I-Coelacanth - ukuphela kommeleli osindile weqembu lasendulo lama-coelacanthids. Ngakho-ke, ihlukile - izici zayo zokuphila azisambululwa, futhi ucwaningo lwayo lwembula izimfihlakalo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngoba lufana kakhulu nokhokho ababekade benza olwandle loMhlaba ezikhathini zasendulo - ngisho nangaphambi kokuba baye emhlabeni.

Inhlanzi Yesimangaliso - Coelacanth

Ozokhethwa Kwisayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo u-N. Pavlova, umphathi omkhulu we-Zoological Museum yaseMoscow State University

Igama elithi “umuzwa wokwelapha” laligxishwe ngokuqinile ezinhlanzini ezindala. XX century. " Lesi silwane esizwelayo manje sesingabonakala eMnyuziyamu weZoological eMoscow State University.

Abafundi bacele abahleli ukuthi bakhulume ngale nhlanzi eyisimangaliso ngemininingwane eminingi kunamaphephandaba anolwazi. Sigcwalisa lesi sicelo.

NgoJanuwari 3, 1938, uSolwazi weChemistry eGreyymstown College (Union of South Africa) uJ. B. Smith wathola incwadi evela kumgcini we-East London Museum, u-Miss M. Courtenay-Latimer, echaza ukuthi inhlanzi engajwayelekile ngokuphelele ihanjiswe emnyuziyamu.

USolwazi Smith, isishisekeli se-amateur esithandekayo, iminyaka eminingi waqoqa izinto eziphathelene nezinhlanzi zaseNingizimu Afrika futhi ngenxa yalokho wahambisana nawo wonke amamyuziyamu akuleli. Futhi ngokusho komdwebo ongashayi emhlolweni, wanquma ukuthi ummeleli wama-carp-fisher, okukholakala ukuthi wabulawa eminyakeni engabalelwa ezigidini ezingama-50 edlule, wabanjwa.

USolwazi Smith uyahlonishwa ngokuthola, aqambe igama futhi achaze isabfish. Kusukela lapho, yonke imnyuziyamu emhlabeni ifuna ukuthola ikhophi yale nhlanzi, ebizwa ngeLatimeria Halumna.

Kutholakale amasosha angamashumi ayisithupha nesishiyagalombili e-coelacanth ngoSepthemba 16, 1971 e-oud - isheyini kwakungu-ore fish fish ore - isakhamuzi saseComoros, kusho u-Mohamed Mohamed. Ubude bezinhlanzi bungamasentimitha ayi-164, isisindo - amakhilogremu angama-65.

Le coelacanth yatholwa yi-Institute of Oceanology yase-USSR Academy of Sciences futhi yadluliselwa eMoscow State University Zoological Museum ukuze igcinwe. Emhlanganweni wokusebenzela, ikhophi eliqondile lesimiso seqoqo lenziwa nge-gypsum futhi labekwa ekubonisweni.

I-Coelacanth: kusuka ekhanda kuye emsileni

Futhi lapha sinakho "okudala okunemilenze emine", njengoba uProfesa Smith akubiza kanjalo. Yebo, ufana kakhulu nezihlobo zakhe zakudala, ukubonakala kwethu esikwaziyo kusuka ekuphakamiseni kabusha kusuka ezinsaleleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukashintshi kakhulu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-300 edlule.

ICoacacanth ilondoloze izici eziningi zasendulo zokhokho bayo. Umzimba wayo omkhulu umbozwe ngezikali ezinkulu ezinamandla. Amapuleti ahlukanayo agqagqana komunye nomunye ukuze umzimba wenhlanzi uvikeleke ungqimba olunxantathu, njengezikhali.

Isikali se-coelacanth sohlobo olukhethekile kakhulu. Izinhlanzi zesimanje, azitholakali neyodwa. Amabhulabhu amaningi ebusweni bezikali enza indawo yawo ibe mibi, futhi izakhamizi zaseComoros zivame ukusebenzisa amapuleti ahlukile esikhundleni se-emery.

ILatimeria iyisidleke, futhi imihlathi yayo enamandla ihlome ngamazinyo abukhali, amakhulu.

Okuyikhona okwangempela futhi okuphawuleka kakhulu ngesimo se-coelacanth yiminjunju yayo. Maphakathi nenhlansi ye-caudal kukhona enye i-lobe eyodwa eyingqayizivele - ubumsila bomsila wezinhlobo zasendulo, okwathi ezinhlanzini zesimanje kwathathelwa indawo ngamaphiko aphezulu nangaphansi.

Wonke amanye amaphiko we-coelacanth, ngaphandle kwe-anterior dorsal, maningi amathuba okuba njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Zine-lobe enomzimba owakhiwe kahle ombozwe isikali. Amaphinifa wesibili nowokuhlangenwe nakho anokuhamba okuyingqayizivele, kanti namaphini we-pectoral angazungeza cishe kunoma iyiphi indlela.

Umthambo wamathambo we-pectoral pectoral wepine kanye nowama-ventral we-coelacanth ubukeka ngokufana okumangazayo kufana nelunga elineminwe emihlanu yezilwanyane zomhlaba. Ukutholwa kwe-paleontological kwenza ukuthi sikwazi ukwakha kabusha ngokuphelele isithombe soguquko lwamathambo wezinhlanzi zezinsalela zomzimba wamathambo emthanjeni wethambo lomlenze elinesihlanu lama-vertebrates wokuqala wasemhlabeni - ama-stegocephals.

Isigaxa sakhe, njengaleso se-fossil coelacanths, ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili - i-ryl nengqondo. Ingaphezulu lekhanda le-coelacanth limbozwe ngamathambo anamandla, afana nalawo enhlanzi yasendulo enophephela emhlolweni, futhi ifana kakhulu namathambo ahambelana esikhumbeni sezilwane zokuqala ezinemilenze emine ye-stegocephalic, noma amakhanda aphethe. Emathanjeni angamagagasi angaphansi kwekhanda, ama-coelacanth athuthukise ngokuqinile amapuleti abizwa ngokuthi ama-jugular, ayevame ukubonwa ngezinhlobo zezinto zasendulo.

Esikhundleni somgogodla, i-coelacanth yanamuhla inentambo ye-dorsal - umugqa owakhiwa yindaba ye-elastic fibrous.

Amathumbu e-coelacanth kunesibaya esikhethekile - i-spiral valve. Le divaysi yakudala kakhulu inciphisa ukuhamba kokudla eceleni kwendlela yamathumbu futhi inyuse indawo yokumunca.

Inhliziyo ye-coelacanth ihlelwe kahle kakhulu. Kubukeka ngathi yishubhu elula egobile futhi ayibukeki inenhliziyo enamandla yezinhlanzi zanamuhla.

Yebo, i-coelacanth ifana kakhulu ne-coelacanths engapheli, kepha kunomehluko omkhulu. Isigaxa sakhe sokubhukuda senkontileka enkulu saphenduka isicucu esincane sesikhumba esigcwaliswe ngamafutha. Ngokunokwenzeka, lokhu kwehla kuhlotshaniswa nokuguqulwa kwe-coelacanth kokuphila olwandle, lapho isidingo sokuphefumula kwe-pulmonary sesinyamalale. Ngokusobala, ukungatholakali kwamakhalenda angaphakathi, ikwaya, ebiyizimpawu zezinsalela ze-carp-tailed, nayo ihambisana nalokhu.

Ngale ndlela yena, ummeleli wohlobo lwakudala kakhulu lwama coelacauts, asinda kuze kube namuhla - Egcina izinto eziningi zakudala kakhulu esakhiweni sakhe, ngasikhathi sinye waba nezimo ezinhle zempilo ezilwandle zanamuhla.

Manje ake sibheke i-coelacanth iyonke. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukubukeka kwenhlanzi kungatshela usosayensi okuningi ngendawo yayo nemikhuba yayo. Nakhu uProfesa Smith akubhalayo ngalokhu: “Kusukela ngesikhathi engimbona ngaso (coelacanth), le nhlanzi enhle kangaka, ngokubukeka kwayo konke, yangitshela kucace sengathi yayingasho ukuthi:

“Bheka esikalini sami esinzima, esinamandla. Bheka ikhanda lekhanda lami, emihlathini eqinile, enamaphaphu. Ngivikelwe kahle kangangokuba angesabi yiliphi itshe. Vele, ngihlala ezindaweni ezinamadwala phakathi kwezihlahlana. Ungangikholelwa: Ngingumfana oqinile futhi angesabi muntu. Isinono esijulile solwandle asilutho kimi. Umbala wami oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka usuvele ukutshela ngokuqinisekile ukuthi angiyena umhlali wokujula okukhulu. Azikho izinhlanzi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngibhukuda ngokushesha ibanga nje elifushane, futhi angiludingi: kusukela ngicashe ngemuva kwedwala noma ukusuka emfucumeni ngiphuthuma kulawo maqhinga ngokushesha okukhulu kangangokuba akanathemba lokusindiswa. Futhi uma inyamazane yami ingashukumi, akudingeki ngizinikele ngokunyakaza okusheshayo. Ngikwazi ukugoba phezulu, ngishaye kancane kancane ngigobele emigodini nasemaphaseji, ngibambelele emadwaleni ukuze kufihlwe. Bheka amazinyo ami, izicubu zomhlathi onamandla. Hhayi-ke, uma ngibamba umuntu othile, ngeke kube lula ukuhlukana naye. Ngisho nenhlanzi enkulu isindile. "Ngigcina inyamazane ize ife, bese iluma kancane, njengoba abangane bami benzile izigidi zeminyaka."

Ama-coelacanth atshele konke lokhu nokunye okuningi kakhulu iso lami, ejwayele ukubuka izinhlanzi bukhoma.

Angazi noma iyiphi inhlanzi yesimanje noma eyanyamalala engathusa i-coelacanth - "umzingeli wasemanzini". Esikhundleni salokho, okuphambene nalokho, yona - njengesidlwengu esikhudlwana, ipikeperch - imele isitha esibi kakhulu kwezinhlanzi eziningi ezihlala endaweni yomhlanga. Ngamafuphi, bengizomvikela kunoma yikuphi ukuhlangana kwakhe ngisho nabaphikisi bakhe abathutha kakhulu, angingabazi ukuthi umuntu oqubuka phakathi kwezixhobo ngeke ajabule ukuhlangana nabakwa-coelacanth. "

I-Coelacanth: ukusesha kuyaqhubeka

Isikhathi esiningi sesidlulile selokhu kwavulwa lo coelacanth, futhi bambalwa ososayensi abafunde izinto ezintsha. Lokhu kuyaqondakala: Ngemuva kwakho konke, kumaComoros, emanzini atholakala izinhlanzi ezimangalisayo, azikho izikhungo zesayensi, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile lapho ebanjwa izinhlanzi lapho zifika ziphuthuma ngabathile ososayensi kuthiwa zifile futhi zibolile.

Uma kucatshangelwa izibalo zokubanjwa kwe-latimeria, kusukela ngo-1952 (lapho kubanjwa lohlobo lwesibili) kuze kube ngu-1970, ngokwesilinganiso, izinhlanzi ezimbili noma ezintathu zazibanjwa njalo ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke ngaphandle kwabokuqala babanjwa oqotsheni. Amacala enhlanhla asatshalaliswa ngokungalingani eminyakeni edlule: aphumelela kakhulu kwaba yi-1965 (ama-coelacanths ayisikhombisa), futhi omncane kakhulu - 1961 (ikhophi elilodwa). Njengomthetho, ama-coelacanths abanjwa phakathi kweyisishiyagalombili kusihlwa nehora lesibili ekuseni. Cishe zonke izinhlanzi zabanjwa kusukela ngoNovemba kuya ku-Ephreli. Kule mininingwane, umuntu akufanele afinyelele esiphethweni sangaphambi kwesikhathi mayelana nemikhuba "yasendulo enamilenze emine": izibalo zikhombisa izimo zesimo sezulu esiseduze sendawo kanye nezici zokudoba kwasogwini. Iqiniso ngukuthi kusuka ngoJuni kuze kube uSepthemba- u-Okthoba, iComoros imvamisa inemimoya enamandla yaseningizimu mpumalanga, iyingozi ku-pie entekenteke, futhi abadobi abalukhuni nolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi ethule, abadobi baseComorian bathanda ukudoba ebusuku, lapho ukushisa kuncipha nomoya opholile uhle.

Imilayezo mayelana nokujula etholakala kuyo i-coelacanth akufanele futhi inikezwe ukubaluleka okukhulu. Ukujula kwabadobi kukalwa ngobude bezintambo ezifakiwe, futhi ku-skein kukhona, njengomthetho, akukho ngaphezu kwamamitha angamakhulu amathathu - yingakho ukujula okukhulu kakhulu lapho i-coelacanth idonswe khona kuchazwa ngokuthi amamitha angama-300. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbono wokuthi inhlanzi ayikhuphuki ngaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu iyangabazeka. Isinki samatshe sinamathiselwe i-twine ngentambo, futhi lapho i-sinker ithinta phansi, intambo idwengulwa ngejerk ebukhali. Ngemuva kwalokho, okukhona ngaphansi kwamanzi kungakuthwalela kude ukubamba kwe-bait, futhi akunakwenzeka ukwahlulela ukujula kanye nobude be-twine.

Ngakho-ke, kungacatshangwa ukuthi amanye ama-coelacanths mhlawumbe ayelulwa kusuka ekujuleni okufinyeleleka kuwo ama-scuba divers. Kepha ukwahlulela ukuthi i-coelacanth iyasaba ukukhanya, ikhuphuka ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-60-80 kuphela ebusuku, futhi akekho umuntu osenqume ukuhamba nge-scuba gear ebusuku, kude nolwandle, emanzini agcwele oshaka.

Ukutholakala kososayensi abaningi behambe beyofuna ama-coelacanth, njengomthetho, ukusesha kwabo kwaba yize. Sizotshela kuphela kolunye uhambo lokugcina, imiphumela yalo, umuntu okufanele acabange, izokwembula izimfihlo eziningi zokuphila kanye nokuvela kwe-coelacanth.

Ngo-1972, kwahlelwa uhambo lokuhlangana lwase-Anglo-French-America. Wangaphambi kokulungiswa okude nokunemininingwane. Lapho inyamazane engavamile ibanjwa, akunakwenzeka ukwazi kusengaphambili, futhi ukuze ungadideki ngamahora abalulekile, kwakudingeka ukuthi wakhe uhlelo olucacile nolunemininingwane lokuthi yini okufanele uyenze ngenhlanzi ebanjiwe: okufanele uyiqaphele ngenkathi isaphila, ukuthi uyiqale kanjani, kanjani izicubu zezitho, ukuthi ungazigcina kanjani ukuze zifunde ngokuzayo ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Uhlu lwesazi sebhayoloji oluvela emazweni ahlukene oluzwakalise isifiso sokuthola amasampula ezinhlaka ezahlukahlukene zokutadisha luhlanganiswe kusengaphambili. Uhlu lwalungamakheli angamashumi amahlanu.

Amalungu amabili okuqala alolu hambo - umFulentshi uJohn Anthony nodokotela wezilwane waseNgilandi uJ. Forster - bafika esiqhingini saseGrand Comor ngoJanuwari 1, 1972. Egaraji elingenalutho elinikezwe yiziphathimandla zasendaweni, baqala ukusetha indawo yokucwaninga, yize imishini eminingi yayisendleleni. Futhi ngolwesine kuJanuwari kwafika umyalezo wokuthi i-coelacanth ihanjiswe esiqhingini sase-Anjouan! Umdobi ukwazile ukumgcina ephila amahora ayisishiyagalolunye, kepha izazi zebhayoloji zase ziphuze futhi zaqala ukulungiselela amahora amane kuphela inhlanzi isilele. Amahora ayisithupha ngaphansi kwelanga elishisayo! Bekunokwenzeka ukusindisa izingcezu zezitho zokuhlaziywa kwe-biochemical.

Amalungu ohambo ahambela emadolobhaneni amaningana, athembisa umvuzo omkhulu ngesimo ngasinye se-coelacanth bukhoma. Bazama ukuzibamba bona uqobo - kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya.

NgoMashi 22, isonto ngaphambi kokuphela kohambo, lapho iningi lababambiqhaza balo, sebephelelwe ukholo empumelelweni, bahamba, futhi bobabili abasele bephethe kancane amabhodlela abo, amakhemikhali namathuluzi, umdobi omdala waseMali uYusuf Kaar waletha i-coelacanth ephilayo yakhe. Phezu kwehora lokuqala, wavusa umphathi-dolobhana, walandela ososayensi. Ngaleso sikhathi, le nhlanzi ibibekwe emgedeni eyayilungiselelwe ngaphambi kwalesi sizathu, eyabe imanziswa olwandle endaweni engajulile.

Yilapho-ke imiyalo ebhalwe kwangaphambili ifike kahle! Okokuqala, ngokukhanya kwezibhu namathoshi, izazi zezinto eziphilayo zahlola ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi i-coelacanth isintanta kanjani. Kulokhu, izinhlanzi eziningi zigobela amaza emzimbeni noma zixoshwa emanzini ngokushaywa ngumsila. I-Coelacanth ihlelwe kuphela ngamaphinifa wesibili nowokuhlunga. Ngokubambisana bakhothamela kwesokudla, base bebuyela esimweni esiphakathi, banikeze umzimba wezinhlanzi amandla, futhi ngokulandelana baya ngakwesobunxele, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho i-push yalandela futhi. Umsila awuzange uhlanganyele kule nhlangano, kodwa ukwahlulela ngemisipha yayo enamandla, i-coelacanth isebenzisa umsila amabanga ama-sprint, ibamba isisulu ngejezi elilodwa.

Amaphiko we-pectoral amaza ngokungahambisani, aqondisa ukunyakaza nokugcina ukulinganisela komzimba emanzini. Amaphiko asele awanyakaza.

Ukugomela ukuthi iso lokuphila ngokukhanya kwe-coelacanth, belingalungile. Ziba nesendlalelo esikhanyayo esikhanyayo, esingaphansi kwe-retina, zikhanya ngokukhanya kwesibani, njengamehlo wekati.

Lapho kusa, ukunyakaza kwezinhlanzi kwakufakwe kwifilimu, bese kuthathwa izithombe zombala. Umbala we-coelacanth umdaka omnyama nge-tint eblue bint. Njengoba kuchazwe ngababhali abathile, umbala ogqamile okwesibhakabhaka umane nje uyisibhakabhaka esishisayo esibhakabhaka esikalini esikhanyayo.

Emini, kwaba sobala ukuthi inhlanzi, esechithe cishe amahora ayi-10 emanzini angajulile, ingahlala isikhathi eside. Ngokulandela ngqo uhlelo lomsebenzi, izazi zebhayoloji zaqala i-autopsy. Lo msebenzi uthathe usuku lonke. Okokuqala, kwathathwa amasampula egazi (awohloka ngokushesha kakhulu), khona-ke izitho zangaphakathi zalungiswa ukuba zihlolwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu se-elektroni, ukuhlaziya kanye nemicroscopy evamile.

Kamuva, zilethwe eYurophu, amasampula athunyelwa kososayensi abanentshisekelo. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwabo ibingakashicilelwa, kepha sekucacile ukuthi amasampula "amasha" okuqala ezinhlaka zezinhlanzi angavamile azotshela okuningi mayelana nokuqina komzimba, indlela aphila ngayo, kanye nokuvela kwezilwane ezihamba ngezinyawo.

Futhi ekuphetheni, singaphinde sibuyele encwadini kaSmith futhi, ngamazwi omuntu owathola "umuzwa wezilwane wekhulu lama-20" kithi, siyiqede le ndaba ekhuluma nge-coelacanth.

“Ukutholwa kwe-coelacanth kukhombisa ukuthi kuncane kangakanani thina, ngokweqiniso, esikwazi ngempilo yolwandle. Kuliqiniso ukuthi ukubusa komuntu kuphela lapho umhlaba uphela khona. Uma sinomqondo ophelele ngokwanele wezindlela zokuphila komhlaba, ulwazi lwethu ngezakhamizi zemvelo yasemanzini lude kude nokuphelelwa amandla, futhi nethonya lethu empilweni yabo selingasho lutho. Thatha, usho, iParis noma iLondon. Ngaphakathi kwabo, emhlabeni akukho ngisho naluphi uhlobo lokuphila olulodwa olungekho ngaphansi kolawulo lomuntu, ngaphandle kwalapho, oluncane kakhulu. Kepha sona kanye lesi sikhungo salezi zindawo zasendulo ezinabantu abaningi - emifuleni iThames and Seine - impilo iqhubeka ngqo njengesigidi, amashumi amahlanu noma ngaphezulu eminyaka edlule, eyasendulo neyasendle. Akukho siqiwu esisodwa lapho impilo ibiyolalela imithetho enikezwe ngumuntu.

Zingaki izifundo esezenziwe olwandle, futhi ngokuzumayo bathola i-coelacanth - isilwane esikhulu, esiqinile! Yebo, sazi okuncane kakhulu. Futhi sethemba ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zasendulo zihlala endaweni ethile olwandle. ”

I-Latimeria halumna, coelacanth

Njenganoma yisiphi esinye isilwane, i-coelacanth inamagama ambalwa. Imvamisa akuqondwa ngumuntu ongaziwanga.

Igama lakhe elijwayelekile - iLATIMERIA - wanikezwa uSolwazi Smith ukuhlonipha uMiss Latimer. Kwakunguye owaqala ukubona inhlanzi engaqondakali eye yawela ogibeni, okuthile okungajwayelekile, kokujwayelekile. Izazi zebhayoloji zivame ukuqamba izilwane noma izitshalo ngegama labantu abanesayensi enhle kakhulu kusayensi.

Igama lesibili - HALUMNA - igama elithile. IHalumna - igama lomfula, eduze komlomo lapho izinhlanzi zokuqala ze-cysterae zabanjwa.

I-Coelacanth ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-CELLACANT. Lokhu kuvumelekile impela: le nhlanzi iyingxenye ye-superorder, ibizwa kanjalo. Igama elithi "coelacanth" elihunyushwe lisuselwa kwelesiLatini lisho "ameva angenalutho". Ezinhlanzini eziningi, ama-spikes ama-hard spikes abonakala ngokucacile ngaphezulu nangaphansi komgogodla. Ngama-coelacanths, lezi spikes azinalutho futhi zinzima kakhulu. Ngakho igama.

I-Coelacanth ibizwa nangokuthi i-KISTEREPERA FISH. Leli igama lezinhlanzi zonke ezinamaphiko afanayo naku-coelacanth.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

I-coelacanthaceae yavela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-400 eyedlule futhi lapho lokhu kuphazamiseka bekuyiningi, kepha luhlobo lunye kuphela olusindile kuze kube namuhla, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezimbili. Ngoba ama-coelacanths abhekwa njengezinhlanzi ezinama-relict - izinsalela eziphilayo.

Phambilini ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi kuyo yonke le minyaka ama-coelacanths awakaze enze cishe noma yiluphi ushintsho, futhi sibabona njengoba bebenjalo ezikhathini zasendulo. Kepha ngemuva kocwaningo lofuzo, kutholakale ukuthi zivela ngejubane elijwayelekile - futhi kubuye kwavela ukuthi zisondele kakhulu kuma-tetrapods kunezinhlanzi.

I-Coelacanth-like (colloquely coelacanth, yize ososayensi beyibiza ngeyodwa kuphela yezinhlobo zalezi zinhlanzi) inomlando omude kakhulu futhi ikhiqize izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukahlukene: usayizi wezinhlanzi okule oda waqala ngamasentimitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-200, ayenemizimba yezimo ezahlukahlukene - kusuka ububanzi bokubukeka komqubuko, ukwakheka kwamaphiko kwakuhluke kakhulu futhi bekukhona nezinye izici zezimpawu.

Umlando wokutholwa

I-Latimeria - inhlanzi evela emndenini weLatimeriaokuyi-oda uCelacanthus. AmaCoelacanths ayehlala olwandle eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-400 edlule, futhi kuze kube muva nje, ososayensi abebengasoli ukuthi lezi zilwane zasendulo bezigcinwe kwenye indawo. Ngokusekelwe kwimininingwane yokumbiwa, ichthyologists ikholelwe ukuthi i-coelacanth iyekile ukubakhona eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 edlule, kepha ukutholakala kwabadobi baseNingizimu Afrika kuwuphikile umbono wososayensi.

Ekupheleni kuka-1938, inhlanzi engajwayelekile yangena enetheni kubadobi, ukubukeka kwabo kwakwehluke kakhulu kokuthile okubanjwayo. Amadoda awazange awudle, futhi ihanjiswe emnyuziyamu wendawo. Isisebenzi seMnyuziyamu uM. Cortene-Latimer samangazwa nayinhlanzi eyayibona futhi sangakwazi ukumazi ukuthi ungowowuphi umndeni. Ngemuva kwalokho owesimame wabhala incwadi eya kuchwepheshe wezichwepheshe uJames Smith echaza okutholakele, futhi wanikeza lesi sidalwa esimangalisayo kochwepheshe bokwenza isilwane esigcotshisiwe (imnyuziyamu yayingenye indlela yokusindisa inhlanzi).

Ngemuva kokufunda incwadi lapho uCortene-Latimer engachazanga nje kuphela ukutholwa, kodwa futhi wadweba umdwebo onemininingwane, uJames Smith waqaphela ngokushesha i-coelacanth, isakhamuzi sasolwandle sasendulo esasithathwa njengesiqothuliwe. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, uchthyologist weza kulenyuziyamu futhi waqikelela ukuthi izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe ngempela zazizimele zomyalo weCelacanthus. Usosayensi wahlanganisa incazelo yesilwane sasolwandle, ushicilele umsebenzi wakhe kwincwadi yesayensi. I-coelacanth ithole igama lesiLatini ngegama likaCortene-Latimer - Latimeria chalumnae, lapho igama lesibili libonisa indawo lapho kwakuhlala khona i-latimeria (umfula uChalumna).

Ososayensi baqhubeka nokufuna ama-coelacanths bukhoma, kodwa eminyakeni eyi-14 kuphela kamuva ukubonwa kwesibili kwe-coelacanth kwabanjwa. Ngo-1997, kwatholakala olunye uhlobo lwe-coelacanth, iLatimeria menadoensis; ngo-2006, abameli abane abaphilayo balolu hlobo baqala ukwaziwa.

Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zama-coelacanths atholakele awubalulekile; ngaphandle, izinhlanzi azifani. Iqiniso lokuthi i-Latimeria chalumnae ne-Latimeria menadoensis ingezinhlobo ezihlukile, i-ichthyologists iye yasungula ngesisekelo sokuhlolwa kofuzo.

Incazelo ye-coelacanth

Ukubonakala kwe-coelacanth kwahlala kufana njengoba kwakunjalo ezigidini zeminyaka edlule, futhi kungukuphela kwenhlanzi ephethwe ngamabhulashi esele isesimweni sayo sokuqala kuze kube manje.

Isici esibonakalayo sama-coelacanths ukufakwa kwemisipha engxenyeni yamajikijolo. Ngosizo lwalemisipha, izinhlanzi zingahamba ngezansi kwedamu.

Inhlanzi ye-cystepera ye-coelacanth yasinda ngenxa yokukhethwa, okwabizwa ngokuthi ukuzinza. Lolu hlobo lokukhethwa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo lwendalo ligcina lezo zinto eziphilayo ezibonisa ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okukhulu kwezimo zemvelo.

Izici zokubonakala kwe-coelacanth:

• Isikali esiqinile nesomeleleyo.
• Umbala womzimba onsundu.
• Amabala amakhulu amhlophe grey asabalale emzimbeni wonke, kufaka ikhanda nezinwele.
• Ubude besifazane buyi-190 cm.
• Ubude besilisa buyi-150 cm.
• Isisindo - kusuka ku-50 kuye ku-90 kg.

Isici esijabulisayo sama-coelacanths yikhono lokuvula imilebe yabo hhayi ngokunciphisa umhlathi ophansi, kodwa nangokuphakamisa ongaphezulu. Ukwakheka kwendlela yokugaya, amehlo nenhliziyo kuyehluka ku-coelacanth nenhlanzi yanamuhla.

Izidalwa zasendulo zibhukuda ekujuleni kuka-100-200 m, zicashe phakathi kwemini emihumeni engaphansi kwamanzi, futhi zibhukude ebusuku zifuna inyamazane. Kwikholomu yamanzi, izinhlanzi zihamba kancane, ngezikhathi ezithile ziphenduka zibheke phezulu. Izinzwa ze-electrosensory zitholakala ekhanda lama-coelacanths, ngenxa yalokho kulula ngabantu ukuthola inyamazane - izinhlanzi ezincane ezijulile olwandle, ama-cephalopods nezinye izilwane ezihlala emihumeni engaphansi kwamanzi.

Indlela yokuzalanisa i-coelacanth ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda. Lokhu kusho ukuthi insikazi ithwala amaqanda ngaphakathi kwayo, emzimbeni wayo inhlanzi encane ishiya ulwelwesi lweqanda, bese iyazalwa. Inqubo yokufaka umquba nokuzala inzalo ngama-coelacanths ayikaze icutshungulwe ngokuphelele, ngoba ososayensi bebengakahlangani nomuntu ophilayo okhulelwe.

Izindawo zokuhlala ama-coelacanths anamuhla ahlukahlukene. Lezi zinhlanzi zitholakala ezindaweni ezinjalo:

• amanzi eduze neziqhingi zeGrand Comor (eduzane neStrait of Mozambique),
• indawo enamanzi eningizimu mpumalanga yeKenya,
• ogwini olusempumalanga yeNingizimu Afrika.

Igebe ebangeni phakathi kwezimo ezitholakele zomuntu ngamunye we-coelacanth lifinyelela ku-10 000 km, okubonisa ukwabiwa kwabantu babo.

I-Coelacanth emhlabeni wanamuhla

I-Coelacanth yinto ethakazelisa isayensi, ikuvumela ukuthi ulandelele izigaba zokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi uzizwe uxhumano lwesikhathi. Izinhlanzi ezisele azisho noma yiliphi inani, ngoba inyama yalo ayinakudliwa ngenxa yokunambitheka okumunyu okungathandeki nephunga elibolile. Kunezimo lapho abahlali bendawo basebenzise inyama ye-coelacanth ngezinhloso zokwelapha - kuthiwa inezinto ezilwa nemalariya. Kepha ukudla inyama eyakhiwe kahle ngaphakathi kwe-coelacanth ngaphakathi kumuntu kubangela uhudo olunzima.

Ngokushesha ngemuva kokutholwa kwama-coelacanths, abonwa njengempahla kazwelonke waseFrance, kusukela lapho amaComoros angawaleli lizwe. Ukudoba kwakungavunyelwe, kwakuvunyelwe kuphela ucwaningo lwesayensi. Ngama-80s eminyaka edlule, ukubanjiswa ngokungemthetho kwe-coelacanth kuchuma ngenhloso yokuyithengisa emakethe emnyama, kepha ngemuva kokuncipha okukhulu kwenani labantu be-coelacanth, kwasungulwa inhlangano ukuze ibagcine.

Manje isibalo sama-coelacanths silinganiswa kubantu abadala abangama-400, ososayensi bathatha zonke izindlela ezingaba khona zokulondolozela izinhlanzi ezisetshenziswayo, ngoba ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kuyinkimbinkimbi impilo yama-coelacanths.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Photo: inhlanzi coelacanth

Izinhlobo zama-Comorian zinombala onsomi-onsomi, futhi kunamabala amaningi amakhulu grey akhanyayo emzimbeni. Ngabo ukuthi bahlukaniswe - inhlanzi ngayinye inephethini layo. Lezi zindawo zifana namagobolondo ahlala emihumeni efanayo neyama-coelacanths uqobo. Ngakho-ke ukufakwa imibala kubenza bavunyelwe ukuzifihla. Ngemuva kokufa ziba nsundu, futhi ezinhlotsheni zase-Indonesia lokhu kungumbala ojwayelekile.

Abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa, bangakhula bafinyelele ku-180-190 cm, abesilisa benyukela ku-140-150 cm. Sisindo amakhilogremu angama-50-85. Inhlanzi ezelwe yodwa esevele inkulu impela, cishe amasentimitha angama-40 - lokhu kukhubaza intshisekelo yabazingeli abaningi ngisho nakufry.

Ithambo le-coelacanth lifana kakhulu nelamadlozi alo asendulo. Amaphinifa anezimpaphe ayaphawuleka - kunamatshumi ayisishiyagalombili awo, amaphini abhangqiwe anamabhande ama-bony, kusukela ngokufana ezikhathini zasendulo amabhande ehlombe kanye ne-pelvic ku-vertebrates athuthukiswe ngemuva kokuya emhlabeni. Ukuvela kokulandelana kwama-coelacanths kuqhubeke ngendlela yayo - esikhundleni se-vertebrae, kwavela ishubhu elinamandla lapho kunoketshezi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu.

Ukwakheka kwegebhezi nakho kuyingqayizivele: ukuhlangana kwangaphakathi kwehlukanise izingxenye ezimbili, ngenxa ye-coelacanth kunganciphisa umhlathi ophansi futhi kuphakamise ongaphezulu - ngenxa yalokhu, ukuvulwa komlomo kukhulu futhi ukusebenza kahle kokufaka kuphakeme.

Ingqondo ye-coelacanth incane kakhulu: isisindo sayo singama-gramu ambalwa, futhi ithatha iphesenti elilodwa nohhafu we-cranium yezinhlanzi. Kodwa banenkimbinkimbi ye-epiphyseal esethuthukisiwe, ngenxa yokuthi bane-Photoreception enhle. Amehlo amakhulu akhanyayo nawo anomthelela kulokhu - avumelaniswe kahle nokuphila ebumnyameni.

Futhi, i-coelacanth inezinye izinto eziningi ezihlukile - kuyajabulisa kakhulu ukutadisha izinhlanzi, lapho abacwaningi bethola izici ezintsha ezingasikhanyisela ezinye izimfihlo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Impela, ezicini eziningi kucishe kufane nenhlanzi endala kusukela ezinsukwini lapho kwakungekho mpilo ehleliwe emhlabeni.

Besebenzisa isibonelo sakhe, ososayensi bangabona ukuthi izinto zasendulo zazisebenza kanjani, ezisebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu kunokufunda amathambo ezinsalela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitho zazo zangaphakathi azigcinwa nhlobo, futhi ngaphambi kokutholwa kwe-coelacanth, umuntu wayeqagela kuphela ukuthi zingahlelwa kanjani.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Kugebhezi lwe-coelacanth kukhona umgodi we-gelatinous, ngenxa yokuthi uyakwazi ukubamba ukuguquguquka okuncane emkhakheni kagesi. Ngakho-ke, akadingi ukukhanya ukuze ezwe indawo ngqo yalowo ohlukunyeziwe.

Ihlala kuphi i-coelacanth?

Isithombe: ICystepera fish coelacanth

Izindawo ezintathu eziyindawo yokuhlala yazo ziyaziwa:

• isiteshi saseMozambiki, kanye nensimu enyakatho encane,
• ogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika
• eduze kwetheku laseKenya laseMalindi,
• Ulwandle lwaseSulawesi.

Mhlawumbe lokhu akusona ukuphela kwendaba, futhi uhlala endaweni ethile ekude yomhlaba, ngoba indawo yokugcina indawo yakhe yatholakala muva nje - ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukude kakhulu nokuqala kokuqala - ngakho-ke akukho lutho oluvimbela enye inhlobo ye-coelacanth ukuthi ivele ngakolunye uhlangothi lweplanethi.

Okokuqala, cishe eminyakeni engama-80 eyedlule, kwatholakala i-coelacanth endaweni lapho umfula uChalumna ugelezela olwandle (ngenxa yalokho igama lale nhlobo ngesiLatini) ogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika. Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi lo mbono walethwa uvela kwenye indawo - isifunda seComoros. Kuseceleni kwabo ukuthi i-coelacanth ihlala kakhulu.

Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwatholakala ukuthi iningi labantu lisahlala ogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika - bahlala eSodwana Bay. Enye yatholakala ogwini lwaseKenya. Ekugcineni, uhlobo lwesibili lwatholakala, luhlala kude kakhulu ukusuka kolokuqala, kolunye ulwandle - eduze nesiqhingi saseSulawesi, olwandle lwegama elifanayo, olwandle lwePacific.

Ubunzima bokutholwa kwe-coelacanth buhlotshaniswa neqiniso lokuthi lihlala ekujuleni, kuyilapho kuphela olwandle olufudumele olwandle, imingcele yalo evame ukungathuthukiswa. Le nhlanzi izizwa ingcono kakhulu lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi licishe libe ngu-14-18 ° C, futhi nasezindaweni ezihlala kuzo, lokushisa lingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-100 kuye kwangama-350.

Njengoba ukudla ekujuleni okunjalo kuncane kakhulu, ebusuku ama-coelacanth angakhuphuka ukuze ukulunywa kukudle. Ntambama, phinda ungene futhi noma uqonde ukuyophumula emihumeni engaphansi kwamanzi. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, bakhetha izindawo lapho kulula ukuthola khona imihume enjalo.

Kungakho indawo ezungeze amaComoros ithanda kakhulu - ngenxa yomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo omude, izinto eziningi ezenziwa ngaphansi kwamanzi zivele lapho, ezilungele kakhulu ama-coelacanths. Kunesimo esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu: bahlala kuphela kulezo zindawo lapho amanzi amasha engena olwandle ngale mihume.

Manje usuyazi lapho i-cysterae coelacanth fish ihlala khona. Masibone ukuthi udlani.

Yini edla i-coelacanth?

Photo: Coelacanth yanamuhla

Le yinhlanzi edlayo, kepha ibhukuda kancane. Lokhu kunquma ukudla kwakhe - ngokuyisisekelo kuqukethe izidalwa eziphilayo ezincane, ezingakwazi ukubhukuda kuye.

• inhlanzi ephakathi nendawo - i-berix, ama-snappers, amakhadinali, ama-eels,
• i-cuttlefish namanye ama-mollusks,
• ama-anchovies nezinye izinhlanzi ezincane,
• oshaka abancane.

Ama-Coelacanths afuna ukudla emihumeni efanayo lapho ahlala khona isikhathi esiningi, abhukuda eduze kwezindonga zawo futhi ancela inyamazane efihlwe ezindlini - ukwakheka kwesigebhezi nemihlathi kuvumela ukuba bamunce ukudla ngamandla amakhulu. Uma akwanele, kanti nenhlanzi izizwa ilambile, khona-ke ebusuku iyantanta ibheke ukudla isondele ebusweni.

Kunganele inyamazane enkulu - ngale njongo, amazinyo kuhloselwe, yize kunjalo amancane. Kubo bonke ubuvila bayo, uma i-coelacanth isivele ibambe inyamazane, kuzoba nzima ukuyiqhamuka - iyinhlanzi eqinile. Kepha amazinyo akhe awalungelanga ukuluma nokuqhaqha inyama, ngakho-ke kufanele ugwinye wonke ohlukumezekile.

Ngokwemvelo, kugaywe isikhathi eside, lapho i-coelacanth ine-spiral valve ekhuliswe kahle - isitho esithile esitholakala ngama-oda ambalwa wezinhlanzi. Ukugaya kuwo kukude, kepha kukuvumela ukuthi udle cishe noma yini ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi.

Iqiniso elihehayo: I-coelacanth ephilayo ingafundwa kuphela ngaphansi kwamanzi - lapho ukhuphukela phezulu, ukucindezelwa kokuphefumula kwenzeka ngenxa yamanzi afudumele kakhulu, futhi iyafa noma ngabe usheshe ukuyifaka emanzini apholile ajwayelekile.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Latimeria from the Red Book

Imini coelacanth ichitha emgedeni, iphumula, kepha ebusuku bayazingela, kuyilapho bobabili behlela ngokujulile emanzini futhi okuphambene nalokho. Abachithi amandla amaningi ekubhukuda: bazama ukugibela inkambo futhi bayivumele ukuba ithwale uqobo, kanti namaphini abeka ukuqondisa kuphela futhi azungeze izithiyo.

Yize ama-coelacanth nezinhlanzi ezihamba kancane, kepha ukwakheka kwamaphiko awo kuyisici esijabulisayo kakhulu sokutadisha, akuvumela ukubhukuda ngendlela engajwayelekile. Okokuqala, kudinga ukusheshisa, okushaya amanzi ngamaphini, bese kuncipha emanzini kunokuba kutheleke phezu kwawo - umehluko ovela kuniningi lezinhlanzi lapho uhamba usuteleka.

I-dorsal fin yokuqala isebenza njengohlobo lomkhumbi, kanti umsila wokugcina awushukumi isikhathi esiningi, kepha uma inhlanzi isengozini, ngosizo lwayo ingenza ijezi ebukhali. Uma edinga ukujika, ucindezela umunwe owodwa we-pectoral emzimbeni, bese owesibili eqonde. Umusa ekuqhubekeni kwe-coelacanth akukuningi, kepha usebenzisa amandla awo ngokwezomnotho kakhulu.

Lokhu kujwayele ukuthi kube yinto esemqoka emvelweni ye-coelacanth: kunobuvila futhi akuxhunyiwe, ngokuyisisekelo akunolaka, futhi yonke imizamo yesidumbu sale nhlanzi ihloselwe ukonga izinsiza. Futhi kulokhu kuguquka, inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile yenzekile!

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Ntambama, ama-coelacanths aqoqana emihumeni ngamaqembu, kepha ayikho indlela eyodwa yokuziphatha: njengoba abacwaningi sebetholile, abanye abantu bahlala behlangana ndawonye emihumeni efanayo, kanti abanye babhukuda emakhejini ahlukene isikhathi ngasinye, ngaleyo ndlela beguqula iqembu. Okufanele kwenziwe akukasungulwa.

Ama-Coelacanths angama-ovoviviparous, imibungu inamazinyo nohlelo lokugaya oluthuthukisiwe ngisho nangaphambi kokuba luzalwe - abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi bondla amaqanda ngokweqile. Abesifazane abambalwa abakhulelwe basikisela le micabango: kulabo abakhulelwe besakhula, kutholakala amaqanda angama-50-70, kuthi lapho imibungu isondele ekuzaleni, iba mncane kakhulu - isuka ku-5 iye ku-30.

Imibungu nayo idla ngokumunca ubisi lwe-intrauterine. Uhlelo lokuzala lwenhlanzi ngokuvamile lukhula kahle, luvumela ukuzalwa kwefry esele yakhelwe futhi enkulu kahle, engazimela ngokwayo. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka.

Futhi ukuthomba kwenzeka eneminyaka engama-20, emva kwalokho ukuzalwa kwenzeka kanye njalo eminyakeni eyi-3-4. Umanyolo ungaphakathi, yize ososayensi bengayazi imininingwane. Akusungulwa futhi lapho kuhlala khona ama-coelacanths amancane - awahlali emihumeni nabadala, ngoba sonke isikhathi sokucwaninga kwatholakala amabili kuphela, futhi amane abhukuda olwandle.

Izitha zemvelo zama-coelacanths

Photo: inhlanzi coelacanth

I-Adel coelacanth iyinhlanzi enkulu futhi, yize ihamba kancane, iyakwazi ukuzivikela. Kwabahlali abangomakhelwane bezilwandle, ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezinkulu, oshaka abakhulu kuphela abangabhekana nakho. Ngoba ama-coelacanths abo kuphela asabayo - phela, oshaka badla cishe yonke into ebamba iso labo kuphela.

Noma ukunambitheka okuqondile kwenyama ye-coelacanth, okunikela ngokuqinile inyama ebolile, akubakhathazi nakancane - ngoba akuphambuki ekudleni i-carrion yangempela. Kepha lokhu kunambitheka ngandlela-thile kube nomthelela kulondolozo lwama-coelacanths - abantu abahlala eduze kwezindawo abahlala kuzo, ngokungafani nososayensi, sekuyisikhathi eside bazi ngabo, kepha bacishe bangabasebenzisi ukudla.

Kepha kwesinye isikhathi bebesadla, ngoba bekholelwa ukuthi inyama ye-coelacanth iyasebenza ukulwa nomalaleveva. Kunoma ikuphi, ukubanjwa kwabo bekungasebenzi, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi inani labantu lahlala lilingana. Bahlupheka kakhulu ngesikhathi lapho kwakhiwa imakethe yangempela emnyama, lapho bathengisa khona uketshezi kusuka ekulandeleni kwabo okungajwayelekile.

Iqiniso elikhangayo: amadlozi ama-coelacanths ayenamaphaphu agcwele, futhi imibungu yawo isenawo - kepha njengoba umbungu ukhula, ukukhula kwamaphaphu kuwo kuyaqhubeka kancane, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kuhlala kungakhuli kahle. I-Latimeria bavele bayeka ukuba yimfuneko ngemuva kokuthi iqale ukuhlala emanzini ajulile - ekuqaleni, ososayensi bathatha lezi zinsalela zamaphaphu ezakhiwe ngaphansi njenge-fish bladder.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Isithombe: ICystepera fish coelacanth

Izinhlobo zase-Indonesia zibhekwa njengezisengozini, kanti nezinhlobo zamaComorian zisondele ekuqothulweni. Zombili zivikelwe, ukubanjwa kwazo akuvunyelwe. Ngaphambi kokuvulwa ngokusemthethweni kwalezi zinhlanzi, yize abantu bendawo bezindawo ezisogwini bebazi ngazo, azizange zibabambe ngokuqondile, ngoba azizidlanga.

Ngemuva kokutholwa, kwaqhubeka isikhashana, kepha kwase kuvela amahlebezi wokuthi uketshezi olukhishwe ku-chord yabo lunganweba impilo. Kwakukhona abanye - ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ungenza uthando olunamandla kubo. Kwathi-ke, ngaphandle kokuvinjwa, baqala ukubabamba ngenkuthalo, ngoba amanani entengo yaleli ketshezi ayephezulu kakhulu.

Abazingeli babesebenza kakhulu ngeminyaka yama-1980s, ngomphumela lapho abacwaningi bathola ukuthi inani labantu lehla kakhulu, kumanani abucayi - ngokokuhlola kwabo, maphakathi nawo-1990s, kwasala ama-coelacanths angama-300 esifundeni seComoros kuphela. Ngenxa yezinyathelo ezibhekene nabazingeli, inani labo lalizinzile, futhi manje balinganiselwa kubantu abangama-400-500.

Mangaki ama-coelacanths ahlala ogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika futhi oLwandle iSulawesi alukasungulwa ngisho cishe. Kucatshangwa ukuthi bambalwa endabeni yokuqala (cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi sikhuluma ngamakhulu abantu). Okwesibili, ukuhlakazeka kungaba kukhulu kakhulu - cishe kusuka kwabayi-100 kuye kwabangu-1 000 abantu.

Ukuvikelwa kwama-coelacanths

Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zeLimeria ezivela kwiBhuku eliBomvu

Ngemuva kokuthola i-coelacanth eduze kweComoros, eFrance, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyikoloni, le nhlanzi yaqashelwa njengegugu lesizwe futhi yavikelwa. Babenqatshelwe ukubanjwa yiwo wonke umuntu ngaphandle kwalabo abathola imvume ekhethekile kwiziphathimandla zaseFrance.

Ngemuva kokuba lezi ziqhingi zithole ukuzimela isikhathi eside, izindlela zokuvikela i-coelacanth azange zithathwe nhlobo, ngenxa yalokho ukuzingela kwaba yindawo enhle kakhulu. Kusekupheleni kweminyaka engama-90s, umzabalazo osebenzayo waqala ngaye, izijeziso ezinqala zaqala ukusetshenziswa kulabo ababanjwa ngama-coelacanths.

Futhi amahemuhemu wamandla abo ayisimangaliso aqala ukuncipha - ngenxa yalokho, akabe esabanjwa manje, futhi sebeyekile ukufa, yize izinombolo zabo zisencane, ngoba lezi zinhlanzi zizala kancane. AmaComoros, kumenyezelwa njengegugu likazwelonke.

Ukutholwa kwesibalo sabantu esiseduzane naseNingizimu Afrika kanye nohlobo lwe-Indonesia kuvumela ososayensi ukuphefumula ngokukhululekile, kepha ama-coelacanth asavikelekile, ukubanjwa kwabo akuvunyelwe, futhi lokhu kuvinjelwa kuphakanyiswa kuphela ezimeni ezihlukile ngezinhloso zocwaningo.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Coelacanths angabhukuda ezikhundleni ezingejwayelekile kakhulu: isibonelo, i-belly phezulu noma emuva. Lokhu bakwenza njalo, kubo kungokwemvelo futhi abakubheki ukuphazamiseka. Badinga ukuguqula amakhanda abo babheke phansi - bakwenza lokhu ngokuvama okuthandekayo, isikhathi ngasinye abasale kule ndawo imizuzu embalwa.

I-Coelacanth eyigugu lesayensi, ngenxa yokuyibheka nokufunda isakhiwo sayo, kuvulwa amaqiniso amasha mayelana nokuthi kwenzeka kanjani ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Bambalwa kakhulu babo kule planethi, futhi ngenxa yalokho badinga ukuvikelwa - ngenhlanhla, inani labantu lihlale lizinzile muva nje, futhi kuze kube manje lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingenakusatshiswa ngokuqothulwa.

Izinhlanzi ze-Coelacanth

I-Coelacanth fish iyisixhumanisi esiseduzane kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlanzi nezidalwa zokuqala ze-amphibian ezenze uguquko olusuka olwandle oluya emhlabeni emhlabeni ngesikhathi se-Devonia cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-408- 342 edlule. Phambilini bekucatshangwa ukuthi yonke inhlobo iyaqothuka iminyaka eyikhulu, kuze kube yilapho omunye wabamele bayo ebanjwa ngabadobi abavela eNingizimu Afrika ngo-1938. Kusukela lapho, bafundwe ngenkuthalo, noma kusekhona izimfihlo eziningi ezizungeze i-prehistoric fish coelacanth.

Indlela yokuphila, isimilo

Emini, i-coelacanth "hatch" emihumeni ngamaqembu ezinhlanzi eziyi-12-13. Lezi yizilwane zasebusuku. Ama-Coelacanths ahola indlela yokuphila ejulile, esiza ukusebenzisa amandla ngokwezomnotho ngokwengeziwe (kukholelwa ukuthi i-metabolism yawo yehlisa ijule ekujuleni), futhi ungahlangana nokuncane nezinyamazane. Ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, lezi zinhlanzi zishiya emihumeni yazo bese zihamba kancane kancane eduze kwesigatshana, kungenzeka ukuthi zifuna ukudla ngaphakathi kwamamitha ayi-1-3 ukusuka phansi. Kulezi zigameko zokuzingela ebusuku, ama-coelacanth angabhukuda cishe amakhilomitha ayi-8, emva kwalokho, lapho kusa, avikeleke emhumeni oseduze.

Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenkathi ufuna isisulu noma usuka emhumeni othile uye kwelinye, i-coelacanth ihamba ngokuhamba kancane, noma ihamba ngokuphelele nje ngokugeleza, isebenzisa amaphiko ayo e-pectoral nezimbambo eziguquguqukayo ukulawula isimo somzimba esikhaleni.

I-Coelacanth, ngenxa yesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele samaphiko, ingakwazi ukulenga esikhaleni ngokuqondile, isisu phezulu, phansi noma ibheke phansi. Kuqala, bekukholelwa ngephutha ukuthi ukwazile ukuhamba phansi. Kodwa i-coelacanth ayisebenzisi imigqomo yayo ebekiwe ukuhamba phansi, futhi noma iphumule emhumeni ayithinti isigceme. Njengezinhlanzi eziningi ezihamba kancane, i-coelacanth ingaqhuma ngokuzumayo noma ngokushesha ukubhukuda ngokuhamba kwenhlokomo enkulu ye-caudal.

Malini i-coelacanth ehlala

Ngokwemibiko engaqinisekisiwe, iminyaka ephezulu yezinhlanzi ze-coelacanth icishe ibe yiminyaka engama-80. Lezi izinhlanzi ezihlala isikhathi eside. Mhlawumbe ukuze balondoloze ukusebenza isikhathi eside kangaka futhi baphile amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka basizwa indlela yokuphila elinganiswayo ejulile ebavumela ukuba basebenzise amandla abo empilo ngangokomnotho ngangokunokwenzeka, babalekele izisulu futhi baphile ezimweni zokushisa ezinethezekile.

Habitat, indawo yokuhlala

Le nhlobo, eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-fossil", itholakala e-Indo-Western Pacific Ocean eduze kwe-Greater Comoro nase-Anjouan Islands, ogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika, Madagascar naseMozambiki.

Izifundo zenani labantu zithathe iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi nambili. I-Coelacanth specimen, eyathunjwa ngo-1938, yagcina iholele ekutholakaleni kwesibalo sabantu bokuqala esiqoshwe eComoros phakathi kwe-Afrika neMadagascar. Kodwa-ke, iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha wayethathwa njengowukuphela komhlali we-coelacanth.

Kuyathakazelisa! Ngo-2003, i-IMS yajoyina amabutho nohlelo lwephrojekthi yase-Afrika "Celacant" ukuhlela ukuseshwa okwengeziwe. NgoSepthemba 6, 2003, ukutholwa kokuqala kwabanjwa eningizimu yeTanzania eSongo Mnar, okwenza iTanzania kwaba izwe lesithupha ukurekhoda ubukhona bama coelacanths.

NgoJulayi 14, 2007, abanye abantu abaningi babanjwa ngabadobi baseNungwi, eNyakatho iZambia. Abaphenyi baseZanzibar Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS), eholwa nguDkt Nariman Jiddawi, bafika ngokushesha kule ndawo bezokhomba inhlanzi njengeLatimeria chalumnae.

Ukudla kweCoelacanth

Imininingwane yokuqapha isekela umbono wokuthi le nhlanzi iyadonsa futhi ikulume ngokushesha ngamabomu kude, isebenzisa imihlathi yayo enamandla lapho isisulu isitholile. Ngokusekelwe kokuqukethwe esiswini kwabantu ababanjiwe, kuvela ukuthi ama-coelacanth okungenani adla abamele bezilwane ezivela phansi kolwandle. Futhi, ukubonwa kufakazela uhlobo lokuthi izinhlanzi zinomsebenzi we-electrorecinza wesitho se-rostral. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi babone izinto ezisemanzini ngenkundla yabo kagesi.

Ukuzalela inzalo

Ngenxa yobunzulu bendawo yokuhlala yasolwandle yalezi zinhlanzi, kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nemvelo yemvelo yezinhlobo. Okwamanje, kusobala kakhulu ukuthi ama-coelacanths ayizinhlanzi ze-viviparous. Yize phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi inhlanzi ikhiqiza amaqanda asevele evundiswa ngowesilisa. Leli qiniso likuqinisekisile ukuba khona kwamaqanda kowesifazane obanjiweyo. Ubukhulu beqanda elilodwa babusayizi bebhola yethenisi.

Kuyathakazelisa! Owesifazane oyedwa, njengomthetho, ngesikhathi ukhiqiza kusuka ku-8 kuye ku-26 gazinga bukhoma. Ubungako bunye bezingane ze-coelacanth busuka kumasentimitha angama-36 kuye kwangama-38. Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, asevele enamazinyo akhule kahle, amaphiko nezikali.

Ngemuva kokuzalwa, isibeletho ngasinye sinesiga esikhulu se-yolk esidonsa esinamathiselwe esifubeni, esihlinzeka ngezakhi zomzimba ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Ezigabeni zakamuva zokuthuthuka, lapho ukulethwa kwe-yolk sekuncishisiwe, i-yolk sac yangaphandle ibukeka sengathi icindezelwe futhi idonswa emgodini womzimba.

Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sowesifazane cishe sinezinyanga eziyi-13. Ngakho-ke, kungabhekwa ukuthi abesifazane bangazala kuphela unyaka wesibili noma wesithathu.

Inani lokudoba

Izinhlanzi zeCoelacanth ezingakulungele ukusetshenziswa kokudla. Kodwa-ke, ukubanjwa kwayo sekuyisikhathi eside kube yinkinga yangempela kuma-ichthyologists. Abadobi, ababefuna ukuheha abathengi kanye nezivakashi, bayibamba ukuze yakhe izilwane ezigqamile eziqoqiwe zangasese. Lokhu kubangele ukulimala okungenakulungiseka kubantu. Ngakho-ke, okwamanje, i-coelacanth ayikhishwa ekuthengisweni komhlaba wonke futhi ibhalwe ku-Red Book.

Abadobi besiqhingi saseGreater Comoro baphinde banqabela ukuvimbela kokudoba ngokuzinikela ezindaweni lapho abakwa-coelacanth (noma “gombessa”, njengoba baziwa khona endaweni yakini), okubalulekile ukusindisa izilo ezihlukile kakhulu ezweni. Umsebenzi wokutakula we-coelacanth ubandakanya nokusatshalaliswa kwabadobi bemishini yokudoba ezindaweni ezingalungelanga indawo yokuhlala kwe-coelacanth, futhi futhi kukuvumela ukuthi ubuyisele inhlanzi ebanjwe ngengozi endaweni yabo yemvelo. Muva nje, kube nezimpawu ezikhuthazayo ukuthi inani labantu

I-Comoros yenza ukuqapha ngokucophelela kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezikhona zalolu hlobo. I-Latimeria iyigugu elihlukile lomhlaba wanamuhla wesayensi, ikuvumela ukuba ubuyisele kahle isithombe somhlaba esasikhona ezigidini zeminyaka edlule. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-coelacanths asabhekwa njengezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu ongazifunda.