvumela ukuba ubambe futhi ubambe inyamazane uze uyifinyelele ngamazinyo akho.
Imihlathi mikhulu, ithuthukiswe kahle, kukhona amazinyo afinyelela kwayi-42. Umsila webhele elikhuhlayo mncane, ukusuka ku-7 kuye ku-13 cm. Akubonakali kahle ngaphansi kwezinwele ezinde ngemuva komhlane.
Isilo sihlukaniswa ngokukhuthazela nangobuhlakani. Ngenxa yokuthi uyisihlobo esiseduze sebhere elinsundu, akaze abe mfethu kangako. Kungashesha futhi kungakhathali ukugibela kufika kumakhilomitha ayi-6 emhlabeni, kushesha ku-40 km / h, ngaphambi kwalokho, kulandele isisulu ngesineke. Weqa ngokungenaphutha, ukhethe ngobuhlakani isikhathi esifanele, esebenzisa ukungalingani kwenhlabathi, ahlasele ngokumangala ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ubhukuda futhi ushona ngokuphelele. Yenza ukubhukuda ibanga elifanele impela, ngejubane elingafika ku-7 km / h. Amatilosi, ahamba olwandle olusenyakatho, ahlangane kaninginingi amabhere ebhukuda olwandle oluvulekile kude nolwandle.
Ngeza kukho konke lokhu isibindi esingaphezu kwesinye senkosi emnyama nokuqhuma okunyantisayo, futhi kuzocaca ukuthi kungani kulezi zindawo ezisenyakatho yonke impilo isaba lo mashiqela. I-walrus kuphela, ehlome ngemfoloko emide, engena empini nebhere elisenyakatho. Futhi umuntu, ethatha izibhamu, naye wabiza isilo.Noma kunjalo, lesi ngesinye sezizathu zokunyamalala okuyinhlekelele kwesilwane esimangalisayo.
Sithatha izihlobo ezisondele kakhulu zebhere elingumbala njengebhere onsundu, ibhere elimnyama, ibhere laseMalawi, ibaribal (ibhere elimnyama), ibhere laseHimalayan kanye ne-panda. Wonke la mabhele ahlekisa, akhuphuka kahle, abhukuda, agijima ngokushesha ngokwanele, angama futhi ahambe isikhashana emilenzeni yawo yangasemuva.
Zinejazi elide eliminyene, umsila omfushane nephunga elihle kakhulu. Ikhala liyisitho esibucayi kakhulu kubona. Inyosi eyodwa ehlaba ikhala ekhaleni ingahola unomphelo isisulu sokukhipha.
UBrown bear ungummeleli owaziwa kakhulu kuleli qembu. Sisatshalaliswa endaweni enkulu kakhulu ye-Eurasia - ukusuka eSpain kuya eKamchatka, kusuka eLapland kuya ezintabeni zase-Atlas.
Kukhona ukuphambuka okuncane okuvela ohlotsheni olujwayelekile (ibhere elibomvu, ukubola - iSyrian), kepha alincane. Igcina ukubukeka kwayo okujwayelekile kuyo yonke indawo yayo yokuhlala: enkulu (ukuya kumamitha ama-2 ubude, isisindo esifinyelela kuma-300 kg), esindayo, ene-clubfoot. Ijazi likhulu, linombala onsundu ngombala, nenhloko inkulu.
Ibhere linokuziphatha okuyingozi, kepha hhayi okufihlayo. Uhlobo lwalesi silo lususelwa othandweni wokuthula ne-phlegmatism. Ibhere lesiliva noma elimpunga lihlala eNyakatho Melika. Bambiza kabi. Mkhulu kunozakwabo onsundu, ufinyelela ku-2,5 m, esindayo (kufika ku-400 kg) futhi unamandla ngokungenakuqhathaniswa nalokhu.
Umzimba wakhe omude onezinwele ezimnyama ze-shaggy ezimnyama, umphambili obanzi obucwebezelayo namawindi amakhulu ahlome ngozipho abaqinile aze afike ku-12 cm ubude ngokushesha. Lesi sidlova, ngokungafani neyokuqala, sinobuqili futhi sikhohlisa.
Izinganekwane ezisabekayo zihamba ngomlingiswa wakhe. Njengokungathi akaphumuli, alimaze noma cha. Kwanele ngaye ukubona umuntu azomphonsa kuye. Kunzima kakhulu ukumfihla; ugijima ngokushesha futhi ubhukuda kahle impela.
Akumangazi ukuthi abantu abangama-Aborigine baseNyakatho Melika babheka isilinganiso samandla nesitha njengento ephezulu kakhulu yendoda. Noma ngubani owahlula futhi wenza umgexo wamathambo namazinyo obuhlungu, wayethola udumo olukhulu esizweni.
Isimo esihle kakhulu sesihlobo salolu hlobo lwaso, elinye ibhere laseMelika liyisithoba, noma ibhere elimnyama. Unobuso obukhali, mncane kakhulu kune-grizzly, unezinyawo ezimfushane noboya obude obude ngombala omnyama okhanyayo.
Omunye wabamele amabhere ase-Asia ibhere laseHimalaya. AmaJapan ambiza ngoKuma, amaNdiya - uBalu noZonar. Umzimba wakhe mncane kakhulu kunowabafowabo, isibalo sakhe sikhonjwa, ibunzi lakhe nekhala lakhe bakha umugqa oqondile.
Izindlebe zikhulu futhi ziyindilinga, izinyawo zimfushane, izipikili nazo zimfushane, noma ziqinile. Uboya bumnyama ngokufana ngombala, bunomucu omhlophe esifubeni. Isayizi ifinyelela ku-1.8 m, nakho konke mayelana ne-110-115 kg. Ifana nensundu ngendlela yayo yokuphila, igwala kakhulu kuphela.
Ibhere laseMalay, noma iBiruang, litholakala e-Indochina naseGreat Sunda Islands. Mude, mubi, ikhanda lakhe likhulu ngesigaxa esibanzi, izindlebe ezincane namehlo abuthuntu.
Ama-paws amakhulu ngokuhlukanisayo aqeda ngozipho obuqinile. Ijazi limnyama, linamabala aphuzi akhanyayo esiqeshini nase esifubeni. Ngaphansi kwabanye, ubude bufika ku-1.5 m, isisindo kufika ku-70 kg. Ukwelapha okuthandekayo amasimu kakhukhunathi.
Ekugcineni, i-panda iyi-bear bamboo. Yize abanye benesibindi sokummisa phakathi kwama-raccoon. Ukuphila eChina. Umbala umnyama nomhlophe, imibuthano emnyama edumile izungeze amehlo. Izindlebe nama-paws amnyama. Ingafinyelela ku-1.5 m ubude, futhi inesisindo esifinyelela ku-150 kg. Uthanda ukudla amahlumela amancane woqalo. Kuwuphawu lwe China.
Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat
Amabala amabhere ahlala ezifundeni ezixineneyo zomhlaba osenyakatho weplanethi. Ungumhlali wasendaweni yaseNyakatho yeqhwa. E-Russia, ingabonakala ogwini lwe-Arctic eChukotka, echibini le Chukchi neBering Seas.
Inani labantu bakhona abangamaChukchi manje selibhekwa njengabakhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni. Ngokusho kocwaningo, abameleli abakhulu kunazo zonke bahlala oLwandle iBarents, abantu abancane bahlala eduze nesiqhingi saseSpitsbergen.Silindele imibuzo engaba khona, sikwazisa ukuthi ibhere elingumbala alitholakali e-Antarctica. Izwe lakubo yi-Arctic.
Umnikazi wasenyakatho uhlala ezindaweni eziseduze namanzi. Uyakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushayela phansi nokuqina komhlaba olwandle. Kwenza ukufuduka kwesizini kanye nezinguquko emngceleni weqhwa onamakhaza: ehlobo ihamba nawo isondele esigxotsheni, ebusika ibuyela ezweni eliphakathi. Ngoba ubusika buhlala emgodini emhlabeni.
Imvamisa abesifazane bangena ekubandakanyeni, besalinde ukuzalwa kwamawundlu. Ngalesi sikhathi bazama ukungasuki, ukuze bangalimazi inzalo ezayo. Ngakho-ke hibernation. Kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-80-90. Abesilisa nezinye izalukazi ezingalindelanga inzalo nazo ngezinye izikhathi zinokuzithokozisa, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside hhayi njalo unyaka ngamunye.
Ibhere lingumbhukudi omuhle kakhulu, futhi ijazi eliminyene elimnyama lilivikela kahle emanzini abandayo. Ungqimba obukhulu lwamafutha angaphansi lusiza nasekuvikeleni kumakhaza. Isilo sicasha kalula eqhweni naseqhweni, sizwa inyamazane amakhilomitha amaningana, cishe akunakwenzeka ukubalekela noma ukubhukuda kude naso.
Abahambi bokuqala be-polar baphindaphinde ukwethuka ngezindaba zokuqina kwalesi silo. Kuthiwa akazange angabaze ukungena ngemikhumbi eyayithathwe yiqhwa eqhweni ukuze athole ukudla.
Babamba yonke inkampani emphemeni, abanesibindi nakancane amatilosi. Baphinde bahlasela ubusika, bachitha izindlu zabahambi, baphuka uphahla, bezama ukungena ngaphakathi.
Kodwa-ke, izindaba zakamuva zabahloli bamakhaza sezikhulume ngokuzithoba okukhulu kwalesi silo. Noma engenaso isikhali, umuntu wayekwazi ukumemeza kakhulu ngokwanele ukusabisa isilwane futhi abaleke. Ukuthuliswa buthule kweqhwa kumfundise ukwesaba umsindo omkhulu.
Isilo esilimele ngaso sonke isikhathi siyabaleka. Ufihla eqhweni ukuphulukisa. Kodwa-ke, uma umuntu enquma ukuhlasela amawundlu noma angene emgodini wesilo, uba ngumphikisi omkhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho ngisho nesibhamu asimvimbi.
Unobuhlakani futhi unelukuluku, kodwa hhayi ubugwala. Basho ukuthi, lapho bekhubeke phezu kwebhele elimhlophe, abantu babaleka. Ngemuva kwalokho umhlaseli waqala ukubasukela. Endleleni, baphonsa izinto zabo - izigqoko, amagilavu, izinti, enye into.
Isilo sasima ngaso sonke isikhathi bese sithwebula okutholakele, sihlole into ngayinye ngelukuluku. Akucaci ukuthi ibhere yayijaha abantu, noma yayinentshisekelo ngezinto zabo zansuku zonke. Ngenxa yalokhu, bekubonga ilukuluku lomhlaseli ukuthi abantu bakwazile ukubalekela kulo.
Imvamisa, amabhere ahlala yedwa, ngaphandle kokudala amaqembu amakhulu emindeni. Yize kuqoqeka ngenkani phakathi kwabo isikhundla sobukhosi nesiyalo kusungulwa. Umhlaseli omkhulu kunabo bonke uhlala ebaluleke kakhulu. Yize bethembekile impela komunye nomunye. Kumawundlu amancane kuphela, amabhere amadala angaba yingozi kwesinye isikhathi.
Njengoba zenziwe ebusheni bazo, amabhere angaqokanga angahlala ngempumelelo ekudingisweni futhi ajwayele abantu. Zidinga ukugeza njalo, kungcono kakhulu ukuthi zishone eqhweni. Ngokuqondene nokudla, akukho nkinga encane nabo, ngoba badla konke - inyama, inhlanzi noju. Ngamanye amabhere athunjiwe, muhle anganendaba. Ekugugeni kuba lula kakhulu. Amacala ayaziwa ukuthi asinda enza iminyaka engama-25-30 aze anda.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ngokubukeka, amabhere ahluke kakhulu kwabesilisa, abe mancane ngosayizi nesisindo. Izilwane zinamazinga aphansi okuzala. Owesifazane uyakwazi ukukhulelwa eneminyaka emine, akhiqize eyodwa kuphela, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, amawundlu amathathu, futhi ungabi ngaphezu kweshumi nanhlanu empilweni yonke. Ibhere ekushiseni imvamisa ilandelwa ngabalingani abaningi bebhere.
Amabhere kaTeddy azalwa ebusika, emgodini wembiwa ngunina emihlolweni yasogwini. Ijazi elinemfudumalo nelinamandla liyazivikela emakhazeni. Bazenza izigaxa ezingenakusiza, badla ubisi lukamama, banamathela kuye bafuna ukushisa. Futhi lapho kufika intwasahlobo, bashiya isiphephelo sabo ukuze bahlole umhlaba.
Kodwa abaphazamisi ukuxhumana kwakhe nonina, bamlandele ezithendeni, bafunda ukuzingela nokuhlakanipha kwempilo. Kuze kube yilapho amawundlu esezimele, ibhere liyazivikela ezitheni nasengozini. Obaba abagcini ngokunaka izingane zabo, kodwa futhi bangaba sengozini enkulu ezinganeni zabo.
Inzalo yebhere elimnyama nelipholile ibizwa ngokuthi ama-poliz grizzlies, angavamile ukutholakala endalweni, avame ukutholakala kuma-zoos. Endaweni evamile, amabhere asemakhondweni ahlala iminyaka engaphezulu kwama-30. Futhi ekuthunjweni, ngokudla okunempilo nokunakekelwa, baphila isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Habitat
Amabhere ePolar ahlala eqhweni le-circumpolar Arctic. Kunabantu abacishe babe ngama-20 abacishe bangazihlanganisi futhi bahluke kakhulu ngesibalo - ukusuka kuma-200 kuye ezinkulungwaneni eziningana. Ubungako bawo wonke umhlaba wabantu abalinganiselwa kwizigidi ezingama-22-27.
Indawo yokuhlala unomphela yamabhere wasemaceleni yiqhwa elisogwini lwamazwekazi naseziqhingini, lapho inani lezisulu zalo eziphambili - uphawu olunamakhonkco - liphezulu impela. Abanye abantu baphila phakathi kweqhwa elikhiqiza iminyaka eminingi esifundeni esisenkabeni ye-Arctic. Ukusuka eningizimu, ukusatshalaliswa kwawo kukhawulelwe umngcele oseningizimu wesembozo seqhwa sonyaka ku-Bering and Barents Seas naseLabrador Strait. Ezindaweni lapho u-ice ancibilika ngokuphelele ehlobo (i-Hudson Bay kanye naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeBaffin Island), izilwane zichitha izinyanga eziningana ogwini, zisebenzisa imali yazo ebekiwe kuze kube yilapho amanzi egcwala.
Incazelo nesithombe sebhere elinamakhaza
Ibhere elinamakhaza lilungu elikhulu lomndeni webhere. Njengesidalwa esizimele, sachazwa okokuqala ngo-1774 nguC. Phipps, sathola igama lesiLatini elithi Ursus maritimus, elisho "ibhere lasolwandle".
Amabhere wePolar avela ku-brown ngesikhathi sekwephuzile kwePleistocene, kwatholakala isidala seminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu eRoyal Botanic Garden yaseLondon.
Ubude bomzimba wesilisa bungu-2-2,5 m, abesifazane bangu-1,8-2 m, abesilisa banesisindo esingama-400-600 kg (ikakhulukazi abantu abondlekile kahle abangaba nesisindo sethani), abesifazane 200 kg50.
Kulesi sithombe, ibhele elinamakhaza ligxuma lisuka ku-ice floe. Naphezu komzimba omkhulu, lezi zilwane zingamaselula ngokumangazayo. Uma kunesidingo, bangahamba ngezinyawo amahora amaningi, futhi emhlabeni bangakwazi ukumboza amakhilomitha angama-20 ngosuku, yize kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kuholela ekushiseni ngokweqile.
Izici zesakhiwo zihambisana nezimo zokuphila ezimweni ezinzima. Umzimba womhlaseli we-polar ugcwele, awanaso isibhakela esibunayo samabhele ansundu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo, inhloko yepolishi yinde futhi yinde, nebunzi eliphansi nentamo ende. Izindlebe zesilo zincanyana, ziyindilinga.
Ngenxa yejazi eligcwele nobubanzi obukhulu bamafutha, izinyamazane ezidla ubhedu zizizwa zikhululekile impela emazingeni okushisa angama-50- C. Ngokwemvelo, uboya bazo bumhlophe, busebenza njengesibopho esifanele sesilo. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa uboya buthola uthayi ophuzi ngenxa yokungcoliswa komoya kanye nama-oxidation amaningi, ikakhulukazi ehlobo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngejazi elimhlophe, isikhumba sesilwane simnyama. Lesi sici sisebenza njengesixhumi semvelo samandla elanga ezilwaneni, esaziwa ukuthi sitholakala kakhulu ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala.
Iqiniso elihehayo: yize iqiniso ukuthi amabhere angaphandle avela emaceleni futhi anombala onsundu ahluke kakhulu, ayizihlobo eziseduzane futhi ekuthunjweni angahlobana. I-hybrid yalesi siphambano ibizwa ngokuthi i-grolar noma i-pizzley.
I-Polar Bears L Indlelayle
Amabhere we-polar ahlala yedwa, ahlala ngababili kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala. Amacala wokuqongelela kwawo, kwesinye isikhathi aze afike kumashumi amaningana abantu, ezindaweni lapho kunenqwaba yokudla okwanele, akuvamile kakhulu. Amaqembu ezidla izimbotshana polar avumelani ngokuphelele nomphakathi womunye ngenkathi kudliwa inyamazane enkulu, ngokwesibonelo, umkhomo ofile. Noma kunjalo, izimpi zesiko noma imidlalo akuyona into engajwayelekile, kepha isilo ngasinye asikhohlwa ngesimo saso sobukhosi.
Izilwane ziqala impilo yokuphila ngokungemthetho, ngaphandle kwesikhathi esichithwa ezindlini zokulala.Amadombolo asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ngabesifazane ekuzalweni nasekondleni kwamawundlu. Kuyisiphephelo futhi sokulala ebusika, kepha izilwane zihlala ngesikhashana nje hhayi njalo.
Ahlelwe kanjani lairs?
Amabhuzu okuzala abesifazane angahlukaniswa ngokwezizwe nokwesikhashana. Kuhlobo olujwayelekile lwe-dipper bear. Ukuhlala kwabo emihumeni enjalo kuyisilinganiso sezinyanga eziyisithupha. Umgodi wesikhashana usebenza izinsikazi zesikhashana isikhashana - kusuka osukwini olu-1 kuya kumaviki ayi-2-3, futhi ezimweni ezikhethekile kuze kube yinyanga eyi-1 noma ngaphezulu.
I-Ancestral lair inegumbi elilodwa noma amaningi. Ubude bekamelo baphakathi kwesilinganiso sisuka ku-100 kuye kuma-500 cm, ububanzi - ukusuka ku-70 kuye ku-400 cm, ukuphakama - ukusuka kuma-30 kuye kwangama-190 cm, ubude bekhorali buhlukahluka kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-820 cm. Lokhu kungenayo kuvame ukungabonakali kahle ukusuka kude ngamamitha ambalwa.
Izindlwana zesikhashana ziyahlukahluka kusuka kulolohlobo lwensiza. Imvamisa ziyisakhiwo esilula: esinekamelweni elilodwa nomgodi omfushane (ongafika ku-1.5-2 m), njengomthetho, onezindonga “ezintsha” ne-vault ephansi.
Ukudana, imigodi nemisele ngaphandle kwendawo ephakemeyo nokungena okuhlukile kwesinye isikhathi kuthiwa yizingxenyana zesikhashana, kodwa kungaba okulungile ngokwengeziwe ukuzibiza ngokuthi yindawo yokuphephela. Izindawo ezinjalo zokukhosela zivame ukusebenzela amabhele isikhathi esifushane - ukusuka emahoreni ambalwa kuya ezinsukwini eziningana. Banikeza isilwane induduzo encane, isibonelo, indawo yokukhosela yesikhathi sezulu esibi.
Ezimweni zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu (isithwathwa seqhwa, isithwathwa), amabhere, ukuze konge amandla, angawela ezindlini zesikhashana zamasonto ambalwa. Isisulu sasenyakatho sinesimo esisodwa sokuzijabulisa esijabulisayo: kanti amanye amabhere angazenzela ubusika kuphela, iqhawe lethu lingawela esimweni esinjengesokucunulwa ngasiphi isikhathi.
Ngabe idlani inkosi yasenyakatho?
I-ringed seal (umsimbi onesibindi) ekudleni kwamabhere omkhumula kungukudla okungu-1, ngokwezinga elithile inyamazane yazo iba yi-harege yasolwandle (isilo sayo siyabamba lapho siphuphuma ukuphefumula). Izilwane zizingela izimpawu, zizilinde eduze “kwama-vents”, kanye nasezindaweni ezizalela kuzo ama-ice floes, lapho amathole angenalwazi eba yisisulu sabazingeli. Ibhere ligibela phezu kwesisulu ngokungaziphathi, bese liphonsa ngokubukhali liwele emanzini. Ukhulisa "amathole" amancane, isilo sihlephula iqhwa ngama-paws angaphambili, sisebenzise isisindo saso. Ifaka ingaphambili lomzimba emanzini, ibamba isisulu ngemihlathi enamandla bese iyidonsela eqhweni. Amabhere angathola indawo yomgodi we-seal ngokusebenzisa ungqimba olungamamitha amade weqhwa eligcwele phama, aya kulo lisuka kumakhilomitha, egxile kuphela kunephunga. Umuzwa wazo wokuhogela ungenye yezimpawu ezibucayi kunazo zonke phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Bazingela ama-walrus, ama-belugas, ama-narwhals, izilwane zasolwandle ezihamba emanzini.
Ukukhuphuka komoya olwandle kubalulekile ekondleni izilwanyana ezihlaselayo ezilambile: izidumbu zezilwane ezifile, imfucuza evela ekudobeni kwesilwane sasolwandle. Inani elikhulu lamabhere livame ukuqongelela eduze kwesidumbu somkhomo ophonswe ogwini (isithombe).
Ibhere elinamakhaza, eliyinyama ejwayelekile ethokozisayo, kepha, lilambile futhi alikwazi ukuzingela inyamazane yalo eyinhloko - izimpawu, lingashintshela kalula kokunye okuphakelayo, kufaka phakathi ukudla kwezitshalo (amajikijolo, ukhula lwasolwandle, izitshalo ze-herbaceous, ama-mosses kanye ne-lichens, amagatsha ehlathi). Lokhu, ngokusobala, kufanele kubhekwe njengokuzivumelanisa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zezimo ezimweni ezinzima zemvelo.
Kwisitulo esisodwa, isilo siyakwazi ukudla inani elikhulu kakhulu lokudla, bese kuthi uma kungekho okuphangiweyo, sibambe indlala isikhathi eside.
Ezimweni zesimanje, ukukhuphuka komthelela wethekhinoloji emvelweni kungaholela ekuwohlisweni kokuphakelwa kokutholwa kokudla kwepholar, ukuphoqelele ukushintshela kokuphakelayo okuphezulu kaningi, ukuvakashela ukuthathwa komhlaba ezindaweni zokuhlala, ukucekela phansi izindawo zokugcina izimpahla, njll.
Ama-nomads angapheli
Izimo eziguquka njalo zeqhwa ziphoqa amabhere asenyakatho ukuba aguqule njalo izindawo ahlala kuzo, afune izindawo lapho kunamanzi amaningi khona futhi phakathi kwezindawo zeqhwa kukhona evulekile noma embozwe amabala amancanyana eqhwa, iziteshi kanye nemifantu eyenza kube lula ukuthi iphange. Iziza ezinje zivame ukuvalela indawo ye-zapripaynoy, futhi akukhona ngengozi ukuthi izilwane eziningi zigxila lapha ebusika. Kepha ngezikhathi nezikhathi, indawo ye-zapryapnaya ivaliwe ngokuphelele ngenxa yomoya wokucindezela, bese amabhere kufanele athuthele kwezinye izindawo futhi efuna izindawo ezinhle zokuzingela. Iqhwa elizinzileyo, kuphela isikhathi sobusika nokuqala kwentwasahlobo, lihlala lingashukumi iqhwa, kepha alikho yonke indawo lapho lilungele khona ukuba khona kwezimpawu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, amabhere omhlaba.
Lapho zifuna izindawo ezifanele zokuzingela, izilwane kwesinye isikhathi zihamba amakhulu amakhilomitha. Ngakho-ke, izindawo abahlala kuzo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi nenkathi eyodwa, kungasaphathwa umehluko wesikhathi sonyaka nowonyaka. Uma kungekho i-territorialism ku-polar bear, abantu noma amaqembu emindeni isikhathi esithile athuthukisa indawo encane. Kepha, lapho nje izimo ziqala ukuguquka kakhulu, izilwane zishiya lezo zindawo futhi zifudukele kwezinye izindawo.
Ukuzijabulisa
Isikhathi sokuzalelisa siba ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Phakathi kwabesilisa ngalesi sikhathi kukhona umzabalazo omkhulu onzima wabantu besifazane.
Abesifazane babonakala ngokuqothuka kwe-ovulation (kumele baganane kaningi ngaphezulu kwezinsuku eziningana ngaphambi kokuba ukwenziwa kwe-ovulation nokwenziwa), futhi ngenxa yalokho imibhangqwana ihlala ndawonye amasonto ama-1-2 ngokuzalanisa ngempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhere enamakhaza aphawulwa ngokubambezeleka kokufakwa kuze kube maphakathi no-Septhemba-Okthoba, kuya ngokuthi izilwane zihlala kuphi. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-2-3, amawundlu azalwa ezindaweni eziningi. Lokhu kwenzeka emgodini oneqhwa. Izingane zizalwa zinesisindo esingu-600 amagremu. Ekuzalweni kwabo, izinwele zabo zizacile kangangokuba kubukeka sengathi bahamba ze. Kuze kube yizinyanga ezingama-7-8 ubudala, ubisi lukamama luwukudla okuyinhloko. Ubisi lolu lunamafutha kakhulu - 28-30%, kepha kubukeka sengathi luhlukaniswe ngamanani amancane.
Kwesinye isikhathi ibhele lishiya umhume osuphenduke “ongasebenzi”, lapho amathole esanamandla. Bahamba ngobunzima futhi badinga ukunakekelwa okuhlala njalo. Uma umndeni onjalo uphazamiseka ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi, isindisa amawundlu, iyithwale ngamazinyo.
Lapho amathole efinyelela isisindo esingama-10-12 kg, aqala ukuhamba nonina yonke indawo. Amlandela ngokukhululeka emithambekeni, imvamisa edlala imidlalo ngenkathi ehamba. Kwesinye isikhathi imidlalo igcina ngokulwa, kuyilapho amawundlu ebubula kakhulu.
Abanye amabhere ababehamba ngezinyawo benza uhlobo oluthile lokuzivocavoca eqhweni. Baxubha eqhweni, bagobe ubuso babo kulo, balala esiswini sabo futhi bayakhasa, bacindezela imilenze yabo yangasemuva, behla ngomthambeka ngezindlela ezihlukile: emuva, eceleni noma esiswini. Kumabhele abantu abadala, lezi yizindlela zokuhlanzeka okuhloswe ngazo ukuhlanzeka koboya. Kumawundlu alingisa omama bawo, le ndlela yokuziphatha inombala odlalayo.
Ukuqeqeshwa kwe-Ursa kwesizukulwane esincane mhlawumbe kuthatha isikhathi eside uma iqembu lomndeni liphikelela. Ukulingiswa kukamama kuvela ngisho nalapho izingane zisesemgodini, ngokwesibonelo, imisebenzi yokumba. Futhi kwesinye isikhathi bayamlingisa lapho bedla izitshalo.
Njengoba ekugcineni sebephumile emgodini, umndeni uya olwandle. Endleleni, insikazi ivame ukuma ukondla amawundlu, kwesinye isikhathi iyazondla ngokumba izitshalo kusuka ngaphansi kweqhwa. Uma isimo sezulu sinomoya, ilele emuva komoya, kuneqhwa elingene ngokwanele, bakha umgodi omncane noma umgede wesikhashana. Ngemuva kwalokho imindeni iya eqhweni. Engxenyeni yokuqala kaMeyi, kwesinye isikhathi izinsikazi namawundlu zitholakala emhlabeni, kepha mhlawumbe phakathi kwalabo ngesizathu esithile abashiya i-lair yabo ngokubambezeleka.
Izinsikazi zingazala kanye njalo eminyakeni emi-3, ngoba amawundlu anaye afinyelela eminyakeni engama-2,5. Kungokokuqala ukuthi abantu besifazane babe omama, imvamisa bephakathi kweminyaka eyi-4-5, bese bezala njalo emva kweminyaka emi-3 baze bafe. Imvamisa, kuzalwa amawundlu ama-2. Ama-broods amakhulu kakhulu namazinyane amakhulu kakhulu atholakala kwabesifazane abaneminyaka engama-8-10. Emabheleni amancanyana nabadala, i-1 i-1 imvama kuzalwa kakhulu. Kunobufakazi bokuthi izintokazi ezindala ezimweni zemvelo zingashintsha kumawundlu noma zamukele amathole alahlekelwe ngunina ngesizathu esithile.
Isifiso sokuphila kwamabhere abesifazane besifazane aneminyaka engama-25-30, abesilisa - kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20.
Izifo, izitha kanye nabancintisana
Phakathi kwamabhere asemaceleni, isifo esiyingozi esisematheni-semisipha esinjenge-trichinosis sisakazekile. Ezinye izifo abanazo zivamile.
Kaningi, bahlushwa ukulimala okuhlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi okwenziwe kumzabalazo komunye nomunye wokuba nowesifazane noma ukudla. Kepha ayinayo imiphumela emibi kubantu.
Isimbangi sebhere esise-polar singaba kuphela ngumuntu osebenzisa izisulu ngenxa yesikhumba, uboya nenyama, ukuphazamisa ibhalansi yemvelo phakathi komphangi nexhoba.
Impisi ne-arctic fox kunomthelela omncane kubantu, ukuhlasela nokubulala amawundlu.
Amabhere amancanyana nendoda
Ngenxa yezinyathelo zokuvikela izilwane ezidla izimbaza, ubungozi bokuqothuka uphansi. Phambilini, bebethathwa njengezinhlobo ezisengcupheni, kepha ngemuva kokungena kweSivumelwano Sokulondolozwa Kwemvelo Yonyaka we-1973, abantu bazinzile.
Kuncike ekutheni ukuzingela amabhere we-polar kulawulwa, ngeke kubhujiswe. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukukhathazeka kokuthi amanani abo angancipha ngenxa yesilinganiso esiphansi sokuzala. Esikhathini esiningi inani lendawo liyabaphoqa, abameleli babo babulale abantu abangaba ngu-700 ngonyaka. Kepha ingozi enkulu yamaqhawe ethu ukufudumala kwesimo sezulu nokungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Ezifundeni ze-Arctic, ngenxa yokwanda kwesibalo sabantu, amathuba okushayisana phakathi komuntu odla ubhedu nomuntu esikhulile anda. Ngenxa yalokhu, kudalwa isimo sokungqubuzana esiyingozi kuwo womabili amaqembu. Amabhere we-polar, noma kunjalo, angeke abhekwe njengolaka kubantu, kepha kukhona okuhlukile. Iningi lezilwane liyabuya lapho lihlangana nomuntu, kanti ezinye azinendaba naye. Kepha bakhona abaphishekela umuntu, ikakhulukazi uma ebaleka. Kungenzeka kakhulu, ngalesi sikhathi isilo semvelo yokushushiswa sibangelwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuphikisa ukuthi ibhere elinamakhaza ayisilwane esingenangozi ngokuphelele kungaba yinkohliso eyingozi. Usongo lwangempela ngabantu abakhathele. Okokuqala, lezi yizilwane ezindala ezilahlekelwe yikhono lokuzingela ngempumelelo ukudla kwazo okujwayelekile, kanye nezilwane ezincane ezingakabi namasu okuzingela kahle. Abesifazane bavikela amawundlu abo baba yingozi enkulu. Ibhere elinamakhaza lingaba nolaka lapho lihlangana nomuntu ngokungazelelwe noma lixoshwa.
Kungani ibhere elimhlophe “limhlophe”
Umzali ngamunye kungekudala uzizwa lo mbuzo "engane" yakhe. Noma uthisha we-biology esikoleni. Imayelana nokufaka izinwele izinwele zalesi silo. Akekho lapho. Izinwele ngokwazo azinalutho futhi zibukeka ngaphakathi.
Zibonisa ukukhanya kwelanga, zithuthukisa umbala omhlophe. Kepha lezi akuzona zonke izici zengubo yomhloli wamazwe. Ehlobo, liphenduka liphuzi elangeni. Kwangaba umbala ogqamile kusuka ku-algae elincane elivale phakathi kwe-villi. Ijazi lingaba mpunga, onsundu noma lomthunzi ohlukile ngokuya ngezimo zokuphila zebhere.
Futhi ebusika icishe ibe mhlophe kristalu. Lesi isici esiyingqayizivele sesilo nokuzifihla okuphezulu. Ngokunokwenzeka, umbala wejazi elihlanganisiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uzivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila.
Phakathi kokunye, isikhumba sesilo sinezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu zokufudumeza ukushisa. Iyavuma futhi ayivumeli ukushisa.Futhi uma ibhere ithatha uvolo, "ingemuva", ayibonakali ngamehlo kuphela, kepha futhi nobuchwepheshe, ngokwesibonelo, abasebenza ngezithombe ezishisayo.
Ihlala kuphi ibhere elinamakhaza?
Ibhere elingena polar lihlala kuphela esifundeni se-polis esenyakatho ye-hemisphere, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi lesi silwane sihlala yonke indawo lapho kungekho khona iqhwa le-Arctic elincibilikayo. Amabhere amaningi awadluleli ngaphezu kwama-88 degrees enyakatho, ngenkathi iphuzu lokusatshalaliswa kwawo eningizimu yiNewfoundland Island, enabantu abambalwa abahlala ezimpilweni zabo nsuku zonke, bezama ukuhambisana nomzingeli oyingozi.
Izakhamizi zezindawo ezise-Arctic kanye ne-tundra zaseRussia, iGreenland, i-USA neCanada nazo ziwazi kahle ibhere elimhlophe. Iningi lezilwane lihlala ezindaweni ezinamanzi akhukhulayo, iqhwa langemuva, lapho kuhlala khona izingqimba eziningi kanye nama-walruse. Imvamisa, ibhele lingabonakala eduze kwempethu enkulu, emaphethelweni lapho iqhwa khona ilindele uphawu noma uphawu lwenhlama olusuka ekujuleni.
Akunakwenzeka ukunquma ngokuqondile izwe elingumhlaba lapho kuhlala ibhere elimnyama. Izilwane ezinwebeka kakhulu kulezi zilwane zaqanjwa ngeqoqo lazo eliyinhloko. Ngakho-ke, izisulu eziningi zithanda:
- ogwini olusempumalanga yolwandle lwaseKara nase-East Siberian ulwandle, amanzi abandayo oLwandle Laptev, iziqhingi zaseNovosibirsk kanye neziqhingi zaseNovaya Zemlya (abantu baseLaptev), ogwini lweLwandle lwaseBarents, ingxenye esentshonalanga yoLwandle lwaseKara, iziqhingi zaseNovaya Zemlya kanye nezindawo zasolwandle zaseKara-Barents. , Ulwandle i-Chukchi, ingxenye esenyakatho yoLwandle iBering, empumalanga ye-East Siberian Sea, i-Wrangel ne-Herald Islands (inani labantu baseChukchi-Alaskan).
Ngqo e-Arctic, amabhere amhlophe awafani, akhetha izilwandle zaseningizimu ezifudumele nangaphezulu, lapho anethuba elingcono lokusinda. Indawo yokuhlala iyahlukahluka futhi ihlotshaniswa nemingcele yeqhwa elinamakhaza. Uma ihlobo le-Arctic lihudula, neqhwa liqale ukuncibilika, izilwane ziyasondela esigxotsheni. Lapho kuqala ubusika, zibuyela eningizimu, zikhetha izindawo ezigudle uthuthu nezwekazi elikhulu.
Polar Bear Incazelo
Amabhere amancanyana achazwe ngezansi ayizidalwa ezinkulu kakhulu ezincelisayo emhlabeni. Bakweleta ubukhulu obukhulu kukhokho wabo okude, abaqothulayo ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ezedlule. Ibhere elikhulu elipholishi lalinobude obungamamitha amane, linesisindo esingamathani ayi-1,2.
Ibhere lesimanje lepolar, elisindayo nokukhula, lincane kunalo. Ngakho-ke, ubude obukhulu bhere elimhlophe abudluli kumamitha ayi-3 anesisindo somzimba ofinyelela ku-1 ithoni. Isisindo esijwayelekile sabantu besilisa asidluli kumakhilogremu angama-500, izinsikazi zinesisindo esingama-200-350 kilos. Ukukhula kwesilwane esidala lapho kubuna kungamamitha ayi-1,2-1,5, kanti ibhere elikhulu elinamakhaza lifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-2-2,5.
Uboya, izici zesakhiwo sesiqu kanye nekhanda
Umzimba wonke webhele elimhlophe umbozwe uboya, obuvikela kusuka eziqandeni ezinzima futhi likuvumela ukuthi uzizwe ukhululekile ngisho nasemanzini eqhwa. Kuphela amaphilisi ekhaleni ne-paw kuphela anqatshelwe kwesembozo soboya. Umbala wejazi loboya ungaba mhlophe kristalu, aphuzi futhi aluhlaza.
Ukugcwala koboya kuhlotshaniswa nokuvezwa njalo kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, okunika izakhiwo ezifaka ukushisa futhi zivikele isilwane ekuqandeni. Imbangela yokubonakala kwe-tint eluhlaza okotshana okuyi-microscopic algae ehlanganisa ngaphakathi kwe-hairline.
Eqinisweni, izinwele zesilwane zincishwe i-pigmentation, azinombala, izinwele azinalutho, ziwugqinsi, zilukhuni, zitholakala kude nebanga lazo. Kukhona i-undercoat ekhule kahle lapho kutholakala khona isikhumba esimnyama esinobubanzi bamafutha amasentimitha ayishumi.
Umbala wejazi elimhlophe ulifihle isilwane. Akulula ukuthi ngisho nomzingeli onesipiliyoni ukuthola ibhere efihliwe, ngenkathi izimbotshana kanye nama-walruse kuvame ukuba yizisulu zalo mzingeli onobuqili nononya.
Ukwakheka komzimba, ikhanda nemilenze
Ngokungafani nebhere emnyama, intamo yebhele elimile iyaphakama, ikhanda layo liyisicaba, Ingxenye yangaphambili iyaphakama, izindlebe zalo zincanyana, ziyindilinga.
Lezi zilwane zingabhukudi abanamakhono, ezitholakala ngenxa yokuba khona kolwelwesi phakathi kwezinzwane futhi kunqunywa lapho kuhlala khona ibhere elinamakhaza iningi lonyaka. Ngesikhathi sokubhukuda, akukhathalekile ukuthi ibhere le Polar linesisindo esingakanani, ngenxa yolwelwesi, lungasithinta kalula isilwane esisheshayo.
Imilenze yomhlaseli iyinqaba, iphetha ngamawele anamandla. Izinsika zezinyawo zimbozwe ngoboya, okusebenza njengesivikelo esifanele ekuqothulweni kweqhwa nokushelela. Izingxenye ezingaphambili zamawele zimbozwe ngamabreyidi abulukhuni, lapho kufihlwe khona izindwani ezibukhali, okuvumela ukugcina inyamazane isikhathi eside. Njengoba isibambe inyamazane ngemihlakulo, umdlwenguli usebenzisa amanye amazinyo ayo. Imihlathi yakhe inamandla, incisors kanye fangs zakhiwe kahle. Isilwane esiphilile sinamazinyo angama-42, akukho nhlobo ebusweni.
Bonke abamele lezinhlobo banomsila; ibhere elingena emaceleni liyahlukile kulokhu. Umsila wakhe mncane, ubude bawo ngamasentimitha ayi-7 kuya kwayi-13, ulahlekile ngokumelene nesizinda sezinwele eziphakeme sangemuva emuva.
Ukubekezela
Ibhere elinamakhaza ayisilwane esiqinile kakhulu, yize kubukeka sengathi kunenkani, liyakwazi ukunqoba amakhilomitha afinyelela kwayi-5,6 ngehora nomhlaba kuze kufike kumakhilomitha ayi-7 ngehora ngamanzi. Ijubane elijwayelekile lomhlaseli ngamakhilomitha angama-40 ngehora.
Amabhere wePolar ayizwa futhi abona kahle, futhi umuzwa omuhle wephunga ukuvumela ukuba unikeze iphunga lesinyamazane elisebangeni eli-1 km ukusuka kulo. Isilwane siyakwazi ukubona uphawu lokucasha ngaphansi kwamamitha ambalwa eqhwa, noma ukucasha ngaphansi komhlonyane, noma ngabe lijule ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1.
Kuhlala isikhathi esingakanani ibhere elinamakhaza?
Ngokudabukisayo, ekuthunjweni, amabhere wepolar aphila isikhathi eside ukwedlula endaweni yawo yemvelo. Isilinganiso sokuphila esijwayelekile kuleli cala asidluli iminyaka engama-20 kuye kwengama-30, kuyilapho umuntu ohlala ku-zoo enamandla okuphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-45-50. Lokhu kungenxa yokuncipha kokuphakelwa kokudla, ukuncibilika kwaminyaka yonke kwamaqhwa kanye nokuqothulwa okuqhubekayo kwabantu abazingelayo ngabantu.
E-Russia, ukuzingela ibhele elinamakhaza akuvunyelwe, kepha nakwamanye amazwe kunemikhawulo ethile kulokhu, okuvumela ukuqothulwa kwabantu abangaphezulu kweminyaka engamakhulu ambalwa ngonyaka. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuzingela okunjalo akuhlangene neze nezidingo zangempela zenyama nezikhumba, ngakho-ke, kuyisiqalo sangempela esiqonde kulesi silo esihle futhi esinamandla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Ibhere elinamakhaza libhekwa njengesidleke esinonya esihlasela ngisho nabantu. Isilwane sithanda indlela yokuphila yodwa, abesilisa nabesifazane bahlangana kuphela ngenkathi yokuzala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sonke, amabhere ahamba kuphela endaweni yakubo anqotshwe kwabanye abafowabo, futhi lokhu akusebenzi abesilisa kuphela, kodwa nakwabesifazane abanezizukulwane ezisanda kuzalwa.
Ukuzalela amabhele, sinakekela izingane
Ngokuhlobene nomunye, amabhere we-polar aziphatha ngokuthula impela, izimpi eziningi zenzeka phakathi kwabesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ngalesi sikhathi, hhayi izilwane ezindala kuphela ezingathwala ubunzima, kepha namawundlu avimba insikazi ukuthi iphinde ibambe iqhaza emidlalweni yokuguga.
Izilwane zivuthwa ngokocansi lapho zifinyelela eminyakeni emi-4 noma eyi-8 ubudala, kuyilapho izinsikazi zikulungele ukuzala iminyaka eyi-1-2 ngaphambili kunabesilisa.
Isizini yokuzalela iqala ngasekupheleni kuka-Mashi kuya ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Owesifazane oyedwa angaxoshwa abesilisa abangafika kwabayisikhombisa. Ukuzalela kuthatha okungenani izinsuku ezingama-250, okuhambelana nezinyanga eziyi-8. Ukukhulelwa kuqala ngesigaba esisekupheleni, esibonakaliswa ukubambezeleka kokufakelwa kombungu. Lesi sici asihlotshaniswa kuphela ne-physiology yesilwane, kepha futhi nemibandela yendawo yaso. Owesifazane kufanele alungiselele ukukhula kwengane kanye nokuvinjwa isikhathi eside. Ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, uqala ukuhlomisa umhume wakhe, futhi ngale njongo kwesinye isikhathi unqoba amakhulu amakhilomitha. Abesifazane abaningi bamba izindlu zokulala eduze kwezakhiwo ezikhona. Ngakho-ke, ezithombeni zikaWhangel noFranz Joseph kukhona okungenani amachibi aseduzane ayi-150.
Ukuthuthukiswa kombungu kuqala maphakathi no-Novemba, lapho insikazi isivele ilele.Ukuqothuka kwayo kuphela ngo-Ephreli futhi cishe ngasikhathi sinye, ama-1-3s avela emgodini, anesisindo esisuka ku-450 kuya ku-700 ligremu ngalinye. Okuhlukile kuwukuzalwa kwamawundlu ama-4. Izingane zimbozwe ngoboya obuncanyana, ezingabavikeli kumakhaza, ngakho-ke emavikini okuqala empilo yazo insikazi ayishiyi isigodi, yeseka ubukhona bayo ngenxa yamafutha aqoqiwe.
Amawundlu asanda kuzalwa adla kuphela ubisi lwebele. Abavuli amehlo abo ngokushesha, kodwa inyanga ngemuva kokuzalwa. Izinsana ezinezinyanga ezimbili ziqala ukukhasa ziphume lair, ukuze kuthi lapho zifika ezinyangeni ezintathu zikushiye ngokuphelele. Ngasikhathi sinye, ayaqhubeka nokudla ubisi futhi asondele kowesifazane aze afike eminyakeni eyi-1.5. Amawundlu amancane cishe awasizi ngalutho, ngakho-ke avame ukuba inyamazane yezilwane ezinkulu ezizingelayo. Ukushona phakathi kwamabhere angaphansi kweminyaka engu-1 kuya okungenani ku-10-30%.
Ukukhulelwa okusha kowesifazane kwenzeka kuphela emva kokufa kwenzalo, noma ukwethulwa kwayo ebudaleni, okungukuthi, akusekho isikhathi esingaphezu kwesi-1 eminyakeni eyi-2-3. Ngokwesilinganiso, azikho ngaphezu kwamawundlu ayi-15 azalwa kowesifazane oyedwa empilweni yakhe yonke, uhhafu wawo uyafa.
Ngabe kudlani ibhele elinamakhaza?
Ibhere elinamakhaza lidla kuphela inyama nenhlanzi. Izisulu zalo yizimpawu zasolwandle, uphawu lwamakhonkco, i-sea hare, i-walrus, i-beluga whale kanye nama-narwhals. Njengoba ibambe futhi yabulala inyamazane, umhlaseli uyaqhubeka nokudla isikhumba sayo namafutha. Le ngxenye yesidumbu yilokho amabhere adla ngokudla ezindaweni eziningi. Bancamela ukungayidli inyama entsha, okwenza lokho kuphela ngesikhathi sezindlala ezinde. Ukudla okunempilo okunjalo kuyadingeka ekuqongeleleni i-Vitamin A esibindini, esisiza ukusinda ebusika obude ngaphandle kwemiphumela. Lokho okungadliwe yibhere elikhuhluziwe, izikhova zimlandela - izimpungushe nezimpisi ezingama-arctic.
Ukuze kugcotshwe, inyamazane idinga okungenani amakhilogremu ayi-7 wokudla. Ibhere elambile lingadla amakhilogremu ayi-19 noma ngaphezulu. Uma inyamazane ihambile, futhi kungekho mandla asele okuyixosha, isilo-ke sidla izinhlanzi, u-carrion, amaqanda ezinyoni namachwane. Ngaleso sikhathi, ibhere iba yingozi kubantu. Uzulazula emaphethelweni emizana, edla udoti futhi elandela abahambi abanesizungu. Eminyakeni yokulamba, amabhere futhi awadeleli i-algae notshani. Izikhathi zesiteleka eside yendlala ikakhulukazi siba ehlobo, lapho iqhwa lincibilika futhi lincipha ogwini. Ngalesi sikhathi, amabhere baphoqeleka ukuthi basebenzise imali yabo egciniwe, kwesinye isikhathi bebulawa yindlala izinyanga ezingaphezu kwezine. Umbuzo wokuthi kudlani ibhere elingondlekile ngezikhathi ezinjalo kuba yize, ngoba isilwane sikulungele ukudla konke okuhambayo.
Ukuzingela
Ibhere ilandelela inyamazane isikhathi eside, kwesinye isikhathi imela amahora amaningi eduze ne-ice-hole ilindele uphawu oluzovela ukuze luphefumule umoya. Lapho nje ikhanda lesisulu lingaphezulu kwamanzi, umhlaseli uhlasela ngamandla. Isidumbu esimangele, ubambelela kwezihlakala zakhe adonsele emhlabeni. Ukuze kwandiswe amathuba ayo okubamba, ibhere yelula imingcele yomhlonyane futhi icishe ifake ikhanda layo emanzini ukuze ikwazi ukuqaphela ukubukeka kwento edla inyama.
Izimpawu zasolwandle azikwazi ukuchitha sonke isikhathi emanzini, kwesinye isikhathi zidinga ukuphumula, okuyilokhu okusetshenziswa amabhere. Lapho selubonile uphawu olufanele, ibhele liyabhukuda libheke phezulu lize liphezu kweqhwa lapho lihlala khona. Isiphetho sophawulelo yisiphetho esinqunyelwe kusengaphambili. Uma i-walrus yaba inyamazane yebhere, khona-ke yonke into ayilula. Ama-Walruses anokuvikelwa okunamandla ngendlela yamafangs angaphambili, ngawo angabhoboza kalula umgadli ongathandeki. I-walrus ekhulile ingaba namandla kakhulu kunebhere, ikakhulukazi uma isencane futhi ingenayo ulwazi olwanele ezimpini ezinjalo.
Unalokhu engqondweni, amabhere ahlasela kuphela ama-walrus angenamandla, noma amancanyana, akwenza kuphela emhlabeni. Isisulu silandelwa isikhathi eside, ibhere inyathela ibanga eliseduze kakhulu, emva kwalokho yenza gxuma bese incika isisulu ngayo yonke isisindo sayo.
Ngubani leli bhere elisolana nalo?
Endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo, ibhere linenamba elincane lezitha. Uma isilwane silimele noma sigula, khona-ke ama-walruse, imikhomo yokubulala, izimpisi, izimpungushe ze-arctic ngisho nezinja zingasihlasela. Ibhere elinempilo likhulu kunanoma iyiphi yalezi zidlamlilo futhi linokwazi ukubhekana kalula nabaphikisi abaningi abahlasele i-general general. Isilo esigulayo sisengozini enkulu futhi sivame ukukhetha ukugwema ukulwa, siphumule emgodini.
Kwesinye isikhathi inyamazane yezimpisi nezinja iba ngamathole amancanyana, umama wayo ayezingela, noma azibukele. Abazingeli abanesifiso sokubulala lesi silwane ngenhloso yokuthola isikhumba saso sokunethezeka kanye nenani elikhulu lenyama futhi basongela impilo yebhere.
Izibopho zomndeni
Amabhere avela okokuqala kule planethi cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezinhlanu edlule. Ibhere elinamakhaza lalihlukaniswe nokhokho balo ansundu eminyakeni engaphezulu kuka-600 edlule, futhi nokho ibhere elijwayelekile elinsundu liyaqhubeka liyisihlobo salo esiseduze kakhulu.
Kokubili ibhere le-polar kanye nebhere onsundu kufana ngofuzo, ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokuwela, kutholakala inzalo esebenzayo ngokuphelele, kamuva nayo engasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izilwane ezincane. Amabhere amnyama namhlophe ngokwemvelo ngeke azalwe, kodwa ukukhula okuncane kuzoba nazo zonke izimfanelo ezinhle zombili zabantu.
Ngasikhathi sinye, amabhere amnyama nanombala onsundu ahlala ezinhlelweni ezihlukene zemvelo, okuthinte ukwakheka kwezinhlamvu eziningi ze-phenotypic kuzo, kanye nokwehluka kwezondlamzimba, ekuziphatheni nasendleleni yokuphila. Ukuba khona komehluko omkhulu kukho konke okungenhla kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwahlukanisa ibhere elinsundu, noma i-grizzly, njengohlobo oluhlukile.
Ibhere le-Polar kanye nebhere nsundu: incazelo yokuqhathanisa
Zombili amabhere wezimbaza nezinsundu anezici ezithile ezihlukile, umongo wawo oqhubeka kuze kube ngokulandelayo:
I-Polar bear noma i-umka | Ibhere elimnyama | |
Ubude | Ngaphansi kwamamitha amathathu | 2-2,5 amamitha |
Isisindo somzimba | 1-1.2 amathani | Kufika kuma-750 khilogremu |
Ukulandela okulandelayo | Akukaze kube njalo | Ibhere elinsundu linenombolo enkulu yezindawo zemixhaso ezisakazekele emhlabeni wonke. |
Izici zokuphila | Intamo ephakathi, ikhanda eliphakathi nendawo. | Intamo emfishane nentambo emfushane, amakhanda amakhulu ayindilinga. |
Habitat | Umngcele oseningizimu wendawo yokuhlala ibhele yi-tundra. | Amabhere ansundu asatshalaliswa kuyo yonke iplanethi, ngenkathi ekhetha izifunda eziseningizimu kakhulu. Umkhawulo wendawo yokuhlala yabo enyakatho umngcele oseningizimu we-tundra. |
Izintandokazi zokudla | Ibhere elinamakhaza lidla inyama nenhlanzi. | Ngaphezu kwenyama, ibhere eli-brown lidla amajikijolo, amantongomane nezibungu zezinambuzane. |
Isikhathi seHibernation | IHibernation ayidluli izinsuku ezingama-80. Iningi labesifazane abakhulelwe baya eholidini. | Isikhathi hibernation sisukela ezinsukwini ezingama-75 kuye kwezingu-195, kuya ngesifunda sesilwane. |
I-Rut | Mashi-Juni | Meyi - Julayi |
Progeny | Hhayi ngaphezu kwama-3 cubs, iningi lezingane ezisanda kuzalwa ezi-1-2 ilitha linye. | Kuzalwa amawundlu angama-2-3, kwezinye izikhathi inani lawo lingafinyelela ku-4-5. |
Kokubili ibhere elinamaparele nebhere onsundu kuyizidlakudla eziyingozi, okuholela emibuzweni esemthethweni yokuthi ngubani onamandla empini, ibhere elimnyama noma ibhere elimnyama? Akunakwenzeka ukunikeza impendulo engenakuphikiswa kumbuzo obuzwe wokuthi ngubani onamandla, noma ukuthi ngubani onqobayo ibhere elimnyama noma elimdaka. Lezi zilwane cishe azikaze zihlukane. E-zoo, baziphatha ngokuthula impela.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngebhere eli polar
Kunezinganekwane eziningi nezinganekwane mayelana nebhere elinamakhaza. Ngasikhathi sinye, ezinye zezici zokuziphatha kwakhe zithakazelisa kangangokuba zifanelwe ukunakwa hhayi nje kuphela ngabathandi bezinganekwane, kodwa abathandayo abasha bezilwane zasendle. Kuze kube manje, okulandelayo kuyaziwa nge-polar bear:
- Izinyamazane ezinkulu kakhulu ezitholakala olwandle iBarents, izilwane ezincane zithanda isiqhingi saseSvalbard nendawo eseduze kwaso. Ezithombeni ezithathwe ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, uboya bekolishi libonakala limnyama. Amabhere alambile angakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade, angahambi kuphela ezweni, kodwa futhi nokubhukuda. Kulokhu, amabhere we-polar kanye nebhere elinsundu kuyafana.Iqiniso lokubhukuda kwebhele elihlala ngaphezu kwezinsuku eziyi-9 laqoshwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi yanqoba amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-660 oLwandle iBeaufort, ilahlekelwe ngamaphesenti angama-22 esisindo sayo nebhele elinonyaka owodwa ubudala, kodwa yaqhubeka nokuphila futhi yakwazi ukufika olwandle. Ibhere elinamakhaza alwesabi umuntu, umhlaseli olambile uyakwazi ukumenza isisulu sakhe, ajahe izinsuku eziningi ngokungakhathali. Edolobheni laseChurchill, okulesifundazwe saseCanada eManitoba, kunendawo ekhethekile lapho amabhele angena khona esifundeni sendawo ahlala kuyo. Ukuba khona kwe-zoo yesikhashana kuyisinyathelo esidingekayo. Akesabi ubukhona bomuntu, umhlaseli olambile angangena endlini ahlasele umuntu. Ngemuva kokudla ngokweqile nokudla okunempilo, ibhere ishiya idolobha selivele linolaka, okumvumela ukuba nethemba lokubuya kwakhe kungekudala. Ngokusho kwabakwa-Eskimos, leli bhere elingumbala libonisa amandla emvelo. Indoda ayikwazi ukuzibiza okunjalo ize ingene ekuxabaneni okulinganayo naye. Ibhele elikhulu le-polar lingukhokho webhere yesimanje. Ngo-1962, kwadutshulwa ibhele elinesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-1,002 e-Alaska. Ibhere isilwane esinegazi elifudumele. Izinga lokushisa lomzimba wakhe lifinyelela kuma-degrees Celsius angama-31, yingakho kungelula ukuthi inyamazane inyakaze ngokushesha. Ukugijima isikhathi eside kungaholela ekushiseni komzimba ngokweqile. Izingane zethulwa ngesithombe sebhere elinamakhaza ngokusebenzisa amakhathuni anjenge-Umka, Elka, noBernard. Kuwo wonke amabhere wakho owathandayo kumaswidi aseNyakatho kukhona nesithombe sebhere elingwevu. Usuku olusemthethweni lwethwele elisolwandle luzoba ngoFebhuwari 27 nonyaka. Ibhere elinamakhaza angenye yezimpawu zase-Alaska.
Amabhere we-polar abhekwa njengavundile ongafanele, ngoba inani labo libuyiselwa kancane kancane. Ngokuya ngesheke okwenziwe ngonyaka ka-2013, inani lamabhere eRussia alizange lidlule kubantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-7 (abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-20-25 emhlabeni jikelele).
Ngokokuqala ngqa, kwethulwa umthetho wokukhishwa kwezinyama nezikhumba zalezi zilwane ngo-1957, ngenxa yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele kwezakhamizi zakuleli nabazingeli. Amabhere we-polar, okuhlala kuwo kuphazamisekile, kuhlasela impahla yabantu.
Kungani ibhere elinamakhaza libhalwe ku-Red Book
Lesi sidlakela sinezinwele ezinhle futhi sinenyama eningi. Le yimicabango ethukuthele futhi engenakuphikiswa yabazingeli abaye badubula isilo isikhathi eside. Ukwehla okukhulu kwesibalo somphakathi kube nomthelela ekushiseni komhlaba kanye nasekungcoleni kwemvelo. Ngokusho kososayensi, indawo yokwemboza iqhwa incishiswe ngamaphesenti angama-25, iqhwa liyancibilika ngokushesha.
Indawo yasolwandle yayingcoliswe ngemikhiqizo eyingozi nemfucuza. Futhi ibhere lethu liphila isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, libhekwa njengedlova elihlala isikhathi eside. Ngalesi sikhathi, uqoqa ubuthi obuningi obulimazayo kanye nama-anthropogens emzimbeni wakhe. Lokhu kunciphise kakhulu ithuba lokuzala.
Manje emhlabeni kunezinkulungwane ezingama-22 kuye kwezingama-31 zalezi zilwane ezinhle. Futhi ngokubikezela, ngo-2050 inani lingancipha ngomunye u-30%. Ngemuva kwalolu lwazi akukho mibuzo kungani ibhere elinamakhaza lifakwe kwi-Red Book.Ukubopha amabhere eParth Arctic kuvinjelwe kusukela ngo-1956.
Ngo-1973, amazwe ase-Arctic basin asayina isivumelwano ngokulondolozwa kwebhere elinamakhaza. Izwe lethu livikela lesi sidlakela njengezinhlobo ezisongelayo ezivela kuhlu lwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature (i-International Red Book) kanye naseBhuku elibomvu leRussian Federation.
Yini iphupho lebhere elinamakhaza
Kungaba yinto emangazayo uma kunjalo maqondana nebhere elimhlophe, asizange sikufake ukubaluleka ekubonakaleni kwamaphupho ethu. Lutho neze. Cishe kuzo zonke izincwadi zamaphupho ezaziwayo, umuntu angafunda ukuthi iphupho lithini iphupho. Abanye babheka ukubonakala kwakhe ephusheni njengento enhle futhi ethembisayo okuhle, abanye baluleke ukuzilungiselela inhlupho emva kwalokho.
Isibonelo, incwadi yamaphupho kaMiller ithi ibhere elingena emaphusheni limayelana nokukhetha impilo okuzayo. Uma ibhere ihlasela ephusheni, qaphela izitha empilweni. Ibhere elintanta phezu kukaphazili weqhwa lizokuxwayisa ngenkohliso.
Futhi ukubona ibhere lidla uphawu kusho ukuthi udinga ukuyeka imikhuba emibi. Uma ugcwala esikhunjeni sebhere elimnyama - uzonqoba kalula izinkinga ngokweqiniso. Bheka ibhere elinamakhaza - kusho ukuthi maduze silindele umshado nenzuzo yezezimali.
Ngokusho kukaFreud, ukuzingela ibhele elinamakhaza ephusheni kusho ukuthi udinga ukunciphisa ulaka kanye nokushisekela okungadingekile empilweni yakho. Futhi ngokusho kwe-Aesop, umhlaseli uphupha konke okuhle nokunesihluku. Awukwazi ukulwa naye ngephupho, uma kungenjalo uzohluleka ngokweqiniso. Kodwa-ke, uma wenza sengathi ufile lapho uhlangana naye, khona-ke ungaphuma kalula ezinkingeni ezingezinhle.
Ukulala ibhele kusho ukuthi izinkinga zakho zingakushiya wedwa isikhashana. Kunoma ikuphi, kuhle kakhulu uma ibhere lethu liphupha ngumuntu ocabanga ngobukhona bakhe besikhathi esizayo ephephile futhi elingamsiza ukuba aphile.
Amabhere ePolar: incazelo
Lesi silwane sikhulu kunazo zonke esigabeni saso, ngoba abantu abadala bangakhula bafike kumamitha amathathu ubude, ngenkathi isisindo saso singafinyelela kumathani ayi-1. Isilinganiso esilinganiselwe somhlaseli singamamitha ayi-2,5, nesisindo esiphezulu esingama-800 kg. Ukuphakama lapho kubuna kwabantu abadala kufinyelela cishe kumitha eyodwa nesigamu.
Abesifazane bahluka ngobukhulu obuncane nobukhulu; isisindo sabo kuyaqabukela sifinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-250. Amabhere amancane kunazo zonke atholakala esiqhingini saseSpitsbergen, kanti amabhere amakhulu amakhulu ahlala endaweni ephansi iBering Sea.
Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Kunzima ukudidanisa ibhere elinamakhaza nanoma yisiphi isilwane, ngoba linokuhlukahluka kwesimo: uboya obumsulwa obumsulwa, intambo ende (elinganayo) nekhanda elicaba. Umbala wejazi, kuya ngesikhathi sonyaka, ungahluka kusuka kokumhlophe okumsulwa kuya koshizi ophuzi. Njengomthetho, uboya baphenduka ophuzi ehlobo ngenxa yokuvezwa ukukhanya kwelanga.
Izinwele zamabhele amancanyana azinayo imibala yokufakelwa imibala, futhi izinwele ngokwazo zinesakhiwo esingenalutho. Ngenxa yesakhiwo esinjalo soboya, bangakwazi ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kuphela, okunomthelela kumfanelo ephezulu yokufaka ukushisa kwengubo yesilwane. Ezintanjeni zama-paws, uvolo uyakhula, okuvumela ibhere ukuba lihambe ngokuzethemba eqhweni elithambile. Izinduna zitholakala phakathi kweminwe, ngenxa yokuthi ibhere elinamakhaza lizizwa likhulu emanzini. Imichilo yesiphangi sikhulu futhi sinamandla, ngakho-ke ibhere elinamakholomu liyakwazi ukubhekana nesixuku esikhulu kakhulu.
Inqubo yokuzala
Imvelo yabele inyanga yonke yesikhathi inqubo yokuzalanisa amabhere amancanyana. Inqubo yokuzalanisa iqala ndawo maphakathi noMashi. Ngalesi sikhathi, awukwazi ukubona abesilisa abangashadile, kodwa izilwane ezisatshalaliswa ngababili, yize kunezimo zokuthi abesilisa abaningi basondele kowesifazane. Isikhathi sokuzala sihlala cishe amasonto ambalwa.
Ukukhulelwa kwe-polar bear
Owesikazi ovundile ubamba inzalo yakhe yesikhathi esizayo izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili. Ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhulelwa, insikazi evundisiwe ayikwazi ukuhlukaniswa neyodwa engafundile, kepha ezinyangeni ezimbili ngaphambi kokubeletha, insikazi evundisiwe iba nolaka, ingasebenzi futhi ivame ukulala esiswini sayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi ilahlekelwa isifiso sayo sokudla. Njengomthetho, kuzalwa amawundlu amabili, kepha kwezinsikazi zakwamanye amazwe, njengomthetho, kuzalwa ikonyana elilodwa. Ibhere elikhulelwe lihlala bonke ubusika emgodini, oseduze nogu lolwandle ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukuvela kwamawundlu
Ngemuva kokuzalwa, amawundlu awasakwazi ukuzifudumeza, ngakho-ke ibhere lilele eceleni kwalo. Amawundlu aphakathi kwemilenze yakhe namabele, kuyawafudumeza nokufudumala komoya wakhe. Amawundlu azalwe angabi ngaphezu kwekhilogremu, futhi ubude bawo bungaphakathi kwama-25 cm.
Njengomthetho, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ziyizimpumputhe futhi ziqala ukubona kuphela emva kwenyanga nesigamu. Kakade lapho isineminyaka eyodwa yenyanga, ibhere yondla inzalo yalo ngokuhlala kahle. Ngenyanga kaMashi, izinsikazi zishiya kakhulu izindlu zazo.Ngasikhathi sinye, kwesinye isikhathi amawundlu avela kulokhozi ukuhamba nonina phakathi nosuku. Ngobusuku, babuyela ezindlini zabo zokuchuma. Izinkabi zidlala futhi zibhukuda eqhweni.
Iqiniso elihehayo! Njengomthetho, kufinyelela kumaphesenti angama-30 ama-cubs namaphesenti afinyelela kwayi-15 abantu abasha, abangakakhuli abafayo, abanethonya elikhulu kubemi be-polar.
Izitha zemvelo
Umhlaseli omkhulu onjengebhele polar cishe awunazitha zemvelo, yize imikhomo ebulalayo kanye no shaka osalulwandle kuba yingozi ethile. Iningi labantu abadala liyafa ngenxa yokulimala ngenxa yokuqina kwemizimba phakathi kwabo noma lapho bezingela ama-walrus amakhulu, abakwazi ukubhoboza umzimba webhere ngamangwane abo. Akuvamile ukuthi kube njalo, amabhere wepolishi abulawa yindlala.
Umuntu uthathwa njengesitha esiyingozi kakhulu samabhere asemakhondweni, ikakhulukazi njengoba amazwe anjalo asenyakatho anjenge-Eskimos, Chukchi, Nenets amakhulu amaningi asezingela lesi silo futhi aqhubeka nokwenza kuze kube namuhla. Umsebenzi wezomnotho wesintu unomphumela olimaza ngendlela efanayo enanini lamabhere aphambili. Ngesizini eyodwa, abazingeli bacekela phansi amabhere angaba yikhulu. Isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu edlule, ukuzingela ibhere elinamakhaza kwavalwa, kwathi ngo-1965 kwafakwa ohlwini lwezinhlobo ezisongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
Ingozi ebantwini
Kunamacala aziwayo okuthi ukuhlaselwa kwalomhlaseli kumuntu, yize umuntu ongeniswa endaweni yokuhlala yalezi zilwane kufanele asolwe ngakho konke. Njengomthetho, lokhu kukhulunywa ngamanothi noma imibiko, uma ungakubiza lokho, kwabahambi be-polar. Ngakho-ke, ezindaweni lapho kungavela khona lesi sidlakudla, udinga ukuhamba ngokunakekela okukhulu. Kuyadingeka ukuthatha zonke izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimo zakhiwa ezindaweni zokuhlala zabantu ezingadonsanga isilo esilambile.
Ekugcineni
Ibhere elinamakhaza alithathwa nje kuphela njengedlozi elikhulu kunawo, kodwa futhi liyisilwane esihle, esihle. Ngokusho kososayensi, namuhla emhlabeni kunezilwane ezinjalo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-30, kodwa lokhu ngokusho kwesimo sezulu esibikezela ithemba. Ngo-2050, inani lalezi zilwane lingancishiswa okwesithathu. Inani lemfuyo lithinteka kakhulu yile:
- Ukuzingela. Ngaphandle kokuvinjwa okukhona kanye nezindlela eziningi zokuzivikela, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kwenziwa umsebenzi ongcolile. Futhi konke ngoba amanani entengo yezikhumba zamabhere asebethambile (ikakhulukazi emakethe emnyama) amane ayamangalisa. Ngakho-ke, abanye babazingeli abamiswa yilezo zinyathelo nemithetho okuhloswe ngayo ukugcina lesi silwane ezizukulwaneni zethu.
- Ukushisa kakhulu komhlaba. Ngokusho kososayensi ngokususelwa kulolo cwaningo, ikhava le-Arctic iqeda ukuncibilika nsuku zonke. Ngokusho kososayensi baseMelika, eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, indawo eyiqhwa ye-Arctic, okuyindawo yemvelo yamabhere aqhoqhoqho, yayingancishiswa cishe ngamaphesenti angama-40. Kukholelwa ukuthi okwamanje lesi sibalo singamaphesenti angama-25, yize ososayensi abaningi bekholelwa ukuthi lezi yizibalo ezinengqondo ezinengqondo.
- Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Le nqubo ibuye ibe semhlabeni wonke futhi ifinyelela olwandle nasezigodini ezisogwini ze-Arctic. Lokhu kungafaka ukungcoliswa kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, ama-radionuclides, imikhiqizo yokubasa kaphethiloli, ukungcoliswa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo, amafutha kanye nezinto zokuthambisa, uwoyela, njll. Ngamanye amagama, ukungcoliswa kwendawo ezungeze i-Arctic kuhlotshaniswa nokuphila komuntu. Ngokunikezwe ukuthi ibhere elinamapulangwe lingumhlaseli ophila isikhathi eside, umzimba walo uhlangabezana nemiphumela emibi yezakhi eziningi ezinobuthi eminyakeni edlule.
Uma ungena kulesi sikhundla, kuba sobala: indoda ihlasela imvelo ngokungenangqondo, inomthelela omubi kakhulu kuyo, lapho izwe lezilwane lihlupheka khona. Ngesizathu esithile, umuntu akacabangi ukuthi ulandelayo emgqeni. Ebulala imvelo ngokungacabangi, uyazibulala.
Umsuka wezinhlobo
Kuqala, bekucatshangwa ukuthi ibhere elingena polar lihlukane nelinsundu eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-45-150 edlule, mhlawumbe lisendaweni yase-Ireland yanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi ibhere elisolwandle elihlukane nookhokho babo abajwayelekile kanye nebhere elinsundu eminyakeni engama-338-934 edlule (isilinganiso seminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-600 edlule), futhi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-100-120 edlule ngenxa yokuzalwa kabusha kwezinhlobo zezilwane, zahlangana kabusha wonke amabhere wesimanje anqabile ayinzalo yale nzalo.
Ukuxutshwa kwamabhere ansundu nasebumnyameni kwenzeke isikhathi eside, ngenxa yalokho ama-2% (kwezinye izakhamizi, kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-10%) wezakhi zofuzo ezinamaparele atholakala kubantu abebala elimnyama. Amabhere we-Polar and brown akhiqiza inzalo ende, ukuze ifane ngofuzo. Kodwa-ke, angeke baphile isikhathi eside emcabangweni womunye nomunye wemvelo; bane-morphology ehlukene, imetabolism, indlela yokuziphatha yenhlalo, ukudla nezinye izinhlamvu ze-phenotypic, ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukuzihlukanisa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile.
Ukubukeka
Ibhere elinamakhaza angummeleli omkhulu womndeni webhere kanye nomyalelo wokuphinga. Ubude bawo bufinyelela ku-3 m, isisindo bufika ku-1. Ngokuvamile abesilisa banesisindo esingu-450-500 kg, ubude bomzimba buyi-200-250 cm.Izinsikazi zincane kakhulu (200-300 kg, 160-250 cm). Ukuphakama kubuna ama-130-150 cm. Amabhere amancane kakhulu atholakala eSvalbard, enkulu kunayo yonke - kuLwandle iBering.
Ibhere elinamakhaza ahlukaniswa kwamanye amabhere ngentamo ende nangekhanda elixekile. Isikhumba sakhe simnyama. Umbala wengubo yoboya uyehluka kusuka kokumhlophe kuya kokuphuzi, ehlobo uboya bungaphenduka ophuzi ngenxa yokuvela njalo elangeni. Izinwele zebhere elikhuhla zingenawo amabala amabala, kanti izinwele azikho. Izinwele ze-Translucent zidlulisa imisebe ye-ultraviolet kuphela, enikeza izakhiwo ezifudumeza uboya. Ekuthombeni kwezithombe ze-ultraviolet, ibhele le-polar libonakala limnyama. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwezinwele, ibhere elinama-polar ngezinye izikhathi lingashintsha "luhlaza". Lokhu kwenzeka esimweni sezulu esishisayo (kuma-zoo), lapho ulwelwe lwe-microscopic lilimele ngaphakathi koboya.
Izinsika zezinyawo ziboshwe ngoboya ukuze zinganyeli eqhweni futhi zingabi yiqhwa. Phakathi kweminwe kukhona ulwelwesi lokubhukuda, futhi ingaphambili lamawashi lakhiwe ngamabhulashi aqinile. Izinzipho ezinkulu zingabamba ngisho nesisulu esiqinile.
Ukubhebhetheka
Ihlala esifundeni se-circumpolar enyakatho ye-Earth.
Kusatshalaliswa nge-circumpolarly, enyakatho - kuya ku-88 ° C. w. , eningizimu - kuya eNewfoundland, ezweni elingumhlaba - ogwadule lwase-Arctic kuya endaweni ye-tundra. E-Russian Federation, uhlala esifundeni saseChukotka Autonomous ogwini lwe-Arctic, kanye nasemanzini aseChukchi naseBering Seas. Inani le-Chukchi polar bear libhekwa njengelikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni.
Indlela Yokuphila Nempilo
Ihlala ekushayiseni nasekukhuleni olwandle lwasemanzini, lapho isebenzisa khona inyamazane yayo eyinhloko: uphawu olunamakhonkco, i-sea hare, i-walrus nezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Uyababamba, abambe ongezansi ngemuva kwezindawo zokukhosela, noma eduze kwezimbobo: lapho nje isilwane sikhipha ikhanda laso emanzini, ibhere lihlasela inyamazane yaso ngephasi bese liyidonsela eqhweni. Kwesinye isikhathi igumbuqela uqaqa weqhwa lapho kufakwe khona izimpawu zomuntu ngaphansi. I-Walrus ingaphathwa kuphela emhlabeni. Kwesinye isikhathi ihlasela ngisho nama-beluga dolphin abanjwe ngumkhumbi eqhweni. Okokuqala, kushwabadela isikhumba namafutha, okusele kwesidumbu - kuphela uma kunendlala enkulu. Izinsalela zezinyamazane zidla izimpungushe. Kwesinye isikhathi, sithatha u-carrion, ulamula, inhlanzi efile, amaqanda namantshontsho, zingadla utshani nezasolwandle, zidle ezindaweni zokulahla udoti ezindaweni lapho zitholakala khona. Amacala wokwebiwa kwezitolo zokudla okuphuma e-polar ayaziwa. Ukusuka ekuhlafunweni, ibhele elinamakhaza lithola inani elikhulu lamavithamini A, elinqwabelana esibindini salo.
Kwenza ukufuduka kwesizini ngokuya ngezinguquko zonyaka emngceleni weqhwa onamakhaza: ehlobo kubuye kusondele esigxotsheni kanye nabo, ebusika buqhubekela eningizimu, lungene ezweni elingaseningizimu. Yize ibhere elisemakhazeni ligcinwa kakhulu ogwini naseqhweni, ebusika lingalala emgodini osezweni noma eziqhingini, kwesinye isikhathi ngamakhilomitha angama-50 ukusuka olwandle.
Izintokazi ezikhulelwe zivame ukuwela ezinsukwini ezingama-50-80 ezihlala isikhathi eside. Abesilisa nabesifazane ehlobo balele isikhathi esifushane hhayi ngonyaka.
Naphezu kokuhamba kancane, amabhere enamakhaza asheshayo futhi ashesha ngisho nasemhlabathini, futhi abhukuda kalula futhi angena emanzini. Ijazi elikhulukazi, eliminyene livikela umzimba webhere ekubandeni futhi lingene emanzini eqhwa. Indima ebalulekile eguqukayo idlalwa ngongqimba onamandla wama-subcutaneous fat aze abe yi-10 cm thick. Umbala omhlophe usiza ukufihla inyamazane. Umqondo wokuhogela, ukuzwa kanye nombono kuthuthuke kahle - ibhele lingabona inyamazane yalo amakhilomitha amaningana, uphawu olunezintambo luyakwazi ukubona amamitha angama-800, futhi, njengoba lukhona ngqo esidlekeni salo, lizwa okuvusa amadlingozi. Ngokusho kwezikhumbuzo zePhini le-Admiral A.F.Smelkov, ibheredi lokubhukuda elixoshwa ngumkhumbi ongaphansi komhlaba liyakwazi ukushesha lifinyelele ku-3.5 amafindo (cishe u-6.5 km / h). Ukubhukuda okungamarekhodi aqoshwe phansi kwakungamakhilomitha angama-685, kuthwalwa uLwandle iBeaufort ngebhere, kubhukuda kusuka e-Alaska kuya enyakatho ukuyopakisha iqhwa lapho kuthengwa khona izilwandle. Ngesikhathi ebhukuda lwezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye, leli bhere lalahlekelwa yingane yalo enonyaka owodwa futhi lalahlekelwa ngama-20%. Ukuhamba kwesilwane kubhekwe kusetshenziswa ubuhlalu beGPS obunamathiselwe kuyo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Izilwane ezizodwa. Njengomthetho, banokuthula maqondana omunye nomunye, kepha ama-skirmishing ayenzeka phakathi kwabesilisa ngesikhathi sokukhwelana [ umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku eziyi-1095 ]. Abesilisa abadala bangahlasela amawundlu.
Umjaho kusuka ngoMashi kuya kuJuni. Amadoda ama-3-4 ngokuvamile alandela owesimame ku-estrus. Ngo-Okthoba, izinsikazi zimba umgodi ezigobeni zeqhwa ezisogwini. Amabhere anezindawo azithandayo lapho aqoqelwe khona kakhulu amantshontsho, ngokwesibonelo, mayelana. I-Wrangel noma iFranz Josef Land, lapho kukhona khona amachibi angama-150-200 unyaka ngamunye. Amabhere ahlala lairs kuphela maphakathi no-Novemba, lapho isigaba sokugcina sokukhulelwa siphela. Isikhathi sonke sokukhulelwa siyizinsuku ezingama-230-250, amawundlu avela maphakathi noma ekugcineni kobusika be-Arctic. Owesifazane uhlala e-hibernation kuze kube ngu-Ephreli.
Amabhere wePolar anekhono eliphansi lokuzala: insikazi kuqala ilethe inzalo eneminyaka engama-4-8, izala kanye njalo emva kweminyaka engama-2-3 futhi ibe namazinyane angama-1-3 kulitha, ngaleyo ndlela ingalethi ama-cubs angaphezu kwe-10-15 phakathi nokuphila kwayo. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa azisizi ngalutho, njengawo wonke amabhere, futhi zinesisindo esingu-450 kuya ku-750 g.Emva kwezinyanga ezintathu, insikazi ishiya umhume wayo iqhubeke nendlela yokuphila elahlekile. Amawundlu ahlala naye iminyaka kuze kube ngu-1.5, sonke lesi sikhathi ibhere lizondla ngobisi. Ukufa phakathi kwamawundlu kufinyelela ku-10-30%.
Isikhathi sokuphila singaphezulu kweminyaka engama-25-30, ekudingisweni irekhodi lokuphila isikhathi eside liyiminyaka engama-45. Amabhere we-polar ayakwazi ukuhlangana ngokusinsundu futhi anikeze okuvundile (okwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo) nzalo - ama-grizzlies we-polar.
Inani lezomnotho
Izakhamizi zase-Arctic, ngokwesibonelo, i-Eskimos, zithola ibhere elinamakhaza ngenxa yesikhumba nenyama. E-Russia, ukumzingela bekuvinjelwe ngokuphelele kusukela ngo-1956, nakwamanye amazwe (i-USA, Canada ne-Greenland) kunqunyelwe. Isibonelo, isilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kwamabhere polar kuyo yonke insimu yaseCanada eNunavut bekungokulandelayo: 2000-2001 - 395, 2001-2002 - 408, 2002-2003 - 392, 2003-2004 - 398, 2004-2005 - 507 abantu .
Isimo Sabantu Nokuvikelwa
Ibhere elinamakhaza libhalwe ku-International Red Book nakule ncwadi ebomvu yaseRussia. Ukufuya kancane nokushona okuphezulu kwezilwane ezincane kwenza lesi silo sibe sengozini kalula.
Kusukela ngonyaka we-1957, ngesimemezelo soMkhandlu WabaNgqongqoshe be-RSFSR, kwethulwa umthetho wokukhiqizwa kwamabhere onamakhaza. Esiqhingini i-Wrangel Island ngo-1960, kwenziwa indawo yokubhuka, yahlelwa kabusha ngo-1976 yaba yi-Wrangel Island State Reserve.
Ngo-2014, inani labantu (emhlabeni) lalilinganiselwa kubantu abangama-20,000-25,000.
Ngo-2008, ngokwesekwa uHulumeni waseRussia, umsebenzi waqala ngezinhlelo eziningana eziphathelene nokufundwa kwezilwane zaseRussia ezingandile futhi ezibaluleke kakhulu, kubandakanya nohlelo lwePolar Bear. Kusukela ngo-2010, le projekthi ibelokhu isekelwa yiRussian Geographical Society.
E-Russia, kunamabhere asezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-5-7, kanti ukudubula kokuzingela okwenziwa minyaka yonke kusuka kubantu abayi-150 kuye kwangama-200. Ngenxa yokwehla kwesibalo sabantu baseDixon, ukuqothulwa kwebhele elinamakhaza kuncishisiwe. NgeNkathi yePleistocene, eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane eziyikhulu eyedlule, izinhlangano ezinkudlwana zamabhele amakhulu omhlaba zazihlala, ezazinkulu kakhulu.
Ngo-2013, inani lamabhere asezingeni eliphakeme eRussia lalinganiselwa kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-5-6. Ngemuva kuka-2018, kuhlelwa ukuthi kwenziwe i-accounting ephelele yamabhere asePoland eRussia.
Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu
Amacala okuhlaselwa kwabantu bebhemela kwe-polar ayaziwa ngokusuka kumanothi nemibiko yabahambi be-polar. Ngakho-ke, ababambe iqhaza kulolu hambo olwaluzungeza umgadli waseDashi uWillem Barents, ngesikhathi sabo sasebusika eNovaya Zemlya ngoNovemba 1596 - Meyi 1597, baphoqelelwa kaninginingi ukuthi balwe namabhere omhluzi ayebahlasela.
Hambisa ezindaweni lapho kunengozi yebhere, kuyadingeka ngokuqapha. Ezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezinjengalezi kufanele kube nokuncipha komhlaba okungatheni futhi okulula ukufinyeleleka njengokudla okuheha amabhere.
Edolobheni laseChurchill esifundazweni saseCanada eManitoba, eduze nalapho kuhlala amabhere amaningi, kunejele elikhethekile lokugcinwa kwamabhere okwesikhashana kulo muzi futhi kubeke engcupheni izakhamizi zalo.
Ngokwesiko
Njengomhlaseli omkhulu futhi onamandla, kwesinye isikhathi oyingozi kubantu, ibhere elikhuhla kudala bekuyisimo esihlonishwayo phakathi kwezizwe zabomdabu baseNyakatho. Emisebenzini yobuciko obusetshenzisiwe be-Chukchi - ukuveza ubuciko emathanjeni nakuma-walrus tusks - esinye sezihloko ezithandwayo ubuciko bempi bomzingeli womzingeli nge umka.
Ezinganekwaneni nasemisukweni yama-Eskimos, ibhele elinamakhaza nanook Futhi kungumbono wamandla amakhulu wemvelo, ekulweni lapho umzingeli wesilisa ekhula khona, ukuqalwa kwakhe kwenzeka. Lo mbono wama-Eskimos mayelana nebhere eliqokile uboniswe endabeni yombhali waseMelika uJack London, "The Legend of Kish."
Endabeni kaLeah Geraskina "Ezweni lezifundo ezingafundile," ibhere elinamakhaza lidlala indima ebalulekile. Ulahlekelwe yiNorth Pole ngenxa yokuthi iVitya Perestukin ibize kabi izingqinamba zezindawo zesimo sezulu. Kumaphethelo, lapho uVitya aqambe igama lezindawo zezulu ngokufanele, ibhere libuyele eNorth Pole.
Inoveli kaDan Simmons yenoveli iTerror iTerror, eyashicilelwa e-USA ngonyaka we-2007, ezinikele ekuhlaselweni okuxakayo kokuxoshwa kukaJohn Franklin okuhamba phambili (1845-1848), kuchaza umlingiswa wezinganekwane zakwa-Eskimo ngombala Tuunbak - ibhere elikhulu le-cannibal elinobude bamamitha amane nangaphezu kwesisindo sethani.
I-Numismatics
- Ibhere elidala polar ku-floating eqhweni entantayo libonakaliswa ngokubuyiselwa kohlamvu lwemali lwaseCanada kumahlelo ama- $ 2. (uhlamvu lwemali belusakazwa kusukela ngoFebhuwari 19, 1996 kuze kube manje).
- Isithombe sebhere elidala polar ku-floating eqhweni ezintantayo lalikhona kwelinye lamaphrojekthi wesikhumbuzo semali eyingqobelo yaseMelika anikezelwe esifundeni sase-Alaska. Kodwa-ke, iphrojekthi enesithombe sokudoba ngokudlulele iphumelele (uhlamvu lwemali belusakazwa kusukela ngo-Agasti 23, 2008 kuze kube manje).
- Isithombe sebhere elingwe kanye ne-teddy bear litholakala ezinhlakeni zemali ezi-5 euros (zethusi nezinhlamvu zesiliva). Izinhlamvu zemali ngo-2014 zakhutshwa yi-Austrian Mint.
I-"Umka" ku-Chukchi isho ibhere, noma, ngokuqondile, "ibhere elidala lobudoda"
I-Cinema
- Umka (umhlophe teddy bear) - umlingiswa wekhathuni "Umka", "Umka ufuna umngani" no "Umka esihlahleni sikaKhisimusi." Kuvela futhi kumakhathuni "u-Elka kanye ne-Star Postman" no "Elka", osengumlingiswa wesibili kanye nogogo womphikisana naye.
- U-Elka - ibhele elimhlophe le-teddy, umlingiswa wamafilimu opopayi "u-Elka kanye ne-Star Postman" no "Elka", umzukulu ka-Umka.
- I-White Cloud (i-teddy bear emhlophe) kukhathuni "Mi-mi-mi-bears." Imvelaphi yaseNorth Pole. Ohlakaniphile, onengqondo, uthanda imvelo futhi unakekela ukulondolozwa kwayo.
- IPolar Bear ingumlingisi ophambili kuKhathuni Wekhathuni wase-1998, ngokususelwa encwadini yezingane yeRaymond Briggs enegama elifanayo.
- Kumakhathuni "Ezweni Lezifundo Ezingafundisiwe" kuvela ibhere elinamakhaza. Njengasesendabeni, walahlekelwa yiNorth Pole. Kepha uma endabeni ibhere livela kaninginingi, khona-ke kukhathuni livela kanye kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhathuni, ibhere alibuyeli eNorth Pole.
- U-Yorek Birnison - ibhere elihlomile le-polar elivela ku-movie i-The Gold Compass, elifakwe kususelwa kusiqalo esimnyama sePhilip Pulman.
- UBernard - ibhele elinamakhaza, umlingiswa wochungechunge opopayi "uBernard".
- White (Ice ibhere) - umlingisi wochungechunge opopayi Lonke iqiniso ngamabhere.