Imvelo, igobolondo elingaphezulu lomhlaba lapho zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zikhona, zakha isimo semvelo somhlaba. Siqukethe i-hydrosphere, ingxenye engezansi yomkhathi, ingxenye engenhla ye-lithosphere. Ayikho imingcele ecacile yendawo eziphilayo; isesimweni esingapheli sentuthuko namandla.
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Kusukela kufika umuntu, kufanele sikhulume ngethonya lethonya lezinto eziphilayo. Namuhla, ijubane laleli thonya likhula ngokukhethekile. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa nje zezenzo zabantu ezenza sibi kakhulu isimo sezinto eziphilayo: ukuncipha kwemithombo yemvelo, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bamuva obungaphephile, kanye nokugcwala komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, umuntu uyakwazi ukuthinta kakhulu ushintsho ohlelweni lomhlaba wonke futhi alwenze lube sengozini kakhudlwana.
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Izinkinga zokuphepha kwezemvelo zezinto eziphilayo
Manje ake sikhulume ngokuphepha kwemvelo kwebhayiloji. Njengoba imisebenzi yabantu ibeka engcupheni igobolondo eliphilayo leplanethi, umthelela we-anthropogenic uholela ekubhujisweni komhlaba kanye nasekubhujisweni kwezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane, ushintsho ekukhululekeni kokugcwala komhlaba kanye nesimo sezulu. Njengomphumela, ukuqhekeka kwakheka ku-lithosphere kanye nezikhala ku-biosphere. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvelo ingazilimaza: emva kokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, inani le-carbon dioxide emkhathini liyanda, ukuzamazama komhlaba okushintsha isimo, imililo kanye nezikhukhula kuholela ekubhujisweni kwezitshalo nezilwane.
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Ukuze ulondoloze imvelo yomhlaba, umuntu kufanele aqaphele inkinga yokubhujiswa komkhathi futhi aqale ukwenza imigomo emibili. Njengoba le nkinga isemhlabeni wonke ngokwemvelo, kufanele ibhekelwe ezingeni likahulumeni, ngakhoke ibe nesisekelo somthetho. Amazwe anamuhla athuthukisa futhi asebenze izinqubomgomo ezihlose ukuxazulula izinkinga zomhlaba ze-biology. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu ngamunye angaba nesandla kulokhu imbangela evamile: ukonga izinsiza zemvelo futhi uzisebenzise ngokomqondo, ukusebenzisa imfucuza kanye nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusindisa izinsiza.
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Ukudalwa kwezindawo ezivikelwe njengendlela yokulondolozwa komhlaba
Sesivele sazi ukuthi iyini inkathazo yethu, futhi yiphutha labantu uqobo. Futhi lokhu akulona iphutha labandulelayo, kepha izizukulwane zamanje, kusukela ukubhujiswa okukhulu kakhulu kwaqala ukwenzeka kuphela ekhulwini lamashumi amabili kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obusha. Inkinga yokulondolozwa koMhlaba iphakanyisiwe emphakathini muva nje, kepha yize ibusha bayo, izinkinga zemvelo zidonsa inani elikhulayo labantu, phakathi kwabo kukhona impela abalwela imvelo nemvelo.
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Ukuze ngandlela thile sithuthukise isimo semvelo futhi silondoloze imvelo ethile, kungenzeka ukudala ukubekelela namapaki kazwelonke. Zigcina imvelo ngesimo sayo sokuqala, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuzingela izilwane ezindaweni ezivikelwe kungavunyelwe. Ukuvikelwa kwalezo zinto nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kuhlinzekwa yizifunda ezikumhlaba wazo.
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Noma yisiphi isabelo noma ipaki yezwe kuyindawo yemvelo lapho zonke izinhlobo zezimbali zasekhaya zikhula khona ngokukhululeka. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kulondolozwe izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingandile. Izilwane zihamba ngokukhululeka zizungeza indawo. Baphila ngendlela abajwayele ngayo endle. Ngasikhathi sinye, abantu bangenela okuncane:
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- qaphela inani labantu kanye nobudlelwano babantu,
- phatha izilwane ezilimele nezigulayo,
- ezikhathini ezinzima baphonsa ukudla
- Vikela izilwane kubazingeli abangena ngokungemthetho kuleyo ndawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivakashi nezivakashi eziya emapaki zinethuba lokubheka izilwane ezihlukile kude. Lokhu kusiza ukusondeza abantu emhlabeni wemvelo. Kuhle ukuletha izingane ezindaweni ezinjalo ukuze ugxilise kuzo uthando lwemvelo futhi ufundise ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuzilimaza. Ngenxa yalokhu, izimila nezilwane zigcinwa emapaki nasezigcinweni, futhi njengoba kungekho msebenzi we-anthropogenic, akukho ukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Incazelo kaJobe
Namuhla kuyadingeka ukudala umqondo wokulondolozwa kwe-biology nokuyivikela. Kuphela ngokuqondisa imizamo yokulondoloza imvelo yemvelo, ngisho nangendlela eseyiyona manje, singonga izimo zobukhona bomuntu emhlabeni.
Kuleli phepha, ngizocabanga ngezinkinga zokulondolozwa kwendalo.
Isingeniso
1. Izinto eziphilayo: incazelo nesakhiwo
2. Inkinga yokuphepha kwemvelo
3. Isu Lokuqina
4. Izinkinga zokulondolozwa kwezinto eziphilayo eRussia
Isiphetho
Izinkomba
Imvelo kanye nokulondolozwa kwayo
Imiqondo esemqoka namagama asemqoka: Izinkinga zemvelo. Izinhlekelele zemvelo. Inkinga yemvelo.
Khumbula! Uyini umkhathi?
Ngokwami
Imithetho eminingi yezemvelo yaguqulwa ngempumelelo ngonyaka we-1974 yisazi semvelo saseMelika uB. Commoner (1917 - 2012). “Uma sifuna ukusinda, kufanele siqonde izimbangela zale nhlekelele eyenzekayo,” kusho usosayensi. Wahlela imithetho yemvelo ngesimo se-aphorisms ezine: 1) yonke into ixhumene nakho konke, 2) yonke into kufanele ihambele ndawo,
3) imvelo "yazi" kangcono; 4) akukho lutho olunikezwe.
Nikeza izibonelo ezivela empilweni yansuku zonke ekhombisa umthetho ngamunye kaB. Kommoner.
Umuntu uyithinta kanjani imvelo yesimanje?
Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, isintu siye sanda kancane kancane ithonya laso emvelweni, sesiya ngokuya sephula ukulingana kwemvelo futhi sakha izinkinga zemvelo.
Izinkinga zemvelo zinguquko emvelweni ezingaba zimbi kakhulu (ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile) izimo zemvelo. Zingahle zibe nesimo sezinkinga zasendaweni noma zesifunda, kepha ezinye zithinta yonke imvelo yoMhlaba futhi zisongela ubuntu. Njengamanje, ososayensi bezemvelo babona izinkinga ezinkulu zomhlaba ezifana: 1) nokungcoliswa kwezemvelo (imfucumfucu yezimboni, imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, umanyolo, amanyolo wezimbiwa, izinto zokwenziwa, njll., 2) ukufudumala kwesimo sezulu, 3) ukuhanjiswa kwe-acid, 4) ukucekelwa phansi kwesizinda se-ozone, 5) ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo,
6) ukuncishiswa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Izinhlekelele zemvelo ziya ngokuya ziyizimpawu zokungasebenzi komkhathi kanye nomsebenzi wezomnotho owenziwa umuntu namuhla. Izinhlekelele zemvelo ziyizinguquko ezisheshayo neziyingozi ezimweni zemvelo lapho isimo semvelo sishintsha ngokushesha ngendlela engeyona. Izibonelo ezidabukisayo zemicimbi enjalo yingozi eyenzeka eBhopal embonini yamakhemikhali eNdiya (1984), ingozi eyenzeka eChernobyl e-Ukraine (1986), nangengozi eyenzeka esikhungweni samandla enuzi saseFukushima-1 eJapan (2011). Ngeshwa, inani kanye nokuvama kwezinhlekelele ezinkulu zemvelo emhlabeni kuyakhula: eminyakeni eyishumi ukusuka ngo-1960 kuye ku-1970. kwakukhona abangu-14 kubo, futhi eminyakeni eyishumi ukusuka ngo-1980 kuye ku-1990. Abangu-70 sebebhalisiwe.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XX. isintu saqala ukuzizwa sisondela enkingeni yezemvelo yomhlaba, okuthi, ngokungafani neyedlule
izingqinamba, ukhukhule umhlaba wonke futhi kungenxa yezimbangela ze-anthropogenic. Inkinga yemvelo ukwephulwa okujulile kokulingana kwemvelo yemvelo kanye nesimo esishubile sobudlelwano phakathi komuntu nemvelo. Kunezinto ezimbili eziholele ekuthuthukisweni kwenhlekelele yezemvelo yesikhathi samanje - ukubalwa kwabantu kanye nezimboni-namandla. Inani labantu emhlabeni liyakhula (1830)- 1 billion, 1994 - 5.5 billion, kwathi ngo-Ephreli 1, 2017 afinyelela ku-7.5 billion, ukukhula komkhakha wezimboni, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kukhula kakhulu. Kepha kunezinye izizathu ezinkulu zenkinga yemvelo ejulayo: ukwehla kwengokomoya, izinga eliphansi lesiko lezemvelo nemfundo yezemvelo.
Umuntu kumele aqonde amaphutha akhe ebuhlotsheni bemvelo futhi aqondise imizamo yakhe yokuguqula isimo sengqondo maqondana nemvelo futhi asuse ukulimala okwenziwe. Ngaphandle kwalokho, inhlekelele yemvelo izokhula ibe inhlekelele yemvelo engenakuphikwa eMhlabeni.
Ngakho-ke, umthelela we-anthropogenic ku-biology uthuthuke kakhulu kangangokuba wafaka enkingeni yezemvelo yomhlaba.
Yiziphi izinkomba eziphambili zokuvikela umkhathi?
Umuntu kanye nemvelo yenyama kuhlukanisiwe kusuka komunye nomunye. I-biosphere inikeza umuntu izinto ezidingekayo namandla okuphila. Indoda inakekela imvelo ephilayo: inakekela abakhileyo kuyo, ivikela imvelo yayo. Namuhla, ukuvikelwa komkhathi kuyakhathaza bonke abantu basemhlabeni, ngoba ngamunye wethu uzwa imiphumela yokuwohloka kwemvelo kwe-anthropogenic.
Enye yezindawo zokongiwa kwemvelo Biology ukulondolozwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ososayensi bathola izinhlobo namaqembu ezinto ezisengozini, thola ukuthi zingaki zazo ezihlala emvelweni nokuthi kuphi, zithuthukise izindlela zokuvikela imvelo. Uhlu lwezinhlobo zezinto ezidinga ukuvikelwa lunikezwa ezincwadini ezibomvu. I-International Red Book yashicilelwa ngonyaka we-1966. E-Ukraine, ngonyaka we-2009, kwanyatheliswa uhlelo lwesithathu lwe-Red Book of Ukraine, oluqukethe izinhlobo zezilwane ezingama-542, izinhlobo ezingama-826 zezitshalo namakhowe. Ukuvikela amaqembu, ama-botanists ase-Ukraine ayengawokuqala emhlabeni ukudala i-Green Book. Ngo-1987, kwavela iGreen Book of Ukraine, eyayihlanganisa amaqembu ayi-127 angavamile futhi asengozini. Iningi lazo ihlathi (ngokwesibonelo, amahlathi aseP Poyeye spruce), amanzi (ngokwesibonelo, ukwakhiwa kwamanzi amhlophe lily) kanye ne-steppe (ngokwesibonelo, utshani bezimpaphe base-Ukraine) ama-cenoses (abagwala. 166).
Isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuvikelweni nasekugcinweni kwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo ukwabiwa kanye nentuthuko yolondolozo lwendalo. Lokhu kudalwa kwezindawo zokonga, ezokulondolozwa kwemvelo, amapaki kazwelonke, izikhumbuzo zemvelo, ama-arboretums, ama-zoo, izingadi zezitshalo, njll. (Fig. 167). Izindawo zemvelo ezibalulekile zomhlaba wonke, lapho zonke izingqimba zomhlaba zivikelwe khona, ziyindawo yokugcina imvelo. E-Ukraine kukhona i-Aska-Niya-Nova (iyagula ngo-168), uLwandle Olumnyama, iCarpathian, iDanube kanye neChernobyl ngemisebe yemvelo. E-Ukraine, ngonyaka we-2004, kwamukelwa umthetho i-Law on the Kusungulwa kwe-Ecological Network yase-Ukraine, ngokusho kwalapho umsebenzi waqala khona ukwakha indawo eyodwa enezindawo zemvelo ezivikelwe nezingashintshiwe ezibizwa ngokuthi inethiwekhi yezemvelo. Uhlelo luhlela ukudala amapaki ezemvelo angama-29 kazwelonke kanye nezinqolobane ezingama-7 zezinto eziphilayo, phakathi kwazo ezinkulu kuzobe kuyiSyshvsky, iGreat Philophore Field yaseZernov, eNizhnedneprovsky, Polessky, ne-Ukraine bush-steppe. Indawo yezindawo ezi-11 ezigciniwe ezikhona kanye namapaki izokwandiswa.
Iyiphi indima yezindawo ezivikelekile kulondolozo lokwehlukahlukana kwemvelo? Okokuqala: 1) ukulondolozwa kwe-gene echibini yezitshalo nezilwane, 2) ukuqinisekisa ukulingana okujwayelekile kwemvelo kanye nokubuyisa umjikelezo wezinto eziphilayo esimweni semvelo, 3) ukwenza ucwaningo, ukwenza umsebenzi wokubheka imvelo, ukubikezela izinguquko kwezemvelo nokwakha izincomo zesayensi zokuvikela umhlaba, 4) ukulondolozwa kwezindawo zemvelo ezijwayelekile neziyingqayizivele, izinto eziphilayo zomhlaba kanye “nemvelo engaphili”.
Isifundo semvelo emkhakheni wezemvelo manje sesibhekwa ngumphakathi oyisidlakudla njengenqubo eqhubekayo, ehlanganisa bonke ubudala, amaqembu ezenhlalo nezomsebenzi wabantu.Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana okuyiso yisikole, ngoba phakathi kweminyaka yesikole lapho ukwakhiwa kobuntu kwenzeka kakhulu kakhulu.
Ososayensi bahlala bafuna izindlela ezintsha zokulondolozwa komhlaba. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, izindawo ziye zathuthuka njengokulondolozwa kwesikhathi eside kwemininingwane yezakhi zofuzo ngohlobo lwama-cryobanks - amaseli ajulile eqhweni, ukwakheka kwamabhange embewu, ukubuya kwezinhlobo zezindawo zazo zokuhlala zangaphambili, njll.
Ngakho-ke, izinkomba eziphambili zokuvikela imvelo yomhlaba ukulondolozwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukwabiwa kanye nentuthuko yolondolozo lwendalo, imfundo yezemvelo, njll.
Isicelo soLwazi
Hlunga bese ubhala phansi ukungcola okusohlwini etafuleni: 1) i-HIV, 2) i-carbon monoxide kusuka ekupheleleni okuphelele, 3) i-electromagnet
amasimu wamalayini wamandla we-high-voltage, 4) isotopes zokufakelwa ze-cesium, strontium, 5) amanzi afudumele avela ezitshalweni zamandla, 6) umsindo wethrafikhi, 7) i-nitrogen oxides ye-TPP, ama-TPP, izitshalo zensimbi, 8) i-cadmium emlotheni ovuthayo odala ekulahleni komhlaba, ku-9) ,
10) ingilazi, izikhwama zepulasitiki, amabhodlela epulasitiki,
11) Amanzi angcolile avela efektri ushukela, ifektri yenyama, i-12) i-chlorine ehlanganisiwe - ukuphuma kwemboni yasesimeleni. Hlola umthelela wethonya kwimvelo yemvelo yendawo yakho.
Ukusiza imvelo, noma "impilo eluhlaza," ilula kakhulu. Uma ngamunye wethu ekhokha okungenani ukunaka okuncane kulolu daba, khona-ke izinguquko zizobaluleka. Chaza izeluleko eziyishumi eziphakanyisiwe zokusindisa impilo eMhlabeni.
1. Hlunga udoti
2. Zama ukungasebenzisi izikhwama zepulasitiki
3. Thenga izingubo ezi-eco-friendly ezenziwe ngokotini, ilineni, usilika, njll.
4. Sebenzisa izibani zokonga amandla
5. Khulisa izitshalo zasendlini
6. Sebenzisa umentshisi esikhundleni sezibani
7. Nikeza izinto zokuphinda usebenzise kabusha
8. Nikeza iphepha lokungcola
"UKUCHAZWA KWEQINISO LOKUQINISEKISA NGOKUZIPHATHA KWEMIPHAKATHI KWI-ECOSYSTEMS"
Ithonya lomuntu njengento ezungeze indawo linamandla amakhulu futhi liguquguqukayo. Ayikho imvelo emhlabeni iphunyukile kulo mphumela. Lungiselela iphrojekthi lapho unquma khona umthelela omuhle futhi ongemuhle womuntu ezimisweni zemvelo yendawo yakho.
Imisebenzi yokuzithiba
1. Yini ubunzima bemvelo? 2. Zithini izingqinamba zemvelo? 3. Yiziphi izinkinga ezine zemvelo yomhlaba zezinto eziphilayo. 4. Iyini incwadi ebomvu? 5. Yini incwadi eluhlaza? 6. Yiziphi izigaba zezindawo ezivikelwe.
7. Yiliphi ithonya lomuntu kumvelo yesimanje? 8. Yiziphi izinkomba eziphambili zokuvikela umkhathi? 9. Iyiphi indima yezindawo ezivikelwe ekugcineni ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ibhalansi kumvelo?
10. Sebenzisa ulwazi ukunquma imithetho yokuziphatha kwabo ezimweni zanamuhla zezemvelo.
Ukufingqa kwengqikithi 8. UKUSHINTSHA IZIMPAHLA ZOKUGCINWA KWAMANZI
Amakhemikhali wezinto eziphilayo ngokweqile angamaqembu ezinto eziphilayo ezixhumene komunye nomunye kanye nemvelo. Lokhu kunabantu, izinhlobo, imvelo kanye nemvelo ephilayo.
Ithebula 17. I-SUPER-OrGANIZED BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Izici zezemvelo zohlelo
Inani labantu - iqoqo labantu bezinhlobo ezithile ebezihlala engxenyeni ethile yebanga isikhathi eside ngokwengxenye noma zihlukaniswe ngokuphelele kwabanye abantu
Izinkomba eziphambili eziphawula inani labantu yilezi: ubuningi, nobuningi, i-biomass, inzalo, ukufa nokufa nokukhula. Amaphaphu abonakala ngobulili, ubudala, indawo, izinhlobo, izinhlaka zokuziphatha
Izinhlobo - iqoqo labantu ababonakala ngokufana kwabalingiswa,
Uhlobo ngalunye olusatshalaliswa endaweni ethile luhlala niche ethile yemvelo ku-biogeocenosis, livela ingxenye ethile yesikhala, ebizwa ngokuthi yindawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo, futhi ingaba khona kuphela ngenxa yokuxhuma nezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
I-ecosystem - iqoqo lezinto eziphilayo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene nendawo yazo ezihlobene nokushintshanisa izinto, amandla kanye nolwazi
Kunoma iyiphi imvelo, izingxenye ezimbili ziyahlukaniswa - abiotic and biotic. Izimo ezidingekayo zobukhona bokujikeleza kwezinto nokuguqulwa kwamandla.
Izici eziphambili ukukhululeka, ukuzithiba, ubuqotho, ukwahlukanisa, ukuqina
Biosphere - igobolondo elikhethekile loMhlaba elihlalwa yizinto eziphilayo
Isakhi esiyisisekelo yimvelo, isimo esiyisisekelo sobukhona bemvelo yomjikelezo wezinto eziphilayo, sikhona selokhu kwabonwa ngokuphila eMhlabeni, futhi kancane kancane singena kwi-noosphere.
Amasistimu we-supraorganism afundwa yisayensi ye-ECOLOGY, lapho kunezindawo ezintathu eziphambili: imvelo yomuntu ngamunye, imvelo yabantu kanye ne-biiogeocenology
IMITHETHO YOKUQINISEKISA KWEMBASIC
Umthetho wephiramidi wamandla, umthetho wepiramidi yemvelo, umthetho ka-10% (umthetho kaR. Lindeman, 1942). Kusuka kwelinye izinga lesiphiramidi semvelo, isilinganiso samandla angekho ngaphezu kwe-10% sidlulela kwelinye izinga.
Umthetho wobuncane (umthetho wento enqunyelwe, umthetho kaJ. Liebig, 1840). Umphumela omkhulu obeka umngcele emzimbeni wezinto eziphilayo, inani labantu, noma ukuhlukaniswa kweziqoqelalwazi wenziwa yilezo zinto ezibalulekile zezemvelo ezinobuningi babo (okuhlushwa) obusondele emazingeni obucayi aphansi.
Umthetho wokufuduka kwe-biogenic wama-athomu (V. I. Vernadsky). Ukufuduka kwezinto zamakhemikhali ebusweni bomhlaba nakuphiko lwezinto eziphilayo kwenziwa konke ngokubamba iqhaza ngokuqondile kwento ephilayo (ukufuduka kwe-biogenic), noma kwenzeka endaweni enezici zayo zejoghemical ngenxa yento ephilayo.
Ukuhlolwa kokuhlola 8. IZINHLOBO ZOKUQHAWULULA ZOKUPHUMA
1. Ngaphansi kwethonya lokuthi yikuphi ukuvuna kwezitshalo ezitshaliwe kuvame ukwehla ezindaweni eziseningizimu ye-Ukraine, lapho kutholakala khona inhlabathi evundile kakhulu?
Isibani sokushisa B
Kumabhethri e-oxygen g
2. Ukwehla kwesayizi womzimba, izinsimbi zomzimba ezacile, ukufuduka okume mpo, umbala obuthaka womzimba, uhlobo lwe-heterotrophic lokudla komzimba luphawu lwezakhamizi zemvelo.
Amanzi asemoyeni a-B
Emhlabathini indawo yokuphumula
3. Iqembu lokuwela ngokukhululeka abantu bohlobo olufanayo, elihlala isikhathi eside endaweni yobubanzi futhi lihlukaniswe namanye amaqembu afanayo.
Isibalo sabantu B se-ecotype C sibonisa izinhlobo ze-D
4. Isakhiwo sabantu, esibonakaliswa yizimpawu zokuziphatha.
Iminyaka yobudala B yezocansi C yendawo ethambile
5. Ingqikithi yabantu abanobuntu obufana nobofuzo, batshalwe ngokukhululekile futhi bakhiqiza inzalo ende, bavumelana nezimo ezithile zokuphila futhi bathola ububanzi bemvelo.
Isibalo sabantu B se-ecotype C sibonisa izinhlobo ze-D
6. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lamahlosi ezitshalo akhona kuhlelo lwezemvelo njenge
A ihlumela spruce B uphayini ihlathi C ebanzi ihlathi D idolobha park
7. Ukusetshenziswa kokusebenza kwe-oda lokuqala
I-hedgehog, i-weasel B ant, ugogo B hare, inyosi yesigcawu se-bee, umiyane
8. Amakhowe amaSaprotroph
A ngabathengi be-oda lokuqala B ngabathengi be-oda lesibili
Khiqiza abakhiqizi be-G
9. Imijikelezo yamandla imvamisa inezixhumanisi ezi-5-6, ngoba izinsiza zemvelo zilinganiselwe
Izilwane ezidla izinyamazane azikwazi ukondla ezidla izimbiza. Ukulahleka kwamandla kuyenzeka emijikelezweni yokudla. Iziphelisi ngeke zilawulwe ngemisebenzi.
10. I-biomass yelinye nelinye lamazinga alandelayo incishiswa cishe izikhathi eziyi-10 ngoba ingxenye yamandla.
Kuchithelwa ekwakhekeni kwezicubu ezintsha zezitshalo B zichithwa empilweni futhi ziqothulwe ngesimo sokushisa; i-C ikhishwa ezintweni eziphilayo kanye nemikhiqizo ye-metabolic; u-D usetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza kabusha
11. Ukuvela nokuthuthuka kwemiphakathi yezitshalo ezindaweni lapho kwakungekho khona imifino ngaphambili
Ukulandelana okuyinhloko B okulandelanayo okulandelanayo
Ngokulandelana kwesibili G, ukulandelana kwe-anthropogenic
12. Uyini umlingiswa wemvelo yokufakelwa?
Uhlobo oluhlukile lokwakheka kuka-B ukuzibamba
Ngohlobo olufanayo lokwakheka kwezinhlobo, ukukhiqizwa okuningi kwabaningi
Izinkinga zokulondolozwa kwe-biosphere.docx
1. Izinto eziphilayo: incazelo nesakhiwo
2. Inkinga yokuphepha kwemvelo
3. Isu Lokuqina
4. Izinkinga zokulondolozwa kwezinto eziphilayo eRussia
Ingxenye ye-lithosphere, hydrosphere kanye nomoya woMhlaba lapho izitshalo nezinto eziphilayo zikhona futhi zikhula zibizwa ngokuthi yi-biosphere. Akufaki kuphela ikhava yezimila kanye nenani lezilwane leplanethi, yonke imifula namachibi, isisindo samanzi olwandle, kodwa futhi nesendlalelo somhlaba, ingxenye ebalulekile yesithambeka sendawo kanye naphezulu kwendawo yokuqhekeka komhlaba - izindawo ezinesimo sezulu. Ebusweni bomhlaba akukho ndawo lapho impilo ingekho. Kutholwe imicrobes kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ngisho nasezindaweni ezishisayo nezingenamanzi ezishisayo noma ebusweni beqhwa ezintabeni eziphakeme kanye neqhwa.
Ukwazi imvelo ephilayo namuhla kufanelekile futhi kuyadingeka kunangaphambili. Umuntu udlulele ngalé kwemingcele ye-biology futhi uyiguqula ngenkuthalo. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuguqulwa okunjalo kunomthelela ongemuhle kakhulu ku-biosphere uqobo.
Namuhla kuyadingeka ukudala umqondo wokulondolozwa kwe-biology nokuyivikela. Kuphela ngokuqondisa imizamo yokulondoloza imvelo yemvelo, ngisho nangendlela eseyiyona manje, singonga izimo zobukhona bomuntu emhlabeni.
Kuleli phepha, ngizocabanga ngezinkinga zokulondolozwa kwendalo.
2. Inkinga yokuphepha kwemvelo
Inkinga yokuphepha kwemvelo iyinkinga yokuthuthuka, futhi isixazululo saso sibonisa ukuthi zombili izinhloso zesikhathi eside nemisebenzi yesimo esinamasu, nokubekwa kwezinjongo ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nemisebenzi yokusebenza exhumene nayo. Kubonakala kufanelekile ukusebenzisa imodeli ehlelekile yenkinga yokuphepha kwemvelo ukuhlaziya. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa umqondo wenhloso, oqondwa njengesimo esifunwayo noma esidingekayo sohlelo (umphumela olindelekile).
Inkinga ukungqubuzana phakathi kwento nento, i.e. umehluko phakathi kwangempela nenjongo (izisetshenziswa) zesistimu. Ukuxazulula inkinga kusho ukudlulisa uhlelo kusuka kulelizwe elingagculisi kuye kwisimo sokuxazulula inkinga okuhlosiwe okwamanje.
Uma izenzo zokuxazulula izinkinga ziphenduka zinganele, khona-ke ngemuva kwesikhashana esithile kuzovela ukuthambekela okubucayi futhi kuzoqala izehlakalo eziyinhlekelele zesimo esingalungiseki, okungeke kuvume ukudlulisela uhlelo kwisimo sethagethi, i.e. kulokhu ngeke kube khona ukuxazulula inkinga.
Isimo samanje nesokuhlosiwe sohlelo lokuhlalisana kwabantu sinqunywa kusethi yamanani wamapharamitha wangempela uP1. I-Pn (izici ezinobungako kanye nezimpawu). Umgomo ukufeza isimo esithandekayo semvelo senhlalo yenhlalo, lapho imingcele efanelekile, i.e. amapharamitha abalulekile ngenhloso yokubukwa azothatha amanani ahlangabezana namazinga athile ezemvelo. Umehluko noma ukuphambuka kuveza ubukhulu bokungahambisani kwezindawo zokuqala nezokuqondiwe, noma ubukhulu benkinga yokuphepha kwemvelo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile, lapho ukuphambuka kwamapharamitha uqobo kusondela kumanani abucayi, amaphethini we-synergistic ekuziphatheni kwezinhlelo aqala ukuzibonakalisa kakhulu.
Izimbangela zokwanda kwenhlupheko yemvelo yomhlaba kuhlobene nokuqhuma kwesidingo kanye nesidingo sokuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu ezikhulayo, okuholela ekwandeni kwesilinganiso somsebenzi wezomnotho futhi okuholela ekwandeni kwengcindezi ye-anthropogenic emvelweni. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinkinga zokungcoliswa kwemvelo, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokubhujiswa kwe-ozone stratospheric ziyanda, imithombo yezemvelo iyancipha, inani lezinhlekelele ezenziwe ngabantu liyakhula, futhi amathuba okulahleka kokuqina kwemvelo ayanda.
Ukuvimbela ukubhujiswa komhlaba futhi kungenye yezinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu futhi ezibalulekile. I-biosphere iyindlela yokuzilawula ejwayelekile yamakhemikhali e-biology yesilinganiso seplanethi, eyenziwe ngokwendalo ngaphezulu kwamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-biology ukuzinzisa imvelo, eyenziwa ngokulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo nokugcina izimo ezamukelekayo zezinto eziphilayo ziphila. Ukuqina kwesibhakabhaka njengokukwazi ukunxephezela ukuthonya kwe-anthropogenic nemvelo ngendlela yokuvumelanisa kunemingcele ethile edlula leli khono elahlekile.
Isimo esibaluleke kakhulu sokuqinisekisa ukusimama kwemvelo yemvelo yemvelo ukulondolozwa kokuhlukahlukana kwemvelo.
Okwamanje:
- Kwezinhlobo zezitshalo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-242, u-14% usengozini yokuqothulwa,
- kwezinhlobo zezinyoni eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-9,6, u-11% usongelwa ngokuqothulwa, futhi ngo-60% ukwehla kwamanani,
- kwezinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-4,4 zezilwane ezincelisayo, ezingama-11% zingafa,
- Kwezinhlanzi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-24, ama-33% asongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
Ngokuya kokulinganisa kwanamuhla kososayensi, umkhawulo wethonya elivumelekile le-biology ucishe waba yi-1-2% yokusetshenziswa kwe-anthropogenic kokukhiqizwa kokuphilayo okuyisisekelo. Lo mkhawulo manje usudlulisiwe - ukusetshenziswa kwesimanje kufinyelela ezingeni le-7-7%, kepha i-biology isakwazi ukubuyela esimeni esithe xaxa. Kodwa-ke, ngokwanda okuqhubekayo kokuphazamiseka kwe-anthropogenic, i-biology izolahlekelwa ukuqina, okuzoholela emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele kakhulu. Wonke amandla eplanethi ye-biota asazosebenza ukugcina izimo ezijabulisa impilo, kepha embusweni obandayo uzobhubhisa imvelo.
Inkomba enkulu ekuxazululeni inkinga yokulondolozwa kwemvelo ephilayo "wukulondolozwa" kwezindawo eziningi ezingathinteki noma ezithinteke kancanyana emisebenzini yezomnotho, ukuze kulondolozwe esimweni "sokusebenza" indlela yemvelo yemvelo yokusimama kwemvelo. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuqiniswa nokwandiswa kohlelo lwezindawo zemvelo ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile. Umthelela obalulekile ekusimameni kwemvelo wenziwa yiRussia, enendawo ebaluleke kakhulu engaphazanyiswa umsebenzi wezomnotho, futhi ngaphezu kwe-1/7 yemvelo yemvelo eligcinwe emhlabeni. Lesi yisigcini se "golide "sokuqina kwendalo ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ukushintshwa kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele (ukufudumala) kubangelwa ukwanda okungajwayelekile kokuqoqwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa (ngokuyinhloko ikhabhoni dioksijini) ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zesimo sezulu, okuwumphumela wokusebenzisa kabanzi kaphethiloli onamafutha ekhabhoni (amalahle, uwoyela, igesi), okuyisisekelo somnotho wamandla womhlaba. Kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule, ukushiswa okukhulu kwamafutha okugcwala komhlaba kuholele ekwandeni kwe-CO2 yasemkhathini ngamaphesenti angama-30, kufinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-160. Ososayensi abaningi bafika esiphethweni sokuthi ngekhulu le-XXI. izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo eMhlabeni lizokhuphuka ngo-1.2-3.5 C. Imiphumela yokufudumala komhlaba yonkana iyinhlekelele. Ukwanda kwezinga loLwandlekazi Lomhlaba ngo-0.5-1.0 m ngenxa yokuncibilika okukhulu kweqhwa elinamakhaza kuzodala ukugcwala kwezindawo ezinabantu abaningi abasogwini. Umbuso wokushona kwezulu uzoshintsha, isibalo seminyaka esishisayo esishisayo nesinomswakama siyokhula, izivunguvungu, izivunguvungu, itsunami, izikhukhula kanye nesomiso kuzobhekwa kaningi nangomfutho omkhulu. Izinga lokushisa lokushisa elibikezelwe lizoba liphindwe kayishumi kunokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa lokushisa, okungahambisani namandla aguqukayo ezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, futhi kuzoholela ekubhujisweni kwezinye izinto zemvelo. Ukuthambekela okungenhla kusabonakala kakhulu namuhla. Amashumi amabili eminyaka edlule abonakala ngeminyaka efudumele engu-15 kule minyaka edlule. Umonakalo odalwa izinhlekelele zemvelo uyanda futhi ufinyelela ezigidini zamaRandi.
Uhlelo lwesimo sezulu luqhubekela phambili esifundeni sezindawo ezilinganiselwayo futhi, uma selufinyelele esimweni esibucayi sokushisa, lungagxuma luye esifundeni esisha sokulingana. Ukuqhuma okunjalo okubukhali, okuholela ezenzakalweni eziyinhlekelele, kwenzeke emlandweni woMhlaba futhi bekulokhu kuqhubeka amashumi eminyaka. Kudingeka isenzo sokuvimbela, okutsho ngososayensi ukuthi sinciphise ukuphuma kwamakhompiyutha ekhabhoni ngo-60-80% uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga akhona okuphuma.
Ukubaluleka nokubaluleka kwenkinga yokungcoliswa kwemvelo kuyakhula. Njengamanje, ngokusho kwedatha ye-WHO, kusetshenziswa izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-500 embonini, eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 eziyingozi kanti eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12 zinobuthi. Umphumela wokungcoliswa kwezidalwa eziphilayo futhi, ngokufanele, empilweni yomphakathi (impilo yabantu) ubalulekile, imibandela ephambili okuwukufa nokufa komzimba. Kunokwanda kwesibalo sezifo ezibangelwa yimvelo kanye nokwehla kokungazinzi kwabantu. Izingane ziphawuleka ngokwanda okuthe xaxa kwezifo ezibangelwa yi-allergic. Izifo ezibangelwa yisisekelo semvelo ngokusobala zingathatha ubhubhane lwezifo, njengengculaza ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, nezithinte ingxenye enkulu yezakhamizi zamazwe ambalwa.
Ngo-1999, iGallup Institute yaqhuba iMillenium Survey, efinyelela kubantu abangama-57,000 emazweni angama-60. Embuzweni wokuthi yini ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni, iningi labaphendulayo linikeze impendulo elandelayo: impilo enhle nenhlala-kahle yomndeni. Ochwepheshe be-WHO bakholelwa ukuthi impilo yezakhamizi ngokwesilinganiso engama-50% incike ekuphepheni kwezomnotho nasempilweni yabantu, ama-20% ezintweni eziyifa, i-10% ezingeni lokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kanye no-20% esimeni semvelo. Isici sezemvelo safika sesibili ohlelweni lwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla.
Inkinga yezinsizakusebenza zamandla ngezikhathi ezithile iyanda. Ngokusho kweWorld Energy Council, ngenkathi kugcinwa isilinganiso samanje sokukhula kokusetshenziswa kwamandla (2% ngonyaka), ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuzokhuphuka amahlandla ama-2 nge-2035, nangezikhathi ezi-3 ngo-2055. Ukukhiqizwa kwezwe lanamuhla kwakhiwe ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo yamandla yangaphakathi, ngokuyinhloko izinsalela zezinsalela (uwoyela, amalahle negesi), okuyi-imithombo yamandla ayisisekelo engavuselelwa. Lezi zinsiza zamandla zendabuko zisebenza ngaphezu kwe-80% yokusetshenziswa kwamandla komhlaba. Isilinganiso sokulondolozwa komhlaba, isb. isilinganiso sokugcina izinsalela ekukhiqizweni kwamanje yiminyaka engama-50-60 kawoyela, iminyaka engama-70 ngegesi, iminyaka engama-200-500 ngamalahle. Njengoba kunikezwe ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwamandla, singasho ukwanda kwenhlekelele.
Uhlelo lwamandla omhlaba lube ne-inertia enkulu, futhi ukwanda kwesakhiwo sokusetshenziswa kwamandla komhlaba jikelele kwemithombo yamandla yendabuko kuzoqhubeka kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-XXI. futhi kungenzeka isikhathi eside.
Ngokuvamile, kukhona ukwanda komkhuba ongemuhle ekunciphiseni izinsiza ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisekela impilo, ikakhulukazi amandla, ukudla kanye nezinsizakalo zamanzi amasha. Ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezokudla neyeZolimo yeNhlangano Yezizwe (UN), ezingxenyeni ezinkulu eziyi-15 zokudoba emhlabeni, eziyi-11 zincishisiwe ingxenye noma ziphela, kanti inhlala-kahle yabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingama-200 ihambisana nokudoba.
Isimo esihlukanisile sokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ezisekela impilo kumele sigcizelelwe. Namuhla, ama-20% omhlaba womhlaba emazweni athuthukile adla ngaphezu kwama-80% wemithombo yomhlaba. Ingcebo yabantu abacebile kakhulu abangama-225 emhlabeni, ilinganiselwa ku- $ 1 trillion, icishe ilingane nenani lemali engenayo yonyaka yengxenye yabantu abampofu kakhulu. Ukuziphilisa kwengane eyodwa e-United States, ngokwesibonelo, kuyabiza kakhulu izikhathi eziphindwe nge-100 kunaseBangladesh.Kuqakathekile ukuthi i-United States kuphela (i-4% yabantu bezwe) ikhiqize ngaphezu kwe-25% yamakhabhoni dayoksi emkhathini, obhekele ukwanda okungathandeki komphumela wokushisa komhlaba kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni. Ngokwesimo sokuqhuma kwesibalo sabantu, izehlakalo ezinqubekelako zifaka ukwehla okukhulu kwamathuba wokusekelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo namandla ezindawo zokuphila ezamukelekayo zenani elikhulu labantu. Kuliqiniso, ubudlelwano bezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki buzobe bunyantisa phezulu, okuzothuthukisa kakhulu ukwenziwa kwemizamo yokuphatha yomphakathi womhlaba okuhloswe ngayo ukunqoba ubunzima bezemvelo.
Njengoba isimo senhlalo yenhlalo yomhlaba sisondela ebuntwini-esimweni esimweni esibucayi, isizatho sokuhlangana sizobamba iqhaza elikhulayo, i.e. Ukuthuthuka okuhambisanayo kwesenzo sezinto ezahlukahlukene kanye nokwanda okumangazayo komphumela jikelele. Isibonelo, izinguquko ezingezinhle emvelweni yemvelo zincike ekushiseni kwesimo sezulu, ekungcolisweni kwemvelo, ukuncipha kwengqimba ye-ozone stratospheric. Lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kahle kwemithetho ye-biotic kanye nokwehla kwamandla emvelo yezinto zokuzihlanza, ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa inkinga yokungcoliswa kwemvelo. Isizathu esifanayo sibangela ukuphazamiseka kumjikelezo wekhabhoni yemvelo ye-biochemical futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Konke lokhu kuthinta kabi ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zezolimo nenkinga yokuphepha kokudla.
UNozipho. Izinkinga zokulondolozwa komkhathi kanye nezinto eziphila kuwo ecosystem
Igama elithi "biosphere" lavela kwisayensi ngonyaka we-1875, kepha ke, imibono yokuqala ngesimo sezinto eziphilayo yadalwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Lokhu kubukwa kokuqala bekukhethekile. Kuboniswe emsebenzini we "Hydrology" Zh.B. Lamarck (1802). Ngo-1826, usosayensi waseJalimane uHumbolt wethula umqondo wokuthi “imvelo ephilayo” ngokuqonda igobolondo lomhlaba, elalihlanganisa izinqubo zasemkhathini, ezasolwandle nezwekazi kanye nawo wonke umhlaba. Ngakho-ke kwisayensi umqondo wesikhala wamukelwa, wamukelwa impilo futhi wadalwa yiyo. Isazi sesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba uEu Suess wabiza le ndawo ngokuthi "i-biosphere." Kamuva, umqondo we-biology waqanjwa ngabaphenyi abahlukahlukene. Kukholelwa ukuthi umqondo webhayoloji uthuthuke ngokuphelele emisebenzini yesayensi yemvelo yaseRussia nesazi sefilosofi uV.I. UVernadsky.
Umnyombo wezimfundiso zakhe unjengokulandelayo: i-biology iwuhlelo oluphelele oluhleliwe lwezinto eziphilayo, konke okukuyo kuyingxenye yomklamo owodwa womhlaba, into ephilayo yilesi sixhumanisi esixhuma umlando wezinto zamakhemikhali ngokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo nabantu. Futhi ngokuvela kwemvelo yonke.
Umkhathi ubambe iqhaza ekunqumeni komkhathi, i-hydrosphere ne-lithosphere. Umkhathi ubumbano lwezinto eziphilayo nezimbiwa ezibandakanyekile emkhakheni wempilo. I-biology esesimweni sayo semvelo iyinhlangano yokuphila monolith. Impilo ye-organic igxiliwe ku-lithosphere, ku-hydrosphere, kanye nakuthropoprop. Umngcele ophansi we-biosphere uwela ku-2-3 km emhlabeni kanye no-1-2 km ngaphansi phansi kolwandle. Futhi engaphezulu yisibuko okuthiwa yi-ozone endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angama-20-25, ngaphezulu lapho imisebe ye-ultraviolet enamandla yeLanga ibulala yonke impilo.
Umphakathi wesintu, ngokukhiqizwa kwawo kanye nendawo ezungezile eyenziwe ngayo, ubuchwepheshe, nayo iyingxenye yomhlaba.
Inani eliphelele lezinto eziphilayo zoMhlaba lilinganiselwa kumathani angaba ngu-2.4 * 10 12, iningi lazo (ngaphezulu kwama-99%) lakhiwa yizilwane zomhlaba, izitshalo nezinto eziphilayo. I-biomass yezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ayinakuqhathaniswa ngokuqhathaniswa ne-biomass yezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba. Impilo isatshalaliswa ngokungalingani ebusweni bomhlaba futhi ezimeni ezahlukahlukene zezemvelo ithatha isimo sezindawo ezimele - i-biogeocenoses noma i-ecosystems. Ingxenye ephilayo ye-biogeocenosis ibizwa ngokuthi yi-biocenosis. Izinqubo ezahlukahlukene kanye nezehlakalo ezenzeka emkhathini wezinto eziphilayo yinto yokucwaninga kwesayensi ehlukahlukene.
Indawo ekhethekile inikezwa emvelweni. E. Haeckel. Owokuqala ukusebenzisa leli gama wachaza imvelo njengolwazi lomnotho wemvelo, isifundo kanyekanye sabo bonke ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo nezinto eziphilayo nezinto ezingokwemvelo zemvelo, kubandakanya nobudlelwano obungebuthanani nobudlova bezilwane nezitshalo ngokuhlangana kwabo. Ngamanye amazwi, i-ecology isayensi ebheka konke ukuxubana nobunzima bemvelo, ebukwa uDarwin "njengemibandela yomzabalazo wokuba khona." Njengomphumela wemisebenzi yabantu, i-ecology, ehlukanisa amasayensi amaningi azimele, iya ngokuya ithola ukuxhumana kwezepolitiki nezenhlalo, kufaka nezingqinamba zomthetho, ezomnotho, ezokuhlalisana kwabantu, ubuchwepheshe, njll. Umkhathi ugcwalisa imisebenzi yawo ngenxa yobudlelwano bokushintshana obuningi. Zonke izinto eziphilayo zixhumene nobudlelwano bamandla, ngoba ziyizinto zokudla kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Umuntu wavela ngesikhathi sokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo. Uyisici sakhe. Ukubonakala kwengqondo, ngokusobala, kuyisigaba esingokwemvelo ekwakhiweni kwezinto eziphilayo, isikhathi sokuguqula okukhulu emvelweni yaso, ngoba yathola amandla okucabanga nokuzazi. Yonke indoda edingekayo ithola kusuka ku-biosphere. Lapho ukhipha udoti wasendlini nowezimboni. Isikhathi eside, imvelo ibhekane nalokhu kuphazamiseka, okwangeniswa ngumuntu emsebenzini wayo, nokugcina ibhalansi. Njengamanje, imisebenzi yabantu isihambisene namandla emvelo, futhi ayisakwazi ukumelana nengcindezi yokuguqula umsebenzi womuntu. Lokhu kuholela ekwakhekeni kwenhlupheko yemvelo yomhlaba, ephelezelwa ukwanda kwezinkinga ezibizwa ngokuthi zemvelo yomhlaba, okubandakanya inkinga yabantu, izinguquko ekubunjweni komkhathi nesimo sezulu, izinguquko esimweni sezinhlelo zamanzi, kanye nokwehla kwezinsiza zemvelo.
Esikhathini esiyiminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu, eMhlabeni ngenxa yokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo, kwavela izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo (inqubo yokuqagela iyaqhubeka namuhla). Emzabalazweni ovuthayo wobukhona, abaningi babo banyamalala unomphela, abanye benza izinguquko zokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi banikeza izinhlobo zezinto ezafaka esikhundleni sabo, izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo zasinda kuze kube namuhla. Namuhla, umhlaba ophilayo weplanethi yethu "ungafani" ngokwehlukahluka futhi ufaka inani elikhulu lezinhlobo. Namuhla kwaziwa kahle ukuthi ukuqina kobukhona bezinto eziphilayo njengohlelo lokuphilayo lwesilinganiso seplanethi kuncike ngqo ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, izakhi zalo. Zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zisebuhlotsheni obuqondile noma obuqondile nomunye (trophic, tropical tropical, njll). Ngokusekelwe ekufundweni kwezinhlelo zemvelo zemvelo ezinenombolo encane yezinhlobo ezakha zona (ngokwesibonelo: imvelo yasemgedeni, imvelo ye-tundra), kanye naleyo yokufakelwa (ama-agrobiogeocenoses, ama-laborator ucwaningo lwendalo). Ngakho-ke ukususwa, ukufa kohlobo lunye kungadala ukulimala okukhulu nokufa kwalesi simiso.
Isifinyezo sesifundo
1."BIOLOGY", ibanga le-11
2. Isifundo No 18, Izinkinga zezemvelo zomhlaba jikelele.
3. Uhlu lwezinkinga ezibhekiswe esihlokweni,
Isifundo esihlokweni lesi sizovumela abafundi ukuthi bandise futhi bajulise ulwazi lwabo ngezinkinga zezemvelo zomhlaba jikelele, bakhombe izimbangela zezinkinga zezemvelo zomhlaba nezindlela zokuzixazulula.
4. Uhlu lwamagama esihlokweni (uhlu lwamagama nemiqondo eyethulwa kulesi sifundo),
Izinkinga zokuthuthuka okuzinzile, umphumela wokugcina ukushisa komhlaba, ungqimba lwe-ozone, umkhathi, i-hydrosphere, imvula ene-acid, ukulondolozwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, incwadi ebomvu, ukubuyiselwa kwemvelo ephilayo.
Isayensi yezinto eziphilayo - igobolondo eliphilayo leplanethi
Inhlekelele yemvelo yomhlaba - Isimo sendawo esikuyo umhlaba lapho impilo yakho iba khona.
Izinkinga zemvelo- noma yiziphi izinkinga ezihambisana nokuchayeka komuntu emvelweni kanye nomthelela ongemuhle wesimo esishintshayo empilweni yabantu nakwezomnotho.
Izinkinga zemvelo- Izinkinga zabantu emhlabeni jikelele ezenza umhlaba wonke, zidale usongo kubo bonke ubuntu futhi zidinga imizamo ehlangene yomphakathi womhlaba wonke ukuzixazulula.
Umthelela we-anthropogenic - Noma yiluphi uhlobo lomsebenzi wezomnotho wabantu maqondana nemvelo.
I-Erosion (kusuka eratini lesiLatini - kuya ekubuyiseni) - ukubhujiswa nokudilizwa kwesembozo senhlabathi ngokugeleza kwamanzi noma umoya.
Imvelo yokubuyisela esimeni - isigaba semvelo esetshenzisiwe egxile ekubuyiselweni kwemvelo eyonakele, eyonakalisiwe noma ebhuqiwe, ikakhulukazi ngemisebenzi yezomnotho esebenzayo.
Ukulandelana kwezemvelo - ngomqondo obanzi, kuchazwa njengokushintsha komphakathi owodwa uye komunye ngenxa yokwephulwa okwenzeka kule ndawo. Njengoba ukulandelana kungenza ngaphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka, kunzima impela ukwenza izifundo zokuhlola ukuze uzitadishe.
5. Izincwadi eziphambili nezengeziwe ngesihloko sesifundo (idatha ye-bibliographic enembile ekhombisa amakhasi),
Umbhalo "Biology 10-11class", owenziwe ngaphansi kokuhlelwa kweProfessor D.K. Belyaev noSolwazi G.M. Dymshits / ed. G.M. AmaDymshits ne-O.V.Sablina.- M.: Ezemfundo, 2018., s274-282
1. A.Yu. Iontseva. "Yonke inkambo yesikole imidwebo kanye namatafula" - M: Eksmo, 2014.: P. 318
2.E.N. Demyankov, A.N.Sobolev "Ukuqoqwa kwemisebenzi nokuzivocavoca. Biology 10-11 ”- M.: VAKO. Kusuka kumhlahlandlela wokutadisha ongu-140-156 wenhlangano zemfundo
3. A. A. Kirilenko, S. I. Kolesnikov., "Uhlolo lwe-Biology thematic. (ukulungiselela i-Unified State Examination) "Usizo lokufundisa. - I-Rostov n / A: I-Legion, 2009. S 107-110.
5.G.I. Lerner "I-BIOLOGY: Imihlahlandlela ephelele yokulungiselela ukuhlolwa": AST, Astrel, Moscow, 2010 (isigaba VII)
6. vula izinsiza zikagesi esihlokweni sesifundo (uma sikhona),
"Izithombe zezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba"
http://nrc.edu.ru/est/r4/Umhlahlandlela omfushane wezinkinga eziyisisekelo zemvelo: umsuka nentuthuko yempilo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezemvelo, imithetho yefa, i-anthropology. (sebenza nesiza sokuzula)
Ingosi yezemfundo yokulungiselela ukuhlolwa Gushchin D. D.
7. impahla esetshenziswayo yethiyori yocwaningo oluzimele,
Izinkinga zemvelo zingabizwa njengezici ezimbalwa ezisho ukonakaliswa kwendalo yethu yemvelo. Imvamisa zibangelwa yimisebenzi yomuntu eqondile. Ngokuthuthukiswa komkhakha, kuye kwaqubuka izinkinga ezihlobene ngqo nokungalingani okwasungulwa ngaphambili esimweni semvelo, okunzima ukusinxephezela. Izinkinga zomhlaba zemvelo ziyehluka. Namuhla isimo somhlaba sinje kangangokuba sisesimweni esibucayi, siseduze kokuwohloka.
Phakathi kwezinkinga zezemvelo ezenzeka emhlabeni jikelele, umuntu angabona njengokuthi:
- Ukubhujiswa kwezinkulungwane zezilwane nezitshalo, ukwanda kwenani lezilwane ezisengozini,
- Ukuncishiswa kokugcinwa kwezimbiwa nezinye izinsiza ezibalulekile,
- Ukucekelwa phansi kwehlathi, - ukungcoliswa nokuchitheka kwamanzi olwandle, - ukwephulwa kwengqimba ye-ozone, esivikela emisebeni esuka emkhathini,
- Ukungcoliswa komoya, ukuntuleka komoya ohlanzekile kwezinye izindawo,
- Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo yemvelo.
Namuhla, akukho ndawo lapho izakhi ezakhiwe umuntu zenziwe khona ezingeke zibe khona. Ithonya eliyingozi lomuntu njengomthengi ngokwemvelo nalo alinakuphikwa. Iphutha ukuthi izwe elisizungezile aligcini nje ngokuthola ingcebo nezinsizakusebenza ezahlukahlukene. Umuntu ulahlekelwe isimo sakhe sefilosofi maqondana nemvelo njengonina wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Izinkinga zesikhathi sethu ukuthi asilethi uthando ngemvelo futhi siyazikhathalela. Umuntu, njengesidalwa uqobo, unobugovu, udala imibandela yenduduzo yakhe, wephula futhi acekele phansi imvelo.Asicabangi ngeqiniso lokuthi sizilimaza thina. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi namuhla kubalulekile ukunaka ngokukhethekile hhayi kangako isixazululo sezinkinga zezemvelo ekukhulisweni komuntu njengengxenye yemvelo. Izinkinga zemvelo ekuqaleni zihlukaniswe ngokwesilinganiso sazo ngokwezifunda, zasekhaya nezomhlaba jikelele. Isibonelo senkinga yendawo efektri engahlanzisi imfucuza ngaphambi kokungena emfuleni, futhi ngenxa yalokho ingcolisa amanzi futhi ichithe nezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kulawo manzi. Sikhuluma ngezinkinga zesifunda, singasho isimo esaziwayo e-Chernobyl njengesibonelo. Inhlekelele le ithinte izinkulungwane zabantu izimpilo, kanye nezilwane nezinye izinto eziphilayo ebezihlala kule ndawo. Futhi ekugcineni, izinkinga zomhlaba wonke yilezo zimo ezibucayi ezithinta inani labantu emhlabeni wonke futhi zingabulala ngezigidi zethu.
Izinkinga zezemvelo zezwe namuhla zidinga isixazululo ngokushesha. Okokuqala, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kufanelekile ukunaka isici somuntu. Njengoba sesivumelane nemvelo, abantu bazoyeka ukuxhumana nayo kuphela. Okulandelayo, kuyadingeka ukuthatha izinyathelo eziningana zokuluhlaza okuvamile. Lokhu kuzodinga ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha obungemvelo bemvelo ekukhiqizeni nasekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ubuchwepheshe bezemvelo bawo wonke amaphrojekthi amasha ayadingeka, kudalwa ukukhiqizwa kwempahla engenamfucuza evaliwe. Ukubuyela esimweni somuntu, kungakuhle ukuthi usho ukuthi amandla okuzisindisa nokuzilinganisa ngeke alimaze lapha. Ukusetshenziswa okuhlakaniphile kwezinsizakusebenza ezinjengamandla, amanzi, igesi, njll., Kungonga iplanethi kusuka ekusweleni kwabo. Kuyafaneleka ukwazi nokukhumbula ukuthi ngenkathi unamanzi ahlanzekile ageleza ageleza epanini lakho, amanye amazwe ahlushwa isomiso, futhi abantu bakula mazwe bafa ngokusweleka kwamanzi. Izinkinga zomhlaba zemvelo zomhlaba futhi kufanele zixazululwe. Khumbula ukuthi ukugcinwa kwemvelo nekusasa elinempilo leplanethi kuncike ngokuphelele kithi! Vele, inhlala-kahle ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza, kodwa kufanelekile ukubheka ukuthi uwoyela negesi kungaphela emashumini ambalwa eminyaka. Izinkinga zomhlaba zemvelo zithinta wonke umuntu nawo wonke umuntu, ungahlali ungenandaba!
8. Izibonelo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwekhambi lemisebenzi yemodyuli yokuqeqesha (okungenani imisebenzi emi-2).
1. Umphumela wokugcina ukushisa kwemvelo kuzinto eziphilayo ubonwa ngenxa yokuqongelela emkhathini ...
2. Ukuvela kwezimbobo ze-ozone kuholela ...
3. Izinguquko ezenzeka emhlabeni jikelele, ukwehla kokukhula kwenhlabathi okubangelwa ukudalulwa komuntu, kufaka ...
Uhlobo lokukhethwa kwezimpendulo: Khetha into (Umbhalo, Graphic, Kuhlanganisiwe)
2) izinto ezinobuthi
3) isikhutha
5) ukuthuthukisa umphumela wokugcina ukushisa
6) ukwanda kokushisa komoya
7) ukunciphisa ukubonakala komkhathi
I-8) yandisa imisebe ye-ultraviolet
9) ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kanye nezokuthutha
10) ukuguguleka kanye nosawoti, ukucekelwa phansi komhlaba
Inketho / izinketho ezinhle (noma inhlanganisela efanele yezinketho):
1. Umphumela wokugcina ukushisa kwemvelo kuzinto eziphilayo ubonwa ngenxa yokuqongelela emkhathini ...3) isikhutha9) ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kanye nezokuthutha
2) Ukuvela kwezimbobo ze-ozone kuholela ...I-8) yandisa imisebe ye-ultraviolet
3) Ushintsho lomhlaba jikelele ku-biosphere, ukwehla kokuzala kwenhlabathi okubangelwa ukuvezwa komuntu, kufaka phakathi ..10) ukuguguleka kanye nosawoti, ukucekelwa phansi komhlaba
11) ukudonswa kwamachibi
Inketho / izinketho ezingalungile (noma inhlanganisela):
Ukusikisela: Ukuqongelelwa kwekhabhoni diokthoni emkhathini, ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha nezokuthutha kuholela kumphumela wokugcina ukushisa kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.
Ukubonakala kwezimbobo ze-ozone kuholela ekukhuphukeni kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet.
Ukulondolozwa kwe-______ kusho ukugcinwa kwezindlela ezingama-__________ zemvelo eziqinisekisa ukungaphazanyiswa __________ kanye noku ________ okuqhubekayo kwe-biogeocenoses ne _________ ngokubanzi.Ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobo ezingandile nezingu-_________ kufanele kuqondwe njengezinkimbinkimbi zezingu-___________ nezindlela zomphakathi ezinikezela ___________ nokukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane, __________ kanye nabantu abathile balezi zinhlobo.
Uhlobo lokukhethwa kwezimpendulo: Khetha into (Umbhalo, Graphic, Kuhlanganisiwe)
Intuthuko, i-Biology, esengozini, imiphakathi, ukwahlukahlukana, ukulawula, ukusebenza, umphakathi, ukongiwa
Inketho / izinketho ezinhle (noma inhlanganisela efanele yezinketho):
Ukulondolozwa kokuhlukahluka kusho ukugcina izindlela zokulawula zemvelo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhle kanye nentuthuko esimeme yama-biogeocenoses kanye nendawo yonke. Ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobo ezingandile futhi ezisengcupheni kufanele kuqondwe njengezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zezwe nezomphakathi eziqinisekisa ukulondolozwa nokuphinde kwenziwe izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, izinkumbi zabantu, kanye nabantu ngabanye balezi zinhlobo.
Ukubuka kuqala:
Isikhungo semfundo kaMasipala
inombolo yesibili yesikole
Bika engqungqutheleni yesifunda yabafundi bezikole eziphakeme "Imvelo nendoda: izinkinga zokusebenzisana"
ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.
Ilungiselelwe ngu: umfundi webanga le-11
Isimo samanje sokuhlukahluka kokuphilayo ………………………………… 6
Izindlela nezincomo ezisebenzayo zokulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo ngendlela efushane nenobubanzi zimi ngale ndlela elandelayo …………………………… .. 9
1. Isingeniso. Umqondo we "biosphere."
Izilwane nezitshalo, isikhunta kanye namagciwane azikho zodwa, ngokuzimela komunye nomunye, kodwa ngokusondelana - kuthinta ukubonakaliswa komsebenzi obalulekile wabathile futhi uqobo kuncike kwezinye izidalwa.
Kusukela yaqala, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3.5 eyedlule, izinto eziphilayo zaqala ukuba nethonya elikhulu ekudalekeni kokuqhekeka komhlaba nomoya ojikeleze umhlaba.
Eminyakeni engaba ngu-60 edlule, usosayensi ovelele waseRussia, isazi i-V.I. UVernadsky wahlakulela imfundiso yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo - igobolondo loMhlaba, elihlalwa yizinto eziphilayo. V.I. UVernadsky waveza iqhaza lesidalwa sezinto eziphilayo futhi wakhombisa ukuthi ukusebenza kwabo kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekuguqulweni kwamagobolondo amaminerali emhlabeni. Kunembile ngokwengeziwe ukuchaza imvelo njengegobolondo loMhlaba, elihlalwa futhi liguqulwe izinto eziphilayo.
Ehunyushwe ngokweqiniso, igama elithi "biosphere" libhekisa emkhakheni wempilo, futhi ngalowo mqondo laqala ukwenziwa kwisayensi ngonyaka we-1875 yisazi sokuma komhlaba sase-Austrian nesazi se-paleontologist u-Eduard Suess (1831-1914). Kodwa-ke, kudala ngaphambi kwalokho, ngaphansi kwamanye amagama, ikakhulukazi "isikhala sempilo", "isithombe semvelo", "igobolondo eliphilayo lomhlaba", njll., Okuqukethwe kwalo kwathathwa ngososayensi abaningi bemvelo.
Ekuqaleni, onke la magama abesho kuphela ingqikithi yezinto eziphilayo eziphila emhlabeni wethu, noma ukuxhumana kwawo nezinqubo zezindawo, ezwe kanye nezindawo ngesikhathi kwesinye isikhathi bekukhonjiswa, kepha kunalokho, ukunakwa kwakukhokhelwa ekuncikeni kwemvelo ephilayo kumandla nezinto ezisetshenziswayo zesimo esingafani nezinto.
Emkhathini ahlukaniswe:
into ephilayo eyakhiwe iqoqo lezinto eziphilayo
into ye-biiogenic eyakhiwa ngesikhathi sokuphila kwezinto eziphilayo (amagesi asemkhathini, amalahle, uwoyela, amatshe angenamkhawulo, njll.),
into engenayo eyakhiwe ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwezinto eziphilayo (amadwala aphambili, udaka lwentaba-mlilo, ama-meteorites),
i-biocosal ntho, okuwumphumela ojwayelekile womsebenzi obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo nezinqubo ze-abiogenic, njengomhlabathi.
Ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo kwenzeka ngenxa yokuxhunyaniswa eduze kwamaqembu amathathu ezinto zezinto: 1) ukuthuthukiswa kweplanethi yethu njengomzimba we-cosmic kanye nokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka emathunjini alo, 2) ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo, 3) ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu.
Ukwazi imvelo ephilayo namuhla kufanelekile futhi kuyadingeka kunangaphambili. Umuntu udlulele ngalé kwemingcele ye-biology futhi uyiguqula ngenkuthalo. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuguqulwa okunjalo kunomthelela ongemuhle kakhulu ku-biosphere uqobo.
2.Ukuqina kwe-Biosphere
Ukuqina kwesibhakabhaka kususelwa ezinhlobonhlobo eziphakeme zezinto eziphilayo, amaqembu athile awo enza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ekugcineni ukuhamba kokujwayelekile kwendaba nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla, ekuxhumaneni okuqinile nasekuxhumaniseni izinqubo ze-biiogenic kanye ne-abiogenic, ekuxhumaniseni imijikelezo yezinto ezithile ngazinye nokulinganisa umthamo wamandla okugcina. Emkhathini, izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuphakelayo nokuncika kuyasebenza.
Kodwa-ke, ukuqina komkhathi kunemikhawulo ethile, futhi ukwephulwa kwamakhono ayo okulawula kugcwele nemiphumela emibi.
Ukwenza njenge-ejenti ebaluleke kakhulu yokubopha nokusabalalisa kabusha amandla we-cosmic esemhlabeni woMhlaba, okuphilayo ngalokho kufeza umsebenzi wokubaluleka kwendawo yonke.
Kodwa-ke, njengamanje, kuye kwavela amandla amasha eMhlabeni, ngokuya kwamandla wethonya angaphansi kwethonya eliphelele lezinto eziphilayo - ubuntu nemithetho yayo yezenhlalo yentuthuko nobuchwepheshe obunamandla obuvumela ukuthonya inkambo yezwe yezinqubo ze-biospheric. Isintu sanamuhla asisebenzisi kuphela amandla amakhulu wezinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi hhayi imithombo ye-biosphere yamandla (ngokwesibonelo, i-atomic), esheshisa ukuguqulwa kwemvelo kwejoghemical. Ezinye izinqubo ezibangelwa umsebenzi wobuchwepheshe bomuntu ziqondiswe ngokuhlukile enkambweni yazo yemvelo ku-biosphere (ukusakazwa kwezinsimbi, i-ores, i-carbon nezinye izinto ze-biiogenic, ukunqwabelana kwamaminerali nokuthotshiswa, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni elondoloziwe kanye ne-oxidation yayo, ukuphazamiseka kwezinqubo ezinkulu ezikhathini sezulu ezithinta umkhathi ngesimo sezulu, njll.)
V.I. Vernadsky wakubheka njengokunokwenzeka ukukhuluma ngisho nangendima yomuntu uqobo, okusho ukuthi ngesilinganiso esandayo sokubumba okwenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo, kwesinye isikhathi wayengenaso ngisho nesichasiselo sendalo ephilayo.
Eminyakeni eyi-100 eyedlule, ubuntu buye bakhuphuka amahlandla ama-4, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amahlandla ayi-10, umkhiqizo uwonke izikhathi eziyi-17,6, izinto zokumbiwa phansi ezingamaminerali - amahlandla angama-29. 85% wawo wonke amaminerali amaminerali emlandweni wesintu akuleli khulu lama-20. Inani lamandla asetshenzisiwe ngasekupheleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka kuphela ama-oda ama-3-4 wamandla angaphansi kwenani eliphelele lamandla elanga angena emngceleni ophezulu womhlaba woMhlaba. Kuze kube manje, 1/4 wezwe uhlalwa ngama-agrocenoses namadlelo, kanti u-3/4 wensimu eyembulwa yiqhwa elineminyaka eyikhulu usendaweni yokuthinteka ngqo kwezomnotho. Ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi emhlabeni wonke kufinyelele emkhawulweni wazo. Ngaphambi kwamehlo ethu, kukhona ushintsho esimweni sezulu soMhlaba, ngenxa yokuthi izinhlekelele zemvelo zinganda, kwandise ukulahleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo, inani elikhulu lezinhlobo lizophela. Ngekhulu lama-21, ubuntu kufanele bube kabili. Ingabe i-biology ingamelana nomthwalo onjalo?
Umthelela oyinkimbinkimbi wobuntu ku-biosphere ukhuphuka kakhulu ngokwengeziwe kunokukhula kobuntu uqobo. Ngakho-ke, ngokuphindeka okulandelayo kwesibalo somhlaba, umthwalo kwi-biology uzokwanda kaningi.
Cishe lonke ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka lingachazwa amandla ashukumisayo wentuthuko ebanzi: ukwanda kokwenza ugesi, insimbi, i-aluminium, umanyolo, ukubulala izinambuzane, izimoto, ubude bezindlela zokuhamba nokunye okuningi.
Ohlangothini lwe-Flip lwentuthuko ebanzi kwakuwukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Isintu asikaze sicabange ngesiphetho semikhiqizo edoti, futhi ngenxa yalokho asihlelanga imijikelezo yokukhiqiza evaliwe. Imvelo ngokwayo ichithe utshani, ukhuni, izidumbu zezilwane, futhi okungazange kufakwe ekuguqulweni kwamakhemikhali kumane kungcwatshwa ngaphansi kwengqimba yomhlaba noma isilika. Uma kuqhathaniswa nomjikelezo wezinto ezisetshenziselwa izinto eziphilayo, imfucuza yomuntu isikhathi eside ihlala ingabalulekile. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda okuningana kokukhiqizwa kwezimboni nokwasemakhaya phakathi nekhulu lama-20 kuholele ekungcolisweni ngokulinganayo kwamanzi, emoyeni nasemhlabathini.Ngosayizi omkhawulo weplanethi ecishe ihlalwe ngokuphelele, abantu manje kufanele baqinisekise ukucutshungulwa kwendle yabo ukuze kungalimazi i-biology.
3. Isimo samanje sokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo
Ngo-2010 kumenyezelwa njengoNyaka Wezizwe Eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, i-UN ihlose ukuveza isidingo sokuvikela nokusebenzisa imvelo yendawo, ukujoyina imizamo yokugcina imvelo yayo kanye nokuvikela izinto zemvelo ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Ukwehlukahlukana kokuphilayo kuyikho konke okuphilayo okuhlukahlukene, ukuhlukahluka phakathi kwabo kanye nokuhlangana kwemvelo okuyingxenye yabo, okubandakanya ukuhlukahluka kumazinga amathathu enhlangano: ukuhlukahluka kofuzo (ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo nokuhlukahluka kwazo - ama-alleles), ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo esimweni semvelo, futhi ekugcineni ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo ngokwayo.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo ezisezingeni lokuphilayo kuhlanganisa iqoqo lezilwane eziseMhlabeni kusuka kumagciwane nama-protozoa kuya embusweni wezitshalo ezinhlobonhlobo, izilwane kanye nesikhunta. Ngezinga elincane, ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kufaka ukwahlukahluka kofuzo kwezinhlobo zezilwane okwakhiwa yizo zombili izindawo ezikude ngokwendawo nabantu abaphakathi kwesilinganiso esifanayo. Ukwehlukahlukana kokuphilayo kufaka futhi ukwehlukahlukana kwemiphakathi yemvelo, izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, imvelo ezakhiwe yimiphakathi nokusebenzisana phakathi kwala mazinga.
Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zisebenza njengomthombo wemithombo yemvelo eyehlukene yabantu. Isibonelo, amahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo nezinhlobo zazo ezinothileyo akhiqiza izinhlobo ezimangalisayo zezitshalo nezilwane ezingasetshenziswa ekudleni, ekwakheni nakwezokwelapha.
Ukwehlukahluka kofuzo kuyadingeka kunoma iyiphi inhlobo ukuze kulondolozwe ukusebenza kokuzala, ukumelana nezifo, kanye nekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo eziguqukayo. Ukwehlukahluka kofuzo kwezilwane ezifuywayo nezitshalo ezitshaliwe kubaluleke kakhulu kulabo abasebenza ezinhlelweni zokufuya ukuze balondoloze futhi bathuthukise izinhlobo zezolimo zanamuhla.
Ukwehlukahlukana kwamazinga omphakathi ukusabela okuhlanganyelayo kwezinhlobo zezimo ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo. Imiphakathi yemvelo enezimo eziwugwadule, izitebele, amahlathi kanye nezindawo ezikhungethwe yizikhukhula zigcina ukuqhubeka kokusebenza okujwayelekile kwesimo sendalo, kuhlinzeka "insizakalo" yayo, ngokwesibonelo, ngokulawula izikhukhula, ukuvikela ekuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ekuhlunguphweni komoya namanzi.
Ezingeni ngalinye lokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo - izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, izakhi zofuzo kanye nokwehlukahlukana komphakathi, ochwepheshe bafunda izindlela ezishintsha noma zilondoloze ukwahluka. Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zifaka iqoqo lazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphila eMhlabeni.
Isidingo sokugcina ukwehlukahluka kokuphilayo kanye nokwakheka komhlaba kungenxa yomthetho wokuphilisana kwemvelo wokuthi ubukhulu bezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi nokuyinkimbinkimbi, kuyindlela ephakeme yokuqina nokuqina kwayo yokubekezelela imiphumela emibi yangaphandle. Ukuphindaphindwa okubalulekile kwemvelo okunquma ukuqina kwama-biogeocenoses emvelo futhi ukuthi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezizidalayo zazivumelanisa nomunye inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuze zibonakale sengathi “zinakekela” ubuqotho, ukuqina, kanye nokwakheka okuhle kwe-biogeocenosis yazo.
Ukuhlukahlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo kuyisisekelo sempilo eMhlabeni futhi kungenye yezinsika zentuthuko esimeme. Izinsizakusebenza zeMvelo yoMhlaba zibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ezomnotho nezenhlalo yesintu. Ngakho-ke, iqiniso lokuthi ukwahlukahlukana kwemvelo kuyifa eliyinani lomhlaba lenani elikhulu ezizukulwaneni zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo kuthola ukuqashelwa okwandayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, kunanini ngaphambili, kunosongo olukhulu ebukhoneni bezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nendawo eziphila kuyo. Ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane okubangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu kuyaqhubeka ngezinga elethusayo.
Ubuntu bebelokhu buba nomthelela ongemuhle emvelweni yabo yemvelo, kodwa kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesibili lapho kwaba sobala ukuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu kanye nendawo ezikuyo kuthatha isimo sengxabano yomhlaba wonke, igama layo eliyinkinga yezemvelo yomhlaba. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, isintu siye sabona ukuthi ukuze kunqandwe inhlekelele yemvelo yomhlaba wonke, ukubambisana okuphelele kwezinhlangano eziqeqeshiwe, zikahulumeni kanye nezomphakathi ezingeni lamazwe jikelele kuyadingeka. Cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane edlule (1972), ingqungquthela yokuqala ye-UN mayelana nemvelo yabanjwa eStockholm. Lesi sithangami sichaze imigomo ejwayelekile yokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba emkhakheni wokongiwa kwemvelo.
Ngo-1992, eRio de Janeiro, ngesikhathi seNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Zemvelo Nentuthuko, amazwe angama-145 asayina iSivumelwano seBiological Diversity. Ukwemukelwa kwalo mbhalo kufakazela ngokucacile ukubaluleka kwenkinga yokulondolozwa kwesibalo sezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuleplanethi yethu yendawo yokuhlala khona, yokuqonda inkinga emazweni amaningi omhlaba kanye nesifiso sokwenza konke okusemandleni ukugcina ukwehlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo okukhona. Kwaqashelwa ukuthi ukwehla kokuhlukahlukana kwemvelo kungenye yezimbangela ezinkulu zokuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwemvelo yemvelo. Namuhla, emhlabeni wethu, kunezinhlobo eziyi-11 167 ezisengozini yokuqothulwa - ezingaphezu kuka-2000 kunangonyaka ka-2000. Isibonelo, ochwepheshe be-saiga, umdondoshiya abahlala ezifundeni eziwugwadule nezisemaphethelweni weplanethi, bayakhathazeka. Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, inani lama-saigas lehle kakhulu: ngonyaka we-1993, inani lama-saigas lalingaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane zezilwane, ngo-2000 kwakukhona izinkulungwane ezingama-800 zalezi zilwane, manje ezingaphansi kwezinkulungwane ezingama-50 ezishiywe mahhala.Uma kungenziwa lutho, i-saiga izonyamalala nge-10-20 elandelayo iminyaka.
Izisulu zabazingeli nabashushumbisi yizinyoni ezidla inyama ezinjenge-saker falcons nama-gyrfalcons.
Inani labantu abasebenza ngama-Amur tiger liye lehla eminyakeni eyedlule liye kubantu abangama-350, izingwe zaseMpumalanga Ekude laya ku-30. Isimo sibi kakhulu: asikho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi lesi simo siyashintsha uma siqhathaniswa no-2000.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe, yonke imvelo, ikakhulukazi iziqhingi ezingayodwa, isongelwe emhlabeni, ngoba kwakhiwa ngokulingana okuyingqayizivele kuzo, ezingadilika lapho kwethulwa kusuka ekungeneni kwezinto eziphilayo kwezinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo, eziqhingini zaseHawaii, izinhlobo ezingama-26 nezinhlobo zazo zezinyoni, noma ama-60% azo zonke izilo, zaphela.
Izinguquko zesimo sezulu ezenzeka emhlabeni ngonyaka ka-2050 zingaholela ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo ezingaba yisigidi. Amabhiliyoni amaplanethi, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka, nawo azoba yizisulu zokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, njengoba ancike emvelweni ngezinto ezifana nokudla, izindlu nemithi.
Izakhamizi zeplanethi nemisebenzi yazo iba sengozini enkulu kunazo zonke ezilwaneni zasendle. Lokhu kusho ukudonswa kwamanzi ngamachibi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukulima izinsalela zezindawo eziyizintombi, ukugcwala kwezindawo ezinkulu ezinolwandle "olwandle" nokunye okuningi.
Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezibulala-zinambuzane kwezolimo namahlathi sekuyinto enamandla yomthelela omubi ezilwaneni. Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane isebenza kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, ibulala izinambuzane eziyingozi nezizuzisayo. Ziyabhubhisa izilwane zasemanzini - izinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans kanye nama-mollusks. Umphumela omubi kokungcoliswa kwezilwane kwendawo yazo. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kuyingozi ikakhulukazi. Izithambisi zokugcoba kanye nemikhiqizo kaphethiloli, izinto eziphilayo ezifaka izidumbu zamanzi ezifuyweni ezifuywayo ngomquba zibangela izinqubo zokubola, ezinciphisa kakhulu okuqukethwe komoya-mpilo futhi zibangele “ukuhanjwa” - ukufa kwenhlanzi nezinye izilwane. Ukugawulwa kwehlathi kuyingozi. Ukusuka kokubola kwezinkuni ezigqinsiwe, kukhishwa izinto eziyingozi, okufa kuzo i-caviar kanye nefry.Ezinye izilwane ziyanyamalala ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwemifula, kufaka phakathi izilwane ezibalulekile ezihamba noboya kanye nama -fowfowl.
Ngokuqondene nezakhamizi zasolwandle, ngoshaka kuphela abasohlwini olusha lwezinhlobo ezisengozini 57. Ochwepheshe besaba ukuthi abanye abamele izilo zasolwandle bazokufa ngaphambi kokuba ososayensi bazi nangokuthi zikhona. Ukulimala okukhulu kwezinhlanzi, ama-invertebrates, izinyoni nezilwane zasolwandle kubangelwa ukungcoliswa kwamafutha olwandle.
Usongo olukhulu ezilwaneni zomdabu ukwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezikude ngokwezindawo emiphakathini yemvelo ekhona, eqala ukubusa, icindezele izinhlobo zezindawo. Kunezibonelo eziningi zalokhu. Onogwaja abelethwe e-Australia, i-Ussuri raccoon, ekhululwe budedengu engxenyeni yaseYurophu yezwe lethu, inyamakazi ebomvu, yalethwa ngaphandle kweNew Zealand. Kepha izilwane zamanzi ahlanzekile zaphenduka zazwela kakhulu kubantu abangabazi.
4. Izindlela nezincomo ezisebenzayo zokulondolozwa kokwehlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo, ngendlela efushane nenikezwe konke, yile ndlela elandelayo.
Ukuxazulula isethi yemisebenzi ehlobene nezinkinga zokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuhlola ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukubona kanye nokuhlola izinga lokuhlukahluka emikhakheni ethile yemvelo (izakhiwo zezemvelo), ukuthuthukisa izincomo zokulondolozwa kanye nokwandiswa kokwehlukahlukana okuveziwe, ukuvivinya kanye nokwenza lokhu kuncoma ekukhiqizeni.
Indima enkulu ekulondolozeni ukwahlukahlukana kwemvelo idlalwa yiNcwadi Ebomvu yezilwane nezitshalo.
Ukudalwa nokwandiswa kohlelo lwezindawo zemvelo ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile - izindawo zemvelo, amapaki kazwelonke, izindawo zemvelo, izikhumbuzo zemvelo.
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindawo ezilahlekile nezonakalisiwe, imiphakathi yemvelo, ukubuyiselwa kokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zokuqala.
Ukusebenziseka kwemvelo kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulawulwa kwemvelo (ukushiywa kokuqothuka noma ukunciphisa izindawo zazo, ukulondolozwa kwezindlela zendabuko zokulawulwa kwemvelo ngokwesifiso sabantu bomdabu, njll.).
Kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwezindlela zokulungisa nokwandisa ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokukhiqiza kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo ezinemvelo (kusetshenziswa izindlela zemvelo ukulwa nezinhlobo ezingafunekiyo zezitshalo nezilwane, ukuzalanisa izilwane zasendle ekudingisweni kanye nasezimeni ezingenayo imvelo.
Zonke lezi zindlela zokulondolozwa, ukuvuselelwa kanye nokwanda kokuhlukahlukana kwemvelo kufanele zisekelwe yizinyathelo zenhlangano, kufaka phakathi ezomthetho nezomnotho:
ukukhulisa iqhaza nokusebenza ngempumelelo kokuqapha,
ukulungisa uhlelo lohulumeni lokuvikela nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo,
ukwethulwa kwesikhuthazo somnotho sokuphathwa kwezemvelo ukulondolozela "capital biological" yase Russia,
ukuthuthukiswa kohlaka lwezomthetho lokuvikelwa kwezinhlobo ezisengozini kanye nokulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo.
Incazelo emfushane
Inhloso: ukukhomba izinkinga eziphambili zesimanje ze-biology. Chaza isimo semvelo. Ukwakha umbono wobudlelwano bezinqubo ezenzeka ezintweni eziphilayo.
Imisebenzi:
1. Ukusungula ubudlelwane bezakhi ze-biology.
2. Ukwembula izinkinga eziphambili ze-biosphere.
3. Ukuthola izindlela eziphambili nezindlela zokulondolozwa kwendalo.
Isingeniso
Impilo, njengento ekhethekile, eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yemvelo, inethonya elihlukahluka kakhulu emhlabeni ozungezile. Okukhona ngesimo sokuboniswa okuhlukahlukene, impilo ("imvelo ephilayo") ayakhiqizi kuphela imikhiqizo yemisebenzi yayo ebalulekile, kodwa futhi iguqula imvelo ngokuyisisekelo. Kwisayensi yemvelo, ukutadisha impilo njengento ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwayo nemvelo esezungezile kwabizwa ngokuthi imfundiso ye-biology.
I-Biosphere, indawo yokuphila esebenzayo, emboza ingxenye engezansi yomkhathi, i-hydrosphere nengxenye ephezulu ye-lithosphere. Emkhathini wezinto eziphilayo, izinto eziphilayo (izinto eziphilayo) kanye nemvelo yazo zixhunyaniswe ngokwazo futhi ziyaxhumana, zakha uhlelo oluhlanganisa amandla amakhulu.Igama elithi "Biosphere" laziswa ngo-1875 nguSuess. Imfundiso yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo njengegobolondo lomhlaba elisebenzayo, lapho okwenziwe khona izinto ezihlangene zezinto eziphilayo (kufaka phakathi abantu) kubonakaliswa njengesici se-geochemical sobukhulu beplanethi nokubaluleka kwayo, yadalwa nguV.I. Vernadsky ngonyaka we-1926.
Yonke into ephilayo, ephefumlayo, ekhulayo futhi edlayo ingeyoyokuphilayo (ngaphandle komuntu ovelele emhlabeni wezilwane). Ngakho-ke, sibheka izinkinga ezihlobene ngqo nomhlaba wezilwane zasendle.
Izindlela: izibalo, ukuqhathanisa.
Inhloso: ukukhomba izinkinga eziphambili zesimanje ze-biology. Chaza isimo semvelo. Ukwakha umbono wobudlelwano bezinqubo ezenzeka ezintweni eziphilayo.
1. Ukusungula ubudlelwane bezakhi ze-biology.
2. Ukwembula izinkinga eziphambili ze-biosphere.
3. Ukuthola izindlela eziphambili nezindlela zokulondolozwa kwendalo.
Inhloso yokufunda: Biology nezinto zayo eziyinhloko.
Isihloko sokucwaninga: izinhlelo zebhayoloji ezivela emzimbeni ziya eziphilayo.
1.1. Umthelela wamanje we-biology
Igama elithi "biosphere" lihunyushwa ngokoqobo ngokuthi "indawo yokuphila." Yaqala ukwenziwa isayensi ngusosayensi wase-Austria u-Eduard Suess ngonyaka we-1875. Isazi sebhayoloji uJ. B. Lamarck ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sigcizelele ukuthi zonke izinto ezakha imvuthuluka ebusweni bomhlaba zakhiwa ngenxa yomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo.
Ukuhunyushwa kwanamuhla komqondo we- "biosphere" kusho igobolondo elingafani lomhlaba, lapho zonke izinto eziphilayo zikhona futhi izingcezu zento yeplanethi eziqhubeka zihlangana nazo. Ukwakheka kwayo kwaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3,8 edlule, ngesikhathi sokuvela kwezinto zokuqala emhlabeni. 1
Isendlalelo esiphezulu sebhayoloji sisuka ebusweni bomhlaba sisuka esikrinini se-ozone, futhi izidalwa azikwazi ukuhlala ngaphambili kwalomngcele - lapho zizothinteka kabi yimisebe ye-ultraviolet yeLanga, kanye nokushisa okuphansi. Umngcele ophansi ugudla ngaphansi kwe-hydrosphere, ekujuleni okungama-4-5 km ekuphakameni komhlaba kwezwekazi, okuncike ekutheni izinga lokushisa kwamatshe lifinyelela kangakanani ku-100 ° С. Isifunda sezinto eziphilayo esiseduze kobuso bomhlaba kanye nokujula kwama-200 m ku-hydrosphere sigcwaliswe kakhulu ngokuphila.
I-biosphere nesakhiwo sayo kungenye yezakhi zesakhiwo se-hierarchical sendalo. Ukwakheka kwaleli gobolondo kufaka ingxenye engenhla ye-lithosphere, yonke i-hydrosphere kanye nengxenye engezansi yomkhathi.
Isakhiwo se-biosphere sibonisa ukuba khona kwe:
- Umuthi we-biogenic owenziwe ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo, okuwumphumela wokucutshungulwa nokwakhiwa kwezinto eziphilayo (amagesi asemkhathini, uwoyela, i-peat, amalahle, i-limestone, njll.). Kusukela kwasungulwa izinto zokuqala eziphilayo, zidlulile izinkulungwane zezikhathi ezithweni zazo, amaseli, igazi, izicubu, ulwandle lonke lomhlaba, ingxenye enkulu yomkhathi, inani elibalulekile lezinto zamaminerali.
- Umuthi we-Inert owakhiwe ngaphandle kosizo lwezinto eziphilayo.
- Izinto ze-Biocosal, okuwumphumela wokusebenzelana kwezinqubo ezingezona eziphilayo kanye nomsebenzi obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo, ngokuba nezakhiwo ezihambelana ngokulinganayo zomunye nomunye (usilika, inhlabathi, ukuqhuma kwesimo sezulu, njll.). 2
Izinto eziphilayo zinesikhundla esiphambili kuzo.
- Into esesimweni sokuwohloka kwemisebe.
- Ama-athomu ahlakazekile, avela njalo kunoma iyiphi into yasemhlabeni, ngenxa yokuchayeka emisebeni ye-cosmic.
- Izinto zesimo esingemvelo, sendalo yonke.
Ngokwehlukana, sidinga ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe iphuzu lokuqala lomqondo onjengokwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo. Izinto eziphilayo ziyinkimbinkimbi yezindikimba zezinto eziphilayo. Isisindo sayo sincane, uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izakhi zesakhiwo, kuphela ngamathani angama-2.4 - 3.6 · 1012 esisindo esomile. Lesi yisigidi sesigidi sobuningi bezinto eziphilayo zizonke, zona ezingaphansi kwenkulungwane yesisindo seplanethi.
Naphezu kokungabalulekanga kangako kwesisindo, kubaluleke kakhulu njengamandla omhlaba we-geochemical of Earth, ngoba izidalwa eziphilayo aziphathi nje kuphela impilo yazo kuleli gobolondo, kodwa futhi zithinta ukuguqulwa kokubukeka kweplanethi, okuhlala kuyo ngokungalingani ngokuphelele.
Ngokuvamisile, zitholakala ekujuleni kwe-lithosphere ne-lithosphere, endaweni ephakeme kakhulu, futhi zivame ukuhlala emhlabathini, ebusweni bomhlaba nasezingxenyeni eziphakeme ze-hydrosphere.
Izinqubo zomhlaba wonke zokwakheka nokunyakaza kwezinto eziphilayo ezikhathini eziphilayo zixhunyiwe futhi zihambisana nomjikelezo wezinto namandla.Ngokuqhathanisa nezinqubo ze-geological, imijikelezo ye-biiogeochemical ehilela izinto eziphilayo inamandla aphakeme kakhulu, isivinini kanye nenani lezinto ezithintekayo ekusakazweni kwegazi.
Ngokuqala nokwanda kwesintu, inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isishintshe kakhulu. Esikhathini sokuqala kwempucuko, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokushiswa kwamahlathi okulima, ukufuya, ukuzingela nokuzingela izilwane zasendle, izimpi zichithe izifunda zonke, kwaholela ekubhujisweni kwemiphakathi yezitshalo, ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane. Ngenkathi impucuko yathuthuka, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kwezinguquko zezimboni zeNkathi Ephakathi esekupheleni, isintu sathola amandla amakhulu ngokwengeziwe
ikhono lokuzibandakanya nokusebenzisa ukuhlangana nokukhula kwabo
idinga izindimbane ezinkulu zezinto - zombili eziphilayo, eziphilayo, kanye
Ukushintshwa kwangempela kwezinqubo zebhayoloji kwaqala ngekhulu lama-20 ngenxa yokunye ukuguqulwa kwezimboni. Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwamandla, ubunjiniyela, amakhemikhali, ezokuthutha kuholele ekutheni umsebenzi womuntu uqhathaniswe ngesilinganiso namandla emvelo nezinqubo ezibonakalayo ezenzeka ku-biosphere. Ukwanda kokusetshenziswa komuntu kwamandla nezinto ezibonakalayo kuyakhula ngokulingana nesibalo sabantu
futhi nangaphambi kokukhula kwayo. V.I. Vernadsky wabhala: “Umuntu uba
amandla endalo angashintsha ubuso boMhlaba. "Lesi isiwayiso
Imiphumela yemisebenzi ye-anthropogenic (eyenziwe ngabantu) ibonakaliswa ekunciphiseni kwezinsizakusebenza zemvelo, ukungcoliswa komkhathi ngodoti wezezimboni, ukucekelwa phansi kwendalo yemvelo, ushintsho ekwakhekeni komhlaba uMhlaba, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Amathonya e-anthropogenic aholela ekuphazamisekeni cishe kwayo yonke imijikelezo yemvelo ye-biogeochemical. Ngokuhambisana nobuningi besibalo sabantu, izinga lomthelela womuntu emvelweni liyashintsha. Kuleli zinga lamanje lokuthuthuka kwamandla akhiqizayo, umsebenzi womphakathi wesintu uthinta imvelo yonke.
1.2. Umthelela kuma-Geospheres omhlaba
Umqambi wemfundiso yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nokuvela kwayo nguV. Vernadsky. (1863–1945) usosayensi, umsunguli we-geochemistry kanye ne-biiogeochemistry. Wabeka phambili umcabango wethonya elinamandla emvelweni yabantu kanye noguquko lwezinto eziphilayo zesimanje zibe yi-noosphere (the sphere of the mind).
I-biosphere igobolondo langaphandle loMhlaba, okubandakanya nendawo yonke yokusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo, nalokhu ngokwako. Ngokusho kwenkulumo yeV.I. I-Vernadsky "izilwane zasendle ziyisici esiyinhloko sokubonakaliswa komkhathi, ihlukanisa ngokunamandla kwamanye amagobolondo asemhlabeni. Ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo, ngaphezu kwakho konke futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kuphawulwa ngokuphila. ” I-Planet Earth ngokwayo inesakhiwo esinamandla futhi iqukethe amagobolondo egxila (ama-geospheres). Amagobolondo angaphandle afaka i-lithosphere, i-hydrosphere kanye nomoya, kanti amagobolondo angaphakathi afaka isembatho somhlaba nobubanzi.
AmaGeospheres anezici zawo ezithile:
- Hlanganisa i-heterogeneity - imikhakha iyahlukahluka ngesimo sekuhlanganisiwe - iqinile, igcwele uketshezi, i-gaseous. Kepha ngenxa yenqubo yokushintshana kukhona ukuxhumana kwezikhala. Unyaka nonyaka, cishe ama-519 · 10 3 m 3 amanzi aphuma emzimbeni wamanzi angaphezulu komhlaba futhi ngenxa yezimvula nezinkunguthi cishe inani elifanayo liwela phansi, kushintsha umswakama womkhathi ne-lithosphere,
- I-heterogeneity yendawo - ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwendaba ye-organic and mineral. Ubuningi bezinto eziqukethwe ku-lithosphere, hydrosphere, kanye nasemkhathini,
- Amandla we-heterogeneity - ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwamandla elanga (ukushisa nokukhanya) ebusweni bomhlaba. 3
Isici sokuxhuma phakathi kwamagobolondo ahlukahlukene we-gevelo izinqubo ze-metabolic, ekuguqulweni kwama-geospheres indima ebalulekile idlalwa izinqubo ze-metabolic ezenzeka ngenxa ye-biota - cishe i-90% yazo zonke izindaba ezisezingxenyeni eziphakeme ze-lithosphere ziguqulwa izinto eziphilayo.
Umkhathi igobolondo elingaphandle le-biosphere.Ukungcoliswa komoya.
Ubuningi besimo seplanethi yethu abunakuqhathaniswa - isigidi nje sesigidi soMhlaba. Kodwa-ke, iqhaza lazo ezinqubweni zemvelo ze-biology likhulu: linquma ukubusa okujwayelekile komhlaba okushisa komhlaba, ukuwuvikela emiphumeleni eyingozi yemisebe ye-cosmic ne-ultraviolet. Ukujikeleza kwe-Atmospheric kunomthelela ezimweni zezulu zesimo sezulu, futhi ngazo, ekubuseni kwemifula, inhlabathi nokumboza izitshalo, kanye nezinqubo zokwenziwa kosizo.
Ukwakheka kwanamuhla komkhathi kungumphumela wentuthuko ende yomlando wembulunga yonke. Ukwakheka komkhathi kungu-oksijini, i-nitrogen, i-argon, i-carbon dioxide kanye namagesi angangeni. Ngenqubo yomsebenzi wakhe, umuntu ungcolisa imvelo. Ngaphezulu kwamadolobha nezindawo zezimboni, ukugcwala kwamagesi asemkhathini kuyenyuka, okuvame ukutholakala ngamanani amancane kakhulu noma angekho ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Umoya ongcolile uyingozi empilweni. Futhi
amagesi ayingozi, ahlanganiswe nomswakama osemkhathini futhi awela ngendlela yemvula ene-acid, anciphisa ikhwalithi yenhlabathi futhi anciphise isivuno.
Ngokusho kososayensi, amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-25,5 we-carbon oxides, amathani ayizigidi eziyi-190 we-sulfur oxides, amathani ayizigidi ezingama-65 ama-nitrogen oxides, amathani ayizigidi eziyi-1,4 ama-freon, amakhompiyutha e-organic lead
ama-hydrocarbons, kufaka phakathi ama-carcinogens, inani elikhulu lezinhlayiya eziqinile (uthuli, isokisi, isobho). Ukungcoliswa komoya emhlabeni kuthinta isimo semvelo yemvelo, ikakhulukazi ikhava eluhlaza yomhlaba wethu. Imvula ye-Acid, ebangelwa ikakhulu yi-sulphur dioxide ne-nitrogen oxides, ibanga ukulimala okukhulu kwamahlathi ama-biocenoses. Amahlathi ahlupheka nawo, ikakhulukazi ama-coniferous.
Imbangela enkulu yokungcoliswa komoya ukushiswa kwamafutha okugcwala komhlaba kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi. Ngenkathi ngekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, imikhiqizo yokuhlanganiswa kwamalahle kanye nophethiloli ongena emvelweni cishe yagcotshwa ngokuphelele yimvelo yoMhlaba, manje okuqukethwe kwemikhiqizo yokushiswa komzimba kuyanda ngokuqhubekayo. Uchungechunge lonke lokungcola lungena lomoya luvela ezitofu, emafayilini, emapayipini aqeda kakhulu ezimoto. I-Sulphur anhydride igqamile phakathi kwabo - igesi elinobuthi elinganyibilika kalula emanzini. Ukuqoqwa kwesibabule kwesikhutha emkhathini kuphakame kakhulu eduze kwama-smelters. Kubangela ukubhujiswa kwe-chlorophyll, ukwakhiwa okungaphansi kwezinhlayiya zempova, ukomisa nokuwa kwamaqabunga, izinaliti.
"Umphumela wegreenhouse", i.e. ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa lasemkhathini nge
amadigri amaningana, angadala ukuncibilika kwama-glaciers ezifunda ezinamakhaza, ukwanda kwezinga loLwandlekazi Lomhlaba, ushintsho kusawoti walo, izinga lokushisa neminye imiphumela emibi. Ngakho-ke, ushintsho kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni dioksiyidi emoyeni kuthinta kakhulu isimo sezulu soMhlaba.
Amanzi ayisisekelo sezinqubo zokuphila eziphilayo. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi emvelo.
Amanzi ayindawo eyakheke kakhulu emhlabeni, amanzi ayisisekelo sazo zonke izinqubo zokuphila, okuwukuphela komthombo we-oksijini osezingeni eliphakeme lokushayela eMhlabeni yi-photosynthesis. Ngokuqala kokuphila eMhlabeni, umjikelezo wamanzi uye waba yinkimbinkimbi ngoba entweni elula yokuhwamuka, kwenezelwa izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe ezihambisana nomsebenzi obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi abantu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kuyanda ngokushesha. Lokhu kungenxa yokukhula kwesibalo sabantu kanye nokwenza ngcono izimo zokuhlanzeka nokuhlanzeka empilweni yabantu, ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wezolimo kanye nokunisela kwezolimo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi nsuku zonke kwezidingo zasekhaya ezindaweni zasemakhaya kungamalitha angama-50 kumuntu oyedwa, emadolobheni - amalitha ayi-150. Kusetshenziswa inani elikhulu lamanzi embonini. Ukuze kunyibilikiswe ithoni yensimbi eyi-1, kudingeka ama-200 m 3. I-100 m 3 iyadingeka ukuze kukhiqizwe ithani lephepha eli-1, kusuka ku-2500 kuye ku-5000 m 3 ukukhiqizwa kwethani eli-1 le-fiber zokwenziwa. Umkhakha udonsa ama-85% awo wonke amanzi asetshenziswa emadolobheni, ashiye cishe i-15% ngezinjongo zasendlini.Kudingeka ngisho amanzi amaningi kunisela. Phakathi nonyaka kwihektha elilodwa lomhlaba oniselwe
ishiya ama-12-14 m 3 amanzi. Ezweni lethu, isetshenziswa njalo ngonyaka
Ukunisela okungaphezulu kuka-150 km 3, kuyilapho kuzo zonke ezinye izidingo - cishe ama-50 km 3.
Ngenkathi kugcinwa amazinga anjalo okusetshenziswa futhi kucatshangelwa ukwanda kwenani labantu kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-2100, isintu singasebenza konke okugciniwe
amanzi amasha. Ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kule planethi kuholela engcupheni “yendlala yamanzi”, edinga ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokusebenzisa imali ngendlela ephumelelayo.