Isikhathi eside thambile badideka ososayensi abagunyaziwe kakhulu, ababenganquma ngandlela thile ukuthi lolu hlobo luni lwesilwane esingajwayelekile. Ekugcineni, abakwaTupayam bathola indawo phakathi kwezikhulu. Elinye igama le-tapaya yi-wood shrew, futhi kukholelwa ukuthi yisixhumanisi esixhumanisa kahle izinhlobo zezinhlobo zemvelo ezingavikelekile.
Habitat
Isimungulu sasekhaya - India, Indonesia, Indochina nasePhilippines. Zonke iSoutheast Asia kanye neziqhingi zeziqhingi zaseMalay. Sekukonke, zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili, eziyishumi nesikhombisa ezinhle kakhulu kanye nomsila munye. Kuze kube manje, mincane kakhulu imininingwane eqoqiwe ngohlobo lokugcina lwe-tupai, futhi cishe akukho lutho olwaziwayo.
Ukubukeka
Ngaphandle, ama-tupai afana ngempela nama-squirrels. Yimifudlana efanayo, futhi iyaguga, futhi idla nokudla njengala makhulu - ihleli emilenzeni yayo yangemuva ibambe inyamazane yayo ngaphambili. I-taupa tupaia iyisilwane esincane, usayizi waso asikho sikhulu kunesilinganiso esijwayelekile, esinombala onsundu ofanayo onsundu. Le nhlobo yabizwa kanjalo, ngoba, ngokungafani nezinye, iyafiphala, umsila walesi silwane esikhaleni ugqokiwe ngezinwele ezinde, okwenza umsila ubukeke njengophaphe. Ama-tupai omsila omangalisayo nawo mancane ngosayizi, ubude bawo bomzimba abudluli amasentimitha angamashumi amabili, futhi ubude bomsila cishe bufana. UTupai akanasisindo esingaphezu kwama-gramu angamakhulu amabili. Bahlukaniswa kuma-squirrels ngezindlebe ezincane ze-cartilaginous. Uboya obuthuntu obudaywe baba nsundu obumnyama noma obomvu obumnyama.
Indlela yokuphila
Zonke i-tupai ngaphandle kwezimpaphe ziyasebenza phakathi nosuku, futhi ebusuku ziphephele ezindlini zazo zokugcina. Izindawo zokuhlala eziphambili, lezi zilwane zikhethe izihlahla noma izihlahla ezinde. Lezi zilwane zihlala ngababili, futhi owesilisa ngamunye ngokucophelela futhi ngentshiseko uqapha insimu yakhe nomlingani wayo wokuphila, futhi enze okuphanga impahla yakhe kaningana ngosuku. Owesilisa une-gland emphinjeni wakhe okhipha izinto ezinephunga. Owesilisa uphawula indawo yabo nabo, alahlekelwe umphimbo wakhe emagatsheni naseziqu zemithi endaweni yakhe. Uma umfokazi ezulazula engena endaweni evikelwe yilowesilisa, khona lapho amabhulokhi aphakamisa isikebhe sokubhoboza nokugwinya. Uma lokhu kucijela kungakhange kube nomqondo ofanele esitheni, khona-ke owesilisa ubambelela emsileni wesivakashi esingamenywanga, kangangokuba naye, ebaleka, angahudula isilwane ngamamitha ambalwa. Ezimweni ezingandile, abesilisa ababili be-tupai bangahlangana endaweni yokudlala ngesandla, lapho besebenzisa khona amaqhinga okulwa we-kangaroo: emi emilenzeni yabo yangemuva, ngezidladla zangaphambili zabo bayasondelana futhi ngasikhathi sinye.
Ukudla okuyinhloko i-tupai, enezinambuzane, ezikubamba ngobuqili futhi ziklwebhule iziqu zemithi. Ungayideleli i-tupai nezithelo, ngisho namaxoxo amancane nezikhonkwane.
Lapho kufika isikhathi sokuba omncane azalwe, owesilisa we-tupai uba onakekelayo futhi onake kakhulu. Ulungiselela isidleke wenzalo yesikhathi esizayo, asinameka ngamaqabunga athambile. Owesifazane uzalelwa amawundlu amabili kuya kwamathathu, engenakusiza ngokuphelele. Bachitha sonke isikhathi sabo nonina esidlekeni, lapho ebondla khona ubisi. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili, ama-tupai avuthiwe futhi asekhulile ashiya isidleke sawo sabazali. Futhi insikazi ngesonto elilodwa futhi ekubhidlizweni bese ilungiselela udoti olandelayo.
Ubulili besidina sabo seNdiya, noma i-anatan = u-Anathana Lyon, 1913
Munye kuphela wohloboizinhlobo: Ama-tupaya amaNdiya, noma i-anatana, - U-Anathana ellioti Waterhouse, 1850.
Ubude bomzimba 17-20cm. Umsila ubude be-16-19 cm. Ngokubukeka kufana ne-blunts ejwayelekile, kepha ngokungafani nabo, ama-auricles amakhudlwana futhi ambozwe kakhulu izinwele futhi ama-canines aphezulu afana ne-incisors. Ingaphambili lekhanda lifinyeziwe. Umbala wezinwele emhlane ubomvu, kwesinye isikhathi ubphuke ngombala ophuzi noma obomvana obomvu, kwabanye abantu baphutheke ngombala obomvana noma o-orenji, esiswini kuvame ukuba namabala aphuzi noma ansundu kwesizinda esingphuzi. Kunemivimbo emhlophe noma enokhilimu emahlombe.
Kusatshalaliswa ePeninsula yaseHindustan. Ama-tupaya aseNdiya ashubile eNdiya futhi uhla lwawo lukhawulelwe kwiHindustan Peninsula, eningizimu yoMfula iGanges. Ukuhlala kwamahlathi. I-ecology ayifundiswanga kahle, kepha, ngokusobala, ifana nokufiphaza okujwayelekile. Kuhola indlela yokuphila yesihlahla, idla izinambuzane, kanye nezinye izilwane ezincane nezithelo.
Ama-Indian Tupaya, amaNdiya noma amaMadras kwesihlahla, i-Anathana ellioti Waterhouse, ngo-1850 - Uhlobo lwe-Anatana lumelwe yizinhlobo ezi-1: I-Indian Tupaya. Igama lezinhlobo lisuselwa egameni lesiTamil elithi "Moongil Anathaan", elihumusha ngokuthi "squirrel bamboo". Amanye amagama: i-Indian shrew, i-bamboo squirrel.
I-tupaia yaseNdiya ifana kakhulu ngokubukeka kwe-tupaia ejwayelekile yohlobo lweTupaia, kodwa inezindlebe ezinkulu nezinwele ezengeziwe, ngosayizi zikhulu kancane kune-dendrogale. Umsila mude kancane kunomzimba. Umzimba ufinyelela kubude obungu-16 cm cm, ubude bomsila buyi-16-19 cm. Isizalo sesifishane. Kunezimbhangqwana ezi-3 zezingono. Ifomula yamazinyo imi kanjena: 2/3 1/1 3/3 3/3 = 9/10. Amazinyo okudlanga awakakhuli kahle.
Ijazi libomvu ngombala obomvu noma onsundu ngombala omnyama, ingxenye engezansi yomzimba ilula: imhlophe noma iphuzi. Inobuhlalu obumfishane, obumhlophe noma obunokhilimu ezinqeni. I-tupaya yaseNdiya ngokwesilinganiso inesisindo esingaba ngu-160 g. Emvelweni, ama-tupaya amaNdiya ahlala iminyaka emi-2-3, ekudingisweni eChicago Zoo, omunye umatan waphila iminyaka eyi-7.
Ama-tupaya aseNdiya ahlala emahlathini emvula ahlala njalo emahlathini anameva. Zincamela ukuhlala emahlathini anomswakama futhi omile futhi omile, yize ziye zabonwa nasemithambekeni amatshe nasezigodini, ezinye zihlala eduze kwamasimu atshaliwe namadlelo. Ama-tupaya aseNdiya atholakala emadwaleni ambozwe ngamabhasi, ezindaweni eziphakeme aze afike ku-1400 m ngaphezu kolwandle. .
Ama-tupai amaNdiya ahlekisayo. Isisekelo sokudla izinambuzane (ezinjengamacimbi, izintuthwane ezinamaphiko, izimvemvane, njll.), Iminyunduzo yezithelo nezithelo (ikakhulukazi iLantana camara). Ama-tupaya waseNdiya afuna cishe konke ukudla emhlabeni.
Ukuziphatha: Ama-tupaya waseNdiya aqala indlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni yasemhlabeni, yize ebizwa ngokuthi yi “Wood Shrew,” kepha ungumgibeli wamatshe onamakhono. I-tupaia yaseNdiya imvamisa ayikhuphuki izihlahla, ngaphandle kokuthi isatshiswe kakhulu, iyadlala, noma izihlanza. Ngokusobala, amandla okugibela ngokushesha izihlahla mhlawumbe athuthukiswa njengendlela yokuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuze ugweme ukuhlangana nezitha zayo - izilwane ezidla izinyawo.
Njengesilwane sasemini, ama-tupaya aseNdiya ayaphoqelelwa ukuba akhe izindawo zokukhosela ebusuku, okuyinkimbinkimbi ehlukahlukene. Kungaba ama-voids alula emhlabeni othambile noma phakathi kwetshe, kwesinye isikhathi izindlu zawo zinezindinyana eziningana ezingena okuningi (imvamisa ezimbili noma ezintathu). Indawo ngayinye yokukhosela ivame ukuhlalwa nge-tupaya eyodwa kuphela yaseNdiya. Ama-tupaya aseNdiya ngokuvamile ashiya indawo yokuhlala lapho kusa futhi abuyele ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga.
Ama-tupaya amaNdiya ayisilwane esikhulu sodwa. Azenzi ukuzilolana. Esikhundleni salokho, basebenzisa iziqu zemithi namagatsha ukuhlanza uboya babo, njengesengezo sokusebenzisa ama-paws abo ukuhlanganisa nokwenza bushelelezi boboya babo. Imvamisa, ama-tupaya aseNdiya azokhuphuka cishe ngamamitha ayi-2 esiqwini sesihlahla, abese egibela ebheka phansi, enza amatshe bese exubha izingxenye ezithile zomzimba ngokumelene namagxolo namagatsha esihlahla. Ama-tupaya waseNdiya usebenzisa iningi lesikhathi sakhe esisebenzayo, ikakhulukazi ekuseni nakusihlwa, efuna ukudla. Kubonwa ukuthi ama-tupaya ama-Indian azidla kanjani izithelo nezinambuzane esebenzisa izandla zawo, okuyinto engajwayelekile kakhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo: Ukuzondla ngaso sonke isikhathi kunesizungu. Kodwa-ke, okwehlukile, ezindaweni ezigcwele ukudla, kwesinye isikhathi ungabona izilwane ezimbili noma ezintathu, zidla ngokuthula komakhelwane. I-pair yenziwa isikhashana esifushane - yokuzalela.
Ukuzala: Cishe izinhlobo eyodwa. Ukuzala inzalo, ama-tupaya amaNdiya asebenzisa izidleke ezihlomisa ezindaweni ezihlala zodwa, ikakhulukazi kwizimbobo phakathi kwamadwala nezimbobo zezihlahla. Abesifazane banezimbambo ezintathu zezingono. Awukho eminye imininingwane ethize maqondana nokuzalela nokukhulisa inzalo etholakalayo, ngoba lolu hlobo lwendalo aluvamile ukugcinwa ekudingisweni. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa kwabo siyizinsuku ezingama-45-56. Isithombo: imvamisa eyodwa noma amabili, kuvame kakhulu ukufika kuma-5 cubs.
Ezondweni zasekhaya, lezi tupai azivamile. Usongo olukhulu ebukhoneni bezinhlobo ukulahleka noma ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala enkulu. Abanye odokotela bezilwane bahlukanisa amabala amaNdiya njengezimbali ngenxa yobuchopho babo obukhulu, amehlo atholakala ezigodini ezungezwe ithambo, nezinye izici, kanti abanye bazibeka ngethawula nangemvukuzane njengama-unstivores. Njengamanje, izinkampani ezintathu ezingaphansi kwezindawo ziqashelwa ngokuya ngendawo ethile yendawo:
U-Anathana ellioti ellioti uhlala eziqongweni zezintaba zase-Eastern kanye namagquma ase Shevaroy eSouth India.
I-Anathana ellioti pallida itholakala eCentral India ngokuyinhloko eMadhya Pradesh nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRaipur eduze nomfula iGanges.
U-Anathana ellioti wasebenza eWestern India endaweni yaseDangs Satpura eduze kwaseBombay.
Tupai
Tupai (i-unit tupaya), noma izinkuni shrews - Ukuthathwa kwezilwane ezihlala emahlathini emvula aseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia, kusuka eNdiya kuya ePhilippines. Phambilini, bezifakwe kuma -tivtivores, ngaleso sikhathi kuma-primates, kepha izifundo zesimanjemanje ziye zababeka egatsheni labo lentuthuko eliseduze neziqu.
Bephakathi kwezinhlobo zeMegaverse kuma-Mutants angama-2009 e-Xanadu fan-on. Futhi, iqembu le-tupai liphakathi kwezihloko eziyi-10,000 okufanele zimbozwe esigabeni ngasinye se-Wikipedia.
Igama elithi "wood shrew" liyinguqulo engokoqobo yegama lesiNgisi elithi shrew. Kepha esiNgisini shrew akusho ukuthi kukhona ukumbiwa. Futhi, igama elithi shrew lingahle lingasho ukuthi lisebenza kangakanani emhlabeni, kodwa likhulume (ngokude) kinship encazelweni engavikelekile yokusondelana noma ukufana kwangaphandle, futhi igama elithi arboreal limane nje lisho ezinye izilwane (njengamagundane nama-marsupials).
Emvelweni
Kukhunjulwa amaprotheni, amagundane nama-shrews akude. Baqala indlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni ephansi, bahlala endaweni engaphansi kanye nasegatsheni eliphansi lezihlahla, lapho badla khona ngezithelo nezinambuzane. Izinhlobo eziningi ziyasebenza phakathi nosuku.
Phambilini babebekwa ezikhundleni njengabangenazinkinga njengomndeni, futhi nangemuva kwesikhathi njengakudala njengomndeni wezinyosi. Njengamanje, babelwe kuyunithi eseceleni esiseduze kwama-primates. Ama-primatologists awabeka njengamalulazi ngesimo samazinyo, ukwakheka kwamathambo, namasosha omzimba. Kuma-primatologists, ama-shrews wezinkuni abaluleke kakhulu ukuthola isithombe esiphelele sokuvela kwama-primates, kepha ubudlelwano nama-primates buqinisekile.
Ama-shrews asendulo ezinkuni abizwa ngokuthi i-Anagale (Anagale gobiensis) ayehlala emahlathini ase-Oligocene. Babenezinzipho ezandleni, namazipho emilenzeni yabo yangemuva - njengoba kungenakudonswa kufana nekati, izigqoko ze-anagala eligxuma ezinamawindi alishumi zaphenduka izipikili. Kepha izipikili zanamuhla ezingenamibono azenzi, futhi amabhulashi awabambeki. Njengamanje, angatholakala kwi-Gobi engenalutho e-Oligocene sediments.
Ama-tupai amaNdiya angama-squirrels we-bamboo noma ama-shrews wezinkuni
UNdupiya Tupaya uyisidalwa somndeni womndeni wakwaTupaev. Esikhathini sohlobo, ama-Indian tupai noma i-anatan yizo kuphela izinhlobo. Uhlobo luqanjwe ngegama lika "Moongil Anathaan", elihumusha ngokuthi "squirrel bamboo", babizwa nangokuthi izingodo zezingodo.
Lezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo zihlala esiqhingini saseHindustan. Bahlala neNdiya, njengoba itholakala kuphela eHindustan, eningizimu yoMfula iGanges.
Abanye ososayensi bahlukanisa lezi zilwane njengezifunda, ngoba zinobuchopho obukhulu. Futhi abanye bathi yibo abasebenza ngama-shrews kanye nama-moles.
Ukubukeka kwe-Indian Tupaya
Ubude bomzimba we-tupaya wamaNdiya ngamasentimitha ayi-17 ukuya kwezi-20, kanti ubude bomsila obuyi-16-19 amasentimitha bufakiwe kuleli nani.
Ngokubukeka, ama-tupai amaNdiya afana ne-tupai ejwayelekile, kepha ahlukile ezindlebeni ezinkulu, ezimbozwe ngezinwele nangamafangs amakhulu akhulu. Ingaphambili lekhanda lifinyeziwe.
Indian Tupaya (Anathana ellioti).
Umbala wangemuva ubomvu, ubomvu-nsundu, nsundu-nsundu, orenji noma umnyama. Isisu, ovame ukungcola kakhulu ngamabala ansundu noma aphuzi. Kunemivimbo ekhrimu noma emhlophe emhlombe.
Indlela kaTupaya
I-ecology yalezi zilwane ayizange ifundwe ngokugcwele, kepha kungenzeka kakhulu, iyafana ne-blunts ejwayelekile.
Indawo yokuhlala kwama-tupai amaNdiya angamahlathi namahlathi angenakungeneki. Zikhetha amahlathi acwengekile noma anomswakama omile, kepha futhi zitholakala kuma-gorges nakwimithambeka enamadwala. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-tupai waseNdiya akhuphuka emasimini kanye namadlelo.
Esikhathini esiningi lezi zilwane azithuli, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zenza imisindo - imisindo emifushane eqhubeka isikhathi esithile ngesivinini esisheshayo.
Indawo yokuhlala kwama-tupai amaNdiya angamahlathi nezindawo ezinamadwala.
Ama-tupai aseNdiya angama-omnivores. Isisekelo sokudla siqukethe izinambuzane: amacimbi, izimvemvane, izintuthwane ezinamaphiko, izinhlwayi zomhlaba nokunye okunjalo. Kanye nezithelo. Kwesinye isikhathi i-tupaia igcina izinambuzane emathangeni ayo ngenkathi idla, kodwa akuvamisile ukukwenza.
Ama-tupayas aseNdiya ayasebenza emini. Yize lezi zilwane zibizwa ngokuthi "ama-wood shrews," zikhuphuka kahle emadwaleni. Njengomthetho, abagibela izihlahla kuphela uma besengozini noma lapho benza umsebenzi wokuhlanza izikhumba.
Njengoba ama-tupai amaNdiya ayizilwane zasemini, kufanele akhe izindawo zokukhosela lapho angalala khona ubusuku. Ukuze wenze lokhu, bangamane basebenzise i-voids esemhlabeni othambile, kepha kwesinye isikhathi benza izindlu eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokungena okuningi. Njengomthetho, umuntu oyedwa uhlala ku-mink ngayinye. UTupaya ushiya indawo yakhe yokusa entathakusa abuyele kuyo lapho selishonile ilanga.
Ama-tupai amaNdiya ahlala eyedwa, kepha ngesikhathi sokuhlangana aqoqana ngamaqembu amancane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo se-Indian tupai
Ama-tupaya aseNdiya ayisilwane esizodwa. Njengoba bengakwazi ukuxhumana nezihlobo, abanakho ukuhlanzeka ngakunye. Ukuze ugcine isikhumba sihlanzekile, basebenzisa iziqu zemithi, bazigibela ngokushesha. Imvamisa, ama-tupaya akhuphukela esihlahleni somuthi aze afike kumamitha ayi-2, bese ehla ebheke phezulu kuwo, ngenkathi ehlikihla nesiqu ngezingxenye zomzimba ezihlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu, uboya buyahlanzwa futhi bacwenge.
Ama-tupai aseNdiya ahlala ezondla eyedwa. Kepha ezindaweni lapho kunokudla okuningi, ngaphandle kwalokho, kutholakala abantu aba-2-3. Amabili abumbelwa kuphela ukuvuthwa.
Ukudla kweTupaya kuqukethe izinambuzane - izimvemvane namacimbi, izintuthwane nezithelo.
Ukuzala Indian Tupai
Izithombo zalezi zilwane ziyaqhekeka ezidlekeni. Benza izidleke ezinjalo ezindaweni ezingazodwa, kaningi phakathi kwamadwala noma emigodini yezihlahla.
Abesifazane banezimbambo ezi-3 zezingono. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha izinsuku ezingama-45-56. Owesifazane ubeletha izingane ezi-1-2, kepha ezimweni ezingandile kungenzeka ukuthi kube ngu-5. Alukho olunye ulwazi ngokuzalelwa kwe-tupai nokukhulisa inzalo, ngoba lezi zilwane azivamile ukugcinwa ekudingisweni. Ezindaweni zasekhaya, zivamile kakhulu.
Usongo olukhulu ebukhoneni bezilwane ukubulawa kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo.
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